Shell Refresher – Petrel 2004

Day 3 – Seismic functionality

Contents

Seismic functionality updates 3

Introduction to Seismic updates - Slides 4

New Seismic functionalities - Slides 7

New Seismic functionalities - Exercises 25

Seismic data visualization in base map window 25
Create random intersections 27
Optional; Survey manager 29
Optional; Mis-tie analysis 31
Attribute Maps 32
Process manager – a workflow 33
Generate surface and variogram from attribute maps 36

Synthetic Seismogram - Slides 39

Synthetic Seismogram - Exercise 58

Make Well Section 58
Import check shots 59
Correct sonic log and establish Time – Depth relation 61
Make Acoustic Impedance log and Reflection Coefficient series 61
Generate Wavelets and make Synthetic Seismogram 61
Compare seismogram with real well seismic 63
Manual adjustment and event picking 64
Display the synthetic trace in a 3D and Interpretation Window 65

Non-Global Deal functionalities - Slides 66

Non-Global Deal functionalities - Exercise 85

Introduction to Ant-tracking 85
Generate the Structural Smoothing attribute cube 86
Shell Refresher - Day 3 Contents • i
 Generate Chaos attribute cube as input for Ant-tracking attribute cube 88
Generate the Ant-tracking cube and fault patches 88
Settings for fault patches 90
Edit Extracted Faults process 92
Convert fault patches to fault interpretation 92
Bricked seismic 97
Train Estimation Model 95

Simple Grid - Slides 99

Simple Grid - Exercise 102

Create a simple grid 102

Domain Conversion - Slides 104

Domain Conversion - Exercise 119

Define velocity model intervals 119
Create a velocity model using well data 120
Create a velocity model using stacking velocities 122
Depth convert a 3D grid 125
General depth conversion 125

ii • Contents Shell Refresher - Day 3

 Seismic functionality updates

Petrel workflow tools

Data Import Seismic Well Fault Pillar Zonation and
Correlation Modeling Gridding Layering
Edit Input Data
Intro to Petrel
Import data

Facies Petrophysical Plotting Volume Well Design

Modeling Modeling Calculation

Process Manager

Shell Refresher - Day 3 Seismic functionality updates • 3

 Introduction to Seismic updates - Slides

Petrel 2004 Refresher Course

Course Content
Day 3

„ New Seismic Functionality „ Ant-tracking

„ Seismic data handling „ Neural Nets

„ Seismic Visualization „ Bricked seismic

„ 2D Survey Manager and Mis-tie analysis „ Make Simple Grid

„ Attribute maps „ Domain conversion

„ Process Manager

„ Synthetics

1 © 2004 Schlumberger Information Solutions. All rights reserved.

4 • Introduction to Seismic updates - Slides Shell Refresher - Day 3

 Petrel 2004 Refresher Course
Petrel Module Dependency Overview Fault Analysis

Utility Systems
Any Core
Well Design

Data Analysis

Domain Conversion Surface Imaging (Satellite Images)

Classification and Estimation

Seismic Sampling
Seismic Interpretation

OpenSpirit Plug-in

Geophysics
Seismic Volume Rendering and Extraction

Multitrace Attributes

Automated Structural Interpretation

Geoscience Core

Bricked Seismic Rendering

Well Correlation
Combined Core

Geology
Facies Modeling

Petrophysical Modeling

Advanced Gridding & Upscaling

Engineering
Reservoir
Engineering
Reservoir

FrontSim Locked
Core

History Match Analysis

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Petrel 2004 Refresher Course

Petrel License Dependency Overview
Module Dependency
Geoscience Core
System
Core

Reservoir Engineering Core (NEW)

Data & Results Viewer (NEW) No other modules allowed with this module
Combined Core (NEW) Includes Geoscience AND Reservoir Engineering Core
Seismic Interpretation Geoscience Core
Geophysics

Domain Conversion Geoscience Core

Seismic Sampling Geoscience Core AND Seismic Interpretation
Multitrace Attributes Geoscience Core AND Seismic Interpretation
Automated Structural Interp (NEW) Geoscience Core AND Seismic Interpretation
Seismic Vol. Rend. & Extract Geoscience Core AND Seismic Interpretation
Well Correlation Geoscience Core
Geology

Facies Modeling Geoscience Core

Petrophysical Modeling Geoscience Core
Fault Analysis Geoscience Core OR Reservoir Engineering Core
Engineering
Reservoir

History Match Analysis (NEW) Reservoir Engineering Core

FrontSim Locked Reservoir Engineering Core

Adv Gridding & Upscaling (NEW) Geoscience Core

Data Analysis Geoscience Core OR Reservoir Engineering Core
Surface Imaging Geoscience Core OR Reservoir Engineering Core
Utility

Classification & Estimation (NEW) Geoscience Core OR Reservoir Engineering Core

Well Design Geoscience Core OR Reservoir Engineering Core
Ocean API Developers Kit (NEW)
Bricked Seismic Rendering (NEW)
Party

Geoscience Core AND Seismic Interpretation AND/OR Seismic Vol. Rend. & Extract
3rd

OpenSpirit Plug-in for Petrel Geoscience Core OR Reservoir Engineering Core

3 © 2004 Schlumberger Information Solutions. All rights reserved.

Shell Refresher - Day 3 Introduction to Seismic updates - Slides • 5

 Petrel 2004 – Refresher Course
Seismic Processes
Petrel 2003 Petrel 2003SE Petrel 2004

Synthetics introduced in Petrel Wavelet extraction introduced

Attribute maps and Basic Attribute Generation as a
attribute volumes treated as proper process (Multitrace
RMB functionality attributes introduced in Petrel)
Attribute map generation as a
proper process
Ant-tracking and Fault patch
generation introduced
Velocity modeling and Domain
Conversion as separate
processes

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6 • Introduction to Seismic updates - Slides Shell Refresher - Day 3

 New Seismic functionalities - Slides

Petrel 2004 – new functionality

Shell Global Deal Functionality

• Base map annotation

• Random line generation
• Seismic Ghost Curve
• Neighboring interpretation
• 2D Survey Manager
• 2D Mis-tie correction
• Attribute map generation
• Seismic Workflows
• Variograms from seismic attribute maps

6 © 2004 Schlumberger Information Solutions. All rights reserved.

Shell Refresher - Day 3 New Seismic functionalities - Slides • 7

 Seismic – Data visualization
Seismic data visualization – Base Map window

1. Double click on a Survey folder (3D or 2D seismic)

2. Under the Style tab specify the Base Map annotation.
3. Open a 2D Window and display the seismic lines (e.g. Inlines, Crosslines, Random lines and 2D lines)

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3

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Base Map Annotation

It is possible to turn on inline/crossline annotations. Draw every n'th inline/crossline will show a
base map grid with inlines and crosslines displayed with the increment specified by the user.
Text every n'th inline/crossline will show the inline and crossline numbers. The size of the text is
controlled from the Font size option. Base Map Annotations will not be showing if it is not
checked.

Similar options for posting 3D and 2D seismic are available for 3D windows as well.

8 • New Seismic functionalities - Slides Shell Refresher - Day 3

 Seismic – Data Visualization
Random lines – Digitize an arbitrary polyline intersection

How to digitize an arbitrary polyline intersection: 1

1. Activate the Seismic Interpretation process

2. If using a 3D window, post an object (e.g.

timeslice). Not required in a 2D window 3

3. Click on the ”Create arbitrary polyline 4

intersection” icon

4. Draw the polygon using the left mouse

button and stop by double clicking. The
vertical seismic intersection will
automatically be displayed

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Seismic data visualization

To create data in a 3D window, there needs to be an object to supply X, Y and Z reference
points.

The arbitrary polyline intersection is composed of 2 parts, the polygon trace and the vertical
seismic intersection. The polygon trace is stored under the General Intersection object in the
Input tab. Remember these “General Intersections” can be renamed to something more
meaningful.

Shell Refresher - Day 3 New Seismic functionalities - Slides • 9

 Seismic – Data Visualization
Random lines – Digitize an arbitrary polyline intersection

5. The general seismic intersection

together with the polygon will be put
under the Input tab in the Petrel
Explorer window 5

6. To edit the intersection activate the

Make/Edit Polygons process, 6 7
activate the Arbitrary polygon and
toggle on the ”Select and Edit/Add
points” icon in the Function tool bar

7. Edit a point or the whole polygon line

and the seismic intersection will be
changed according to the polygon

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10 • New Seismic functionalities - Slides Shell Refresher - Day 3

 Seismic – Data Visualization
Random lines – Create seismic aligned polyline intersection
How to digitize an aligned polyline intersection: 1

1. Activate the Seismic Interpretation

process
3

2. If using a 3D window, post an object (e.g.

timeslice). Not required in a 2D window 4

3. Click on the ”Create seismic aligned

polyline intersection” icon

4. Draw the polygon using the left mouse

button and stop by double clicking. The
vertical seismic intersection will
automatically be displayed

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When entering the points for the polygon, the movement of the mouse will be restricted to either
the inline or crossline direction.

Generate a random line combining an arbitrary polyline with seismically aligned

segments:
1.Activate the Seismic Interpretation process.
2.If using a 3D window, post an object (e.g. timeslice). Not required in a 2D window.
3.Click on the ”Create arbitrary polyline intersection” icon.
4.Draw the polygon using the left mouse button. To snap to an inline or crossline direction, hold
down the Ctrl key while moving the mouse. The segment will be restricted to the seismic cube
alignment. Double click to end. The seismic will be displayed automatically.

Shell Refresher - Day 3 New Seismic functionalities - Slides • 11

 Seismic – Data Visualization
Random lines – Create seismic aligned polyline intersection
5. The seismic intersection together with
the polygon will be put under the Input
tab in the Petrel Explorer window
5 6

6. To edit the intersection activate the

Make/Edit Polygons process, activate
the polygon and toggle on the ”Select
and Edit Line” icon in the Function tool
bar 7

7. Edit the polygon line and the seismic

intersection will be changed according to
the polygon

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12 • New Seismic functionalities - Slides Shell Refresher - Day 3

 Seismic – Refine Interpretation
Seismic Ghost Curve
1. In an Interpretation Window, identify an area with a clear fault
2. Do Guided Autotracking towards the fault. Set a flag with the N key
3. Use Insert Seismic Ghost to draw a rectangle over the interpreted seismic. Drag the Ghost area
over to the other side of the fault
4. To stretch and squeeze the seismic ghost, position the cursor on the edge, click and drag
5. Use Ctrl+Shift to rotate the seismic ghost
6. Continue the interpretation where the matching event is found

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Ghost
The Ghost curve is used to create a small bitmap of reflector events on a seismic line. The area
can be moved to other parts of the same seismic line (or other seismic lines) to compare signal
pattern and identify the same horizons across a fault e.g.
When a ghost is created it will be located in the seismic interpretation window folder in the
Windows tab.
The seismic in the interpretation window and the ghost share the interpretation window display.
If you click on the ghost in the interpretation window you will notice that the ghost is activated in
the windows tab, if you click on the seismic displayed in the interpretation window you will notice
that the Interpretation 1 under the Interpretation window is activated. In practice this means that
you can have different settings for the ghost and the seismic in the interpretation window, e.g.
the ghost can be displayed with wiggles or another attribute while the seismic in the
interpretation window is displayed in a conventional mode.
From the windows tab the settings and administrations for the ghost is accessed. When the
ghost is bolded/activated the display options for the ghost can be changed.
In the windows tab you can toggle the ghost on/off, delete ghosts and access the settings for the
ghost. Note that you can have as many ghosts you like, but it is recommended to clean up the
ghosts once in a while.

Shell Refresher - Day 3 New Seismic functionalities - Slides • 13

 Seismic – Refine Interpretation
Neighboring interpretation
1. Use Interpretation Window, make sure the horizon interpretation is displayed and active
2. Settings for the active horizon, Style tab - toggle on Show Previous/Next. Set size to 2
3. Set a suitable increment in the Plane step pull down menu
4. Navigate to the next line. Stippled line displays previous line interpretation

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2

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If changing the increment or navigating to a line not falling on the used increment, the
Next/Previous interpretation will not display.

14 • New Seismic functionalities - Slides Shell Refresher - Day 3

 Seismic – Survey Manager
2D lines/survey handling

The Survey manager is a tool used to sort and manage the seismic
data in Petrel. Within this the user can control all parameters
regarding 2D lines, like CDP, SP, Trace number, navigation file
assignment, sort and move data into folders etc. The Survey
Manager can also be used to visualize data.

To use it, right click on the survey folder and select Survey Manager.

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Settings for the Survey Manager

Sorting is done by double clicking on the column name. Columns can be made wider or
narrower by simply dragging the column boundaries. Clicking on the top left corner of the
spreadsheet will select the entire spreadsheet for copying.

How to search for seismic data in the survey manager

1. Click on the search tool “search in survey manager” , this will bring up the search engine.
2. The complete name of parts of a name can be entered in the “Find what” field.
3. If none of the options on the left is toggled, the search engine will search for words containing
the specifications in the field. The search will start from the top of the survey manager.
4. When match case is selected, the search engine take into account small and big letters and
will try to match the names in the list.
5. Match whole name will search for the full name of the file.
6. When match case and match whole name is selected the name the user searches for has to
be matched 100%.
7. Search up, will start the search from the bottom of the listed names in the server manager and
search upwards. If search up is not toggled the search engine will start from the top of the
survey manager.
8. “Find next” will highlight the next name in the survey manager list that fit the search criteria.
9. “Select all” will select all names in the survey manager that fit the search criteria.
10. “Close” will close the window.

Shell Refresher - Day 3 New Seismic functionalities - Slides • 15

 Note the search will only be valid for the items visualized in the survey manager. Hence, if the
folder filter is applied, only the seismic data within the visualized folder will be part of the search.

How to select data in the survey manager

Selection of data is used in the following operations in the survey manager: display, delete and
move to folder.
There are several ways to select data for these tasks.
1. To select only one seismic data file, click on the corresponding row/line in the survey
manager, the row will be marked black.
2. To select several seismic files at once; select one line + hold Shift, and then select another
line. All the seismic data between the selections will be highlighted.
3. To select specific files; select one line + hold Ctrl, and then select another line. Both the
selections will be highlighted.
4. Click on one of the header columns to select all files.

How to realize selected seismic in the survey manager

1. Select the seismic to be realized in the survey manager.
2. Click on the Realize icon.
3. Petrel will realize the selection into a specified folder.
Note! When realizing 3D seismic the default settings will be used for realization.

How to visualize seismic data using the survey manager

Seismic data can also be toggled and visualized from the survey manager. The sorting
mechanisms in the survey manager can make it easier to find the relative data and visualize
them.
1. “Toggle on view of selected seismic” icon is used to visualize the selected seismic data in
the active window. Keep in mind that visualizing a large number of 2D lines in the 3D window
might stress the graphic card.
2. “Toggle off view of selected seismic” icon will remove the visualization of the selected
seismic files in the active window.
3. “Toggle (invert) view of selected seismic” icon will invert the view for the selected seismic
data

How to move seismic data into folders

Sub folders in the survey folders can be created by right clicking on the survey folder and select
insert new folder. Seismic data from the Input Data can be dragged and dropped into the folders.
The data can also be moved into folders in the survey manager.
1. Open the survey manager. Make a selection of seismic data. Click on “move to folder” icon
on top of the survey manager spreadsheet.
2. A new window will appear where the user can select a folder to move the data into.
3. If no sub folder exists already there is an option to create a new sub folder from this window.
4. If a sub folder already exists, it is also possible to click in the parent field for the selected line
in the survey folder, this will give the selection to move seismic data into a predefined folder.

16 • New Seismic functionalities - Slides Shell Refresher - Day 3

 Seismic – Mis-tie Analysis
Mis-tie correction

1. Right click on the survey folder and 3

select Insert Mis-tie Set.
2. The Mis-tie Manager is a tool used to
make vertical, phase or/and gain mis-
ties and corrections.
3. The Mis-tie set will be put under the
seismic survey folder in the Input tab.
1

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Mis-tie manager
The Mis-tie manager is an interactive tool for managing the mis-ties in Petrel. With this the user
can calculate or specify corrections, select reference lines, deselect lines not to be used for mis-
tie analysis and also toggle to display 2D lines in the active window.

Mis-tie Analysis allows the user to extract and apply mis-tie value corrections for 2D seismic
surveys. All lines contained inside a Survey Folder or a sub-folder will be used when a Mis-tie
Set is created.

Shell Refresher - Day 3 New Seismic functionalities - Slides • 17

 Seismic – Attribute Maps
Make attribute map process – Instantaneous
1. Open the Make attribute map process under Geophysics
2. Use Create new surface (at seismic resolution). Type in an appropriate name
3. Under Settings, use Static
4. From the Input tab, select desired seismic volume and drop it into the seismic field
5. Use Instantaneous (attribute map following the surface – no thickness used)
6. Under Map Instantaneous, drop in correct surface
7. Display the attribute map in a 3D Window, toggle between elevation and attribute

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Make Attribute Map Settings (Instantaneous)

This option retrieves values from a defined depth. There are two inputs (surface and constant),
effectively giving three options for specifying the depth:
To use a surface from the input tab. Check the surface option, leave the constant option clear
and drop a surface into the box.
To use a constant offset from a surface. Check the surface option and drop a surface into the
box, check the Constant/Offset option and enter the required offset.
To use a constant. Check the Constant/Offset option and enter the required constant.

There are three options when creating an attribute map. That is to create a new surface, add the
attribute to an already existing surface or overwrite an attribute.
Static attribute maps are calculated based on the input as it is at the time of creation. A dynamic
attribute map will be recalculated if any input data are changed.

Note: this process only works with surfaces, not horizon interpretations directly.

18 • New Seismic functionalities - Slides Shell Refresher - Day 3

 Seismic – Attribute Maps
Make attribute map process – Interval average
1. Reopen the Make attribute map process under Geophysics
2. Use Create new surface (at seismic resolution)
3. Under Settings, select Static or Dynamic
4. In the Input tab, select an attribute volume as seismic input
5. Use Interval average. Select calculation method from the menu
6. In Map Interval Start Level, drop in the desired top surface and define an offset if desired
7. In Map Interval Stop Level, drop in the desired base surface. Define an offset if desired
8. Display the attribute map in a 3D Window, toggle between elevation and attribute

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Make Attribute Map Settings (Interval average)

Choose the appropriate method for the calculation of averages:
Arithmetic
Geometric
Harmonic
Maximum
Median
Minimum
Most of
RMS (Root Mean Square)
Sum
A more detailed explanation of each of these algorithms is given in the Online Help Manual
under Averaging Methods.
Map interval start level
Choose the upper level for the interval. Settings are the same as for Make Attribute Map
Settings (Instantaneous).
Map interval stop level
Choose the lower level for the interval. There are three options:
Absolute – The values given as the stop level (i.e. the surface supplied) are in real Z
coordinates (time or depth).
Relative to start level – The values given represent the thickness of the zone for values to be
averaged over, starting from that given as the Map interval start level.

Shell Refresher - Day 3 New Seismic functionalities - Slides • 19

 Relative to surface 1 – The values given represent the thickness of the zone for values to be
averaged over, starting from surface 1 given in Map interval start level.
The surface and the offset are defined in the same way as for Make Attribute Map Settings
(Instantaneous).

Seismic – Process Manager

Workflow
1. Use Insert from the Menu bar and select New Workflow. Rename it and fill in a description if needed
2. Select appropriate functions from the Utility, Operations and Processes boxes
3. Click on a function and add it into the workflow with the insert arrow
4. Build up the workflow to perform the wanted processes. Make sure that all input needed for the
workflow is present in the current project. Create or recreate missing input
5. When satisfied, Test the workflow and run it if status is OK. Edit the workflow if needed
6. Save the workflow setup by clicking Apply or OK

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Process Manager
The Process manager is a very useful tool to do looping processes and operations, or redoing
operations on an already existing 3D Grid.

This example shows how to make surfaces from several interpreted events and generate
attribute maps from the resulting surfaces. The Make/Edit Surface and Make attribute map
processes need parameter inputs and must be opened (double click) to give in appropriate data.

20 • New Seismic functionalities - Slides Shell Refresher - Day 3

 Seismic – Attribute Maps
Generate surface from attribute maps
1. Right click on the attribute of an attribute map
2. Use Convert to separate Surface
3. A new surface is found at the bottom of the Input tab
4. Display it in a 3D window

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Generated attribute maps are attached to surfaces as various attributes. To make the attribute
map as a ‘stand alone’ map, it has to be converted.

Shell Refresher - Day 3 New Seismic functionalities - Slides • 21

 Seismic – Attribute Maps
Generate Variogram map from attribute maps
1. Right click on the generated attribute of an attribute map
2. Use Convert to Points
3. A new object is found at the bottom of the Input tab. Display it in a 3D window
4. Go to Settings and Variogram tab. Use Variogram map, choose Type and Execute
5. Display the resulting sample variogram in a Map window

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A Variogram map displays the separation distance in X-direction and Y-directions, not ordinary
XY coordinates. This means that the variance map must be displayed in a map window since the
center of the map is 0 (zero) X- and Y separation with increasing separation in X- and Y-
directions respectively.

22 • New Seismic functionalities - Slides Shell Refresher - Day 3

 Seismic – Attribute Maps
Generate Sample variogram from attribute maps
1. Use an Attribute map converted to points.
2. Go to Settings and the Variogram tab. Use Sample variogram, choose Type.
3. Under the Orient. Tab select Isotropic (toggled on) or Anisotropic (toggled off). Give in
correct Orientation and Execute.
4. Display the resulting sample variogram in a Function window

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3

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The combined variogram information derived from the attribute map can be used in facies or
petrophysical modeling. If a relation excists between the attribute map and distributions of facies
or any petrophysical parameter, the sample variogram can be used for establishing a modeled
variogram that can be used as input.

Shell Refresher - Day 3 New Seismic functionalities - Slides • 23

 EXERCISE
New Functionality

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24 • New Seismic functionalities - Slides Shell Refresher - Day 3

 New Seismic functionalities - Exercises

This exercise chapter describes the new functionalities that are part of the Shell Global Deal. We
will open and use a Petrel project where necessary data is stored or import the missing data
when needed.

Exercise overview:
• Seismic data visualization in base map window
• Create random intersections
• Seismic Ghost
• Neighboring interpretation
• Survey Manager
• Mis-tie analysis
• Make Attribute Map process
• Seismic Workflows
• Variograms from seismic attribute maps

Seismic data visualization in base map window

This process describes how to access and display the inlines, crosslines and random lines in a
Base Map window in Petrel. A 2D Window is used as Base Map display where annotations and
visualizations can be changed.

One Inline and Crossline will automatically be generated when importing a 3D seismic cube but
they are not visualized before they are toggled on.

Exercise Steps
1. Open the Petrel project Shell_Seismic_startup_project.pet. It contains realized 2D and
3D seismic data that will be used in the following exercises.
2. Expand and then double click on the 3D seismic folder .
3. A Settings window for the Survey folder pops up. Here you can define the Base Map
Annotation. Review the default settings and Cancel the window. Note the settings will apply
to both the 3D and the Base Map (2D) windows.

Shell Refresher - Day 3 New Seismic functionalities - Exercises • 25

 4. Expand mig.sgy [Crop] [Realized], double click and open Settings for it. In the 3D Style tab,
observe that “Base map” annotation is inherited from the parent folder, but can be set
separately by toggling the lock icon.
5. Open a new 2D Window from the window menu.
6. Toggle on the checkbox in front of the 3D Seismic folder, the Inline and Crossline. Right
click on mig.sgy [Crop] [Realized] and Insert Seismic Intersection. The survey outline and
the seismic lines will be displayed in the 2D Window.
7. Double click on the 2D Lines folder to open the Settings dialog.
8. Under the Style tab toggle on lines, names, number (CDP) and tickmark (5).

9. Toggle on the checkbox in front of the 2D Lines folder. The 2D lines are now displayed in
the 2D window.

26 • New Seismic functionalities - Exercises Shell Refresher - Day 3

 Create random intersections
The option to display seismic intersection along any generated polygon can be very useful, for
instance when making tailor-made sections between wells. In addition is it possible to display a
Random line aligned to the Inline and Crossline directions.

Exercise Steps
1. Activate the previously used 3D Window. Right click on mig.sgy [Crop] [Realized] and
select Load into memory when needed. Right click again on the seismic volume and select
Insert Time Slice Intersection.
2. Expand the window to use the full screen. Deselect the other seismic lines if any.
3. Make sure the Seismic Interpretation process is active.

4. Select the “Create arbitrary polyline intersection” icon in the Function bar. Draw a
polygon using the left mouse button and double click to stop the polygon line. A seismic
random line is automatically generated and is stored under the mig.sgy [Crop] [Realized]
folder.

5. To edit the Random line, open the “General Intersection” folder, display and activate the
Arbitrary Polygon.
6. Activate the Make/Edit Polygons process under Utilities in the Process Diagram.
7. Select the “Select and Edit/Add Points” icon . Choose a point on the polygon and drag
it to a new position. Notify that the seismic random line will automatically be updated.

Shell Refresher - Day 3 New Seismic functionalities - Exercises • 27

 Additional points can be added using the Add new points icon. Delete points by selecting
them and using either the delete icon or the delete key.
8. Select the “Create seismic aligned polyline intersection” icon in the Function bar.
Draw a polygon using the LMB, click once to change direction and double click to stop the
polygon line. A seismic random line is automatically generated and is stored under the
mig.sgy [Crop] [Realized] folder.

Optional Exercise Steps

9. To edit the Random line, open the “General Intersection” folder, display and activate the
Arbitrary Polygon.
10. Activate the Make/Edit Polygons process under Utilities in the Process Diagram.
11. Select the “Select and Edit Line” icon . To edit a line choose a line on the polygon and
drag it to the preferred position. Notify that the seismic random line will automatically be
updated.

Seismic Ghost Curve

To aid the interpreter to pick the right event over fault and other discontinuities, a Seismic Ghost
Curve is available to drag a picture of the seismic from one side of the fault to the other.

Exercise Steps
1. Open a new Interpretation window (preferably a crossline) and identify a discontinuity.

2. Activate Insert Seismic Ghost . Drag a rectangle over the zone of interest.
3. Place the cursor inside the seismic ghost area. Move it to the desired position.
4. Identify the corresponding events.

28 • New Seismic functionalities - Exercises Shell Refresher - Day 3

 5. To stretch and squeeze the Ghost Curve, position the cursor on the edge of the area. Click
and drag/push the Ghost to the desired shape.
6. Rotate the Ghost Curve by pressing Ctrl+Shift while clicking inside the ghost area (the
cursor changes to a rotation symbol.
7. Use the Player to the bottom left to navigate to another (cross) line. Try to fit the events
inside the seismic ghost to this line.
8. Open the Window tab. Expand the active window folder and toggle off the Ghost.

Neighboring interpretation
Another help when interpreting in an Interpretation window is the Show Previous/Next
interpretation functionality. This displays the interpretation from the incremental (controlled from
the Select plane step increment in the lower left corner of Petrel) neighboring seismic lines.

Exercise Steps
1. Activate the Seismic Interpretation process under Geophysics. In a 3D window, display an
inline and crossline from the realized seismic data and use Seeded 3D Autotracking to
interpret on a strong event.
2. Open an Interpretation window and display the crossline.
3. Open Settings for the newly interpreted horizon. Go to the Style tab. Under Neighboring
toggle on Show Previous and Show Next.
4. Select color and size for the display and observe the interpretation window.
5. If needed, change Select plane step increment from the Player
to fit an interpretation.

Optional; Survey manager

The Survey Manager is a useful tool to sort and manage seismic data in Petrel. Parameters like
CDP, SP, Trace number, line name etc can be controlled from here. Data can be searched for,
sorted and moved into folders as well as visualized from the Survey Manager.

Exercise Steps
1. Right click on the 2D Lines folder and select Survey Manager from the appearing menu.
2. View the active 2D window while toggling any of the checkboxes in the eye column.
This column turns on/off the line display.
3. Click and drag the cursor over several rows in the numbered column to select lines.

Shell Refresher - Day 3 New Seismic functionalities - Exercises • 29

 4. Use the Toggle on view of selected seismic icon to view or alternatively the Toggle off
view of selected seismic to hide the lines.
5. Sort the lines by double clicking on the Direction column name . Select the lines
going due north and due east by click and drag the cursor over the corresponding
numbered columns.
6. Click on Move to Folder. Use the default Create new folder.

7. Enter an appropriate name for the new folder.

8. Find the new folder under the 2D Lines folder.

9. Click on the Search in Survey Manager icon and the search engine opens. Type in
part of a line name, e.g. slb2 and click Find Next.

10. If none of the options on the left is toggled, the search engine will search for the words
containing the specification in the field. The search starts from the top of the Survey
Manager.

Comments
The Survey Manager works for the survey folder it is started from. To easily manage all 2D lines
in a project, keep all surveys in the same folder. Sort the different surveys into sub-folders at
30 • New Seismic functionalities - Exercises Shell Refresher - Day 3
 several levels. If a project with separate survey folders exists it is possible to drag and drop lines
between folders.
A survey Manger can also be opened from a 3D survey folder. Instead of separate lines 3D
volumes will be displayed.

Optional; Mis-tie analysis

The Mis-tie manager is an interactive tool for managing mis-ties between 2D lines. It works in
much the same way as the Survey Manager for sorting and viewing data. Mis-tie sets can be
generated for the entire survey folder or for different sub-folders under the main survey folder.

Exercise Steps
1. Right click on the 2D Lines folder and select Insert Mis-tie Set from the appearing menu.
2. The Mis-tie Manager opens up displaying the 2D lines crossing each other.
3. Toggle on Gain and Vertical leave Phase toggled off. Click on Compute Mis-ties and
observe the values entered into the different columns.

4. Use Constant as method for calculating mis-tie corrections then click Compute Corrections.

5. The Gain correction and Vertical correction columns are filled in. These computed values
could be edited manually. In the Vertical correction column, type in –10.0 (10 ms downward
relative to the crossing lines) for all entries of slb2.sgy [Realized].
6. Different 2D lines can be used and locked in this process by toggling the appropriate boxes
in the and lock columns. Use all lines, but do not lock any of them. When satisfied
with the setup, click Realize to generate physical versions of the mis-tied lines.

7. Click Yes in the appearing message window. Use Create new folder and name the folder
mis-ties.
8. These lines can now be found in the mis-ties folder.
9. Open a 3D window and display the original lines by toggling boxes in the first eye column
to the left in the Mis-tie Manager. The realized mis-tied lines are displayed by toggling from
the second eye column. Click OK to save and close the Mis-tie manager.

Shell Refresher - Day 3 New Seismic functionalities - Exercises • 31

 10. Right click on the 2D Lines folder and reselect Insert Mis-tie Set from the appearing menu.
11. A new Mis-tie set 2 is generated. Toggle off Use for all lines except slb1.sgy [Realized] and
slb2.sgy [Realized]. Also Lock slb1.sgy [Realized].
12. Only use Vertical as method. Compute Mis-ties, Make sure Constant is selected and
Compute Corrections. Observe that only two entries are present in the Vertical correction
column where the two lines cross each other.
13. Vertical correction for slb1.sgy [Realized] is 0 (zero) since this line is locked. Type in –10.0
ms for Vertical correction (10 ms downward relative to slb1.sgy [Realized]) for all entries of
slb2.sgy [Realized]. Apply and click Yes in the message box.
14. Put the new line in the mis-ties folder. View the result in a 3D window. Also compare the
two different mis-tie corrected versions of slb2.sgy [Realized] by toggling them on and off in
the mis-ties folder.

Comments
A Mis-tie set is created for the survey folder or sub-folder it is inserted from. All lines in that
folder will be displayed in the mis-tie manager including all sub-folder lines.

Attribute Maps
Generating an attribute map is now treated as a proper process in Petrel. Functionalities related
to this process is essentially the same as in the previous releases of Petrel, but the resulting
attribute map is associated with a surface.

Exercise Steps
1. Expand the Surfaces folder and display the HOUSTON surface in a 3D window.
2. Open the Make Attribute Map process under Geophysics.
3. Use Create new surface (at seismic resolution). Use the default name or give in your own.
4. Use Static map type and drop in the mig.sgy [Crop] [Realized] as Seismic. Use
Instantaneous, select and drop in surface HOUSTON. Apply to generate the attribute map.

32 • New Seismic functionalities - Exercises Shell Refresher - Day 3

 5. Expand the surface ‘Seismic map’ in the Input tab and toggle on the attribute mig.sgy.
Toggle off the HOUSTON surface if needed. Toggle between TWT and mig.sgy.

Optional Exercise Steps

6. In the Make attribute map dialog box, select Add attribute to existing surface. Drop in the
newly created surface.
7. Use Interval average and select RMS from the drop down menu.
8. Use CARACAS as surface 1 with an Offset of –300 ms (downward). Use HOUSTON as
Surface 2 without any Offset.
9. Produce and display the new attribute map in a 3D window. It is found as an attribute under
‘Seismic map’ object.

Process manager – a workflow

Workflows can be generated to automate repeating calculations and functions in Petrel.
Workflows can be saved under separate (and understandable) names. This exercise will show
how to use the Workflow editor to set up a loop where several interpretations are used to
generate surfaces, extract attribute maps from a seismic volume and display the various
surfaces/maps.

Exercise Steps
1. Make sure an active 3D window is open.
2. Click on Insert from the Menu bar and select New Workflow.
3. An empty workflow opens up. Change the workflow name and Author if needed. Type in a
description in the available field if preferred.

Shell Refresher - Day 3 New Seismic functionalities - Exercises • 33

 4. Click on the Utility selection button. Use For All Icons In, use the green arrow to insert the
function in the workflow.
5. Click on the Imported Interpretation folder in the Import tab and drop it into the statement
with the blue arrow.
6. In the Workflow tab, expand the Variables folder, select Variable A and drop it into the
statement by clicking on the question mark.
7. From the Processes selection button, use Make/Edit Surface found under Utilities and drop
it into the workflow.
8. Double click in Make/Edit Surface to open the dialog box. Drop in Variable A in the Result
Surface and Input data fields.
9. Go to the Geometry tab and toggle on Automatic (from input data/boundary). Also toggle
on Make boundary from Main input and extend it with, give in 1 as parameter. Click OK
the save the parameters settings and close the box.

10. From Utilities, find and insert Move. Variable A is the Object to be moved. Insert a new
folder into the Input tab, give it a name and input it as Folder to move it into.
11. Insert Clear All Visualizations and View All into the workflow.
12. Also insert Set visible and use Variable A as input.
13. Insert Set Reference into the workflow, Variable B should equal Variable A in the
expression.

34 • New Seismic functionalities - Exercises Shell Refresher - Day 3

 14. Insert Make attribute map into the workflow, double click on the process and give in Variable
B as input to Add attribute to existing surface and Surface under Map Instantaneous.
Drop in mig.sgy [Crop] [Realized] as Seismic under Settings. Click OK to save the
settings and close the dialog box. Make sure that the seismic volume resides in memory
before running this workflow (if not already in memory, right click and select Load into
memory when needed from the menu. Then toggle on and off the inline under mig.sgy
[Crop] [Realized]).

15. Use Set visible with Variable B as input.

16. End the workflow by inserting and End Loop (ends the For All Icons In loop).
17. Add Adjust color table and Pause where appropriate. The resulting workflow should be
very similar to the example below.

Shell Refresher - Day 3 New Seismic functionalities - Exercises • 35

 18. Toggle on Hide the dialog when running the workflow .
19. Test and Run the Workflow. Make sure that a 3D window is open and active. Observe and
interpret the graphic displays.
20. Apply or OK to save the workflow, Close will not save any changes.
Optional Exercise Steps
21. Continue to build up a more complex workflow. In the same loop as above, add an interval
average attribute map for each of the interpreted levels. Use RMS as method. Extract
amplitudes from a 40 ms interval around the surfaces.
22. Run the expanded workflow regenerating the surfaces and attribute maps, but remove the
content of the folder where the previously made surfaces are stored (add it to the workflow
to automate the process).
23. Expand the workflow to generate a virtual Attribute volume and extract an attribute map
along the interpreted levels from this volume.
24. Finally make a workflow that displays and print each of the generated surfaces in the
Attribute surfaces folder. Make sure both the structural time map and the corresponding
attribute map is displayed for each level. Also display and activate a Map window before
running this workflow. (Tips: base it on the Auto generate workflow ‘Turn on visualization of
each object in a selected folder’ and modify it. Deactivate the print option since we do not
want to produce a lot of maps).

Generate surface and variogram from attribute maps

The generated attribute maps can be used for various tasks. Separate surfaces can be
generated or by converting the attribute maps to points, variograms can be made.

36 • New Seismic functionalities - Exercises Shell Refresher - Day 3

 Exercise Steps
1. Expand one of the Instantaneous attribute maps generated. Right click on the attribute and
select Convert to separate Surface.
2. The new surface is found at the bottom of the Input tab. Toggle it on.
3. Right click again on the same attribute.
4. This time use Convert to Points.
5. Open Settings for the new object. Go to the Variogram tab.
6. Toggle on Variogram map and use Classical as Type.

7. Use default settings for Transform and XY range. Under the Output tab, make sure As a
surface is toggled. Execute.
8. Open a new Map window and display the Variance map.
9. Observe the elongated nature of the (variance) contours.
10. Use the Measure Distance tool and follow the direction of lowest variance (ESE –
WNW). Read out the direction from the information area in the lower right corner of Petrel. It
will be used in the next exercise step.
11. Reopen Settings for the attribute point dataset. Go to the Variogram tab.

Shell Refresher - Day 3 New Seismic functionalities - Exercises • 37

 12. Generate a Sample variogram and use Classical as Type.
13. Use default settings for Transform and XY range.
14. Open the Orient sub-tab. Toggle off Isotropic and give in the Orientation found previously
from the Variance map. Execute.
15. From the Menu bar open a New Function Window. Toggle on the sample variogram from
the Input tab.

38 • New Seismic functionalities - Exercises Shell Refresher - Day 3

 Synthetic Seismogram - Slides

Seismic – Synthetic Seismogram – New 2003SE

Objectives

• Make Well Section

• Import Check shots

Schlumberger Confidential
• Correct sonic log and establish Time-Depth relation
• Make Acoustic Impedance log and Reflection Coefficient Series
• Generate Synthetic and Extracted Wavelets
• Produce Synthetic Seismogram
• Compare seismogram with real well seismic
• Manual adjustment and event picking
• Display of synthetic trace in 3D window

1 © 2004 Schlumberger Information Solutions. All rights reserved.

Shell Refresher - Day 3 Synthetic Seismogram - Slides • 39

 Seismic – Synthetic Seismogram
Make well section

1. Go to the Window menu on 2. Expand the Wells

the top Tool bar and select folder and select
New Well Section Window the appropriate
wells

1 2

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Well section display

A well section is used for display and QC when generating a synthetic seismogram.
This well section can be used later in the Synthetics process to view and compare the effect of
using different parameter settings.

40 • Synthetic Seismogram - Slides Shell Refresher - Day 3

 Seismic – Synthetic Seismogram
Make well section

3. Expand the Global well 4. Color fill logs by using the Create/edit curve fill tool
logs folder and select the
available logs to use 4

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When selecting logs from the Global well logs folder, all wells containing the selected logs will
have them displayed in the Well section panel.
The other option is to select the logs under each well that will be a more inefficient procedure to
follow.

Shell Refresher - Day 3 Synthetic Seismogram - Slides • 41

 Seismic – Synthetic Seismogram
Overview
1. Select wells

2. Import/QC check shots 1

3. Sonic correction
2
4. Time/Depth lookup
3
5. Acoustic Impedance
4
6. Reflection Coefficient 5
6
7. Generate Wavelet 7
8
8. Synthetic Seismogram
9
9. Correlate Seismic 10
10. Manual Adjustment

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Synthetic Seismogram
Synthetics is a separate process in the Process Diagram tab, found under Stratigraphic
Modeling.

Input
Fundamental input in the Synthetics process is a sonic log, a density log and check shots. If
density logs are missing, estimated density logs can be derived from sonic logs.
In addition must a mathematical wavelet be defined based on known parameters from the
seismic data.

The sonic log is corrected by using check shots, giving a velocity log, which is then multiplied
with the density log. The resulting accoustic impedance log gives a reflection series which, when
convolved with a wavelet gives the synthetic seismogram. Displayed together with conventional
seismic data from around the well position, a well tie to seismic can be made.
Manual adjustments based on known well tops can be performed.

42 • Synthetic Seismogram - Slides Shell Refresher - Day 3

 Seismic – Synthetic Seismogram
Input and QC
1 GR Sonic Density Caliper CS

1. Input data to Synthetics;

Logs:
Sonic [µs/ft]
Density [gr/cm3]
Check shots (CS):
Check Shot Survey (or)
VSP
Additional logs (optional):
GR [API]
Caliper [Hole diameter]
Any other

2. Bad logs must be edited

Estimate logs if missing
Splice log intervals
Manual editing 2

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Shell Refresher - Day 3 Synthetic Seismogram - Slides • 43

 Seismic – Synthetic Seismogram
Log editing
GR Sonic
1. From Global well logs 2. Make expression
Right click on DT and Sonic_despiked=DT
select Calculator 3. Use sonic as template
4. Sample MD from log and
select DT as input
5. Click Enter

1
2 3

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This log calculator procedure shown, is used to produce a copy of the original input DT log to
avoid overwriting it.

44 • Synthetic Seismogram - Slides Shell Refresher - Day 3

 Seismic – Synthetic Seismogram
Log editing - Despike

2. Change Action #1 to Despike

1. From Global well logs 3. Use default parameters
Right click on 4. Run and view the result in well section
Sonic_despiked and 5. Undo and adjust parameters if not satisfied
select Log editor
Sonic Despiked

1
2

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Despiking the sonic log is used to remove spike values. Since these error readings will
accumulate down through the well when integrating the sonic values, they need to be removed
before sonic correction is done.

Shell Refresher - Day 3 Synthetic Seismogram - Slides • 45

 Seismic – Synthetic Seismogram
Log estimation – Make Density from Sonic
2. Type in a preferred name
1. Right click on the well
3. Set Action #1 to Density from Sonic
where an estimated log
4. Select Input Log
should be generated
5. Use default parameters
6. OK
Sonic Est.density

5
1
6

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Log estimation in Petrel can produce a range of different logs based on real data. The quality of
any estimated log is only as good as the input permits.

Here the density log is estimated by Gardner’s Approximation. Default parameters are used, but
will typically change with the sediments depth of burial.

46 • Synthetic Seismogram - Slides Shell Refresher - Day 3

 Seismic – Synthetic Seismogram
Process Diagram

1. Double click on the 2. Move the mouse over each of the different icons to see hints
Synthetics process under how to use them
Stratigraphic Modeling

Load / Creates a new object

Opens the settings dialog

Creates a new object

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Seismic – Synthetic Seismogram

Load Checkshots

1. Select Original Sonic 3. Select file(s)

2. Click on the Checkshots 4. Make sure Files of type is correct
import icon 5. Open

1
2
3

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Shell Refresher - Day 3 Synthetic Seismogram - Slides • 47

 Seismic – Synthetic Seismogram
Load Checkshots
5. Open Checkshots
1. Fit input parameters (A) to file (B) spreadsheet
2. Connect to welltrace 6. Change depth from MD to
3. Set correct Datum TVD. Compare TVD and 5
TWT with input file(s) and

Schlumberger Confidential
4. OK (one file) or OK For All (two or
more files if in same format) other time/depth information

6
2
3

B
4

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Seismic – Synthetic Seismogram

Sonic correction
1. Do Sonic correction
2. Change Time/Depth Lookup to the corrected Sonic log

Check Shot Survey Sonic Log T.D.R.

Time

1
2

Depth

12 © 2004 Schlumberger Information Solutions. All rights reserved.

48 • Synthetic Seismogram - Slides Shell Refresher - Day 3

 Seismic – Synthetic Seismogram
AI, RC and Wavelet
1. Click on the Create new object icon for Acoustic Impedance. The drop down box is filled in with
Accoustic Impedance 1 and the corresponding icon changes to a Settings icon
2. Open the settings icon for Acoustic Impedance 1 and make sure correct Density log is used. OK when
satisfied
3. Click on the Create new object icon for Reflection Coefficients. Reflection coefficients 1 is made
4. Create new object for Wavelet. Open Settings for Wavelet 1

4
1
2
4 3

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Shell Refresher - Day 3 Synthetic Seismogram - Slides • 49

 Seismic – Synthetic Seismogram
Synthetic wavelet
1. Select Synthetic type of seismogram
2. Select which Synthetic wavelet to use 2
3. Set parameters dependent on the selected Synthetic
Ricker

1 2
Phase
Ormsby
3

Wavelet shape

Amplitude Klauder

Butterworth

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Synthetic wavelets are mathematical describing the shape of the wavelet:

Ricker – defined by peak frequency and period.

Ormsby – wavelet designed from four points forming a trapezoid bandpass filter.

Klauder – simulates the autocorrelation of a linear vibroseis sweep.

Butterworth – defined by amplitude, frequency, high/low cut frequency and high/low order.

50 • Synthetic Seismogram - Slides Shell Refresher - Day 3

 Seismic – Synthetic Seismogram
Extracted wavelet 4

Bartlett
1. Select Extracted type of 1
seismogram
2. From Input tab, select 2 Phase
4
seismic data and Well. Drop
Cosine 3
both ino the dialog box
using the drop in arrows Amplitude
3. Set Neighbourhood extent
4. Select Taper window type
Hamming
Wavelet shape

5. Alternative Type of
seismogram is loaded from 5
file Hanning
6
6. Browse for the file and open
it in the dialog box
7
7. Set Time unit
Papoulis

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Extracting wavelets in Petrel is a method of statistical describing the shape of the wavelet.

The extraction option gives statistical wavelets from the seismic data at a borehole based on a
portion of a 3D volume of seismic traces.

The taper window is essentially a function of time that is multiplied by a data segment. Its
purpose is to smooth or shape the resulting spectrum.

Shell Refresher - Day 3 Synthetic Seismogram - Slides • 51

 Seismic – Synthetic Seismogram
Seismogram and Well Seismic
1. Click on the Create new object icon for Synthetic Seismogram
2. Toggle on Synthetic 1 and view the result in Well Section 1
3. Click on the Create new object icon for Well Seismic. The icon changes, then open the Settings
dialog box (next slide)

Signal:
S=R*Wavelet

1 2
=
3
*

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52 • Synthetic Seismogram - Slides Shell Refresher - Day 3

 Seismic – Synthetic Seismogram
Well Seismic Extraction
4. From the input tab, click on the seismic data object and
drop it in using the drop in arrow
5. Select which extraction method to use, Radial or Orbital
4 6. Set appropiate parameters for method choosen. Toggle on
Synthetic 1 and view the result in Well Section 1
5 6

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Extracted Well Seismic in Petrel follows the well path of the different wells. For a deviated well,
this means that extracted traces for the deviated part is different from the traces higher up in the
well.

Shell Refresher - Day 3 Synthetic Seismogram - Slides • 53

 Seismic – Synthetic Seismogram
Synthetic Seismogram Settings
1. From the Synthetics dialog box, open Settings for the Synthetic Seismogram
2. Open Synthetic Seismogram tab and Change Number of traces to 3. Set Peak Frequency Action to
Sequence and type in 20 – 25 – 30. Apply and view the result in the well section
3. Open the 2D Style tab and toggle on Wiggle

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54 • Synthetic Seismogram - Slides Shell Refresher - Day 3

 Seismic – Synthetic Seismogram
Manual adjustment
1. Toggle on Acoustic impedance, Synthetic Seismogram and Well Seismic using the toggle boxes in
front of the respective icons. Observe the result in the Well Section
2. Toggle on the Well Tops. Open the Spreadsheet for Well Tops 1
3. Updated TWT Picked values can be typed in. Apply
4. Toggle on the Manual Adjustment and observe the effect in Well section

1
4
2

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When Manual Adjustment is performed (toggled), the calculated TWT Auto (se previous slide) is
recalculated using the updated TWT Picked values. This is a reversible process since toggling
off the Manual Adjustment restores the TWT Auto to the original that is again based on Time
settings for the well.

Shell Refresher - Day 3 Synthetic Seismogram - Slides • 55

 Seismic – Synthetic Seismogram
Manual adjustment
5. Toggle off Manual Adjustment
6. Make sure Well Tops 1 is toggled on
7. In the Well Section find a well top which seem to need adjustment
8. Activate the Edit well top time from the icon bar to the right
9. Toggle on the Manual Adjustment and observe the effect in the
Well section

8 Create/edit well tops To edit well tops in time, click and

move the well top line to a desired
Show well top time position. The TWT Picked in the
Well Top spreadsheet will update
Edit well top time accordingly

5 7
6
9

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Manual adjustment of the synthetic to the real seismic is based on well tops. If no well tops are
available to the project, users can create a set of artificial well tops at levels where easily
identified events can be observed.

56 • Synthetic Seismogram - Slides Shell Refresher - Day 3

 Seismic – Synthetic Seismogram
3D display
1. After a Time/Depth relationship is established, Synthetics and Extracted seismic can be displayed in
time and depth
2. Open up an existing 3D window and display seismic lines together with wells, well tops, logs,
synthetics and extracted seismic
3. Change time/depth settings to TWT. Alternate between TWT and TVD

1
2
3

21 © 2004 Schlumberger Information Solutions. All rights reserved.

EXERCISE
Synthetic Seismogram

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Shell Refresher - Day 3 Synthetic Seismogram - Slides • 57

 Synthetic Seismogram - Exercise

The fundamental difference between well data (in depth) and seismic data (in time) is bridged in
the process of generating synthetic seismograms. When using velocity information from wells, a
time – depth relation can be established for each well. All logs are then attached to both depth
and time domain and by combining different log data, synthetic seismic traces following the well
paths can be made. Comparing the synthetic seismogram for a well with conventional seismic, a
starting point for seismic interpretation can be defined.

Synthetic seismograms for the available wells will be generated.

Exercise overview:
• Make Well Section
• Import check shots
• Correct sonic log and establish Time - Depth relation
• Make Acoustic Impedance log and Reflection Coefficient series
• Generate Wavelets and make Synthetic Seismogram
• Compare seismogram with real well seismic
• Manual adjustment and event picking
• Display the synthetic trace in a 3D and Interpretation Window

Make Well Section

Exercise Steps
1. Go to Window in the main menu and select the New Well Section Window.
2. Toggle on wells Apatite-E13, Copper-6, Dolomite-B1 and Diamond-14.
3. Open the Global well logs folder and toggle on GR, DT, RHOB and CALI. Make a visual
examination of the different logs in the Well Section window.
4. Save your project.

Comments
Although only the sonic and density logs are used for generation of synthetic seismograms,
Gamma Ray and Caliper logs are helpful when preparing the data for this process. The GR log

58 • Synthetic Seismogram - Exercise Shell Refresher - Day 3

 gives a quick overview over lithology distribution and the caliper log indicates borehole
conditions and further the quality of the input logs.

Import check shots

Check shots (CS) are used to place the Sonic Log (and all other logs) correct in depth and time.
Check shots can be imported in three different ways;
• From the Insert menu select New Check Shots, under Global well logs right click on Check
Shots 1 - Import (on selection).
• From the Wells folder – Import (on Selection)
• In the Synthetics process Checkshots import will be initiated if CS are not already loaded.

Exercise Steps
1. The Synthetics process is found in the Process Diagram under Stratigraphic Modeling.
Activate the Synthetics process dialog by double clicking on it. A description of the process
is found by resting the cursor over the icon.

2. All wells or one by one well can be selected from the Selected Well list. By toggling on and
selecting a Well Section, changes and generated objects can by displayed from the process
diagram. Use the Well Section created in this chapters first Exercise (Apatite-E13, Copper-
6, Dolomite-B1 and Diamond-14).
3. Use the edited sonic log (Sonic_despiked) as Original Sonic input.

Shell Refresher - Day 3 Synthetic Seismogram - Exercise • 59

 4. Open the import check shots dialog box by left clicking on the icon behind the greyed
out Checkshots field. Go to the Well input data and Check Shots folder. Select the four *.cs
files (hold CTRL+LMB). Do NOT import the AllCheckShots.cs file. Make sure that Files of
type is CheckShots format (ASCII). Click Open.
5. Match the parameters settings with the Header info in the lower part of the window. Click
OK For All.

6. Check statistics from the settings icon and open the Spreadsheet by clicking on the Show
Spreadsheet icon . Change the depth column to TVD. Notice that the two first columns
can be edited if needed and that data for all loaded wells are found in the same
spreadsheet.

Comments
In the Checkshots spreadsheet box all grayed out columns are calculated. Avg. Vel and Int. Vel
are derived from the input time – depth pairs, while Sonic Time and Sonic Int. Vel come from the
input Sonic Log. Drift is the difference between the two data sources. Missing rows for sonic
derived values implies that the sonic log do not exist at these levels.
TVD for Checkshots in Petrel means TVDSS (i.e. referenced to MSL).

60 • Synthetic Seismogram - Exercise Shell Refresher - Day 3

 Correct sonic log and establish Time – Depth relation
Based on the check shot data, sonic logs can be corrected applying the calculated drift values.
A fundamental relation in the generation of Synthetic Seismograms is the Time – Depth curve.
All logs that are measured in depth can now be displayed in time domain.

Exercise Steps
1. Click on the Create new object icon behind the greyed out field for Sonic Correction.
Open the settings dialog box for the corrected sonic and see that the input data can be
changed. Leave it as it is. Notice the two options for correction curve fitting. Cancel the
settings dialog box.

2. Three new toggle boxes have appeared . Hold the cursor

over each of them and read what they will show. Toggle all on and view the data in the Well
Section window.
3. Create the Time/Depth Lookup by clicking or open the settings dialog by clicking the
icon if an item is already available. Open the settings dialog box and select Corrected
Sonic 1 log for well time source. Use the arrow to bring it to the top if needed. Click OK .

Make Acoustic Impedance log and Reflection Coefficient series

Exercise Steps
1. Create the Acoustic Impedance log. Open the settings dialog box, make sure that RHOB is
used for Density log and Sonic_despiked is used for Sonic log. Click OK.
2. Make the Reflection Coefficients series. Under settings, observe that Acoustic Impedance 1
is input to Reflection Coefficients 1.

Generate Wavelets and make Synthetic Seismogram

Exercise Steps
1. Make a new wavelet by clicking on the icon. Wavelet 1 is created. Open the settings
dialog box and view its content. Under the Info tab, rename it to Ricker Wavelet.
2. Go to the Settings tab, leave the Type to Synthetic, Sample Rate and Length as set. Make
sure Synthetic is Ricker and use Constant Phase 0 (assumes zero-phase seismic). Set the
Peak Frequency to 30 Hz. Make sure the SEG Polarity norm is toggled ON. Click OK.

Shell Refresher - Day 3 Synthetic Seismogram - Exercise • 61

 3. Create the Synthetic Seismogram by clicking . Toggle it on and examine the result in the
Well Section window.
4. In the Synthetic Seismogram settings dialog box, change the Sample rate (TWT) to 2. Go to
the 2D Style tab and toggle on Bitmap and Show Wiggles. Decrease the trace repeat count
to 1. Click Apply. Return to the Synthetic Seismogram tab and enter Number of traces to 5.
Under Peak Frequency – Action, change to Sequence. Start with 15 and increase with 5 for
each step. The row should look like this:

5. Click OK and view the result in the Well section window.

6. Open the settings again. Under the Synthetic Seismogram tab set Number of traces to 1
and set the override value to 20 Hz. In the 2D style tab Toggle off Show Wiggles. Click OK.
7. Create a new wavelet by holding down Shift when clicking on the settings icon for the
wavelet. A new wavelet is created; rename it to Extracted Wavelet in the Settings dialog
box. Under the Settings tab, change Type to Extracted and drop in the original seismic
cube (mig.sgy) as Seismic Volume. Drop in Dolomite-B1 as Well in the dialog box. Leave
the rest of input parameters as they are and click OK.

62 • Synthetic Seismogram - Exercise Shell Refresher - Day 3

 8. Change between the Ricker Wavelet and Extracted Wavelet in the drop down menu and
observe the changes to the resulting synthetic seismogram.

Comments
The Ricker, Ormsby, Klauder and Butterworth wavelets try to express in a mathematical way the
expected waveform as it passes through the earth. Parameters are set according to known
properties (or estimated) from the seismic data cube. Extracted wavelets on the other hand, are
stochastically defined wavelets that try to minimize the difference between the synthetic
seismogram and the well seismic. Independent of wavelet generation method, adjustments may
be necessary to give a better result when comparing with conventional seismic (next exercise).

Compare seismogram with real well seismic

Exercise Steps
1. Create a new object for Well Seismic and open Settings. From the Input tab in Petrel
Explorer, find the Seismic folder and the mig.sgy seismic. Dump it in as Seismic Volume in
the settings window, using the blue arrow . Leave Sample Rate at 0.5. Use Radial
extraction with default settings.
2. Click OK.
3. Toggle on the seismic data in the Well Section window. Compare the synthetic and real
seismic data.
4. Can any matching events be found in the first well? Is there any recognizable pattern in the
seismic that can be seen at a different level in the synthetic seismogram? What about the
other well?

Shell Refresher - Day 3 Synthetic Seismogram - Exercise • 63

 Comments
A perfect match between synthetic seismograms and conventional seismic can never be
achieved. The synthetic seismogram is, as its name states, synthetic and based on high
frequency sonic log in situ measurements. Seismic data is on the other hand low frequency,
indirect acquired data from the subsurface.
But, improving the input data in the Synthetics process and optimizing the wavelet to what is
expected in the seismic data can obtain a better match. This is an interactive process that may
take several loops. Redoing step 4 under “Generate wavelets and make Synthetic Seismogram”
can be a first approach. Trying different frequency settings can clarify the picture in many cases.

Manual adjustment and event picking

The Synthetic Seismogram can be adjusted manually to better match the seismic data by using
Well Tops. These tops can be edited to quantify the differences observed.

Exercise Steps
1. Toggle on the Manual Adjustment Checkbox in front of Well Tops 1 in the Synthetics dialog
box. Observe that no adjustment is done. Toggle off Manual Adjustment again.
2. Right click on Well Tops 1 and open the Spreadsheet. Identify well Diamond-14 and
Surface Kobe. Type in the value for TWT Picked for this well top to 2150 ms. Click Ok, and
toggle on Well Top 1 in the Synthetics dialog box.
3. Toggle on and off the Manual Adjustment Checkbox. Observe the adjustment of the Well
Seismic.
4. Graphically the manual adjustment can be done in the Well Section Window in the following
way. Make sure Well Tops 1 is displayed in the Well Section Window and that the Manual
Adjustment Checkbox is toggled off.

5. Click on the Create/Edit Well Tops icon , then on the Show Well Top Time icon
and finally on the Edit Well Top Time icon . The Well Tops turns into stippled lines.
6. Click and drag the stippled Kobe Fm top in well Copper-6 to another position. If the Well
Tops 1 spreadsheet is open, observe that the TWT Picked for this well top changes
interactively. By toggling the Manual Adjustment on and off from the Synthetics dialog box,
this edit is taken into account.
7. Open a new 3D window and display all wells together with a Crossline. Position the
Crossline close to (but behind) well Copper-6 using the Manipulate Plane icon. Toggle
on Well Tops 1. From the Global Well Logs folder, display the GR log. From the tool bar,
change depth settings for all wells by opening the drop down menu and changing from Any
to TWT. Observe the changes to the position of well paths, log data and well tops relative to
the seismic line. Observe that only well paths for the four wells used for generating
Synthetic Seismograms is displayed. Reset the depth setting to TVD. Observe the effect.

64 • Synthetic Seismogram - Exercise Shell Refresher - Day 3

 Finally, set depth settings back to Any. Change of depth settings for wells can also be
performed in an interpretation window.

Display the synthetic trace in a 3D and Interpretation Window

The synthetic trace can be displayed in 3D and Interpretation Windows. Although not treated as
well logs, the synthetic trace can be displayed along the well paths and will follow the depth
setting for that window (i.e. TVD or TWT).

Exercise Steps
1. Open a new 3D window and display all wells. Use the same procedure as described in the
previous exercise to position a Crossline close to any of the wells.
2. From the Global Well Logs list, toggle on Synthetic 1 and view it in the 3D window. Change
between the Ricker Wavelet and Extracted Wavelet in the drop down menu in the
Synthetics Process dialog box. Observe the difference. Also change between TVD and
TWT in the drop down menu over the graphic window.
3. In the Input tab, right click on the Crossline selected in step 1 (this exercise) and select
Create Interpretation Window. Display wells, well tops and Synthetic 1. Change between
TVD and TWT. Observe that in depth you cannot display conventional seismic data, but all
data related to wells (logs, well tops, synthetic traces and extracted seismic along the well
path) can be displayed in TVD.
4. Open Setting for Synthetic 1 and go to the 2D Style tab. Toggle on Show wiggles, set
Trace repeat count to 2 and if needed toggle on and set Manual gain [dB] to 4. Apply the
changes and view the result in the active Interpretation window. You might want to change
the well path thickness to have a better view. Go to Settings for the Wells folder, Style tab
and type in a smaller Pipe width number in the Path tab. Click Apply.

Comments
Display of data in different domains is dependent on whether the data has information of position
of it in that particular domain. Well paths and well tops without time information cannot be
displayed in TWT, just as seismic data without depth information cannot be displayed in TVD.
After Time – Depth relationship for wells are established and velocity models are made for which
seismic can be depth converted, display of data can be done across domains.

Shell Refresher - Day 3 Synthetic Seismogram - Exercise • 65

 Non-Global Deal functionalities - Slides

Petrel 2004 – new functionality

Not part of Shell Global Deal

• Ant-tracking
• Neural Nets
• Bricked seismic

1 © 2004 Schlumberger Information Solutions. All rights reserved.

66 • Non-Global Deal functionalities - Slides Shell Refresher - Day 3

 Seismic – Ant-tracking
How to do the Ant-tracking Workflow

• Original seismic data can be conditioned

using structural smoothing with the fault
edge preservation option
• A Variance or Chaos cube needs to be
generated to be used as input to the Ant-
tracking process
• Any other input that enhances
discontinuities can be used (e.g.
Coherency®). Needs to be imported through
SEG-Y loader or Open-Spirit connectivity
• Ant-tracking generates an enhanced Ant
cube. If the extract fault patches option is
activated, extracted surfaces will be
generated and saved under a separate
folder

Typically the interpreter will work with a sub-set

of the data and fine tune parameters before
applying to the entire area of interest

2 © 2004 Schlumberger Information Solutions. All rights reserved.

The new workflow offers:

1. Increased objectivity: Manual interpretation is highly subjective because it is difficult to map
the discontinuities in the seismic data and understand their nature in 3D. In the new workflow,
the surfaces are objectively extracted using automatic algorithms that work in true 3D.
2. Increased level of detail: The automatic extraction maps all discontinuities that have some
extent in the data. When mapping surfaces manually, the interpreter typically does not have time
to interpret details.
3. Early understanding of fault systems: With automatically extracted surfaces, the interpreter
now starts out with a structural overview of the faults in the area. From the beginning, the
interpreter will hence start thinking in terms of fault system and tectonic history.
4. Faster interpretation: Order of magnitude timesavings are obtained by automating the
surface mapping, which traditionally is a very time-consuming manual task. The interpreter’s job
is moved from low-level mapping of discontinuities on seismic slices, to high-level analysis of
automatically extracted surfaces.

The new workflow is a top-down approach, where the interpreter interacts with automatically
extracted fault surfaces in a 3D canvas. Several properties are connected with the surfaces,
which the interpreter can use for organizing the data. For example, the surfaces can be split into
groups representing fault systems. The faults that make a system have common strike, meaning
that the same stress field has created them in the same time period.
In most of the cases the interpreter has to use some of the editing tools to edit the fault patches
before converting them to fault interpretation or fault pillars.

Shell Refresher - Day 3 Non-Global Deal functionalities - Slides • 67

 Seismic – Ant-tracking
Generate attribute volumes for ant-tracking
1. Right click on the seismic
cropped realized cube and go 2
to Attribute Generation
4
2. Choose the Structural
Smoothing attribute under 3
Structural methods

3. Select the Input seismic,

specify the output name and 1
toggle on the Dip-guide and
Enhance edge 5

4. Toggle on Virtual and Apply.

5. Display an Inline and a

Crossline to quality check
the result before realizing the
attribute cube

3 © 2004 Schlumberger Information Solutions. All rights reserved.

Structural Smoothing
Smoothing of the input signal guided by the local structure to increase the continuity of the
seismic reflectors (Randen, 2002). Principal component dip and azimuth computation are used
to determine the local structure. Gaussian smoothing is then applied parallel to the orientation of
this structure.

Dip guiding (checkbox)

Option to determine if smoothing will be performed parallel to local structural orientation
estimate.
Unchecked: Perform traditional 3D Gaussian smoothing
Checked: Perform structurally guided Gaussian smoothing
Edge enhancement (checkbox)
Option to enhance the presence of edges detected with the Dip guiding option.
Unchecked: Do not enhance detected edges
Checked: Enhance detected edges

68 • Non-Global Deal functionalities - Slides Shell Refresher - Day 3

 Seismic – Ant-tracking
Generate attribute volumes for ant-tracking

1. Right click on the attribute 1

cube (Structural smoothing)
and go to Attribute Generation
2
2. Choose the Chaos attribute
under Stratigraphic methods 3

3. Check the Input seismic and

specify the output name
Toggle on Virtual and Apply.
4

4. Display an Inline and a

Crossline to quality check
the result before realizing
the attribute cube

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Chaos
The chaotic signal pattern contained within seismic data is a measure of the “lack of
organization” in the dip and azimuth estimation method. Chaos in the signal can be affected by
gas migration paths, salt body intrusions, and for seismic classification of chaotic texture. No
parameters are required.

Other attributes may be used (e.g. variance, coherency etc). Some testing may be required to
find the optimum attribute and parameters.

Shell Refresher - Day 3 Non-Global Deal functionalities - Slides • 69

 Seismic – Ant-tracking
Generate the Ant-tracking cube and fault patches
1. Right click on the attribute cube
(Chaos) and go to Attribute
1
Generation

2. Choose the AntTracking under

Structural methods 2

3. Toggle on Passive or Aggressive

Ants and check the Ant-tracking
setting options
4
4. To Generate Fault Patches 5
toggle on the Generate Fault 3
Patches button

5. Click on Show Fault Patch

Setting Options to change the
default settings 6
6. Click Apply

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Ant-tracking
This unique algorithm is part of an innovative workflow that introduces a new paradigm in fault
interpretation. It emulates the behavior of ant colonies in nature and how they use pheromones
to mark their paths in order to optimize the search for food. Similarly, virtual ants are put as
seeds on a seismic discontinuity volume to look for fault zones. Virtual pheromones deployed by
the ants capture information related to the fault zones in the volume. The result is an attribute
volume that shows fault zones very sharp and detailed. A second optional output is the
automated extraction of “fault patches” out of the volume.

Enhancing fault appearance on edge detection volumes

Several attributes are available which are capable of highlighting fault features. Variance is an
excellent starting point to capture fault expression in the data. The visualization of faults are best
seen in timeslice orientation.
1. Apply structural smoothing (filter size 1.0 – 3.0) to the input seismic volume to reduce noise.
2. Generate the Variance or Chaos attribute using the structural smoothing result as the
input.
3. Adjust color table range to emphasis important features in the data.

Ant-tracking can only be run in Realized mode

70 • Non-Global Deal functionalities - Slides Shell Refresher - Day 3

 Passive Ants (Default)
Use this mode to extract only major regional fault zones in the data. The list of single parameters
is adjusted accordingly.
Aggressive Ants
Use this mode to extract major and subtle fault zones in the data. The list of single parameters is
adjusted accordingly.
The user independently can overwrite these settings to condition the behavior of the Ants.
Generate Fault Patches
Toggle this option on to extract fault patches. The Fault Patch Settings Icon becomes active to
allow you to define the corresponding parameters
Initial Ant Boundary (Number of Voxels)
This parameter controls how closely the number of Ant agents is deployed within the volume.
The distance is measured in terms of voxels. The larger this number, the fewer the Ants will be
deployed and consequently, the less detail will be captured.
Minimum: 1
Maximum: 30
Default: 7 in Passive mode and 5 in Aggressive mode
Ant Track Deviation (Number of Voxels)
This parameter will allow the Ants to search for a larger number of voxels on either side of its
tracking direction. A larger value will allow the ants agents to find more connections between
points.
Minimum: 0
Maximum: 3
Default: 2
Ant Step Size (Number of Voxels)
This parameter defines the amount of voxels an Ant agent advances for each increment within
its searching step. Increasing this value will allow an Ant agent to search further, but it will lower
the resolution of the result.
Minimum: 2
Maximum: 10
Default: 3
Illegal Steps (Number of Voxels)
This parameter defines how many voxels an Ant agent is allowed to search beyond its current
location when a zone without an edge has been detected. This will determine the behavior while
tracking discontinuous fault events. The larger this value, the further an Ant agent will look for a
connection.
Minimum: 0
Maximum: 3
Default: 1 for Passive mode and 2 for Aggressive mode
Legal Steps (number in voxels)
This parameter works in combination with the Illegal Steps parameter. It describes the number of
required valid steps after an Illegal step. The lower this number, the less restrictive the action
and consequently more connections can be made.
Minimum: 0
Maximum: 3

Shell Refresher - Day 3 Non-Global Deal functionalities - Slides • 71

 Default: 3 for Passive mode and 2 for Aggressive mode
Stop Criteria (%)
This parameter also works in combination with the Illegal steps. It controls the termination of Ant
agents advancing when too many Illegal steps have been taken. The larger this value in
percentage, the further Ants will be allowed to advance.
Minimum: 0
Maximum: 50
Default: 5 for Passive mode and 10 for Aggressive mode

Generate Fault Patches;

Minimum Patch Size (Points)
Fault patches containing fewer than this number of points will be excluded from the fault patch
set. A larger number will consequently yield to larger fault patches and leave out the small fault
patches, hence generating less fault patches in total. You can also filter fault patches using the
histogram filter on the Fault Patch settings.
Default: 20
Patch Down Sampling (voxels)
This parameter controls the density of points within each fault patch. This parameter works in
combination with the Minimum Patch Size. The output points in a patch will be no closer together
than the defined points.
Minimum: 1
Maximum: 20
Default: 8
Maximum Separation (voxels)
This parameter controls how many voxels apart two fault patches have to be in order to be
merged. It also controls how far a patch can be from an estimated plane.
Default: 5
Maximum Change in Dip (degrees)
This parameter estimates and compares the maximum change in average dip between two
patches as an acceptance criterion for merging.
Minimum: 0
Maximum: 90
Default: 15
Maximum Change in Azimuth (Degrees)
This parameter estimates and compares the maximum change in average azimuth between two
patches as an acceptance criterion for merging.
Minimum: 0
Maximum: 90
Default: 15

72 • Non-Global Deal functionalities - Slides Shell Refresher - Day 3

 Seismic – Ant-tracking
Generate the Ant-tracking cube and fault patches

The Ant-tracking attribute cube and the Fault Patches will be put in the Input tab

6 © 2004 Schlumberger Information Solutions. All rights reserved.

Available fault patch properties are:

Azimuth - The azimuth estimate of a best-fit plane for the patch
Dip - The dip estimate of a best-fit plane for the patch
Mean Input Amplitude - The average amplitude of the input data at the patch location
Fault Patch Size - The area extend of the patch (based on sub-sampled points)
Patch Confidence - A measure of the patch strength based on Ant intensity (scaled from 1 to
10)
Inline Extent - The inline range of a patch
Crossline Extent - The crossline range of a patch
Vertical Extent - The vertical range of a patch

On the settings for fault Patches, select the Style tab. You can define the method to use to color
the patches on the 3D Window. The default is “Different”, which will assign a different color for
each fault patch. You can display a different property:
1. Click on the Edit Extracted Faults process to step in Process diagram. The corresponding
tools will then become available on the function to the right of the Display window.
2. Activate the Fault Patch object inside the Fault Patch folder you want to work with in the Petrel
explorer.
3. Toggle on the object to display all the fault patches available in the folder.
4. Double-click on the Fault Patch object or use the right mouse-button to access the settings.
This will open the settings dialog for the Fault Patches and allow you to interact with the
displayed fault patches. Select the tab to perform the desired operation on the patches.

Shell Refresher - Day 3 Non-Global Deal functionalities - Slides • 73

 5. In the Style tab, select color – As Property
6. Select Property
7. Hit Apply

Seismic – Ant-tracking
Settings for Fault Patches

1. Right click on the Fault

Patches 1 and open the 1
Settings 3

2. Go to the Histogram
2
tab and filter on the
Fault Patch Size.
Click on the histogram
representing the small
faults and click Apply

3. The small faults will

not be displayed

7 © 2004 Schlumberger Information Solutions. All rights reserved.

You can filter fault patches using the properties and the histogram tool. This is a powerful
method to discriminate fault patches using any combination of properties.

How to Filter Fault Patches using the Histogram tool

If you want for example to filter fault patches using the Fault Patch Size property:
1. Activate the histogram tab on the Fault patch settings
2. Using the left Mouse-button, select the histogram bars you want to filter. The color will change
from blue to pink to indicate the selection. You can also drag the mouse pointer to select a range
of columns.
3. Hit the apply button.
4. The fault patches that fall within the selection range will be hidden out of the display.
5. You can de-select any of the columns in the histogram at any point and hit apply to redisplay
hidden patches.
6. You can also refine the intervals (default is 20) of the histogram tool to achieve a more
detailed resolution.

Filter settings work in an additive mode: so you can remove patches based on size and then
change the filter to another property and the second filter will work with the result of the first.

74 • Non-Global Deal functionalities - Slides Shell Refresher - Day 3

 Seismic – Ant-tracking
Settings for Fault Patches
1. Go to the Stereonet tab and filter on the 2. The faults with dip below 60 degrees and
Fault Patch dip and azimuth. azimuth between 55 and 195 degrees are
not displayed

1
2

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Stereonet Tab
The Stereonet tool can be used to filter a priori area where the Ant agents should not look for
discontinuities. This powerful tool can be very useful to filter correlated noise like acquisition
footprint or to isolate specific fault systems within the reservoir for detailed structural studies.
You can access the Stereonet tool by selecting the “Stereonet” Tab that is available when the
Ant-tracking Attribute is active. Otherwise this tab option is grayed out.

How does the Stereonet work? (After Stein-Inge Pedersen et. al, Stavanger Research)
The surface orientation is represented by its normal given in spherical coordinates. Surfaces will
be close to planar, so the normal is a good representation of its orientation. On the Stereonet the
normal is plotted as a pole. The azimuth [0 – 360] is read along the perimeter of the plot, and the
dip [0 –90] is read as the distance from the centre.
A horizontal surface will be plotted in the center of the plot. Two surfaces having the same
azimuth, but conjugate dips will be plotted symmetrically around the center of the stereonet.
From structural geology, it is known that faults appear in systems, that is, they have the same
strike (azimuth) and conjugate dips. The same stress field, indicating that faults have been
created in the same time period, has created a fault system. On the polar plot, fault systems can
be identified as clusters symmetrical around the center.

Shell Refresher - Day 3 Non-Global Deal functionalities - Slides • 75

 How to Filter Fault Patches using the Stereonet
All visible fault patches are mapped to the Stereonet as blue dots according to their respective
dip and azimuth. You can filter (hide) any of the posted patches by marking the areas
(quadrants) with the left mouse-button.
1. Select any sector to mark it; you can also drag the mouse pointer
2. Click outside the perimeter of the Stereonet to mark all dip ranges at once
3. Click Apply to hide the fault patches according to the last settings
4. The Stereonet sectors can be adjusted to achieve a more detailed segmentation of the
Stereonet area.

HINT: expand the settings window to better visualize the stereonet.

Seismic – Ant-tracking
Edit Extracted Faults process
1. Activate the Edit Extracted Faults process under Geophysics in the Process diagram
2. Double click on the Edit Extracted Faults process to get information about the Automatic Fault
Extraction Process

2
1

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The Edit Extracted Faults process provides a set of interactive tools to display, analyze and edit
extracted fault-patches. Fault patches must have been created first by the Ant Tracking attribute.
Fault patches can be filtered based on properties. Initially, all the extracted surfaces are
displayed. This gives the interpreter an overview of the possible fault systems in the data. The
interpreter will then, using the surface orientations, split the surfaces into their corresponding
systems. Each of these systems can then be studied and validated separately. This represents
an interaction with the result at a fault system level. If the interpreter finds that a system is due to
e.g. acquisition footprints, or other coherent noise, the system is simply deleted. If the system is
real, the interpreter will then verify, and if necessary, edit the individual surfaces within the
system. This corresponds to working on the surface level.

76 • Non-Global Deal functionalities - Slides Shell Refresher - Day 3

 Tools for Edit extracted Faults
Icons are available on the left function bar when Edit Extracted Faults process is active:
Open Dialog for Active Process - Opens the main dialog interface for the Edit Extracted
Faults process.
Open Stereonet Settings – Open and activate the Stereonet filter tool .
Open Histogram settings – Open and activate the Histogram filter tool.
Toggle the nearest Patch - Toggle a hidden patch from a vertical seismic intersection plane.
Hide Selected Patches - Hide selected patches (they are not removed from the patch set, just
not drawn).
Show Hidden Patches - (all previously hidden patches will be made visible).
Merge Selected Patches – Merge two selected patches to a single plane.
Smooth Selected Patches – Smooth a selected patch.
Convert to Fault Interpretation – Convert selected patches to fault segments.
Convert to Fault Pillars – convert selected patches to Petrel fault pillars.
Undo - Undo previous operation (such as merging or smoothing).
Delete - Delete selected patches (these patches are permanently removed from the patch set.

Seismic – Ant-tracking
Edit Extracted Faults process
1. Activate the Edit Extracted 1
Faults process under
Geophysics in the Process
diagram

2. A set of tools will be available

in the Function bar. Activate 2
the ”Set select/Pick mode”
icon and select a fault
3

3. Click on the ”Smooth

Selected Patches” icon and
the selected fault is smoothed

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Selected faults will turn gray; multiple faults can be selected by holding down the Ctrl key while
selecting. Selected faults will also be annotated by red dots in the stereonet.

Shell Refresher - Day 3 Non-Global Deal functionalities - Slides • 77

 Seismic – Ant-tracking
Merge Fault patches
1. To hide some of the fault
2. To merge two faults select
patches select the faults 3. The merged fault needs
them and click on the
you want to hide and click often to be smoothed
”Merge Selected Patches”
on the ”Hide Selected
icon
patches” icon to hide them

1 2 3

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78 • Non-Global Deal functionalities - Slides Shell Refresher - Day 3

 Seismic – Ant-tracking
Convert fault patches to fault interpretation
1. To show hidden patches click on the ”Show Hidden Patches” icon
2. To convert fault patches to fault interpretation select the fault patches to convert and click on the
”Convert to Fault Interpretation” icon
3. The Fault Interpretations will be put under the Interpretation folder in the input tab

1
3
2

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The settings for the conversion of the fault patches can be adjusted on the settings tab of the
Edit Extracted Faults process. The number of fault sticks, the sampling, the height above and
below given min/max points and the number of fault pillars can be defined.

Shell Refresher - Day 3 Non-Global Deal functionalities - Slides • 79

 Seismic – Ant-tracking
Quality check the automatic generated faults
1. Quality check the faults against seismic and attributes.
2. Step through the volumes using the player
3. Edit/delete the points that are not correct

3
1

13 © 2004 Schlumberger Information Solutions. All rights reserved.

80 • Non-Global Deal functionalities - Slides Shell Refresher - Day 3

 Seismic – Train Estimation Model
Neural nets
1. Generate one or more Attribute cubes from the same seismic volume. Make all volumes virtual
2. Open the Train Estimation Model process found under Utilities
3. Use Create new model and Classification. From the drop down menu under Data type, select Seismic.
4. Drop in the “Mother” seismic volume in the Seismic drop in area and select volumes to be used
5. Set a selection of Training data.
6. Click on the Corr Analysis to calculate correlation coefficients between the input volumes

2
1

4
3
6 5

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Neural net evaluation is a good tool for automatically finding relationships between multiple
known parameters and a single potentially unknown parameter. Exemplified this can be used to
identifying the relationship between facies and other measured logs or between unknown
facies/attribute classes and generated seismic attributes. Once found the relationship can be
used in any position (wells or 3D grids) where the input logs or attributes are present to make an
estimate of the unknown parameter. This can be done in two ways:

Untrained analysis
The user provides the attribute cubes to use in the analysis and chooses how many classes to
create (X). The algorithm plots all the input data together and tries to split the data points into X
different seismic classes which each show similar relationship.

Trained analysis
The user provides an interpreted attribute at a location (wells) and the associated attribute cubes
for that data. The algorithm tries to recognize patterns that separate the different assigned
classes. Trained analysis can also be used to estimate continuous data.

Once the relationship has been modeled it can be applied to areas where only the input data is
present.

Shell Refresher - Day 3 Non-Global Deal functionalities - Slides • 81

 Seismic – Train Estimation Model
Neural nets
7. Open the Settings tab and specify number of classes under Unsupervised (or data to supervise against
if any available)
8. Set Training parameters or leave the defaults
9. Under Output tab, Create new or Update existing if available. Apply to generate the new volume
10. Display inlines and crosslines from the newly created Classified volume

7 9

10

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Neural Net Settings:

Unsupervised – Specify the desired number of classes. The algorithm will separate the data as
logically as possible into this number of classes (classification only).
Supervised – Specify the training data to be used in the classification or the target for the
estimation. This data must be present at all of the points used as input or on the points used as
Training Data if that option was selected (seismic and surfaces only). If your desired training
data is not available in this drop down list then check that your selected input data has the
training data.
Next specify the training options:
Max Number of Iterations – The algorithm will stop at this number even if an adequate result
has not been reached.
Error Limit (%) – When the number of points classified incorrectly is below this limit, model is
assumed to be trained and will stop.
Cross Validation (%) (supervised only) – This is the percentage of the input data which is used
to test the result and give the error. The remaining part is used to train the model.
Probability Threshold (%) (classification only) – The algorithm finds the probability of each
class being found at the point, then assigns the most probable class to the point. If the
probability for the most probable class is below this value then the point will be left undefined.

Train Estimation Output:

82 • Non-Global Deal functionalities - Slides Shell Refresher - Day 3

 The train estimation model process will create a new log or attribute containing the result of the
estimation model. This can be used for QC purposes. The user can choose whether this will
create a new log or attribute or update an existing one.
When performing a neural net classification the user can also choose to output probabilities for
each of the classes in the classification. This can be very useful, particularly when the results of
the classification are uncertain. I.e. when looking at seismic attributes, it may be more useful to
look at the probability of finding sand at a particular point rather than just looking at the locations
where the most probable facies was sand.
If training points are used for training on surface or seismic attributes then the user has an option
here to copy the seismic or surface attributes onto the training data.

Seismic – Data export

Bricked format seismic data
1. Export seismic data in 2. Select to Optimize for 3d visualization in
bricked format (ZGY) the Realization process
3. Saved as ZGY format seismic data

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Bricked Seismic data

The ZGY format is a seismic file where the seismic representation is changed to a bricked
format. The seismic is stored in bricks rather then the traditional trace format, when seismic is
displayed only the bricks needed are loaded into memory. Big bricks with low resolution are
loaded into memory first, after which the program will start loading smaller bricks with high
resolution. The user will perceive the seismic as course resolution that will refine as the program
is given time to load smaller brick into memory. The benefit is that large seismic bricked data can
be rendered in the 3D window, and user interactions are always available since the loading of
the bricks are stopped if the user moves a seismic line.

Shell Refresher - Day 3 Non-Global Deal functionalities - Slides • 83

 EXERCISE
New Functionality

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84 • Non-Global Deal functionalities - Slides Shell Refresher - Day 3

 Non-Global Deal functionalities - Exercise

Exercise overview:
• Introduction to Ant-tracking
• Generate the Structural Smoothing attribute cube
• Generate Chaos attribute cube as input for Ant-tracking attribute cube
• Generate the Ant-tracking cube and fault patches
• Settings for fault patches
• Edit Extracted Faults process
• Convert fault patches to fault interpretation
• Train Estimation Model
• Bricked seismic

Introduction to Ant-tracking
This unique algorithm is part of an innovative workflow that introduces a new paradigm in fault
interpretation. It emulates the behaviour of ant colonies in nature and how they use pheromones
to mark their paths in order to optimize the search for food. Similarly, virtual ants are put as
seeds on a seismic discontinuity volume to look for fault zones. Virtual pheromones deployed by
the ants capture information related to the fault zones in the volume. The result is an attribute
volume that shows fault zones very sharp and detailed. A second optional output is the
automated extraction of “fault patches” out of the volume.
The input for the ant attribute is an edge enhanced volume, like variance or chaos.
Ant-tracking is a cpu-intensive process. It is therefore advisable to use a small-cropped volume
first to test the parameters before attempting to calculate larger areas. As a rule of thumb,
account for 20 min. of calculation for a 100 Mbyte volume using a machine with 2 Gbyte of RAM
and 1.7 GHz of cpu-clock.
The time it takes to generate a volume will heavily depend also on the amount of discontinuities
that are present in the input volume and on the mode you are running the Ant-tracking.
If the Generate Fault Patches option is active, calculation time will essentially double due to the
patch generation and merging operations.
Ant-tracking can only be run in Realized mode.

Ant-tracking process steps

• Create attribute cubes as pre condition to the Ant-tracking cube

Shell Refresher - Day 3 Non-Global Deal functionalities - Exercise • 85

 1. Structural smoothing with edge enhancement (often better to use as input attribute
cube for generating the Chaos or Variance attribute cube than the original seismic
cube).
2. Chaos or Variance
• Generate the Ant-tracking cube and fault patches
• Edit the fault patches
• Convert fault patches to fault interpretation

Generate the Structural Smoothing attribute cube

Smoothing of the input signal guided by the local structure is done to increase the continuity of
the seismic reflectors (Randen, 2002). Principal component dip and azimuth computation are
used to determine the local structure. Gaussian smoothing is then applied parallel to the
orientation of this structure. It is an option to enhance the presence of edges detected with the
Dip guiding option.
86 • Non-Global Deal functionalities - Exercise Shell Refresher - Day 3
 Exercise Steps
1. Right click on the cropped seismic cube. Select Attribute Generation from the appearing
menu.
2. Choose the Structural Smoothing under the Structural methods in the Attribute Library
button. Toggle on the Dip-guide and Enhance edge options and specify the output name.
Toggle on the Virtual to render the attribute on-the-fly. Leave the other default settings
unchanged.

3. Click Apply.
4. Toggle on an Inline and Crossline and quality check the result. Change the parameters and
Apply to view the effect on the displayed lines.
5. Specify the other settings the same as in the figure above. If there is a name in the Output
seismic box, click on it and delete it using the delete key on the keyboard. Toggle on Set
output name and specify the name. Click OK.
The Structural Smoothing attribute cube has been generated and will be found in the Input tab in
the Explorer window. This attribute volume can be Realized to create a physical version on disk,
put is not needed.

Shell Refresher - Day 3 Non-Global Deal functionalities - Exercise • 87

 Generate Chaos attribute cube as input for Ant-tracking attribute cube
The chaotic signal pattern contained within seismic data is a measure of the “lack of
organization” in the dip and azimuth estimation method.
The Variance attribute cube is another option to use as input for generating the Ant-tracking
cube.

Exercise Steps
1. Right click on the Structural smoothing attribute cube and click on Attribute Generation.
2. Choose Chaos under the Stratigraphic methods in the Attribute Library button. Toggle
on Virtual to render the attribute on-the-fly.

3. Click Apply.
4. Toggle on an Inline and Crossline and quality check the result. This volume can be Realized
if preferred, but is not necessary.
5. Set up the other settings the same as in the figure above. If there is a name in the Output
seismic box, click on it and delete it using the delete key on the keyboard. Toggle on Set
output name and specify the name. Click OK.

Generate the Ant-tracking cube and fault patches

Exercise Steps
1. Right click on the attribute cube (Chaos) and click on Attribute Generation using the LMB.
2. Choose AntTracking under the Structural methods in the Attribute Library button. Ant-
tracking can only be run in realized mode.

88 • Non-Global Deal functionalities - Exercise Shell Refresher - Day 3

 3. Toggle on the Generate Fault Patches.

4. Click on the Show Fault Patch Setting Options box . Leave the settings as
default.
5. Click on the Show Ant Tracking Settting Options box to come back to the Ant Tracking

settings
6. Click on the Passive Ants and leave the AntTracking settings as default.
7. Toggle on Set output name and specify the name (AntTracking).
8. Click OK to generate the AntTracking attribute cube and the Fault Patches.
Both the AntTracking attribute cube and the Fault patches will be found in the Input tab in the
Explorer window.

Shell Refresher - Day 3 Non-Global Deal functionalities - Exercise • 89

 Comments
This process may take some time. It could be a good idea to run it while having lunch or run it
over the night.

Settings for fault patches

The fault patches can be filtered using Histogram and Stereonet tools

Exercise Steps
1. Right click on the Fault Patches 1 and open the Settings.
2. Go to the Histogram tab and filter on the Fault Patch Size. Click with the LMB on the first
histogram bar representing the smallest faults. The color will change from blue to pink to
indicate the selection. In this way the small faults will not be displayed.

3. Click Apply.
4. Go to the Stereonet tab and filter on the Fault Patch dip and azimuth.

The Stereonet tool can be used to filter a priori area where the Ant agents should not look for
discontinuities. This powerful tool can be very useful to filter correlated noise like acquisition
footprint or to isolate specific fault systems within the reservoir for detailed structural studies.
The circles represent the dip. The inner black circle represent faults with less than 15 degrees
dip and they are filtered away. The next circle represents the faults with less than 30 degrees
etc. if the dip increment is set to 15. It is possible to filter away the faults with certain dips and
azimuths by clicking on the sectors with using the left mouse button as shown in the figure
below.

90 • Non-Global Deal functionalities - Exercise Shell Refresher - Day 3

 5. The faults need to be quality checked against the seismic cube and the attribute cubes
generated. The Stereonet tool is a good tool to filter out the faults you do not trust.

Shell Refresher - Day 3 Non-Global Deal functionalities - Exercise • 91

 Edit Extracted Faults process
The Edit Extracted Faults process provides a set of interactive tools to display, analyze and edit
extracted fault-patches.

Exercise Steps
1. Activate the Edit Extracted Faults process under Geophysics in the Process diagram

2. A set of tools will be available in the Function bar. Activate the Set select/Pick mode
icon and select a fault that needs to be smoothed.
3. Click on the Smooth Selected Patches icon and the selected fault is smoothed. If the
fault patch need to be even more smooth click on the Smooth Selected Patches icon
ones more.
4. To merge faults click on the Set select/Pick mode icon and select the two faults to be
merged. Click on the Merge Selected Patches icon and the selected faults will be
merged. The merged fault needs often to be smoothed.

Convert fault patches to fault interpretation

Selected fault patches can be converted to Fault Interpretation or to Petrel Fault Pillars.

92 • Non-Global Deal functionalities - Exercise Shell Refresher - Day 3

 Exercise Steps
1. Insert a new Interpretation folder from Insert in the Menu bar. All converted faults will be put
in this folder.
2. Make the Set select/Pick mode active.
3. Select the fault patch with the LMB. The selected fault patch should turn grey and a
highlighted red dot in the Stereonet indicates its location in dip azimuth domain.
4. Click on the Convert to Fault Interpretation icon to convert the fault patch. The fault
interpretation will be put under the active Interpretation folder in the Input tab in the Explorer
window. An Interpretation folder will automatically be created if there does not exist one.
Display the fault interpretation by toggle on the box in front of the fault interpretation.

5. Convert all the fault patches to Fault Interpretation by selecting all the Fault Patches in the
3D Window using the Ctrl-A key combination on the keyboard.

Shell Refresher - Day 3 Non-Global Deal functionalities - Exercise • 93

 6. Click on the Convert to Fault Interpretation icon to convert all the fault patches.

7. Display all the fault interpretation by toggling them on.

94 • Non-Global Deal functionalities - Exercise Shell Refresher - Day 3

 8. Quality check all the faults using the Seismic cube and the Attribute cubes like the
AntTracking cube. Display and activate a Crossline. Set the Increment to 8 and use the
Player and step the Crossline Intersection through the data.

Comments
To convert the Fault Patches directly to Fault Pillars select one or several Fault Patches and
click on the Convert to Fault in Fault Model icon . The selected fault patches will be
converted to Fault Pillars and added to the active Fault model. It is displayed automatically. The
settings for the conversion of the fault patches can be adjusted on the settings tab of the Edit
Extracted Faults process. The number of fault sticks, the sampling, the height above and below
given min/max points and the number of fault pillars can be defined.

Train Estimation Model

The Train estimation model process simply takes data input with associated attributes and
calculates an additional attribute. The more attributes that are chosen the more processing is
required for the model to reach a solution and the longer the process will take. By choosing the
input to the estimation model wisely, the time taken for the process can be minimized and the
chances of success increased.

Exercise Steps
1. Open the Attribute Generation process found under Geophysics. Use mig.sgy [Crop]
[Realized] as Input Seismic. Use Graphic Equalizer to band-pass filter all frequencies
except 10, 20 and 30 Hz.

2. Make sure Virtual is toggled and click Apply.

Shell Refresher - Day 3 Non-Global Deal functionalities - Exercise • 95

 3. Generate two more virtual attribute cubes from mig.sgy [Crop] [Realized]. Use Structural
Smoothing and Gradient Magnitude found under Structural methods.
4. Open the Train Estimation Model process under Utilities.
5. Use Create model, Classification and select Seismic from the Data type drop-down menu.
6. Observe that the only option under method is Neural net.
7. Drop in mig.sgy [Crop] [Realized] as Seismic using the blue drop in arrow.
8. Toggle on the three virtual attribute volumes just created.

9. Toggle on Intersection as Training data.

10. Click on the Corr Analysis button to calculate correlation coefficients between the input
volumes. Select Linear or Non-linear as Correlation type. Close down the window.

11. Open the Settings tab.

12. The only option is Unsupervised. Use 3 classes.
13. Go to the Output tab. It is only possible to Create new the first time.
14. Click OK and observe the Petrel Message Log window.
15. Find the new object under mig.sgy [Crop] [Realized].

96 • Non-Global Deal functionalities - Exercise Shell Refresher - Day 3

 16. Display the Inline and Crossline form the General Discrete volume. Observe the distribution
of the 3 classes.

Comments
Only virtual attributes that are associated with the parent cube can be used in the estimation
model.

Bricked seismic
Any seismic volume, either loaded into or generated in Petrel can easily be exported to the hard
disk for further use. Any cropped, realized cube or attribute cube will be exported using the
SEGY format or the ZGY bricked format.
To save disk space and time, use your knowledge of cropping down the already cropped and
realized cube to less than 10 MB (use statistics to verify) before export.

Exercise Steps
1. Right click on the seismic volume of choice and go to Export in the appearing menu.
2. Specify which directory (i.e. Student) and give in an appropriate name. Select Save as type
to be SEG-Y seismic data. A progress bar in the lower right corner of Petrel tells how much
of the process is performed.
3. In the student folder, find your SEG-Y file, right click on it and open Properties. Observe the
size of the file.
4. In Petrel, import the newly generated SEG-Y file as described previously. Rename it to
mig_small.sgy and look at Statistics, the SEG-Y Settings tab and check the ASCII header
information.
5. Open the Operations tab. Toggle on ‘Optimize for 3d Visualization’, set Alignment and
Resolution at your preference. Realize the volume.
6. Give in an appropriate name, use *.zgy as format and save it to disk. Click Yes in the pop
up box.
7. In the Input tab, find the new ZGY object. Observe that by default is Inline Crossline and Z
available (it resides in RAM by default).
8. Open Settings for the new object, under 3D Style toggle on Volume render. Go to the Colors
tab and set the opacity curve to only display extreme amplitude values.

Shell Refresher - Day 3 Non-Global Deal functionalities - Exercise • 97

 9. Toggle off Volume render, Apply and display the Inline, Crossline and Timeslice. Try to
observe the different bricks by viewing the seismic. Also toggle on and off the Display bricks
in main memory and texture memory. This shows the building blocks of the bricked seismic.
10. Right click on the seismic volume again (mig_small.sgy). Use Export.
11. Open the pull-down menu for Save as type. Select Seismic data in ZGY bricked format
(*.zgy). A seismic volume in this format has already been exported in the realization
process, just Cancel the Export As box.

Comments
Note that 2D seismic lines can only be exported in SEG-Y format.

98 • Non-Global Deal functionalities - Exercise Shell Refresher - Day 3

 Simple Grid - Slides

Make Simple Grid

What’s New?

• No Pillar Gridding needed

• Used to create non-faulted 3D grids
• Overstepping the Define Model, Fault Modeling, Pillar Gridding
(and Make Horizon) processes

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Shell Refresher - Day 3 Simple Grid - Slides • 99

 Make Simple Grid
Process Steps

Set Horizons Set Geometry

1. Insert surfaces and specify type

2. Get Automatic settings from a

surface and set Grid Increment

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Make Simple Grid

Result

A new 3D Grid is created.

A skeleton grid is created, but this

will follow the structural surfaces.

There is no associated Fault

Model.

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100 • Simple Grid - Slides Shell Refresher - Day 3

 EXERCISE

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Shell Refresher - Day 3 Simple Grid - Slides • 101

 Simple Grid - Exercise

Exercise overview:
• Create a simple grid

Create a simple grid

A simple 3D Grid can be made without going through the process steps of Fault Modeling, Pillar
Gridding and (if input into this process) Make Horizon. This produces a non-faulted 3D Grid
where the user controls the geometry (X, Y) and vertical definition (Z or TWT) of the grid.

Exercise Steps
1. Open the Make Simple Grid process found under Utilities.
2. Make sure Create new is selected and give in an appropriate name.
3. With Insert horizons toggled on in the Input data tab, find and drop in the surfaces found in
the Surfaces folder.
4. Open the Geometry tab, click on the HOUSTON surface in the Input tab, then on Get limits
from selected.
5. Change Grid increment to 250 X 250 and click OK.
6. Find and display horizons and edges form the newly created 3D Grid.

Optional Exercise Steps

7. Open the Layering process found under Structural Modeling. For each interval select Zone
Division to be Follow Top and give in 90 feet. Apply to generate the layers.
8. Open the Geometrical Modeling under Property Modeling. Make sure Create new
property is toggled (if another property exists). Select Method to be Seismic Resampling
and use Seismic (default) as Property template. Select and drop in mig.sgy [Crop]
[Realized] as Seismic, use Closest as Quality.
9. Toggle Use zone/segment filters to sample seismic into one selected zone (since this is a
3D grid created by the Make Simple Grid process, there is only one segment). Expand the
Zone filter for the newly created model and toggle off all zones except one.

102 • Simple Grid - Exercise Shell Refresher - Day 3

 10. Alternatively use the Petrophysical Modeling process. Double click on the process, toggle
off Use existing property and select Seismic (default) as property template. Unlock the first
zone, use Assign Values as method.
11. This activates the Seismic option. Toggle it on, drop in mig.sgy [Crop] [Realized] and
select Closest as Quality. Apply and continue with the remaining zones.

Comments
The simple grids created this way could be used in velocity modeling, sampling seismic data into
the grid to create a seismic property or to have regular grids for upscaling.

Shell Refresher - Day 3 Simple Grid - Exercise • 103

 Domain Conversion - Slides

Seismic – Domain Conversion

Objectives

• Define velocity model intervals

• Create a velocity model using well data
• Create velocity model using stacking velocities (xytv point-data)
• Depth convert a 3D Grid
• General depth conversion

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104 • Domain Conversion - Slides Shell Refresher - Day 3

 Seismic – Domain Conversion
Overview

• ‘Velocity Modeling’ is separate from ‘Domain Conversion’

• Interactively switch between time and depth for converted
objects
• Define the velocity model by:
- Surfaces/constants
- Well Time/Depth Relation
- Velocity Cubes
- 3D grids
• Convert either way with the same model
• Convert objects independent of the 3D grid
• Perform conversions in the process manager

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Seismic – Domain Conversion

Velocity model – bridges the gap between time and depth domain

Velocity model
Time domain Depth domain

Time -> depth conversion

Depth -> time conversion

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Shell Refresher - Day 3 Domain Conversion - Slides • 105

 Seismic – Domain Conversion
The Workflow

• Define velocity model

1. Define velocity intervals (usually between time
interpretation surfaces)
2. Define velocity functions (automatically calculated or user-
defined)
3. Define output (e.g. velocity cubes, V0 and k for Q.C.
purposes)

• Domain convert via

1. Right click on object (uses currently ”active” velocity
model)
2. General Depth Conversion Process for Multiple objects
3. 3D Grid Conversion
4. Within a workflow in Process manager

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Seismic – Domain Conversion

Define intervals

1. In the Process tab, open the Geophysics folder and double-click on the Make Velocity Model
2. Click the ”Append item in the table” icon as many times as available input objects
3. Change Bottom Interval to desired type.
4. Select the levels to model, from Input or Models tab, click on its name and drop it into the dialog box
using the drop in arrow .
5. Keep the Correction to None

2
1

3 5
4

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106 • Domain Conversion - Slides Shell Refresher - Day 3

 Observe that domain conversion can be performed from time to depth and depth to time. It is
also possible to do time to time and depth to depth conversion.

Seismic – Domain Conversion

Velocity modeling using well data

1. Select type of velocity model for each interval. When using Linvel function for
modeling, constants, surfaces or Well TDR can be used as input
2. Set V0 to Well TDR – Surface/ Constant
3. Set k to Well TDR – Surface/ Constant

3
2

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This exercise uses the established Time/Depth relationship in the different wells to derive V0
and k points for the specific intervals (each well with a T/D relation gives V0/k values for each
interval). These points are gridded or averaged to make surfaces or constant values for the
intervals used in creating the velocity model.

Shell Refresher - Day 3 Domain Conversion - Slides • 107

 Seismic – Domain Conversion
Velocity modeling - Output

1. Open the Output tab

2. Toggle on the data types needed as output

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When creating velocity models, the results can be output in different formats. If a correction is
performed when modeling, both original and final velocity models as well as the correction can
be output.

108 • Domain Conversion - Slides Shell Refresher - Day 3

 Seismic – Domain Conversion
Velocity modeling – Advanced Settings

1. Open the Advanced tab

2. Make sure the Well velocity tab is open
3. Open Output settings tab

3 1
2 2. Possible to set MD increment, depth
and time tolerance and clipping
parameters for V0 and k

3. Defines Gridding algorithms for

Surfaces and resolution for Cubes,
Surfaces and Logs

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Well Velocity settings

These settings are used when using the well time depth relationship (TDR) to calculate V0 and k
for the depth conversion.
Well trace MD inc:- the sampling interval for the TDR when calculating V0 and k.
Depth tolerance:- Minimum thickness of a zone (in project depth units) below which it will not
be used for calculation of V0 or k. This option ensures that extreme values in thin parts of the
zone do not affect the rest of the model.
Time tolerance:- As above but in project time units.
Clip V0 :- If a TDR is used then the extrapolation between points could lead to extreme
velocities away from wells. Enabling this option will truncate the surface at the chosen level.
Clip k :- as above but for k rather than V0.
Clipping: be careful not to clip V0 and k values inside the “normal” data range for the
parameter. Even if corrections to Well tops are performed, errors will occur if clipping is to tight.

Output settings
Gridding:- The chosen gridding algorithm will be used for creating all the surfaces made during
the velocity modeling process. For more control over this gridding e.g. using different methods
for different zones, create the output as points, grid them using the make surface process and
input surfaces instead of the TDR.
Resolution:- Output from the velocity model (SEGY, surfaces and logs) will be created at the
resolutions specified here.

Shell Refresher - Day 3 Domain Conversion - Slides • 109

 Seismic – Domain Conversion
Velocity modeling using well data

1. Open Settings for Wells and go to the Time tab. Select Checkshots, Well Tops or
corrected sonic logs as source for time/depth (move the prefered source to the top)
2. Keep the parameters for the velocity model as already set up
3. Apply or OK to generate V0 and k parameters

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As previously stated, an alternative to use Well Tops as surce for time/depth relation in all wells
is to substitute with Checkshots, velocity logs or sonic logs for each well.

This is done in Settings for each well, Time tab where Override global settings is toggled on and
the correct T/D source is selected and put at the top of the list using the up arrow.

110 • Domain Conversion - Slides Shell Refresher - Day 3

 Seismic – Domain Conversion
Velocity modeling - converting velocity cubes
1. From the Input tab, expand the velocity cube object and display an inline and crossline
2. Right click on the velocity volume and open Attribute Generation
3. From Attribute Library, Select Depth conversion method from the drop down menu
4. Select Velocity Cube (Depth type attribute)
5. Toggle on Set output name and type in Average Velocity
6. Use default parameters and click OK

1 3

4
5
2

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The next example shows how to use velocity data in the form of a SEG-Y velocity cube in the
modeling process. A velocity cube must be of type Average velocity (i.e. each point contains the
velocity from MSL to that point). The input volume is converted to have the correct type of data
for velocity modeling. This approach is not covered in the exercises section.

Shell Refresher - Day 3 Domain Conversion - Slides • 111

 Seismic – Domain Conversion
Velocity modeling using a seismic velocity cube
1. Re-open the Make Velocity Model process
2. Toggle on Create new velocity model
3. Change correction to Well Tops and drop in the corresponding tops from the Input tab
4. Change Velocity model input to Velocity cube for the 5 last entries
5. Drop in the Average Velocity volume just created using the drop in arrows .

3 4

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This example is different from the previous one since well data is not used to make the velocity
model, but Well Tops are used for correcting the final model.

112 • Domain Conversion - Slides Shell Refresher - Day 3

 Seismic – Domain Conversion
Velocity modeling using stacking velocities, Dix conversion
1. In the Input tab, open the Vstack folder, the xytv-data (VL_D.txt) and the Attributes folder
2. Right click on the point data, open Settings and go to Operations tab. Open Seismic Operations and
use Dix conversion.
3. Drop in the data points with the drop in arrow . Execute.
4. Interval velocity, average velocity and other attributes are generated

2
1

4
2

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The next example shows how to use Stacking velocity data points to model velocities.

Shell Refresher - Day 3 Domain Conversion - Slides • 113

 Seismic – Domain Conversion
Velocity modeling using stacking velocities, upscaling
1. Make sure the correct 3D Grid under the Models tab is active
2. From the Process tab, open the Scale up well logs process
3. Use Create new property
4. Select Point attributes and drop in the point data using drop in arrow and select Average velocity
5. After upscaling the point attributes,the Average velocity [U] property is generated for 3D Grid

1
3

5
4
2

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Seismic – Domain Conversion

Velocity modeling using stacking velocities, populate 3D Grid
1. From the Process tab, open the Petrophysical Modeling process
2. Use existing property and select Average velocity [U]
3. Unlock the first zone using the lock icon
4. Select Moving Average (Interpolation) as Method for Zone
5. Under Output data range, click Estimate to calculate the range of upscaled data. Apply the settings

1 3 4

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114 • Domain Conversion - Slides Shell Refresher - Day 3

 Seismic – Domain Conversion
Velocity modeling using stacking velocities, 3D Grid
1. Lock the first zone with the lock icon
2. Select next zone and unlock it
3. Use Moving average (Interpolation), alternatively use As for the zone above
4. Under Output data range, click Estimate. Apply
5. Lock this zone and repeat the same procedure for the last two zones

3
1

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Using Relative (%) for Min/Max sets the output to be ralitive to the input in %.An alternative
exists where Absolute is used. The data range needs to be estimated by clicking the Estimate
button. All zones must be unlocked and output data range estimated for each.

Shell Refresher - Day 3 Domain Conversion - Slides • 115

 Seismic – Domain Conversion
Velocity modeling using stacking velocities
1. From the Process tab, open the Make Velocity Model
2. Use Create new velocity model (do not overwrite the previous generated model)
3. Change Velocity Model input to Property for all intervals
4. Drop in the corresponding Average velocity property using the arrows
5. Make sure Correction is set to Well Tops, alternatively drop in the corresponding tops from the Input tab

5 3

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Seismic – Domain Conversion

Depth convert 3D grid
1. Make sure the correct 3D Model is active (3D Grid)
2. From the Process tab, under Structural Modeling, open Depth Convert 3D Grid
3. Select the appropriate Velocity Model
4. Alternatively change the pillar geometry types for faulted and non-faulted pillars before Applying
5. A new 3D Model will appear in the Models tab, 3D Grid [DC]

1
3
5

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116 • Domain Conversion - Slides Shell Refresher - Day 3

 Seismic – Domain Conversion
Depth convert Seismic data
1. Make sure the correct Velocity Model is active (Bold name)
2. Right click on the 3D volume and use Depth Convert by active Velocity Model
3. Alternatively, from the Process tab, under Geophysics, open the General Depth Conversion process
4. Click on the 3D volume name in the Input tab and drop in into the dialog box using the Append
selected item to the list icon. Apply

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Seismic – Domain Conversion

General depth conversion
1. Make sure the correct Velocity Model is active (bold text)
2. From the Input Tab, right click on the object to be depth converted and use Depth Convert by active
Velocity Model
3. Clicking the + in front of the depth converted object shows the now available time and depth domains
for the object
4. The Time/Depth Settings can be changed in the top Toolbar. Alternate between TWT and TVD while
observing the effect in a 3D Window

1 3

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Shell Refresher - Day 3 Domain Conversion - Slides • 117

 Seismic – Domain Conversion
General depth conversion
5. Alternatively or to depth convert several objects, open the General Depth Conversion process
6. Select correct Velocity Model from the pull down menu
7. Drop in the objects by clicking on their names in the Input tab and then on the Append selected item
icon in the process dialog
8. The Time/Depth Settings can be changed in the top Toolbar. Alternate between TWT and TVD while
observing the effect in a 3D Window

6
7 8

5
9

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EXERCISE
Domain Conversion

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118 • Domain Conversion - Slides Shell Refresher - Day 3

 Domain Conversion - Exercise

Commonly called depth conversion, or more accurately described, conversion between domains
is a two-step process in Petrel. Velocity modeling is a pre-requisite for and is separated from
Domain conversion. The velocity model is defined by surfaces or constants, well time-depth
relations, velocity cubes, 3D grids or other velocity information available. The same model can
be used to convert from time to depth or depth to time. It is also possible to convert within the
same domain (i.e. time to time or depth to depth). This is done for correction purposes.
After building a velocity model, objects can be converted independent of 3D grids. It is then
possible to interactively switch between time and depth domains for that object. If more than one
velocity model exists, several depth versions of the same object can co-exist. Domain
conversion is integrated with and can be performed within the process manager in Petrel.
In this section we will create three different velocity models that later can be used for domain
conversion.

Exercise overview:
• Define velocity model intervals
• Create a velocity model using well data
• Create a velocity model using stacking velocities
• Depth convert a 3D grid
• General depth conversion

Define velocity model intervals

In most cases are velocity model intervals defined between time interpretation surfaces. This is
not a pre-requisite in Petrel since horizons (from 3D grid) and constants can define interval
boundaries as well. In this exercise however, intervals are based on surfaces where velocity
models will be defined based on these.

Exercise Steps
1. From the Process tab, open the Make Velocity Model process found under Geophysics.
2. Click the Append item in the table icon once. Change Bottom interval type to Surface,
leave Correction to None and V=V0 for Model type.

Shell Refresher - Day 3 Domain Conversion - Exercise • 119

 3. Click the Append item in the table icon one more times.
4. Change Bottom interval to Horizon, model type to V=V0+k*z and the two next drop-down
boxes to Well TDR – Surface for both.
5. Change Correction to Well Tops.
6. Finally, use the Append item in the table icon to insert four more entries.
7. Make sure Convert new velocity model, Convert from TWT to Z and Mean sea level is
used.
8. From the Petrel Explorer, Input tab expand the Surfaces folder. Click on Shallow1 and
drop it into the first entry using the blue arrow . Use a constant velocity of 4860 for the
first interval. Go to the Models tab, 3D Grid and Horizons, toggle on the Multiple drop in the
table icon and drop in all horizons using the blue arrow .

Create a velocity model using well data

1. From the Input tab open Settings for the Wells folder. Go to the Time tab.
2. Put the Corrected Sonic 1 (generated in the Synthetics chapter) at the top of the list, use
the up arrow if needed. This setting will rule what Time/Depth relation is used when
calculating V0 and k. Corrected Sonic 1 is based on the four wells available (generated in
the Synthetics section of this manual). Other sources as check shots, well tops with time
information associated to them and so on can be used.

120 • Domain Conversion - Exercise Shell Refresher - Day 3

 3. From the Well Tops 1 folder, Stratigraphy select and drop in the corresponding tops for
correction to the velocity model.
4. In the Make Velocity Model dialog box, open the Output tab. Observe the different output
objects available. For Time and velocity logs, toggle on the Final velocity model.
5. Go to the ‘Advanced’ tab, look at settings for the Well Velocity tab. Under the ‘Well Velocity’
tab change the Clip V0, Max value to 16000.
6. Click Apply to generate the velocity model.
7. After completion, quality check the velocity model. Under the Models tab, expand the
Velocity Models, the Velocity Model 1 and Horizon folders. Display the different Horizons
against Well Tops 1. Observe the differences if TWT or TVD is used as time/depth settings
from the Tool bar .

Shell Refresher - Day 3 Domain Conversion - Exercise • 121

 Comments
Any differences seen between horizons and well tops can be handled by applying a correction
with well tops when modeling the velocities. This correction is incorporated into the final velocity
output model and will affect any object converted using the model, even outside the well control
area.

The V0 and k output can be found under the Velocities [Final] folder for the model. These
objects can be used for quality control of the velocity model as well. The time and velocity logs
are found under the Wells folder under the Input tab.

Create a velocity model using stacking velocities

Stacking velocities have many formats and layouts. As long as the input file is in ASCII format
organized in readable columns, Petrel will be able to import the data. Stacking velocities in this
example are xytv data-points (x-, y-position, time and Vstack).
By converting the Vstack attribute to average velocity, upscaling the point data set and
populating the remaining cells, an average velocity property is made available for velocity
modeling.

Exercise Steps
1. Go to the Vstack_points found under Vstack folder. Expand it together with the Attributes
sub-folder. Display the data set in a 3D window. Open Settings for the Vstack_points, then
go to the Operations tab.
2. Expand the Eliminate Where folder and select the function Z < Constant. Type in –3600
(remember to use minus) and click on Execute. Observe the displayed data points in the
3D window.

122 • Domain Conversion - Exercise Shell Refresher - Day 3

 3. Open the Models tab. Expand the New Model folder and click on Coarse 3D Grid for
VelMod once to make it active (name is in bold text).
4. From the Process tab, expand the Property Modeling folder and open the Scale up well
logs process. Use the Select Input from: Point attributes, select and drop in Vstack_points
with the blue arrow . Select Average Velocity from the Select attribute drop-down menu.

5. Apply or OK will assign values to the grid cells containing any point data. After completion,
open the Properties folder and display Average Velocity [U] in a 3D Window.
6. The next step is to populate the upscaled values out into the total 3D grid. From the
Process tab, open the Petrophysical Modeling process found under Property Modeling.
Make sure the Use existing property is toggled on and use Average velocity [U].
7. For the first zone, unlock it with the lock icon .
8. Select Moving Average (Interpolation) as Method for zone/facies. For Output data range,
keep Min and Max to 0 (zero) and Relative(%).
9. Copy settings from the selected zone , and then Paste settings to all zones . In this
way, all zones will be populated using the same settings.
10. Apply the settings and view the result in a 3D window.

Shell Refresher - Day 3 Domain Conversion - Exercise • 123

 11. Re-open the Make velocity model process.
12. Check that Create new velocity model is toggled on.
13. Change Model type to Property for all entries. Use the drop-in arrow and put the
complete 3D property Average velocity [U] into the appropriate fields.

14. Make sure that all toggles are set for Well report under the Output tab.
15. Apply the new settings and view the result in a 3D window after completion.

124 • Domain Conversion - Exercise Shell Refresher - Day 3

 Comments
The procedure described in this exercise is one of many approaches how to use stacking
velocities for domain conversion purposes. Due to flexibility in handling and transforming data
sets (here Vstack) in Petrel, there are several approaches where only a few are described here:
• Use Average velocity as secondary property to populate well data (check shots,
velocity logs, other velocity data) into the 3D grid.
• Make synthetic logs from the upscaled Average velocity property and cross plot it
against velocity logs. Establish a relationship and use the property calculator to
distribute velocity log information into the 3D grid.
• Generate maps for each zone based on the Average velocity property.
• Kriging and Co-kriging techniques to populate well data and/or properties.

Depth convert a 3D grid

After establishing a preferred velocity model, or several models for sensitivity purposes, 3D grids
and other stand-alone objects can be converted between domains

Exercise Steps
1. Go the Models tab and activate Coarse 3D Grid for VelMod (bold text). In the Process
tab, open Depth Convert 3D Grid.
2. From the Velocity model drop-down menu, select the Velocity Model 1 to use.
3. Alternatively reduce pillar geometry complexity by toggling off geometries for both faulted
and non faulted pillars (this 3D grid has simple geometries, so this option will have limited
effect if any).
4. Apply the settings.
5. A new Coarse 3D Grid for VelMod (DC) will appear in the Models tab. View and check it
in a 3D window.

General depth conversion

Many objects imported into, or created within Petrel can be domain converted in the General
depth conversion process. Objects not penetrated by wells will still have well control if well top
correction is incorporated into the make velocity model process. If more than one velocity model
exists in the project, sensitivity of depth conversion method for the same object can be done.

Exercise Steps
1. First we will depth convert the cropped and realized seismic volume used throughout this
course. In the Models tab, expand the Velocity Models folder and activate Velocity
Model 2.
2. Go to the Input tab, right click on mig.sgy [Crop] [Realized] and use Depth Convert by
active Velocity Model from the menu.

Shell Refresher - Day 3 Domain Conversion - Exercise • 125

 3. After completion, the new seismic volume in depth is found under mig.sgy [Crop]
[Realized]. Display an Inline and Crossline from the newly created seismic volume.
4. Another way of doing the same as described above is to open the General Depth
Conversion process found under Geophysics.
5. Select the preferred velocity model (use another than the previous model) from the drop-
down menu. Click on mig.sgy [Crop] [Realized] and drop it into the list with the Append
selected item (in Petrel explorer) to the list icon. Apply and observe the new volume in a
3D window.
6. The same approach can be used for domain converting other objects. Right clicking on
horizon interpretations, fault interpretations, surfaces , point data will depth convert one by
one of the selected objects. To convert more than one object open the General Depth
Conversion process (if not already open).
7. From the Input tab, select any surface, horizon interpretations, one interpreted fault and if
available a point data set. Append one by one into the General Depth Conversion process
list.

8. Click OK. Open a new 3D Window and display all objects used in the previous step.
9. Change between TWT and TVD with the Change time/depth settings for the window
drop-down menu in the Tool bar. Observe the differences. Also note that these object now
have an Attributes sub-folder available. Expand one of the depth-converted objects and
observe what information there is in the Attributes sub-folder.

Comments
Another way of domain converting (i.e. DC) a seismic volume is to attach it to a 3D grid depth
converted inside Petrel. The conversion from time to depth for the 3D grid is stored with it and
any attached seismic volume will be stretched to fit the grid. The result is a seismic volume that
is defined inside the 3D grid and undefined outside the grid interval.

126 • Domain Conversion - Exercise Shell Refresher - Day 3