DESIGNING AND FABRICATION OF BIOMASS AND FEEDS PELLET

MULTIPURPOSE BRIQUETTE MACHINE

An Undergraduate Thesis

Presented to the Department of Mechanical Engineering

Palompon Institute of Technology

In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the Degree
Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering

EARL JOHN MAGDADARO

JANEL REBOSTO
ROMEL CUSTODIO
SUNDAY MARK GALLANO

May 2024
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Background of the study

Biomass energy has remained a significant source of renewable energy on a global scale.

It plays a significant role in the national energy mix of both developed and developing nations in

order to achieve sustainable energy for heating applications, lessen environmental impact, create

bio-economies, reduce excessive reliance on fossil fuels, enhance the standard of living in both

rural and urban areas, and produce a variety of biofuels. Biomass briquetting, a densification

technology, is one of the technologies used in improving the potential energy use of biomass

primarily for household heating applications and power generation (Obi et al., 2022).

According to ASEAN Briefing, the Philippines has large and abundant supplies of

biomass resources, including agricultural crop residues, forest residues, animal waste, agro-

industrial waste, municipal solid waste and aquatic biomass. The most common agricultural

waste are rice hull, bagasse, coconut shell husk and coconut coir. This use of commercially

produced agricultural residues converted into biofuels is increasing in the Philippines, as fossil

fuel prices continue to rise. Rice husks are perhaps the most important underdeveloped biomass

resource that can be fully utilized in a renewable and sustainable manner for generation of

electrical power. The Philippines is primarily a country that relies on agricultural produce. It has

a land area of 30 million hectares, 47 percent of which is agricultural. The total area devoted to

agricultural crops is 13 million hectares distributed amongst food grains, food crops and non-

food crops. The crops grown in the Philippines include rice, coconut, bananas, pineapple and

sugarcane, and these are the major contributors to biomass energy resources. The majority of
agricultural waste in the Philippines is mainly made up of rice husk, rice straw, coconut husk,

coconut shell, banana, pineapple and general bagasse. The country has a very good potential for

biomass power plants, as approximately one half of the country’s agricultural land produce

includes rice, coconut and other tropical fruit products. Consequently, large volumes of rice

straw, husks and the waste of tropical fruit produce are generated.

Poultry is a major source of protein for human consumption worldwide, and the demand for

poultry products continues to rise. Accordinqg to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the

United Nations (FAO), global production of poultry meat has increased by more than 90% in the

past two decades. With this rapid growth, the efficiency and productivity of poultry farming have

become crucial for meeting the demand for poultry products. One important aspect of poultry

farming is feeding, which accounts for up to 70% of the total production cost. The Philippines is

mostly an agricultural nation, with a substantial majority of the population living in rural areas

and relying on agriculture for their livelihood. 7.19 million hectares of land are under cultivation

on 5.56 million farms and holdings in the Philippines, according to census of agriculture

conducted by the Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA). Accordingly, the average size of a farm

in the Philippines—which are primarily modest, family-run operations—is 1.29 hectares.

Additionally, it is a fact that 38% of the 5.56 million farms are smaller than half an acre. In

connection to this, the majority of the country's small poultry farms still manage their operations

using a manual or conventional methods. The issue is the arduous job that needs to be done when

there are many animals to be looked at on even a small farm. This study aims to address one of

the tedious works of running a small, free-ranged poultry farm which is its feeding operations by

designing and fabricating a time activated chicken feeding machine.

 There are various reasons why it is convenient and advantageous for the poultry farmers

to employed mechanical technologies to their farm as part of their management operations.

According to Mamun (2019), poultry farming's main goals are to generate income and provide

food for the family. The full potential of this economic venture is rarely realized, and there are

significant losses reported every year as a result of the lack of adequate technology. The majority

of poultry farms employ traditional, out-of-date production methods that don't adequately protect

the birds or the byproducts. Lack of protection puts chicken and other poultry animals in danger,

as well as the products they produce.

Even though we've seen some exciting progress in how we make biomass pellets

Marreiro et. al (2021) and process animal feed Shrinivasa et. al (2021)., there's still a big gap in

the research when it comes to bringing these two processes together into one machine. Right

now, we have separate machines for making biomass pellets and processing animal feed, but

none that can handle both at the same time.

Most of the research so far has been focused on making specialized machines for either

biomass, Picchio et. al (2020) or feed pellets Van der Poel, et. al (2020). It's like we're missing

out on the chance to combine these processes and make something even more efficient. That's

where our opportunity lies – in creating a new kind of machine that can handle both biomass and

feed pellets all in one go.

Imagine the possibilities: we could boost efficiency, cut down on costs, and make a

positive impact on the environment by using fewer resources. By building a Biomass and Feeds

Pellet Multipurpose Briquette Machine, we're not just closing a gap in research – we're opening

doors to a whole new level of sustainability and productivity. That's why it's so important to dive
into this research gap and explore how we can make our pellet-making processes more integrated

and holistic.

Objective of the Study

The project aims to develop a multifunctional machine capable of producing biomass and

feed pellets simultaneously, filling a gap in the market where integrated solutions are currently

lacking. By merging biomass and feed pellet functionalities, the machine intends to enhance

operational efficiency and reduce costs associated with the palletization process. Rigorous testing

and validation procedures will be implemented to evaluate the performance of the machine,

ensuring its reliability, safety, and environmental sustainability. Additionally, the project will

focus on identifying areas for optimization and improvement in both the design and operation of

the Biomass and Feeds Pellet Multipurpose Briquette Machine, aiming to further enhance its

functionality and effectiveness.

Significance of the study

The significance of this study lies in its potential to revolutionize the field of biomass

utilization and feed processing through the development of a Biomass and Feeds Pellet

Multipurpose Briquette Machine. Several key aspects highlight the importance of this research:

1. Farmers:

 Improved Efficiency: The Biomass and Feeds Pellet Multipurpose Briquette Machine can

benefit farmers by offering a more efficient means of processing biomass materials into

pellets for fuel or feed, Rawat et. al (2022). This efficiency translates to reduced labor

and time required for pellet production.

 Cost Savings: By streamlining the pelletization process and potentially reducing the need

for separate equipment, farmers can save on operational costs associated with pellet

production, Dhehibi et. al (2022).

 Increased Productivity: With access to a versatile machine capable of producing both

biomass and feed pellets, farmers can diversify their product offerings, potentially

expanding their market opportunities and increasing revenue streams.

2. Consumers:

 Access to High-Quality Products: Consumers can benefit from the Biomass and Feeds

Pellet Multipurpose Briquette Machine by gaining access to high-quality biomass pellets

for heating purposes and nutrient-rich feed pellets for livestock.

 Affordability: The potential reduction in production costs associated with the use of the

multipurpose machine may lead to more affordable biomass and feed pellets for

consumers according to Antar et. al (2021).

3. Animals:

 Enhanced Nutrition: The development of a machine capable of producing high-quality

feed pellets ensures that animals receive optimal nutrition, contributing to their health,

growth, and overall well-being, Van der Poel et. al (2020).

 Consistency: Pellets produced by the Biomass and Feeds Pellet Multipurpose Briquette

Machine are likely to be more consistent in composition, texture, and nutritional content,

which is beneficial for animal digestion and performance.

4. Future Researchers:

 Building on Innovation: The development of the Biomass and Feeds Pellet Multipurpose

Briquette Machine serves as a foundation for future research in pelletization technology.

 Researchers can build upon this innovation to further refine and optimize pellet

production processes.

 Knowledge Expansion: The findings and insights generated from this study can

contribute to the body of knowledge in biomass utilization, feed processing, and

multipurpose machine design, providing valuable information for future research

endeavors.

The significance of this study extends to farmers, consumers, animals, and future

researchers by offering improved efficiency, cost savings, access to high-quality products, and

opportunities for innovation and knowledge expansion in biomass and feed pellet production.

Scope and Delimitation of the Study

These scopes and delimitations provide a framework for the study's focus and boundaries,

guiding the research and development process of the Biomass and Feeds Pellet Multipurpose

Briquette Machine.

 Scope of the Study:

Design and Fabrication: The study focuses on the design and fabrication of a Biomass and

Feeds Pellet Multipurpose Briquette Machine, including the development of mechanical, and

electrical.

Biomass Materials: The machine's scope encompasses a variety of biomass materials, including

but not limited to agricultural residues, forestry residues, and organic waste.
Feed Formulations: The machine is designed to accommodate different feed formulations for

livestock, poultry, and other animals, considering variations in ingredients and nutritional

requirements.

Performance Evaluation: The study includes the testing and evaluation of the machine's

performance in terms of pellet production rate, pellet quality, energy efficiency, and reliability.

Optimization: Efforts will be made to optimize the machine design and operation to enhance

efficiency, versatility, and overall performance.

Environmental Considerations: The study considers environmental factors related to the

machine's operation, such as energy consumption, emissions, and waste management, with the

aim of promoting sustainability.

 Delimitations of the Study:

Commercial Scale Production: The study focuses on the design and fabrication of a prototype

Biomass and Feeds Pellet Multipurpose Briquette Machine rather than large-scale production

units.

Specific Feed Formulations: While the machine can accommodate various feed formulations,

the study does not delve into the formulation of specific feed recipes but rather focuses on the

machine's capability to process different formulations.

Limited Geographic Scope: The study does not address regional variations in biomass

availability or feed preferences but aims to develop a machine applicable in diverse geographic

locations.
Economic Analysis: Although cost considerations are important, the study does not include an

in-depth economic analysis of the machine's feasibility or market potential.

Regulatory Compliance: While safety and environmental considerations are incorporated into

the machine design, the study does not cover regulatory compliance requirements specific to

different regions or industries.

Conceptual Framework

A conceptual framework served as the study's direction and was employed to make it

simple to identify errors and carry out a step-by-step procedure for developing the design as

indicated in the figure below.

Gathering data and materials for the product's design and construction comes first.

Testing the product's viability is the next phase. If the testing is unsuccessful, it is necessary to

reexamine the fabrication and design.

 GATHERING OF DESIGNING AND FABRICATION OF
NEEDED DATA AND BIOMASS AND FEED PELLETS
MATERIALS MULTIPURPOSE BRIQUETTES
MACHINE

IMPROVEMENT AND OPTIMIZATION

DESIGN OF THE DESIGN AND FABRICATION

FAILED

FABRICATION

PASSED PASSED
TESTING AND OR FINISHED
EVALUATION ?
FAILED PRODUCT

Figure 1: Schematic Diagram of the Conceptual Flow of the Study

Definition and Terms

Before delving into the intricacies of briquetting machines, it's important to understand

the language that the researcher is using. By defining key terms, we can ensure everyone is on

the same page and better grasp the concepts involved.

Hopper: The hopper is a container or funnel-shaped structure located at the top of the machine

where raw materials, such as biomass or feedstock, are loaded into the machine for processing.

Screw Feeder: The screw feeder is a mechanical device responsible for delivering the raw

materials from the hopper to the compression chamber. It controls the flow rate of the materials

into the machine.

Compression Chamber: The compression chamber is the main working area of the briquetting

machine where the raw materials undergo compression and densification to form briquettes. It

typically consists of a cylindrical or rectangular chamber with a piston or die assembly.

Die or Piston: The die or piston is a component located within the compression chamber that

applies pressure to the raw materials to compact them into briquettes. It may have a specific

shape or pattern that determines the shape and size of the briquettes produced.

Drive System: The drive system of the briquetting machine provides the necessary power and

motion to operate the machine. It may include motors, gears, belts, or hydraulic systems,

depending on the design and mechanism of the machine.

Control Panel: The control panel houses the controls and monitoring devices for operating the

briquetting machine. It allows the operator to adjust parameters such as pressure, temperature,

and feed rate, and provides feedback on the machine's performance.

 CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDY

This chapter presents the different studies from both local and foreign context which

have significant bearings on the variables included in this research. This chapter also focuses on

several topics that will support the development of this present study.

Importance of biomass and feeds pellets

In the Philippines, rice is the main food. Among the largest consumers of rice

worldwide are the Filipinos. Average Filipino eats roughly 100 kg of rice annually. While rice

is grown all over the nation, the majority of it is grown in Central Luzon and the Cagayan

Valley, which together account for more than 1.2 million hectares of rice production land. In

2015, the nation produced roughly 16 million tons of rice. Based on this rice production, more

than 2 million tons of rice husks are produced annually. In terms of energy, this is equal to

about 5 million barrels of oil. Another significant biomass resource is rice straw, which has an

annual production potential of roughly 5 million tons.

The Philippines is the country with the most coconut trees worldwide and produces the

majority of the world's copra meal and coconut oil. Coconut shell, coconut husk, and coconut

coir dust make up the majority of waste derived from coconuts. The most commonly used

material is coconut shell, although reports of its use are extremely low. In the Philippines, an

estimated 500 million coconut trees yield a staggering 6 million tons of husk per year (ASEAN

Briefing).

A vast amount of agricultural waste is produced in many developing nations. One of the

main issues is how to dispose of this garbage. There are plenty of wastes available, such as
dried plant leaves, sawdust from woodwork shops, peanut shells, and the husks of wheat and

rice. In addition to the challenges associated with managing, transporting, and storage of this

waste, burning biomass in grates creates a bigger issue with widespread air pollution. (Khond,

2022)

Biomass Briquetting Technology

Biomass briquetting involves the compacting of biomass materials into dense and

uniform briquettes, which can be used as a renewable energy source. In the study of Sanchez et.

al (2022), the materials used to make biomass briquettes are renewable and abundant, such as

sawdust, agricultural waste, and forestry residues. Biomass briquettes are a more sustainable

source of energy compared to non-renewable fossil fuels, as they emit fewer pollutants and

greenhouse gases when burned. They also help reduce the amount of waste going to landfills

and contribute to creating a circular economy. Biomass briquettes can be used in various

applications, including cooking, heating, and power generation, and are a promising alternative

to traditional fossil fuels according to Kaoustubh Kathuria (2023).

Numerous studies have explored various aspects of biomass briquetting, including raw

material selection, briquette properties, and process optimization. These studies have delved

into the densification of raw materials into fuel briquettes, providing uniformity to the solid

biomass and enhancing energy density for more efficient combustion, Hivila et. al (2021).

The production of briquettes from biomass offers a sustainable solution by utilizing

loose biomass like agricultural residues and municipal waste, Bot et. al (2022). This process

involves compacting the biomass into dense and uniform briquettes, which can serve as an eco-

friendly alternative for heating, cooking fuel, and electricity generation. Biomass briquettes are
particularly popular in developing countries where modern fuel sources are scarce, but they are

also gaining traction in developed nations due to their accessibility and environmental benefits,

Udokpoh et. al (2023).

Studies on biomass briquetting have emphasized the critical role of factors such as

moisture content, particle size, and binder selection in determining the quality and efficiency of

briquette production. Maintaining an optimal moisture content, typically around 10-18%, is

crucial for ensuring consistent particles and preventing briquettes from falling apart.

Additionally, factors like the propeller of the briquette machine and working temperature play

essential roles in manufacturing high-quality biomass briquettes.

(www.woodbriquetteplant.com)

Research has shown that the densification of raw materials into fuel briquettes involves

various parameters like temperature, pressure, binder content, and particle size. These variables

significantly impact the properties of the produced briquettes, including density, compressive

strength, durability, energy density, and calorific value. Understanding and optimizing these

factors are key to enhancing the quality and performance of biomass briquettes for sustainable

energy production, Hivila et. al (2021).

Furthermore, studies have highlighted the importance of operational variables in bio-

briquette production from biomass. Factors affecting the quality and performance of bio-

briquettes include thermo-physical processes synthesis, which influence characteristics like

durability, bulk density, compressive strength, and moisture content. Optimization of biomass

composition is crucial for achieving efficient briquette production with desirable physical and

mechanical properties, Demisu and Muluye et. al (2023).

Feed Pellet Production:

Feed pellet production is a significant application of pelletizing technology, commonly

used in the animal husbandry sector for manufacturing animal feed. Cattle feed pellets, for

instance, can be made from various raw materials like oil cakes, agro-residues (peanut seedling,

grass, maize straw, wheat straw), grain, wheat bran, flour mill by-products, cereals, and

molasses. These pellets are designed to provide essential nutrients for animals like oxen, cows,

cattle, sheep, and goats reared for meat and milk production. The process involves raw

materials preparation, primary crushing, molasses mixing, fine crushing, pellet making, and

optional packaging according to feedpelletizer.om.

The pelleting process involves compressing finely ground mash feed into dense pellets

or capsules through a die. Pellets are formed by extruding individual ingredients or mixtures

under heat, moisture, and pressure to create larger particles that are easier to handle and more

palatable for animals. Pellets offer advantages such as increased bulk density for storage

efficiency, reduced dustiness after packaging to minimize cross-contamination risks during

transportation and feeding operations. Pelleting aids like steam conditioning can improve the

pelleting process by enhancing pellet quality and reducing energy consumption according to

GEMCO Energy and Borregaard.

The existing literature on feed pellet production covers various aspects, including

ingredient formulation, pelletization techniques, and pellet quality assessment. The process of

feed pellet production involves the conversion of raw materials into pellets using a pellet mill

according to Shrinivasa et.al (2020). The quality of the feed pellets depends on factors such as

the conditioning variables, mash particle size, steam pressure, retention time in the conditioner,
and fat addition in the mixer. The pelleting process has evolved over time, with advancements

in technology leading to larger and more efficient pellet mills that produce higher-quality

pellets, which in turn improve animal performance.

Pellet quality assessment is an important aspect of feed pellet production. Factors such

as durability, bulk density, compressive strength, and moisture content are crucial in

determining the quality of the pellets. The Holmen tester is a commonly used method for

measuring pellet durability, which models commercial pellet handling and distribution,

Pordesimo et, al (2022).

Studies have explored the use of additives and binders to enhance pellet durability and

improve the nutritional value of feed pellets. Binders play a crucial role in improving the

adhesion between feed particles during the compaction process in pelleting equipment, leading

to increased pellet durability according to Ayoola (2020). Organic binders like molasses and

bentonite have been tested for their effectiveness in enhancing the physical quality of pellet

feed, including hardness, durability, friction, and density. Research has shown that a 5% dosage

of molasses as a binder can significantly improve the pellet durability index, highlighting the

benefits of using organic binders for producing high-quality pellet feed, Kawatra and

Claremboux (2022).

Machine Design and Fabrication:

The design and fabrication of biomass and feed pellet multipurpose briquette machines

require a comprehensive understanding of mechanical engineering principles and material

science. The process involves the selection of appropriate materials for the machine's

construction, such as EN8 carbon steel, which is known for its good tensile strength and

suitability for making shafts, gears, stressed pins, studs, and other components, Riyaz et. al
(2020). The machine's design should also consider factors such as the pressure applied, the type

of binder used, and the time required for loading, compressing, and ejecting the biomass.

Additionally, the machine's performance should be evaluated based on factors such as the

production capacity, the mass and dimensions of the briquettes, and the time taken for each

stage of the process, Marreiro et. al (2021). The choice of binder and the ratio of biomass to

binder are also critical factors that can affect the quality and durability of the briquettes.

Advantage of Multipurpose Briquettes Machine

Biomass briquettes are used in many different industries. In homes, they provide clean

cooking and heating options as an economical and environmentally responsible substitute for

firewood. Briquettes made of biomass can be used by industries to produce steam, heat, and

electricity. Additionally, by substituting these briquettes for coal in power plants, carbon

emissions can be decreased. Briquettes can be used in the agricultural sector to improve

productivity and energy efficiency by drying crops and heating greenhouses. Briquettes can be

used as an alternative energy source to address this issue; numerous studies have been conducted

in recent years to lower emissions and raise heat content. The advantages and disadvantages of

the technologies developed to produce briquettes from different sources are some of the topics

covered in this study. Because of this, biomass-based briquettes are an excellent alternative to

fuels like coal, lignite, and firewood and have several benefits. Depending on the raw material

composition, briquettes can have an energy content of 4.48 to 5.95 kilojoules per gram (kJ/g)

(Amalia et al., 2023).

The use of biomass briquette machines has many benefits. First of all, it lessens reliance

on fossil fuels, which helps to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions and fight global warming.
Second, the higher calorific value of biomass briquettes ensures more heat generation for

industrial processes, heating, and cooking. These briquettes are also easier to handle, store, and

transport because of their lower moisture content. Furthermore, by using forestry and agricultural

residues, the production of biomass briquettes encourages waste management and lessens

environmental pollution and deforestation.

Integration of Biomass and Feed Pellet Production:

Chicken Feed Ingredients

Ingredients for chicken feed are usually accompanied by the six classes of nutrients that

are necessary for the survival, growth, production, and reproduction of poultry are naturally

provided by nature in the form of pasture, insects, gravel, grains, and sunlight. However, if

poultry are raised indoors, it is the responsibility of the caretaker to ensure that these

requirements are met through some means in appropriate amounts, without overfeeding. These

essential classes of nutrients include water, protein, carbohydrates, fats, minerals, and vitamins.

Water is vital for poultry and lack of a consistent supply can lead to stunted growth, low egg

production, and early molting. Protein, which is expensive, is crucial for growth and egg

production and is more effective when sourced from animal products. Carbohydrates supply

energy and excess is stored as fat. Fats are present in many feed materials, but too much from

certain sources can lead to digestive problems. Minerals, such as calcium and phosphorus, are

necessary for bone formation and eggshells. Vitamins, especially A, D, and riboflavin, are

critical for proper growth, hatchability, and prevention of diseases (J. R. Cavers et al., 1945).
 CHAPTER 3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter contains the detailed methodology utilized during the conduct of this study.

It provides details on the process that was used to undertake the study which employed the

Product and Development Methodology. In order to achieve the intended objectives, the study

will be using a number of computations and experiments to assess the performance and

economical aspect of the machine.

Problem Identification and Objective Setting:

The existing literature highlights a growing demand for versatile and efficient biomass

processing technologies that can accommodate diverse biomass materials and produce multiple

end products simultaneously. Various technologies are being explored for bioenergy

production, including thermochemical, biological, and biochemical conversion methods,

Azwifunimunwe et. al (2023). These processes involve techniques like pyrolysis, hydrothermal

liquefaction, gasification, fermentation, anaerobic digestion, and more.

There is a need for a multipurpose briquette machine that can process both biomass and

feed pellets, addressing the limitations of existing single-purpose machines. Such a machine

would offer versatility and efficiency in handling diverse biomass materials and producing

multiple end products simultaneously. For example, the High Capacity 3-5 Tons Per Hour

Biomass Briquette Machines Wood Pellet Machine Multifunctional Pellet Briquette Making
Machine for Sale is a multipurpose machine that can process various types of biomass

materials into briquettes. Another option is the Mechanical Stamping Biomass Briquette

Machine - GC-MBP Series, which can produce both 8/10mm diameter biomass pellets and

22/30/70mm diameter round biomass briquettes from GEMCO Energy.

The primary objective of the study is to design and fabricate a multipurpose briquette

machine capable of producing biomass briquettes and feed pellets with high efficiency and

versatility. This machine aims to address the limitations of existing single-purpose machines by

offering a solution that can handle both biomass and feed pellet production simultaneously.

Conceptual Design:

Based on the findings from the literature review and needs assessment, the conceptual

designs for the multipurpose briquette machine can be developed with the following

considerations:

 Design Options: The machine should be capable of processing both biomass and feed

pellets. It can be designed as a single machine with interchangeable components or as a

modular system with separate modules for biomass briquetting and feed pellet

production.

 Components: The machine should include a hopper or feeder to load the raw materials,

a compression unit to press the materials into briquettes or pellets, a drying unit to

remove excess moisture, and a cooling unit to solidify the end products. Additionally, it

should have a control system to regulate the process and ensure high efficiency and

versatility.

 Configurations: The machine can be designed as a horizontal or vertical configuration

depending on the available space and the desired output capacity. A horizontal
 configuration may be more suitable for larger-scale production, while a vertical

configuration may be more suitable for smaller-scale production or mobile applications.

 Sketches and Diagrams: To visualize the proposed designs, sketches and diagrams can

be created to show the overall layout of the machine, the arrangement of components,

and the flow of materials through the process. Conceptual models can also be developed

to demonstrate the functionality of the machine and its potential applications.

By considering these factors and using the information from the literature review and needs

assessment, a multipurpose briquette machine can be designed and fabricated to meet the

demand for efficient and versatile biomass processing technologies.

Prototype Development:

Based on the selected conceptual design, the development of a prototype for the multipurpose

briquette machine can proceed as follows:

1. Material Selection: Suitable materials were used for the machine components,

considering factors such as durability, resistance to wear and tear, and compatibility

with biomass and feed pellet production requirements. Some options may include

stainless steel, high-density polyethylene, and other materials with good mechanical

properties.

2. Manufacturing Processes: Selection of appropriate manufacturing processes for

fabricating the machine components, such as machining, welding, casting, or 3D

printing. Ensure that the chosen processes can produce components with the desired

accuracy, precision, and surface finish.

 3. Assembly: The prototype were assembled according to the finalized design

specifications, ensuring that all components are properly aligned and securely fastened.

Incorporate necessary sensors, actuators, and control systems to regulate the process

and ensure high efficiency and versatility.

4. Testing and Evaluation: Conduct initial testing and evaluation of the prototype to ensure

that it functions as intended and meets the desired performance criteria. Make any

necessary adjustments or modifications to improve the machine's performance and

efficiency.

5. Finalization: Once the prototype has been successfully tested and evaluated, proceed

with the finalization of the design and the production of the final product. Ensure that

all components are manufactured to the highest quality standards and that the machine

is assembled according to the finalized design specifications.

By following these steps, a prototype for the multipurpose briquette machine can be developed

and fabricated, providing a versatile and efficient solution for biomass and feed pellet

production.

Experimental Testing:

To conduct experimental testing and validate the performance and functionality of the

prototype multipurpose briquette machine, the following steps was taken:

 Test Protocols and Procedures: Develop test protocols and procedures to evaluate key

parameters such as production efficiency, product quality, energy consumption, and

operational reliability. These tests should be designed to simulate real-world operating

conditions and measure the machine's performance under various scenarios.

  Initial Testing: Perform initial testing of the prototype to ensure that it functions as

intended and meets the desired performance criteria. This may involve testing the

machine's ability to process different types of biomass materials and feed pellets, as

well as evaluating the quality of the end products.

 Iterative Testing and Optimization: Conduct iterative testing and optimization to fine-

tune the machine design and improve overall performance. This may involve adjusting

the machine's settings, modifying its components, or implementing new features to

improve its efficiency and reliability.

 Performance Evaluation: Evaluate the machine's performance based on the test results,

comparing it to the desired performance criteria and the performance of existing

machines. This may involve comparing the machine's production efficiency, product

quality, energy consumption, and operational reliability to those of other machines in

the market.

 Feedback and Improvement: Gather feedback from users and stakeholders to identify

areas for improvement and make necessary modifications to the machine design. This

may involve incorporating new features, improving the machine's user interface, or

enhancing its durability and reliability.

By following these steps, experimental testing can be conducted to validate the

performance and functionality of the prototype multipurpose briquette machine, ensuring that it

meets the desired performance criteria and provides a versatile and efficient solution for

biomass and feed pellet production.

Performance Evaluation:
 Based on the experimental data and the performance evaluation findings, the

multipurpose briquette machine can be analyzed against predefined criteria and benchmarks.

The following points can be considered:

1. Production Efficiency: The machine's production efficiency can be evaluated by

comparing the output rate of biomass briquettes and feed pellets with industry

standards and existing technologies. The High Capacity 3-5 Tons Per Hour

Biomass Briquette Machines Wood Pellet Machine Multifunctional Pellet

Briquette Making Machine for Sale is an example of a machine with a high

production capacity.

2. Product Quality: The quality of the end products, such as biomass briquettes and

feed pellets, can be assessed by comparing their physical and chemical

properties with industry standards. The Biomass Briquette Machine Calculations

PDF provides detailed calculations for designing a hybrid biomass briquetting

machine, which can be used as a reference for evaluating the product quality.

3. Energy Consumption: The energy consumption of the machine can be compared

with industry standards and existing technologies to determine its efficiency.

The Hydraulic Briquette Machine, for example, is designed to have a higher

output rate with lower energy consumption

4. Operational Reliability: The machine's operational reliability can be evaluated

by comparing its uptime, downtime, and maintenance requirements with

industry standards and existing technologies.

By comparing the performance of the multipurpose briquette machine with industry

standards and existing technologies, any limitations or areas for further improvement can be
identified. This analysis can provide valuable insights for refining the machine design and

improving its overall performance.

Discharge Rate Requirement:

The discharge rate requirement for the multipurpose briquette machine is defined as the

volume of biomass briquettes and feed pellets discharged per unit of time, expressed in

kilograms per hour (kg/h) or another suitable unit of measurement. The discharge rate must

meet the operational demands of the intended application while ensuring efficient production

and continuous processing flow.

Discharge Rate (kg/hr) = Area x V x ρ

2
Area of the Pipe = π d /4

Velocity of the Screw = N (2 π /60) ®

Density of the Materials = 650 kg / m2

Diameter of the Pipe = 1 inch (0.0254 cm/ 1 inch) = 0.0254 m

Diameter of the Extruder screw = 0.75 cm (1 m / 100 cm) = 0.0075 m

Solution:

Q = ( π d 2 /4 ) (N) (2 π /60) (r) ( ρ )

= π (0.0254)2 x 2800 x (2 π /60) x (0.00375) x (650)

= 0.36 kg / s (3600 s / hr)

 Q = 1303.74 kg/hr

Design of Extruder:-

Shape of Briquette = Cylindrical

diameter of briquette = mm

Length of Briquette = mm

Compaction ratio = 14 (standard)

Diameter of screw shaft = mm

Volume at entry (Ve) = π /4 x (d2) x L = mm3

Volume at compression zone (Vc)

= π /4 x (d2) x L x p = p mm3

Assume that compression ratio is 10

10 = Ve / Vc

p = mm3

Density of material = kg/m3

Mass of material conveyed m = kg

The efficiency of screw conveyor is 50 % m = x 0.5 = kg

 Density of compact briquette ( ρ ) assumed = 1000 kg/m3

Volume of briquette = π /4 x d2 x L = mm3

Power Consumption:

The power consumption requirement for the multipurpose briquette machine is defined

as the amount of electrical energy consumed during operation, expressed in kilowatts (kW),

kilowatt-hours (kWh), or another suitable unit of measurement. This requirement is critical for

ensuring the efficiency, sustainability, and cost-effectiveness of machine operation.

In the process of designing and fabricating the Biomass and Feeds Pellet Multipurpose

Briquette Machine, a crucial aspect involves estimating its power consumption. This entails

identifying all major components of the machine that require electrical power during operation,

such as motors, heaters, conveyor belts, and control systems. Once these components are

identified, their respective power ratings in watts or kilowatts are determined, typically

obtained from manufacturers' specifications or direct measurements. By summing up the power

ratings of all components, the total power consumption of the machine during operation can be

calculated. It's also important to consider operational factors such as the duration and frequency

of machine operation to estimate overall energy consumption over specific periods, such as per

hour or per day. Additionally, the efficiency of the machine in converting input power to useful

work should be taken into account, which can vary based on design, maintenance, and

operational conditions.
Materials used in screw type briquetting machine

Part Name Quantity Description

Electric Motor 1 unit

Power Screw 1 unit

Extruder Barrel 1 unit

Pulley 2 units

V – belt 2 units Grade-A

Bearing 2 units

Hopper 1 unit made up of tin sheet material

Diversion to bottom to feed
stuff into the extruder

screw.

Angle bar Frame 12 units The stand for the machine is

made from the angle bar

Nuts and Bolts

 Chapter 4

EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

In exploring the outputs and various combinations of materials achievable with the

Biomass and Feeds Pellet Multipurpose Briquette Machine, it becomes evident that the

machine offers versatility and adaptability to diverse feedstock inputs. Firstly, the machine's

capability to simultaneously produce both biomass and feed pellets allows for the utilization of

a wide range of organic materials, including agricultural residues, wood chips, crop wastes, and

animal feeds. By adjusting the combination of these materials, users can tailor the properties

and composition of the pellets to meet specific requirements, such as nutritional content,

density, and moisture levels. This flexibility enables the production of custom pellets suited for

various applications, including animal feed, renewable energy generation, and agricultural

fertilization.

Secondly, the Biomass and Feeds Pellet Multipurpose Briquette Machine facilitates the

exploration of hybrid pellet formulations, where different materials are combined to create

pellets with unique characteristics and functionalities. For instance, combining biomass with

specialized feed ingredients or additives can enhance the nutritional value of the pellets,
providing balanced diets for livestock or aquaculture. Moreover, blending biomass with binding

agents or lignocellulosic materials can improve pellet durability and combustion properties,

optimizing their suitability for biomass energy applications. The ability to experiment with

different material combinations opens avenues for innovation and product development,

catering to diverse market demands and emerging trends in the biomass and feed industries.

Furthermore, the machine's outputs extend beyond conventional palletization, offering

opportunities for value-added products and by-products. In addition to producing pellets, the

machine can be utilized to manufacture briquettes, blocks, or pucks from biomass and feed

materials. These densified forms offer alternative storage and transportation options, reducing

handling costs and improving logistics efficiency. Moreover, the residual biomass and by-

products generated during palletization can be repurposed for various applications, such as

composting, biochar production, or as feedstock for anaerobic digestion processes. By

exploring different combinations of materials and outputs, users can maximize the utilization of

resources, minimize waste, and enhance the sustainability of pellet production operations.
 Chapter V

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATION

Summary

The study "Designing and Fabrication of Biomass and Feeds Pellet Multipurpose

Briquette Machine" aimed to develop a versatile machine capable of producing both biomass

briquettes and feed pellets. This multipurpose machine addresses the increasing demand for

efficient biomass processing technologies by offering a solution that can cater to different needs

within the biomass industry. The research methodology involved designing a machine that

could handle the production of both biomass briquettes and feed pellets, showcasing a

comprehensive approach to meeting the diverse requirements of the market. The research

process for the study "Designing and Fabrication of Biomass and Feeds Pellet Multipurpose

Briquette Machine" involved several key stages. These stages included problem identification,

objective setting, stakeholder engagement, conceptual design, engineering analysis, prototype

development, and experimental testing. Throughout these stages, important considerations such
as discharge rate requirements, power consumption, operational flexibility, and sustainability

were taken into account to ensure the development of a multipurpose briquette machine that

meets the diverse needs of the biomass industry.

Conclusion

The research successfully designed and fabricated a prototype multipurpose briquette

machine that integrates biomass briquetting and feed pellet production functionalities within a

single platform. This innovative design offers operational flexibility and resource utilization

benefits, making it a practical solution for industries seeking versatile and cost-effective

equipment for biomass and feed production.

The design and fabrication process of the biomass briquette machine involved the

selection of appropriate raw materials, design of the machine, procurement of materials, and

fabrication of the machine. The machine was designed to be of single extrusion heated-die

screw-press type, which is suitable for briquetting biomass materials. The capacity of the

machine was found to be 200 kg/hr, which is sufficient for small-scale biomass briquette

production.

The biomass briquetting process involves several steps, including raw material

crushing, drying, briquetting, and carbonization. The raw material is first crushed using a

crusher or hammer mill to reduce its size. The crushed raw material is then dried to reduce its

moisture content to less than 8%, which is suitable for briquetting. The dried raw material is

conveyed into the briquette machine for briquetting. The briquettes are then placed in a

carbonization furnace for sealed burning to make charcoal briquettes.

 The biomass briquette machine is designed to be energy-efficient and can make high-

quality charcoal briquettes from waste wood, sawdust, wood shavings, straw, or other biomass.

The machine is designed to be reliable, with a brief structure, easy operation, low labor and

power consumption, and small size. The main parts of the machine are made of wearing-

resistant materials and processed by heat treatment to ensure durability. The machine is suitable

for various kinds of biomass and adopts oil-immersed lubrication to ensure long-term use.

In addition to biomass briquetting, the multipurpose briquette machine can also be used for

feed pellet production. The feed pellet production process involves raw material grinding,

mixing, pelletizing, and cooling. The raw material is first ground to a suitable size and then

mixed with additives to improve its quality. The mixed raw material is then fed into the pellet

machine for pelletizing. The pellets are then cooled and packaged for storage and

transportation.

The multipurpose briquette machine is designed to be versatile, with the ability to produce both

biomass briquettes and feed pellets. This offers operational flexibility and resource utilization

benefits, making it a practical solution for industries seeking versatile and cost-effective

equipment for biomass and feed production. The machine can be used in various industries,

including agriculture, forestry, and energy, to produce high-quality biomass briquettes and feed

pellets.

In conclusion, the research successfully designed and fabricated a prototype multipurpose

briquette machine that integrates biomass briquetting and feed pellet production functionalities

within a single platform. The machine is designed to be energy-efficient, reliable, and versatile,

making it a practical solution for industries seeking versatile and cost-effective equipment for

biomass and feed production. The machine's ability to produce high-quality biomass briquettes
and feed pellets offers operational flexibility and resource utilization benefits, making it a

valuable addition to the biomass processing industry.

Recommendation

Based on the study's findings, here are some recommendations:

Optimize Continuously: Keep improving the design and operation of the multipurpose briquette

machine to make it more efficient, reliable, and easier to use. Get feedback from users and

others involved to find ways to make it better.

Expand and Sell: Look into ways to make more of these machines and sell them to more

people. Work with other companies, investors, and sellers to get the machine out to more

places.

Explore More Uses: Keep studying to find other things the machine can do and other materials

it can use. See if it can work with other machines that make renewable energy or process farm

products to make it even more useful.

Follow the Rules: Make sure the machine meets all the rules and laws about safety, quality, and

the environment. Get the right certifications to show that it's safe and good to use.

Share Knowledge: Share what we've learned with other scientists, companies, government

officials, and everyone else who might be interested. This helps everyone learn more and

makes it easier for new ideas to spread and make a difference in how we process biomass and

feed.
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