2

Answer all the questions in the spaces provided.

1 Gallium is an element in Group 13.

A sample of gallium is analysed using a mass spectrometer. The mass spectrum produced is
shown.

60.11%

39.89%
% relative
abundance

mass 69 71

(a) Explain what is meant by the term relative atomic mass.

.....................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................... [2]

(b) C
 alculate the relative atomic mass of gallium in this sample. Give your answer to 4 significant
figures.

Show your working.

 relative atomic mass = .............................. [2]

(c) Complete the table which describes a gaseous atom of gallium.

total number type of orbital which

nucleon
isotope of electrons in contains the electron in
number
lowest energy level the highest energy level

71
Ga

[3]

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(d) When gallium is heated in excess chlorine, gallium trichloride, GaCl 3, is made.

Draw the shape of the gallium trichloride molecule and suggest the Cl –Ga–Cl bond angle.

shape of molecule

bond angle .................................................................

[2]

(e) Gallium oxide, Ga2O3, and aluminium oxide react in the same way with HCl (aq) and with
NaOH(aq).

(i) Suggest the equation for the reaction between Ga2O3 and HCl (aq).

........................................................................................................................................ [1]

(ii) Suggest an equation for the reaction between gallium oxide and NaOH(aq).

........................................................................................................................................ [2]

 [Total: 12]

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2 The strength of interaction between particles determines whether the substance is a solid, liquid or
gas at room temperature.

(a) Lithium sulfide, Li2S, is a crystalline solid with a melting point of 938 °C. It conducts electricity
when it is molten.

(i) Give the formulae of the particles present in solid lithium sulfide.

........................................................................................................................................ [1]

(ii) Explain, in terms of the structure of the crystalline solid, why lithium sulfide has a high
melting point.

..............................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................ [2]

(b) Carbon monoxide, CO, is a gas at room temperature and pressure. It contains a coordinate
bond.

(i) Explain what is meant by coordinate bond.

..............................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................ [1]

(ii) Draw a ‘dot-and-cross’ diagram to show the arrangement of outer electrons in CO.

Show the electrons belonging to the C atom as ×.

Show the electrons belonging to the O atom as ●.

[2]

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(c) Nitrogen, N2, is also a gas at room temperature and pressure. Neither CO nor N2 is an ideal
gas.

(i) State two assumptions that are made about the behaviour of particles in an ideal gas.

1 ...........................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

2 ...........................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................
[2]

(ii) Explain why N2 does not behave as an ideal gas at very high pressures.

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................ [2]

(iii) Complete the table by naming all the types of intermolecular forces (van der Waals’) in
separate samples of N2(g) and CO(g).

N2(g) CO(g)
number of electrons per molecule 14 14
presence of a dipole moment  
boiling point / °C –195.8 –191.5

intermolecular forces (van der Waals’)

[2]

(iv) Suggest why the bond in a molecule of CO contains a dipole moment.

........................................................................................................................................ [1]

 [Total: 13]

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 2

Answer all the questions in the spaces provided.

1 Methylpropane, (CH3)2CHCH3, is an isomer of butane, CH3(CH2)2CH3.

(a) (i) Explain why methylpropane and butane are a pair of isomers.

..............................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................ [2]

(ii) Identify the type of isomerism shown by methylpropane and butane.

........................................................................................................................................ [1]

(b) When a sample of butane is heated to 373 K, in the presence of a catalyst, and allowed to
reach equilibrium the following reaction occurs.

CH3(CH2)2CH3(g) (CH3)2CHCH3(g) ∆H = –8.0 kJ mol–1

State and explain the effect on the composition of this equilibrium mixture when the temperature
is increased to 473 K.

.....................................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................... [2]

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(c) 1 mole of butane gas was added to a 1 dm3 closed system, at a constant temperature and
pressure. The amount of butane and methylpropane was measured at regular time intervals.

1.0

0.9

0.8

0.7

0.6
amount
0.5
/ mol

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
time

(i) Label the graph with a t to show the time taken to reach dynamic equilibrium. [1]

(ii)  se the graph to find the concentration of butane and methylpropane in the mixture at
U
equilibrium.

concentration of butane = .................................... mol dm–3

concentration of methylpropane = ....................... mol dm–3

[1]

(iii) Write an expression for Kc for this reaction.

[1]

(iv) Calculate a value for Kc and state its units.

 Kc = .............................. units = .............................. [2]

 [Total: 10]

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