Scribd
Upload
67 views

The Standard Model: Thomas Teubner

This document provides an overview of the Standard Model of particle physics. It begins by describing quantum electrodynamics (QED) and how it can be formulated as an Abelian gauge theory. It then discusses non-Abelian gauge theories and how they provide the framework for quantum chromodynamics (QCD) and the electroweak interaction. Key concepts like spontaneous symmetry breaking, the Higgs mechanism, and the inclusion of additional generations of fermions are covered. The document also examines ideas beyond the Standard Model, such as neutrino oscillations, supersymmetry, and why these extensions are being explored.

Uploaded by

Ayub Faridi
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
67 views

The Standard Model: Thomas Teubner

This document provides an overview of the Standard Model of particle physics. It begins by describing quantum electrodynamics (QED) and how it can be formulated as an Abelian gauge theory. It then discusses non-Abelian gauge theories and how they provide the framework for quantum chromodynamics (QCD) and the electroweak interaction. Key concepts like spontaneous symmetry breaking, the Higgs mechanism, and the inclusion of additional generations of fermions are covered. The document also examines ideas beyond the Standard Model, such as neutrino oscillations, supersymmetry, and why these extensions are being explored.

Uploaded by

Ayub Faridi
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 4

THE STANDARD MODEL

Thomas Teubner
Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, U.K.

Lectures presented at the School for Young High Energy Physicists,


Somerville College, Oxford, September 2008.

Contents
1 QED as an Abelian Gauge Theory

1.1

Preliminaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.2

Gauge Transformations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.3

Covariant Derivatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

10

1.4

Gauge Fixing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

11

1.5

Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

13

2 Non-Abelian Gauge Theories

15

2.1

Global Non-Abelian Transformations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15

2.2

Non-Abelian Gauge Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

17

2.3

Gauge Fixing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

19

2.4

The Lagrangian for a General Non-Abelian Gauge Theory . . . . . . . . . .

20

2.5

Feynman Rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

21

2.6

An Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

22

2.7

Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

24

3 Quantum Chromodynamics

25

3.1

Running Coupling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

25

3.2

Quark (and Gluon) Confinement

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

28

3.3

-Parameter of QCD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

30

3.4

Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

31

4 Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking

32

4.1

Massive Gauge Bosons and Renormalizability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

32

4.2

Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

34

4.3

The Abelian Higgs Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

35

4.4

Goldstone Bosons

37

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4.5

The Unitary Gauge

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

39

4.6

R Gauges (Feynman Gauge) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

40

4.7

Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

41

5 The Standard Model with one Family

43

5.1

Left- and Right- Handed Fermions

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

43

5.2

Symmetries and Particle Content . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

45

5.3

Kinetic Terms for the Gauge Bosons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

46

5.4

Fermion Masses and Yukawa Couplings

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

47

5.5

Kinetic Terms for Fermions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

49

5.6

The Higgs Part and Gauge Boson Masses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

52

5.7

Classifying the Free Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

54

5.8

Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

55

6 Additional Generations

63

6.1

A Second Quark Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

63

6.2

Flavour Changing Neutral Currents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

65

6.3

Adding Another Lepton Generation

66

6.4

Adding a Third Generation (of Quarks)

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

68

6.5

CP Violation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

70

6.6

Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

73

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7 Neutrinos

75

7.1

Neutrino Oscillations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

75

7.2

Oscillations in Quantum Mechanics (in Vaccum and Matter) . . . . . . . . .

78

7.3

The See-Saw Mechanism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

82

7.4

Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

84

8 Supersymmetry

85

8.1

Why Supersymmetry? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

85

8.2

A New Symmetry: Boson Fermion

86

8.3

The Supersymmetric Harmonic Oscillator

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

88

8.4

Supercharges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

90

8.5

Superfields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

91

8.6

The MSSM Particle Content (Partially) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

93

8.7

Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

94

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

You might also like