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Process Scheduling in Linux

The document discusses different process scheduling algorithms in Linux, including earlier round robin and O(n) approaches. It describes the current Completely Fair Scheduler (CFS) which uses a red-black tree to try and ensure all processes get equal processing time over time.

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Firdous Fatimah
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54 views

Process Scheduling in Linux

The document discusses different process scheduling algorithms in Linux, including earlier round robin and O(n) approaches. It describes the current Completely Fair Scheduler (CFS) which uses a red-black tree to try and ensure all processes get equal processing time over time.

Uploaded by

Firdous Fatimah
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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PROCESS

SCHEDULING
IN LINUX
01. PROCESS TYPES

02. THE SCHEDULING ALGORITHM

03. REAL TIME SCHEDULING

04. TIME SHARING


TABLE OF
CONTENT
HISTORY OF THE SCHEDULING ALGORITHMS
EARLIER VERSION OF LINUX: SIMPLE AND STRAIGHTFORWARD
SCAN THE RUNNABLE PROCESSES, COMPUTE THE PRIORITIES, AND
SELECT THE BEST TO RUN
MUCH MORE COMPLEX IN LINUX 2.6
SCALES WELL WITH THE NUMBER OF PROCESSES AND PROCESSORS
CONSTANT TIME SCHEDULING
3 SCHEDULING CLASSES
SCHED_FIFO: FIRST-IN FIRST-OUT REAL-TIME
SCHED_RR: ROUND-ROBIN REAL-TIME
SCHED_NORMAL: CONVENTIONAL TIME-SHARED PROCESSES
ROUND ROBIN APPROACH

Initially, the LINUX kernel used the RR or Round-Robin approach to


schedule the processes.
In the Round-Robin approach, a circular queue was maintained that
held the processes.
The advantage of using a round-robin was its fast behavior and easy
implementation.
PROCESS TYPES
PROCESSs

Real Time Normal

Interactive Batch
01. O(N)
n is the number of runnable processes in the system.
O(n) scheduler divides the processor's time into a unit called
epochs.
Each task is allowed to use at max 1 epoch. If the task is not
completed in the specified epoch, then the scheduler adds half of
the remaining time in the next epoch.

O(n) scheduler was better than the earlier used circular queue
scheduler because O(n) scheduler could schedule N-processes at a
time.
02. O(1)

O(1) scheduler uses two queues.


The active processes are placed in a queue called RUN QUEUE that
stores the priority value of each process.
The other queue is an array of expired processes called expired
queue. When the allotted time of a process expires, it is placed
into the expired queue.
CFS SCHEDULER
CFS tries to model an “ideal, precise multitasking CPU” – one that
could run multiple processes simultaneously, giving each equal
processing power.
CFS SCHEDULER

We may not be able to have one CPU run things simultaneously, but we
can measure how much runtime each task has had and try and ensure
that everyone gets their fair share of time.
CFS SCHEDULER
CFS is quite simple algorithm for the process scheduling and it is
implemented using RED BLACK Trees and not queues.
So all the process which are on main memory are inserted into Red
Black trees and whenever a new process comes it is inserted into
the tree. As we know that Red Black trees are self Balancing binary
Search trees.
The key for each node is the
vruntime of the
corresponding task.

To pick the next task to


run, simply take the
leftmost node.
When the scheduler is invoked to run a new process:

1. The leftmost node of the scheduling tree is chosen (as it will have the lowest spent
execution time), and sent for execution.
2. If the process simply completes execution, it is removed from the system and
scheduling tree.
3. If the process reaches its maximum execution time or is otherwise stopped
(voluntarily or via interrupt) it is reinserted into the scheduling tree based on its
newly spent execution time(virtual time).
4. The new leftmost node will then be selected from the tree, repeating the iteration.

So this way each process gets fair time for the execution as after every context switch
the virtual time of a process increases and thus priority shuffles.
THANK YOU

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