Ex.

No: 11 Date:
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY BY GUARDED PLATE METHOD

AIM:
To find the thermal conductivity of the specimen by two slabs guarded hot plate
method.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Ammeter
2. Voltmeter
3. Thermocouple
4. Temperature indicator

SPECIFICATIONS:
Thickness of the specimen plate = 0.0125 m
Specimen diameter d = 0.180 m
Surface Area A = 0.0254 m2
Diameter of the heating plate = 0.1 m
Width of the heating ring = 0.037 m
Inside diameter of the heating ring = 0.106 m
Outside diameter of the heating ring = 0.18 m
Diameter of the cooling plates = 0.18 m

FORMULAE USED:
Heat transferred through the specimen
dT
Q  kA
dX
Where,
Q – Heat transfer rate, W (Qi=V x I)
k – Thermal conductivity of the specimen plate, W/mK
dT – Temperature drop across the specimen(Th-Tc),K
Th – Hot plate temperature = (T1+T2+T3+T4)/4
TABULATION

S Inner heater Outer heater Cooling Thermal

No (˚C) (˚C) Plate Temp Conducti
(˚C) vity of
specimen
V I Q=VxI T1 T2 V I Q=VxI T3 T4 T5 T6 (k)
(Voilts) (amps) (watt) (˚C) (˚C) (Voilts) (amps) (watt) (˚C) (˚C) (˚C) (˚C) W/mK
 Tc – Cold plate temperature = (T5+T6)/2
dX – Thickness of the specimen =(L/2)
L – Thickness of the specimen = 0.0125m
A – Metering area of the specimen, =(π (0.1+x)2) / 4 in m2
x – Width gap between heater plates=2.5 mm =0. 0025m
A = 82.51x10-4m2
dX = (0.0125/2) = 0.00625m2

dT T  Tc
 h
dX 0.00625
Q dX
k , W/mK
A dT

PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the three pin plug to the 230 v, 50 Hz, 15 amps main supply and switch on
the unit.
2. Turn the regulator knob clockwise, set the heat input by fixing the voltmeter and
ammeter readings and note down the heat input Q in the table.
3. Adjust the regulator for guard heater so that the main heater temperature is less than
that of the guard heater temperature.
4. Allow water through the cold plate at a steady rate
5. Allow the unit to attain the steady state condition.
6. When the steady state condition is reached note down the temperature indicated in the
temperature indicators.
7. In the temperature indicator, the temperatures T5, T6 represents the cold plate
temperature, T1, T2 represents the main heater temperature T3, T4 represents the guard
heater temperature. These values are noted in the table.
8. Calculate the thermal conductivity of the given specimen by using the given formula
and note the value in the table.
9. Repeat the experiment from step 2 to step 8 by varying the heat input to the system.
MODEL CALCULATION:
Pre Lab Questions:
1. Define heat?
2. What is the Applications of heat transfer?
3. Define heat transfer?
4. Enumerate the basic laws which govern the heat transfer?
5. What is conduction heat transfer?
Post Lab Questions:
1. State some essential features of fourier’s law?
2. Which material having highest thermal conductivity?
3. What is the physical mechanism of conduction in solids, liquids and gases?
4. Which material having lowest thermal conductivity?
5. Is heat transfer a scalar or vector quantity?

RESULT:
Thus the thermal conductivity of the given specimen was calculated for different
heat inputs.

Marks Marks
Details
Allotted Awarded
Pre Lab Questions 10
Lab Conduction 40
Calculation & Graphs 30
Result 10
Post Lab Questions 10
Total 100
 TABULATION:

Heater Temp.
Voltmeter Ammeter Heat (˚C) Thermal Thermal
Readings Readings input Asbestos Temp. Sawdust Temp conductivity conductivity
(Watts) (˚C) (˚C) of Asbestos of Saw dust
S
(Volts) (Amps) (W/mk ) (W/mk)
No
`

Tavg Tavg Tavg

V A Q=VxI T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 K1 K2
(Heater) (Asbestos) (Sawdust)
Ex. No: 12 Date :
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF PIPE INSULATION USING LAGGED PIPE
APPARATUS

AIM:
To determine the thermal conductivity of the given insulating material by using
lagged pipe apparatus.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Ammeter
2. Voltmeter
3. Thermocouple
4. Temperature indicator
SPECIFICATIONS:
1. Heater diameter, d1 = 0.02m
2. Heater with asbestos diameter, d2 = 0.04m
3. Heater with asbestos + sawdust diameter, d3 = 0.08m
4. Length, L = 0.42m

FORMULAE USED:

Heat transfer rate, Q  k1  2L(T )  k 2  2L( T )

r r
ln( 2 ) ln( 3 )
r1 r2

Where, Q – Heat transfer rate, watts

k1 – Thermal conductivity of asbestos, W/mK
k2 – Thermal conductivity of sawdust, W/mK
L – Length of the pipe = 0. 42 m
ΔT– Temperature difference, K
r1 – Heater radius= 0.01m
r2 – Heater with asbestos= 0.02m
r3 – Radius with asbestos and sawdust= 0.04m
MODEL CALCULATION:
Thermal conductivity of asbestos

r 
Q  ln 2 
k1   r1 
2L(T )
Where,
ΔT = Tavg (Heater) – Tavg (Asbestos)

Thermal conductivity of sawdust

r 
Q  ln 3 
k2   r2 
2L(T )
Where,
ΔT = Tavg (Asbestos) – Tavg (Sawdust)

PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the three pin plug to the 230 v, 50 Hz, 15 amps main supply and switch on
the unit.
2. Turn the regulator knob clockwise, set the heat input by fixing the voltmeter and
ammeter readings and note down the heat input Q in the table.
3. Allow the unit to attain the steady state condition.
4. When the steady state condition is reached note down the temperature indicated by
the temperature indicators.
5. In the temperature indicator, the temperatures T1, T2, T3 represents the temperature of
the heater, T4, T5, T6 represents the temperature of the asbestos and T7, T8 represents
the temperature of the sawdust lagging by using the multipoint digital temperature
indicator. These values are noted in the table.
6. Calculate k1 (Thermal conductivity of asbestos) and k2 (Thermal conductivity of
sawdust), by using the given formula and note the value in the table.
7. Repeat the experiment from step 2 to step 6 by varying the heat input to the system.
Pre Lab Questions:
1. What is a lagged pipe?
2. What is Thermal diffusivity?
3. What is the unit of thermal conductivity?
4. Define overall heat transfer coefficient.
5. Define Thermal conductivity?

Post Lab Question

1. Heat flows from one body to other when they have_______
2. Thermal conductivity of wood depends on______
3. Mention the thermal conductivity of following materials
(i) Diamond (ii) Gold (ii) Copper (iii) Aluminum (iv) Brick (v) Mica (vi) Bakelite
4. Differentiate between heat transfer and thermodynamics
5. What are the assumptions of Fourier conduction law?

RESULT:
Thus the thermal conductivity of the given insulating material (Asbestos and Saw
dust) has been calculated for different heat inputs.

Marks Marks
Details
Allotted Awarded
Pre Lab Questions 10
Lab Conduction 40
Calculation & Graphs 30
Result 10
Post Lab Questions 10
Total 100
 TABULATION:

Actual
Ammeter Heat Theoretical
Heat
Voltmeter Reading Temp of Heat
input Heater temperature transfer
S. Reading (Amps) Air transfer
(Watts) (˚C) coefficient
(Volts) (˚C) coefficient
No (W/m2K)
(W/m2K)

V I Q=VxI T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8=Ta hTheoretical hActual

Ex. No: 13 Date:
NATURAL CONVECTION HEAT TRANSFER FROM A VERTICAL
CYLINDER

AIM:
To determine the actual heat transfer co-efficient and theoretical heat transfer
coefficient by natural convection.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Voltmeter
2. Ammeter
3. Thermocouple
4. Heater
5. Temperature indicator

SPECIFICATION:
Length of the rod, L = 0.50m
Diameter of the rod, D = 0.038m
Area of the rod, A = DL = 0.0596 m2
Thermal conductivity of air at mean film temperature, (Tf), K

FORMULAE USED:
1. Theoretical heat transfer co-efficient (htheoretical)
For laminar flow,
Nu = hL /k = 0.59(Gr Pr) 0.25 for 104<Gr Pr<109
For turbulence flow,
Nu = hL /k = 0.10(Gr Pr) 0.33 for 109<Gr Pr<1012
Where,
Nu - Nusselt Number
h - Heat transfer coefficient, W/m2 K
k - Thermal conductivity of air, W/mK
MODEL CALCULATION:
 Grashoff number,

gL3T
Gr 
2
Where,
g – Acceleration due to gravity, 9.81m/s2
1
β – Co-efficient of thermal expansion,  
Tf  273
Tf 
Ts  T 
2
T 1  T2  T3  T4  T5  T 6  T 7
Ts 
7
Ta= T8
Tf - Mean film temperature, ˚C
Ts - Surface temperature ,˚C
Tα - Air temperature , ˚C
L - Length = 0.5m
ΔT = Ts - Tα, K
γ – Kinematic Viscosity at mean film temperature (Tf) from
HMT data book
Pr – Prandtl number at mean film temperature (Tf) from
HMT data book
2. Actual heat transfer co-efficient (hact)
Q  hact  A  T
Where,
Q – Heat input = V x I, watts
` hact – Actual heat transfer co-efficient, W/m2K
A = Surface area of the heater = DL = 0.0596 m2
T = Ts - Tα
Where,
Ts = Surface temperature, ˚C
Tα = Air temperature, ˚C
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the three pin plug to the 230 v, 50 Hz, 15 amps main supply and switch on
the unit.
2. Turn the regulator knob clockwise, set the heat input by fixing the voltmeter and
ammeter readings and note down the heat input Q in the table.
3. Keep on the temperature indicator switch in the first position
4. Allow the unit to attain the steady state condition.
5. When the steady state condition is reached note down the temperature indicated by
the temperature indicators
6. In the temperature indicator, T1, T2, T3, T4, T5 T6 & T7 represents the temperature of
the heater at different points. T8 represent the inlet temperature of the air. These
values are noted in the table.
7. Calculate the theoretical heat transfer coefficient (h theoretical) and actual heat transfer
coefficient (h actual) by using the given formulas.
8. Repeat the experiment from step2 to step 7 by varying the heat input to the system.
Pre Lab Questions:
1. What is free convection?
2. Define forced convection?
3. List the two applications of free convection?
4. What are the applications of forced convection?
5. What is Newton’s law of cooling?

Post Lab Questions:

1. Sketch the temperature and velocity profiles in free convection on a vertical wall.
2. Define buoyancy force and discuss significance of the buoyancy force in Natural
convection?
3. Define volume expansion coefficient and discuss significance in Natural
convection?
4. List out the parameters affecting on natural convection heat transfer
5. The temperature gradient in the fluid flow over a heated plate will be------

RESULT:

Thus the theoretical and actual heat transfer coefficient has been calculated by
using natural convection apparatus for different heat inputs.

Marks Marks
Details
Allotted Awarded
Pre Lab Questions 10
Lab Conduction 40
Calculation & Graphs 30
Result 10
Post Lab Questions 10
Total 100
 TABULATION:

Heat Transfer
Voltmeter Ammeter Heater temperature Manometer
Reading Reading Heat Reading co efficient
S. (Volts) (Amps) input (˚C) (cm)
No (W/m2K)
(Watts )

V I Q=VxI T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 h1 h2 h1-h2 (m) hthe hact

Ex. No: 14 Date:
FORCED CONVECTION INSIDE TUBE

AIM:
To determine the actual heat transfer and theoretical heat transfer coefficient
using forced convection.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Voltmeter
2. Ammeter
3. Thermocouple
4. Temperature indicator
5. Blower
6. Manometer
SPECIFICATION:
Diameter of the pipe, d1 – 0.033m
Diameter of the orifice, d2 – 0.014m
Length of the pipe, L – 0.4m

FORMULAE USED:
1. Actual heat transfer co-efficient,
Q
hactual = , W/m2k
A  T
Where,
Q - Heat input = V x I, Watts
A – Surface area of the pipe = πd1L = 0.0414 m2
T  Ts  T
Ts – Wall temperature, ˚C
Tα – Air temperature, ˚C
MODEL CALCULATION:
 T2  T3  T4  T 5
Ts 
4
T 1  T6
T 
2

2. Theoretical heat transfer co-efficient, htheoretical

Nu  k
htheoritical  , W/m2K
d1

Where,
Nu – Nusselt number
h – Theoretical heat transfer co-efficient, W/m2K
d1 – Diameter of pipe, m
k –Thermal conductivity of air at mean film temperature (Tf)
from HMT data book, W/mK
 w 
(i) Air flow head, h0  h1  h2   1 , m
 a 
Where,
h1, h2 = Manometer readings, m
ρw = Density of water = 1000 kg/m3
ρa = Density of air = 1.1465 kg/m3

Cd .a1 .a 2 . 2 gho
(ii) Volume flow of air, Qv  2
, m3/sec
a1  a 2
2

Where,
Cd = Co-efficient of discharge = 0.6

a1 = Area of pipe = d 12 = 0.85 x 10-3 m2
4

a2 = Area of orifice = d 22 = 0.15 x 10-3 m2
4
 QV
(iii) Velocity of air, V = , m/ sec
A
Where,

A – Area of pipe = d 12 = 0.85 x 10-3 m2
4
Vd 1
(iv) Reynolds Number (Re) =

Where,
d1 - Diameter of pipe, m
V - Velocity of air, m/sec
 - Kinematics viscosity at mean film temperature (Tf)
from HMT data book, m2/s
Ts  T
Tf  , ˚C
2
(v) Nusselt number , Nu = 0.023 (Re) 0.8 (Pr) 0.4
Where,
Re – Reynolds number.
Pr – Prandtl number for air at mean film temperature (Tf)
from HMT data book

PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the three pin plug to the 230 v, 50 Hz, 15 amps main supply and switch on
the unit.
2. Turn the regulator knob clockwise, set the heat input by fixing the voltmeter and
ammeter readings and note down the heat input Q in the table.
3. Keep on the temperature indicator switch in the first position
4. Allow the unit to attain the steady state condition.
5. When the steady state condition is reached note down the temperature indicated by
the temperature indicators
6. In the temperature indicator, T2, T3 ,T4, & T5 represents the temperature of the heater
at different points. T1 represent the inlet in let temperature of the air and T6 represents
the outlet temperature of the air h1&h2 are the manometer reading. These values are
noted in the table.
7. Calculate the theoretical heat transfer coefficient (h theoretical) and actual heat transfer
coefficient (h actual) for forced convection by using the given formulas.
8. Repeat the experiment from step3 to step7 by varying the heat input to the system.
Pre Lab Questions:

1. What are the modes of heat transfer?

2. Define Nussult number.
3. Define thermal boundary layer and hydro dynamic boundary layers
4. Define overall heat transfer coefficient.
5. Define Reynolds number. What is its significance?
Post Lab Questions:
1. On which properties does convection heat transfer strongly depend?
2. What is Grashoff number and discuss significance of Grashoff number?
3. What will happen to electrical iron if its surface is kept to open air at infinite amount of
time?
4. Which dimensionless number has a significant role in forced convection?
5. What do you understand by stability criterion for the solution of transient problems?

RESULT:
Thus the theoretical and actual heat transfer coefficient has been calculated using
forced convection apparatus for various heat inputs.

Marks Marks
Details
Allotted Awarded
Pre Lab Questions 10
Lab Conduction 40
Calculation & Graphs 30
Result 10
Post Lab Questions 10
Total 100
TABULATION:

Voltmeter Ammeter Heat Heater temperature Manometer Ambient Fin

Reading Reading input Reading Temperat Efficiency
S.No (Volts) (Amps) (Watts ) (˚C) (m) ure (C) (%)

V I Q=VxI T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 Tavg h1 h2 T6 η
Ex. No: 15 Date:
HEAT TRANSFER FROM PIN-FIN APPARATUS

AIM:
To determine the temperature distribution of a PIN-FIN for Forced convection
and to find the FIN efficiency.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Ammeter
2. Voltmeter
3. Heater
4. Blower
5. Fin specimen
6. Thermocouple
7. Temperature indicator

SPECIFICATION:
Duct width, B = 0.150m
Duct height, W = 0.100m
Orifice diameter, do = 0.018m
Orifice coefficient, Cd = 0.64
Fin diameter, df = 0.0127m
Length of the fin, L =0.0125m

FORMULAE USED:
T1  T2  T3  T4  T5 o
1. Surface temperature Ts  , C
5
2. Ambient temperature, Tα = T6 , ˚C
Ts  T
3. Mean film temperature, T f  , ˚C
2
MODEL CALCULATION:
 4. Volume flow rate, Q  C d . As
3
2 gha , m
sec
Where,
Cd = co-efficient of discharge = 0.64
 2
As = Orifice area = d o = 0.25 x 10-3, m2
4
ha = Drop in manometric head, m
w
ha   h1  h2 
a
ρw – Density of water = 1000 kg/m3
ρw – Density of air = 1.14 kg/m3
h1, h2 – Manometer head, m

5. Velocity of air , V  Q , m/sec

W .B
Where,
W = Duct height, m
B = Duct width, m
Vd f
6. Reynolds number, Re 

Where,
V = Velocity, m/sec
df = Diameter of fin, m
 = Kinematic viscosity at mean film temperature (Tf)
from HMT data book, m2/s

7. Nusselt number, Nu  0.989  Re   Pr 

0.333 0.333
, for 1< Re < 4

Nu  0.911  Re   Pr 

0.385 0.333
, for 4< Re < 40

Nu  0.683  Re   Pr 

0.466 0.333
, for 40< Re < 4000

Nu  0.913  Re   Pr 

0.618 0.333
, for 4000< Re < 40000

Nu  0.0266  Re   Pr 

0.805 0.333
, for Re > 40000
 Where,
Pr = Prandtl number at mean film temperature (Tf)
from HMT data book

Nu.k
8. Heat transfer coefficient, h  , W/m2K
df
Where,
k =Thermal conductivity at mean film temperature (Tf)
from HMT data book, W/mK
df = Diameter of the fin, m
tanh( mL )
9. Fin efficiency,  fin   100%
mL
Where,

m  hP
kA
h – Heat transfer co-efficient, W/m2K
P = Perimeter = πdf
A = Surface area of the pin fin = πdfL
L = Length of the pin fin, m
k =Thermal conductivity at mean film temperature (Tf)
from HMT data book, W/mK

PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the three pin plug to the 230v, 50 Hz, 15 Amps main supply and switch on
the unit.
2. Turn the regulator knob clockwise, set the heat input by fixing the voltmeter and
ammeter readings and note down the heat input Q in the table.
3. Keep the thermocouple selectors switch in first position.
4. Allow the unit to attain the steady state condition.
5. Now switch ON the blower.
6. Set the air flow rate to the system by keeping the valve position.
7. The difference in U tube manometer limb levels h1, h2 is noted in the table.
8. Note down the temperatures by temperature indicator.
9. In the temperature indicator, T1, T2, T3, T4, and T5 represent the temperature of the fin
surface. These values are noted in the table and Tavg is calculated.
10. Also note down the atmospheric temperature T6 in the table by using temperature
indicator.
11. Thus the fin efficiency is calculated using the given formula.
12. Repeat the experiment from step 2 to step 11 by varying the air flow rate. Tabulate
the readings and calculate for different conditions.
.
Pre Lab Questions:
1. What is the use fin?
2. Define efficiency of the fin?
3. Define effectiveness of the fin?
4. What are the assumptions are made for the analysis of heat flow through the fin?
5. What are the types of fins?

Post Lab Questions:

1. Give practical examples where fins are used.
2. What are the applications of fins?
3. What do you mean by homogeneous material?
4. On what factors fins are designed
5. Explain the method of heat transfer in extend surface.

RESULT:
Thus the temperature distribution is determined and the fin efficiency was
tabulated for different air flow rate.

Marks Marks
Details
Allotted Awarded
Pre Lab Questions 10
Lab Conduction 40
Calculation & Graphs 30
Result 10
Post Lab Questions 10
Total 100
 TABULATION:

Steady state Stefen-

Average Temp
Hemisphere Temperature Time Temp of the Boltzman
of hemisphere
(oC) (secs) disc constant,
(o C )
Sl.No. (oC) (W/m2K4)

T1 T2 T3 T4 Th t T5 =Td σ
Ex. No: 16 Date :
DETERMINATION OF STEFAN-BOLTZMAN CONSTANT

AIM
To find out the stefan-boltzman constant using concentric hemisphere.

APPARATUS REQUIRED
1. Voltmeter
2. Ammeter
3. Thermocouple
4. Heater
5. Temperature indicator

SPECIFICATION
Mass of the disc, m = 0.005 kg
Diameter of the disc, d = 0.02m
Material of the disc = copper
Specific heat, Cp = 0.41868 kJ/kgK

FORMULAE USED
Radiation heat transfer

Q  A Th4  Td4 
Q


A T  Td4
h
4

Where,
 - Stefean boltzman constant ,W/m2K4
 - Emissivity of the black body = 1
Q  mC P T
m - Mass of the disc, kg
MODEL CALCULATION:
 Cp – Specific heat of copper = 0.41868 kJ/kgK
T – dT/dt
dT – Change in temperature, ˚C
dt – Change in time, sec

A - Area of disc, = d2
4
Th - Average temperature of hemisphere, K
T1  T2  T3  T4
Th 
4
Td - Temperature of disc, K

PROCEDURE
1. Allow the water to flow through the heater unit and through the hemisphere
2. Remove the disc from the bottom of hemisphere.
3. Switch on the heater and allow the hemisphere to reach steady state temperature.
4. Note down the temperatures T1, T2, T3 and T4 from the temperature indicator and also note
the steady state temperature of the disc T5 (Td). These values are noted in the table.
5. The average of T1, T2, T3 and T4 is hemisphere temperature.
6. Close the disc from the bottom of the hemisphere.
7. Allow the unit to attain steady state.
8. When the steady state is reached note down the temperature in the table.
9. Calculate the Stefan - Boltzman constant by using the given formula.
10. Repeat the experiment from step 3 to step 9 by changing the heat input to the system.
Pre Lab Questions:
1. What is radiation heat transfer?
2. Define total emissive power.
3. What is transitivity?
4. What is the emissivity?
5. Define absorptivity.

Post Lab Questions:

1. What is the example of body very near to black body in nature?
2. Thermal radiation occur in the portion of electromagnetic spectrum between the
Wavelengths__________
3. What is shape factor with respect to radiation?
4. What is the example of body very near to black body in nature?
5. What is the emissive power of a body if absolute temperature is zero?

RESULT

Thus the Stefan Boltzman constant of the given concentric hemisphere is calculated for
different heat inputs.

Marks Marks
Details
Allotted Awarded
Pre Lab Questions 10
Lab Conduction 40
Calculation & Graphs 30
Result 10
Post Lab Questions 10
Total 100
TABULATION:

Voltmeter Ammeter
Heat input Temperature
Reading Reading Emissivity
(Watts) (˚C)
S. (Volts) (Amps)
Plate
No
V I Q=VxI T1 T2 T3 ε

1. Test

Black

2. Test

Black

3. Test

Black

4. Test

Black

5. Test

Black
Ex. No: 17 Date:
DETERMINATION OF EMISSIVITY OF A GREY SURFACE

AIM
To measure the emissivity of the given test plate surface.

APPARATUS REQUIRED
1. Ammeter
2. Voltmeter
3. Heater
4. Test plate
5. Black body
6. Thermocouple
7. Temperature indicator

SPECIFICATION
Diameter of the test plate = 0.160 m
Diameter of the black plate = 0.160 m

FORMULAE USED

Emissivity of the test plate (εT),

(Qb-QT) = (εb-εT)σA(Tb4-Ta4)
Where,

Emissivity of black body, εb = 1

Average temperature of block body, Tb = T1 +273, K
Temperature of the air, Ta = T3+273, K
Stefan boltzman constant σ = 4.86 x 10-8 W/m2K4
Area of the test plate A = πd2/4
MODEL CALCULATION:
PROCEDURE
1. Connect the three pin plug to the 230V, 50Hz, 15 amps main supply and switch on the unit
2. Turn the regulator knob clockwise, set the heat input by fixing the voltmeter and ammeter
readings and note down the heat input Q in the table.
3. Keep the thermocouple selectors switch in first position.
4. Keep the toggle switch in position 1. By operating the energy regulator, power will be fed
back to black plate.
5. Now keep the toggle switch in position 2 and operate the regulator 2 and feed power to the
test surface.
6. Allow the unit to stabilize.
7. Make sure that the power inputs to the black and test surface are set at equal values.
8. Turn the thermocouple selector switch clockwise step by step and note down the
temperatures indicated by the temperature indicator.
9. In the temperature indicator the temperatures T1, T2, T3 values are noted in the table.
10. Calculate the emissivity by using the given formula.
11. Repeat the experiment from step 2 to step 10 by changing the heat input to the system.
Pre Lab Questions:
1. Heat energy transfers in radiation in which form?
2. What is a Block body?
3. Define irradiation
4. What is a gray surface?
5. State Kirchoff‟s law.

Post Lab Questions:

1. Why metals are good conductors of heat?
2. What is the range of values for the emissivity of a surface?
3. What is radiation shield? What is its effect on heat transfer?
4. What do you mean by greenhouse effect?
5. What are the characteristics of radiation heat transfer?

RESULT

Thus the emissivity of the given polished plate was found out and it is tabulated for
different heat inputs.

Marks Marks
Details
Allotted Awarded
Pre Lab Questions 10
Lab Conduction 40
Calculation & Graphs 30
Result 10
Post Lab Questions 10
Total 100
TABULATION:
For Parallel Flow:
Hot water, Time Cold water, Time taken
(oC) taken for 1 (oC) for 1 lit. of
S
No Inlet,Thi Outlet,Tho lit. of hot Inlet,Tci Outlet,Tco cold
water flow water flow
T1 T2 T3 T4
(sec) (sec)

For Counter Flow:

Hot water, Time taken Cold water, Time taken
(oC) for 1 lit. of (oC) for 1 lit. of
S
Inlet,Thi Outlet,Tho hot water Inlet,Tci Outlet,Tco cold
No
flow water flow
T1 T2 T4 T3
(sec) (sec)
Ex. No: 18 Date:
EFFECTIVENESS OF PARALLEL AND COUNTER FLOW HEAT
EXCHANGER
AIM:
To find the overall heat transfer co-efficient and the effectiveness in parallel flow and
counter flow heat exchanger.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Heat Exchanger Apparatus
2. Temperature indicator
3. Thermocouple
4. Stopwatch
5. Water heater

SPECIFICATION:
Inner copper tube
Inner diameter, d1 = 0.0105m
Outer diameter, d2 = 0.0125m
Outer GI tube
Inner diameter, d3 = 0.0275m
Outer diameter, d4 = 0.0338m
Length of the heat exchanger, L = 1.650m
FORMULAE USED:
1. Overall heat transfer co-efficient,
Q
U , W/m2K
A.(LMTD)
Where,
Q  mh .C ph Th i  Th o 
Q – Heat transfer rate, watts
mh – Mass of hot water, kg
Cph – Specific heat of hot water = 4.186 kJ/kgK
MODEL CALCULATION:
 A – Outer area of inner copper tube = d 2 L
LMTD – Logarithmic Mean Temperature Difference
(i) For Parallel flow
Ti  T0
LMTD( P ) 
 T 
ln i 
 T0 
ΔTi = Thi - Tci
ΔTo = Tho - Tco
Thi – Hot water inlet temperature, K
Tci – Cold water inlet temperature, K
Tho – Hot water outlet temperature, K
Tco – Cold water outlet temperature, K
(ii) For Counter flow
Ti  T0
LMTD( C ) 
 T 
ln i 
 T0 
ΔTi = Thi – Tco
ΔTo = Tho – Tci
Thi – Hot water inlet temperature, K
Tci – Cold water inlet temperature, K
Tho – Hot water outlet temperature, K
Tco – Cold water outlet temperature, K
2. Effectiveness of heat transfer, 
(i) For parallel flow,
Th i  Th 0 

Th i  Tc i 
(ii) For counter flow,


Tc o  Tc i 
Th i  Tc i 
PROCEDURE:
1. The hot water from the geyser flows through the inner pipe of the hat exchanger and flows
out.
2. The cold water flows through the annulus gap of the heat exchanger and flows out.
3. For parallel flow, the valves V2, V4 and V5 are opened.
4. Control the hot water flow approximately 2lit./min and cold water flow approximately 5
lit./min.
5. Switch ON the geyser. Allow the temperature to reach steady state.
6. Note down the temperature T1 and T2 (hot water inlet and outlet temperature respectively) in
the table.
7. Under parallel flow condition T3 is the cold water inlet temperature and T4 is the cold water
outlet temperature.
8. Note the temperature T3 and T4 in the table.
9. Note the time taken for 1 litre flow of hot and cold water and calculate the mass flow rate by
using the given formula.
10. For counter flow, the valves V3, V1 and V5 are opened.
11. Repeat the experiment from step 4 to step 6.
12. Under counter flow condition T4 is the cold water inlet temperature, T3 is the cold water
outlet temperature.
13. Note the temperatures T3 andT4 in the table.
14. Note the time taken for 1 litre flow of hot and cold water and calculate the mass flow rate by
using the given formula.
Pre Lab Questions:

1. What is heat exchanger?

2. Classify heat exchangers
3. Difference between parallel and counter flow heat exchanger
4. What is mean by fouling factor in heat exchanger?
5. Define heat exchanger effectiveness.

Post Lab Questions:

1. What are the applications of heat exchanger?
2. What is the maximum possible value of effectiveness for parallel flow heat exchangers?
3. Why effectiveness of counter flow heat exchanger is more than that of parallel flow heat
exchanger
4. Draw the temperature v/s length of heat exchanger graph for parallel flow and counter flow
arrangements
5. What is the temperature difference adapted in calculations if LMTD is zero?

RESULT:
Thus the test on parallel and counter flow heat exchanger is conducted. The overall heat
transfer co-efficient and the effectiveness of the heat exchanger are determined.
Type of Flow LMTD U ε
Parallel flow
Counter Flow

Marks Marks
Details
Allotted Awarded
Pre Lab Questions 10
Lab Conduction 40
Calculation & Graphs 30
Result 10
Post Lab Questions 10
Total 100
TABULATION:

Heat Thermal
Voltmeter Ammeter Total thermal conductivity
S. input Thermocouple readings
Reading Reading resistance of composite
(Watts) (˚C) wall (W/mK)
No (Volts) (Amps) (K/(W/m2))

V I Q=VxI T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 Rtotal k
Ex. No : 19 Date :
HEAT TRANSFER THROUGH COMPOSITE WALL

AIM:
To determine the total thermal resistance and thermal conductivity of composite wall.
To plot temperature gradient along composite wall structure.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Ammeter
2. Voltmeter
3. Thermocouple
4. Temperature indicator

SPECIFICATIONS:
1. Slab assembly arranged symmetrically on both sides of heater.
2. Heater : Nochrome heater wound on mica former and insulation with control unit
capacity 300 watt maximum.
3. Heater Control Unit : 0-230V. Ammeter 0-2Amps. Single phase dimmerstat (1No.).
4. Voltmeter 0-100-200V. Ammeter 0-2Amps.
5. Temperature Indicator (digital type): 0-200 C. Service required – A. C. single phase 230
V. earthed electric supply.
6. COMPOSITE SLABS :

1. Wall thickness:
(a) Cast iron = 25mm
(b) Hylam (Backlite) = 19mm
(c) Wood = 12mm

2. Slab diameter = 300mm

MODEL CALCULATION:
FORMULAE USED:
1. Average Temperature
TA= (T1+T2)/2
TB=(T3+T4)/2
TC= (T5+T6)/2
TD=(T7+T8)/2
2. Heat flux
q=Q/A
Where
Q- Heat input
A- Area (π/4)d2
d- Half diameter of the plate (150mm)
3. Total thermal resistance of composite slab
R total = (TA-TD) / q
4. Thermal conductivity of composite slab
K=(q x b) / (TA-TD)
b- Total thickness of composite slab

PROCEDURE:
1. See that plates are symmetrically arranged on both sides of the heater plates.
2. Operate the hand press properly to ensure perfect contact between the plates.
3. Close the box by cover sheet to achieve steady environmental conditions.
4. Start the supply of heater. By varying the dimmer stat adjust the input at the desired
value.
5. Take readings of all the thermocouples at an interval of 10 minutes until fairly steady
temperatures are achieved and rate of rise is negligible.
6. Note down the reading in observation table.
Pre Lab Questions:
1. Define Composite wall.
2. Define Thermal Conductance.
3. What are the conditions to be satisfied for the application of a thermal circuit?
4. Thermal conductivity of air with rise in temperature.
5. Unit of thermal conductivity in S.I. units is--

Post Lab Questions:

1. Cork is a good insulator because it has ___
2. Give typical values of thermal Conductivities of metals, solid non metals, liquids & gases
3. What is the effect of temperature on thermal conductivity of non-metallic Solids?
4. Thermal conductivity of solid metals with rise in temperature___
5. What is the physical mechanism of conduction in solids, liquids and gases?

RESULT:
Thus the total thermal resistance and thermal conductivity of the composite wall has
been calculated for different heat inputs.

Marks Marks
Details
Allotted Awarded
Pre Lab Questions 10
Lab Conduction 40
Calculation & Graphs 30
Result 10
Post Lab Questions 10
Total 100
 Voltmeter Ammeter Heat Inner Sphere temperature Outer Sphere Temperature Thermal
input (C) conductivity
S. Reading Reading (˚C)
(Volts) (Amps) (Watts ) W/mK
No

Avg Avg
V I Q=VxI T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10 K
Ti To
Ex. No : 20 Date :
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF INSULATING POWDER

AIM:
To determine thermal conductivity of insulating powder material.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Ammeter
2. Voltmeter
3. Thermocouple
4. Temperature indicator

SPECIFICATIONS:
1. Radius of the inner copper sphere, ri = 50mm
2. Radius of the outer copper sphere, ro = 100mm
3. Voltmeter (0 – 100 – 200 V).
4. Ammeter (0 – 2 Amps.)
5. Temperature Indicator 0 – 300o C
6. Dimmerstat 0 – 2A, 0 – 230 V
7. Heater coil - Strip Heating Element sandwiched between mica sheets – 200 watts
8. Chromel Alumel Thermocouples – No. (1) to (4) embedded on inner sphere to measure
Ti
9. Chromel Alumel Thermocouples – No. (5) to (10) embedded on outer sphere to measure
To
10. Insulating Powder – Asbestos magnesia commercially available powder and packed
between the two spheres.
MODEL CALCULATION:

FORMULAE USED:
1. Heat input Q= V x I Watt
2. Inner sphere mean temperature
Ti = ( T1+ T2+T3+T4) / 4
3. Outer sphere mean temperature
To = (T5+T6+T7+T8+T9+T10) / 6
4. Thermal conductivity
K = Q (ro-ri) / 4π ri ro ( Ti-To)
PROCEDURE:
1. Start main switch of control panel.
2. Increase slowly the input to heater by the dimmerstat starting from zero volt position.
3. Adjust input equal to 40 watts maximum by Voltmeter and Ammeter.
4. See that this input remains constant throughout the experiment.
5. Wait till fairly steady state condition is reached. This can be checked by reading
temperatures of thermocouples (1) to (10) and note changes in their readings with time

Pre Lab Questions:

1. Define the term insulation.
2. List five numbers of the thermal insulating materials.
3. What is meant by thermal resistance?
4. Define thermal diffusivity
5. What are the assumptions of Fourier conduction law?

Post Lab Questions:

1. How does thermal conductivity of insulating materials vary with temperature?
2. What is the Purpose of providing thermal insulation.
3. What is expression for steady state heat conduction through hollow sphere of radii r1 and r2,
subjected to temperature difference of T1 and T2.
4. What is the material for which thermal conductivity is to be found in thermal conductivity of
solids experiment?
5. How is thermal conductivity measured practically?

RESULT:
Thus the thermal conductivity of the given insulating powder material (Asbestos) has
been calculated for different heat inputs.

Marks Marks
Details
Allotted Awarded
Pre Lab Questions 10
Lab Conduction 40
Calculation & Graphs 30
Result 10
Post Lab Questions 10
Total 100
 TABULATION:

S. Equilibrium Pressure(bar) Temperature(°C) Specific enthalpy(kJ/kg)

No. Temperature
P1 P2 P3 P4 T1 T2 T3 T4 h1 h2 h3 h4
of water(°C)

Pressure (bar) Time(sec.)

Qe W
C.O.P.
(kW) (kW)
Pc Pe t1 t2 Actual Theoretical
Ex. No: 21 Date :
REFRIGERATION TEST RIG

AIM:
To conduct a load test on refrigeration test rig and determine the Coefficient of
Performance of refrigeration system.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Four thermometers.
2. Stopwatch.
FORMULAE USED:
Let, State 1 indicates the entry of compressor.
State 2 indicates the exit of compressor.
State 3 indicates the exit from condenser.
State 4 indicates the entry to evaporator.
P= Pressure (bar)
T = Temperature (˚C)
h = Specific enthalpy (kJ/kg)
v =Specific volume (m3/kg)
n = Number of revolutions of energy meter disc
t1=Time taken for ‘n’ revolutions of energy meter disc for heater (sec.)
t2= Time taken for ‘n’ revolutions of energy meter disc for compressor (sec.)
K=Energy meter constant=1200 rev. /kW-hr
N=Speed of compressor=2850 rpm
h1=Specific enthalpy of vapour at Pe and T1 (kJ/kg)
h2=Specific enthalpy at Pc and T2 (kJ/kg) assuming isometric compression
i.e., s1 = s2
h3 =Specific enthalpy at Pc and T3 (kJ/kg)
h4 = h3
Stroke volume of compressor = (πd2l/4) = 12.58 x 10-6 m3
1. Average evaporator pressure, Pe = (P1+P4)/2 bar
2. Average condenser pressure, Pc = (P2+P3)/2 bar
MODEL CALCULATION:
 3. Heater input,Qe = (n/t1) x(3600/K) kW
4. Compressor input, W = (n/t2) x(3600/K) kW
5. Actual C.O.P. =Heater input/Compressor input = (Qe/W) =(t2/t1)
6. Theoretical C.O.P. = (h1-h4)/(h2-h1)

PROCEDURE:
LOAD TEST WITH THERMOSTATIC EXPANSION VALVE AS EXPANSION
DEVICE:
Fill the chilled water calorimeter with pure water so that the evaporative coils are fully
immersed.
1. Select the thermostatic expansion valve line by opening the shut-off valve on this line
and closing the one on the capillary line. The solenoid switch is switched ON.
2. Start the compressor and run for some time so that the chilled water temperature is
lowered to the given test temperature.
3. Switch on the heater and slowly increase the power.
4. The temperature in water calorimeter is allowed to reach the equilibrium temperature.
5. Connect energy meter to motor and heater by the selector switch one after another and
note down the time taken for 5 revolutions of the energy meter disc.
6. Note down the pressure and temperature readings at locations 1, 2, 3 & 4 as mentioned.
7. Switch OFF the heater and the mains.

LOAD TEST WITH CAPILLARY TUBE AS EXPANSION DEVICE:

1. Select the capillary tube line by opening the shut-off on this line and closing the one on
the thermostatic expansion valve line. The solenoid switch is switched OFF.
2. Repeat the above steps 3, 4, 5, 6, 7& 8.
Pre Lab Questions:
1. Define refrigeration
2. Define TOR
3. Define COP,
4. In air – refrigeration system, the coefficient of performance is
5. List out the applications of refrigeration

Post Lab Questions:

1. What are the harmful effects of global warming?
2. Enumerate different ways of producing refrigeration.
3. What is main characteristic feature of an air refrigeration system ?
4. Differentiate clearly between open and closed air refrigeration systems.
5. What are the Eco-friendly refrigerants?

RESULT:
The load test on a refrigeration test rig was conducted and the results are as follows.
1. Actual C.O.P. of the system =
2. Theoretical C.O.P.of the system =

Marks Marks
Details
Allotted Awarded
Pre Lab Questions 10
Lab Conduction 40
Calculation & Graphs 30
Result 10
Post Lab Questions 10
Total 100
 TABULATION:
State 1 State 2 (°C) State 3 State 4 (°C) Velocity of
(°C) (°C) moist
S.No
air,V(m/s)
tdb1 twb1 tdb2 twb2 tdb3 twb3 tdb4 twb4

P1 P2 P3 P4 T1 T2 T3 T4 t1 t2
bar bar bar bar °C °C °C °C sec sec

Specific enthalpy Specific Mass Heat Cooling effect Compressor

( kJ/kg) volume flow added, produced, power,
C.O.P.
V4 rate, Q1(kW) Qe (kW) W(kW)
h1 h2 h3 h4
(m3/kg) m(kg/s)
Ex. No: 22 Date :
PSYCHROMETRIC PROCESSES ON AIR CONDITIONING TEST RIG
AIM:
To conduct a psychrometric processes on air conditioning test and determine the C.O.P.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Digital anemometer
2. Stop watch
DESCRIPTION OF TEST RIG:
The test rig consist of
1. An air duct support on stand.

2. A blower to set up air flow through the duct along with a speed control to vary the
velocity of air.

3. A heater to raise the air temperature with regulator and energy meter.

4. Water spray, collecting tray, reservoir with level gauge pump.

5. Wet and dry bulb bi-metallic dial type thermometer at stations 1, 2, 3&4.

(i.e., before heater, after heater or before sprayer, after sprayer or before cooling coil,
after cooling coil).
FORMULAE USED:
1. Corresponding to the dry and wet bulb temperature at all the stations, obtain the
specific enthalpy and specific humidity values from psychrometric chart.

i.e., h1 and w1 at tb1 and tw1 and so on.

2. Air flow rate, ma = (A x V)/v4 kg/sec.

Where, A=Area of duct at outlet in m2 0.46m x0.086 m)

V = Air velocity (m/sec)
V4=Specific volume of moist air at station 4 using psychrometric chart
(m3/kg)

MODEL CALCULATION:
 3. Heat added,Q1 = ma (h2-h1) kW

Where, h1 = Specific enthalpy at station 1 (kJ/kg)

h2 = Specific enthalpy at station 2 (kJ/kg)
4. Moisture added from psychrometric chart, mw1=ma (w3-w2) kg/sec.

Where, w3=Specific humidity at station 3

w2=Specific humidity at station 2
5. Compressor Power, W = (n/t) x (3600/k) kW

Where, n = No. of revolutions of energy meter disc.

t = Time taken for ‘n’ no. of revolutions (sec.)
k= Energy meter constant (1200 rev. /kW-hr)
6. Actual C.O.P. = Cooling effect produced on air/compressor power.

7. Cooling effect produced on air, Qe = ma (h3-h4) kW

Where, h3 = Specific enthalpy at state 3 (kJ/kg)

h4 = Specific enthalpy at state 4 (kJ/kg)
8. Moisture condensed, mc1 = ma (w3-w4) kg/sec.

Where, w3=Specific humidity at station 3

w4=Specific humidity at station 4
9. Draw the psychrometric process.

PROCEDURE:
1. Fill water in the wet bulb temperature probe trays.
2. Start the main.
3. Start the blower and run it at the required speed.
4. Start the spray pump and open the gate valve suitably.
5. Start the heater.
6. Select the expansion device (capillary tube/thermostatic expansion valve).
7. Start the compressor.
8. Note down the following readings:
a) Dry bulb temperatures tdb1, tdb2, tdb3, t db4.
b) Wet bulb temperatures twb1, twb2, twb3, twb4.
c) Time taken for 10 revolutions of energy meter disc for compressor.
d) Mean velocity of air at outlet duct using digital anemometer.
e) Switch OFF all the mains.
Pre Lab Questions:
1. Define the term air conditioning.
2. Classify air conditioning systems
3. Define psychometry.
4. What do you mean by comfortable air conditioning?
5. What is the chemical name of R-12, R22 and R-134a ?

Post Lab Questions:

1. What are the components of AC system?
2. How is air conditioning system working?
3. Show following processes on psychometric chart Sensible heating, sensible cooling, cooling
with dehumidification, humidification, heating with humidification.
4. What are the functions of winter air conditioning?
5. What are the applications of air conditioning?

RESULT:
The load test on the air conditioning test was conducted and the results are as follows.
1. Actual C.O.P. of the system =

Marks Marks
Details
Allotted Awarded
Pre Lab Questions 10
Lab Conduction 40
Calculation & Graphs 30
Result 10
Post Lab Questions 10
Total 100
 TABULATION:

Delivery
pressure Manometric Reading Temperature Time taken
Input
Speed for 10 rev of Vol Cooling
power
(N) energy meter Eff factor
.
S No h1 h2 h1- h2 T1 T2 T3 T4 disc

rpm Kg/cm2 cm cm cm ˚C ˚C ˚C ˚C sec Kw % Cf

Ex. No : 23 Date :
PERFORMANCE TEST ON TWO STAGE RECIPROCATING AIR COMPRESSOR

AIM:
To determine the volumetric efficiency of the cylinder at normal temperature conditions
and to draw various performance characteristics curves.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Two stage reciprocating air compressor.

SPECIFICATIONS:
Type = Two stage, single acting
Speed , N = 700 rpm
Type of cylinder cooling system = Air cooled
Low pressure cylinder (LP) bore dia, d1 = 89.5 mm
High pressure cylinder (HP) bore dia, d2 = 63 mm
Stroke length, L = 88.9 mm
Clearance l = 2.0 mm
Orifice diameter, do = 0.01m
Orifice Area, Ao = (π do2)/4=7.85 x 10-5 m2
Orifice flow constant, C = 0.6

FORMULAE USED:
Pa
1. Density of air,  a  , kg/m3
Ra .Ta

Where,
Pa – Atmospheric pressure = 1.013 x 105 N/m2
Ra – Universal gas constant = 287 J/kgk
` Ta – Room temperature, K
MODEL CALCULATION:
2. Pressure head in terms of air column, ha
 w hw
ha  ,m
T
Where,
 w - Density of water = 1000 kg/m3
hw – Head of water column, m
ρT – ( ρa at STP x 273) / (Ta+273)
 a - Density of air = 1.145 kg/m3

3. Velocity of air through orifice, Va

Va  2 gha , m/sec

4. Area of orifice, Ao

Ao  d o2 , m2
4
Where,
do – Orifice diameter, m

5. Volume flow rate of air at inlet condition, Qa

Qa  Cd  Ao  Va , m3/s
Where,
Cd – Co-efficient of discharge = 0.6

6. Theoretical volume of air, Qth


d12 LN 3
Qth   , m /s
4 60
Where,
L – Stroke length of LP cylinder, m
N – Speed, rpm
d1 – Diameter of LP cylinder, m
 7. Input power, Pi
K  3600
Pi  , kw
t c
Where,
K – No. of revolution of energy meter disc = 10
t – Time taken for K revolution of energy meter disc,
secs
c – Energy meter constant
8. Volumetric efficiency of LP cylinder, (ηvol)
Qa
vol   100 , %
Qth
9. Cooling factor, (Cf)
T2  T3
Cf 
T2  T1
Where,
T1 – Temperature of the air before entering the LP cylinder
T2 – Temperature of the air after LP cylinder and before inter
Cooler
T3 – Temperature of the air after inter cooler and before HP
Cylinder
T4 - Temperature of the air at HP cylinder outlet.
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the three pin plug to the 230V, 50Hz, 15 amps main supply and switch on the Unit
2. The valve is provided at the top of LP and HP cylinders, water drain cock and the air outlet
valves are closed after the motor has gained its speed. The increase in pressure of air in the
receiver tank is indicated by pressure gauge.
3. The pressure of air is maintained constant to the desired valve say (2kgf/cm2) by adjusting
at the opening of the compressed air outlet valve in the reservoir manually.
4. The following observations are to be made by keeping reservoir pressure constant (2
kgf/cm2)
a. Speed
 b. Delivery pressure
c. Manometer reading (hw)(pressure difference across orifice)
d. Temperature T1, T2, T3, T4 after attaining the steady state
e. Time taken for 10 revolution of energy meter disc
5. The same procedure is repeated for the observations of other reservoir pressure (4, 6, 8, 10,
12 kgf/cm2).
6. Then the motor is switched off after releasing the valve provided at the top of LP and HP
cylinders.
7. The Volumetric efficiency, Input power and cooling factor of the cylinder has been
calculated from the given formula and the performance characteristic curves are drawn.
GRAPH:
Following graphs are plotted
1. Delivery pressure on X – axis Vs volumetric efficiency on Y – axis
2. Delivery pressure on X – axis Vs Input power on Y – axis
Pre Lab Questions:
1. Define air standard efficiency.
2. What is meant by highest useful compression ratio?
3. What is a reciprocating air compressor?
4. Classify the various types of air compressors
5. What is meant by double acting compressors?

Post Lab Questions:

1. Indicate the application of reciprocating compressors in industry?
2. What are the advantages of multi stage compression with internal cooling over single
stage compression for the same pressure ratio?
3. What are the factors that affect the volumetric efficiency of a reciprocating compressor?
4. Give two merits of rotary compressor over reciprocating compressor.
5. Why clearance is necessary and what is its effect on the performance of reciprocating
compressor?

RESULT:
The performance test on air compressor was conducted, the results were tabulated and
graphs are drawn for above parameters for different reservoir pressures.

Marks Marks
Details
Allotted Awarded
Pre Lab Questions 10
Lab Conduction 40
Calculation & Graphs 30
Result 10
Post Lab Questions 10
Total 100
 TABULATION:

S. Equilibrium Pressure(bar) Temperature(°C) Specific enthalpy(kJ/kg)

No. Temperature
P1 P2 P3 P4 T1 T2 T3 T4 h1 h2 h3 h4
of water(°C)

Pressure (bar) Time(sec.)

Qe W
C.O.P.
(kW) (kW)
Pc Pe t1 t2 Actual Theoretical
Ex. No: 24 Date :
PERFORMANCE TEST IN A HC REFRIGERATION TEST

AIM:
To conduct a load test on HC refrigeration test and determine the Coefficient of
Performance of refrigeration system.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Four thermometers.
2. Stopwatch.
FORMULAE USED:
Let, State 1 indicates the entry of compressor.
State 2 indicates the exit of compressor.
State 3 indicates the exit from condenser.
State 4 indicates the entry to evaporator.
P= Pressure (bar)
T = Temperature (˚C)
h = Specific enthalpy (kJ/kg)
v =Specific volume (m3/kg)
n = Number of revolutions of energy meter disc
t1=Time taken for ‘n’ revolutions of energy meter disc for heater (sec.)
t2= Time taken for ‘n’ revolutions of energy meter disc for compressor (sec.)
K=Energy meter constant=1200 rev. /kW-hr
N=Speed of compressor=2850 rpm
h1=Specific enthalpy of vapour at Pe and T1 (kJ/kg)
h2=Specific enthalpy at Pc and T2 (kJ/kg) assuming isometric compression
i.e., s1 = s2
h3 =Specific enthalpy at Pc and T3 (kJ/kg)
h4 = h3
Stroke volume of compressor = (πd2l/4) = 12.58 x 10-6 m3
1. Average evaporator pressure, Pe = (P1+P4)/2 bar
2. Average condenser pressure, Pc = (P2+P3)/2 bar
MODEL CALCULATION:
 3. Heater input,Qe = (n/t1) x(3600/K) kW
4. Compressor input, W = (n/t2) x(3600/K) kW
5. Actual C.O.P. =Heater input/Compressor input = (Qe/W) =(t2/t1)
6. Theoretical C.O.P. = (h1-h4)/(h2-h1)

PROCEDURE:
LOAD TEST WITH THERMOSTATIC EXPANSION VALVE AS EXPANSION
DEVICE:
Fill the chilled water calorimeter with pure water so that the evaporative coils are fully
immersed.
1. Select the thermostatic expansion valve line by opening the shut-off valve on this line
and closing the one on the capillary line. The solenoid switch is switched ON.
2. Start the compressor and run for some time so that the chilled water temperature is
lowered to the given test temperature.
3. Switch on the heater and slowly increase the power.
4. The temperature in water calorimeter is allowed to reach the equilibrium temperature.
5. Connect energy meter to motor and heater by the selector switch one after another and
note down the time taken for 5 revolutions of the energy meter disc.
6. Note down the pressure and temperature readings at locations 1, 2, 3 & 4 as mentioned.
7. Switch OFF the heater and the mains.

LOAD TEST WITH CAPILLARY TUBE AS EXPANSION DEVICE:

1. Select the capillary tube line by opening the shut-off on this line and closing the one on
the thermostatic expansion valve line. The solenoid switch is switched OFF.
2. Repeat the above steps 3, 4, 5, 6, 7& 8.
Pre Lab Questions:
1. The vapour compression refrigerator employs the ---- cycle.
2. Name the important properties of a good refrigerant.
3. What is the difference between air conditioning and refrigeration?
4. What is unit of Refrigeration?
5. What is net refrigerating effect of the refrigerant?

Post Lab Questions:

1. How does the actual vapour compression cycle differ from that of the ideal cycle?
2. In a vapour compression refrigeration system, where the highest temperature will
occur?
3. What is the function of the throttling valve in vapour compression refrigeration system?
4. Why throttle valve is used in place of expansion cylinder for vapour compression
refrigerant machine.
5. The door of a running refrigerator inside a room was left open. What will happen?

RESULT:
The load test on a HC refrigeration test was conducted and the results are as follows.
1. Actual C.O.P. of the system =
2. Theoretical C.O.P. of the system =

Marks Marks
Details
Allotted Awarded
Pre Lab Questions 10
Lab Conduction 40
Calculation & Graphs 30
Result 10
Post Lab Questions 10
Total 100
 TABULATION:

Outlet
Inlet water Inlet condition Outlet
water temp
temp. of air condition
Manometer readings
O of air
O C O O
C C C Time for 1 lit cm
S.No water
(sec)

T1 T2 h
T3 h1 h2
T4
Ex. No: 25 Date :
PERFORMANCE TEST IN A FLUIDISED BED COOLING TOWER (FBCT)

AIM:
To determine the efficiency of fluidized bed cooling tower.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Water heater
2. Temperature indicator
3. Blower
4. Water flow meter
5. Cooling tower
FORMULAE USED:
1) Overall efficiency of the tower = [T1-T2] / [T1-(wb*Tin)]
2) Humidification efficiency =(ω 2-ω 1)/(ω 3-ω 1)
3) Mass flow rate of air = [0.6 X a1a2X √(2gh)δa] / √[(a1)2- (a2)2]
4) Heat lost by water =mwcpwd
5) Heat gained by air =madho
6) Energy balance = (Heat gained by air)/(Heat lost by water)

PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the water and the power supply to the equipment.
2. Adjust the flow rate of water and oil just enough for fluidicing the medium.
3. Note the manometer reading. Note the water flow rate using water meter.
4. Note the inlet and outlet temperature of water and the condition of air at inlet and outlet
by nothing the reading on the wet and dry bulb temperature.
5. *Repeat the experiment for various from flow rates.
MODEL CALCULATIONS:
Pre Lab Questions:
1. The substance used in fluidised bed is _______
2. The maximum velocity of the turbulent regime is called the ___________ at which the
fast fluidization regime occurs.
3. Define humidification.
4. What are the types of Mechanical draft cooling towers?
5. Define the term cooling tower effectiveness?

Post Lab Questions:

1. How do you measure the cooling tower capacity?
2. What are the various pipe lines connected to cooling towers?
3. What type of blades used for propeller type fans?
4. What is the use of cooling tower?
5. Why do the cooling towers used in power plant?

Result:
Thus the efficiency of fluidized bed cooling tower =.

Marks Marks
Details
Allotted Awarded
Pre Lab Questions 10
Lab Conduction 40
Calculation & Graphs 30
Result 10
Post Lab Questions 10
Total 100