Examples on OC and SC

Test on Transformer
By : Dr. Atul R. Phadke
Associate Professor in Electrical Engineering
Government College of Engineering, Karad (Maharashtra)
EXAMPLE 1:
Open-circuit and short-circuit tests conducted on a 10 kVA, 500/2000 V, 50 Hz, single phase
transformer gave the following readings: Open circuit test on primary side: 500 V, 120 W, Short-circuit
test on primary side: 15 V, 20 A, 100 W. Determine (a) efficiency on full load unity power factor, (b)
secondary terminal voltage on full load 0.8 lagging and leading power factor.
Given data: kVA rating = 10, Vi = 500 V, V2 = 2000 V, OC test: Vi = 500 V, W0 = 120 W = 0.12 kW, SC
test: VSC = 15 V, ISC = 20 A, WSC = 100 W = 0.1 kW
Iron loss Wi = Wo = 0.12 kW
𝑘𝑉𝐴×1000 10 ×1000
Full load current on primary side = = = 20 𝐴
𝑉1 500
𝐼𝑆𝐶 = 𝐼𝐹𝐿 = 20 𝐴
 Copper loss at full load, WC = 0.1 kW
𝑥𝑘𝑉𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠∅
% 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 % 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑, 𝑥 = × 100
𝑥𝑘𝑉𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠∅ + 𝑊𝑖 + 𝑥 2 𝑊𝑐
1 × 10 × 1
∴ 𝐹𝐿 = × 100 = 97.85%
1 × 10 × 1 + 0.12 + (1)2 × 0.1
𝑊𝑆𝐶
𝑅01 = 2 
𝐼𝑆𝐶
100
 𝑅01 = = 0.25 
202 2
EXAMPLE 1:
Given data: kVA rating = 10, Vi = 500, Vi = 2000, OC test: Vi = 500 V, W0 = 120 W0 = 0.12 kW, SC
test: VSC = 15 V, ISC = 20 A, WSC = 100 W = 0.1 kW
100
𝑅01 = = 0.25 
202
𝑉𝑆𝐶 15
𝑍01 = = = 0.75 
𝐼𝑆𝐶 20

 𝑋01 = 2
𝑍01 2
− 𝑅01 = 0.752 − 0.252 = 0.71 
𝑉2 2000
𝐾= = =4
𝑉1 500
𝑅02 = 𝑅01 𝐾 2 = 0.25 × 42 = 4 
𝑋02 = 𝑋01 𝐾 2 = 0.71 × 42 = 11.36 
𝑘𝑉𝐴×1000 10 ×1000
Full load current on secondary side = = =5𝐴
𝑉2 2000
Approximate voltage drop at 0.8 p.f. lagging = 𝐼2 𝑅02 𝑐𝑜𝑠∅ + 𝐼2 𝑋02 𝑠𝑖𝑛∅
= 5 × 4 × 0.8 + 5 × 11.36 × 0.6 = 50.08 𝑉
 𝑉2 = 2000 − 50.08 = 1949.92 𝑉
For 0.8 leading power factor 𝑉2 = 2000 − 𝐼2 𝑅02 𝑐𝑜𝑠∅ − 𝐼2 𝑋02 𝑠𝑖𝑛∅ = 2018.08 𝑉
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 EXAMPLE 2:
Open circuit and short circuit tests were conducted on a 50 kVA, 6360/240 V, 50 Hz, single phase
transformer to find its efficiency. The observations during the test are: Open-circuit test: Voltage across
primary winding 6360 V, primary current 1.0 A, power input 2 kW. Short-circuit test: voltage across
primary 180 V, current in secondary 175 A, power input 2 kW. Calculate the efficiency of transformer at
full load 0.8 lagging power factor.
Given data: kVA rating = 50, V1 = 6360 V, V2 = 240 V, I0 = 1 A, W0 = 2 kW, VSC = 180 V, WSC = 2 kW
In OC test, voltage across primary = 6360 V = rated primary voltage
 𝑊𝑖 = 𝑊0 = 2 𝑘𝑊
𝑘𝑉𝐴×1000 50 ×1000
Full load current on secondary side = = = 208.33 𝐴
𝑉2 240
ISC = 175 A, which is not equal to the full load current
 WSC is not equal to WC, i.e., copper loss at full load.
175
If I2 = 175 A, the percentage of loading 𝑥 = = 0.84
208.33
𝑥 2 𝑊𝑐 = 𝑊𝑆𝐶
𝑊𝑆𝐶 2
 Copper loss at full load, 𝑊𝑐 = = = 2.83 𝑘𝑊
𝑥2 0.84 2
𝑥𝑘𝑉𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠∅ 1 × 50 × 0.8
% 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 % 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑, 𝑥 = × 100 = × 100
𝑥𝑘𝑉𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠∅ + 𝑊𝑖 + 𝑥 2 𝑊𝑐 1 × 50 × 0.8 + 2 + 12 × 2.83
= 89.23%
 EXAMPLE 3:
A 250/500 V transformer gave the following test results. Open circuit test: 250 V, 1 A, 80 W on low
voltage side, Short circuit test: 20 V, 12 A, 100 W on high voltage side. Calculate the circuit parameters
and draw the equivalent circuit of transformer referred to primary.
Given data: V1 = 250 V, V2 = 500 V, W0 = 80 W, I0 = 1 A,VSC = 20 V, WSC = 100 W, ISC = 12 A
From Open-circuit test -
𝑊0 80
𝑐𝑜𝑠∅0 = = = 0.32
𝑉1 𝐼0 250 × 1
The working component of no-load current, 𝐼𝑤 = 𝐼0 𝑐𝑜𝑠∅0 = 1 × 0.32 = 0.32 𝐴
∅0 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 0.32 = 71.340
 𝑠𝑖𝑛∅0 = sin 71.34 = 0.947
The magnetizing component of no-load current 𝐼𝜇 = 𝐼0 𝑠𝑖𝑛∅0 = 1 × 0.947 = 0.947 𝐴
𝑉1 250
 Core loss resistance, 𝑅0 = = = 781.25 
𝐼𝑤 0.32
𝑉1 250
 Magnetizing reactance, 𝑋0 = = = 263.99 
𝐼𝜇 0.947

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 EXAMPLE 3:
A 250/500 V transformer gave the following test results. Open circuit test: 250 V, 1 A, 80 W on low
voltage side, Short circuit test: 20 V, 12 A, 100 W. Calculate the circuit parameters and draw the
equivalent circuit of transformer referred to primary.
Given data: V1 = 250 V, V2 = 500 V, W0 = 80 W, I0 = 1 A,VSC = 20 V, WSC = 100 W, ISC = 12 A
𝑉1 250 𝑉1 250
From Open-circuit test - 𝑅0 = = = 781.25 , 𝑋0 = = = 263.99 
𝐼𝑤 0.32 𝐼𝜇 0.947

From Short-circuit test – 0.174  0.38 

𝑊𝑆𝐶 100 I1 𝑅01 𝑋01
𝑅02 = = = 0.694  𝐼2′
2
𝐼𝑆𝐶 122
I0
Iw Iµ
𝑉𝑆𝐶 20
𝑍02 = = = 1.67 
𝐼𝑆𝐶 12 V1 𝑅0 𝑋0 𝑉2′
781.25  263.99 
 𝑋02 = 2
𝑍02 − 2
𝑅02 = 1.672 − 0.6942 = 1.52 
𝑉2 500
𝐾= = =2
𝑉1 250
𝑅01 = 𝑅02ൗ𝐾2 = 0.694Τ22 = 0.174 
𝑋01 = 𝑋02ൗ𝐾2 = 1.52ൗ22 = 0.38 
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