Technical Report

DEDICATION
This technical report is dedicated to my mother and father for their:-
 Parental control.
 Love.
 Care.
 Guidance.
 Motivation, End of Thinking Capacity.
May Almighty Allah Subhanahu wata’alah continue to guide and protect them, and
make Aljanna Firdausi as their final abode.
Ameen Summa Ameen.

Munibat Salisu
Biology Computer EZ/21/BICO/308

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
All praises and thanks are to Almighty Allah for seeing me through this technical
report; I want to acknowledge the contributors of my lecturers and IT supervisors
for their guidance and making other necessary correction for the success of my IT.
Also to my teachers at the place of attachment who have work tirelessly to see the
success of this SIWES, especially:-
Malam Mohammad Rabiu, he is really wonderful teachers.
I also equally want to appreciate my fellow colleagues who have made friendly
advices throughout the period of this attachment at

GARNET LOGICAL ENTERPRISES

No. 3 Zaria Road Nagoyi, (Opposite B.A.T.C) Nagoyi, Zaria

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CERTIFICATION
This is to certify that this technical report is under reported by MUNIBAT
SALISUwith unique matriculation number EZ/21/BICO/308 to meet the
requirement governing the award of Nigeria Certificate in Education (NCE) in
Federal College of Education Zaria.

Aminu IBrahim Date

Institutional Supervisor

Mohammad Rabiu Date

Industrial Supervisor

Munibat Salisu Date

Student

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CHAPTER ONE
1.0 BACKGROUND OF SIWES

The students industrial work experience scheme (SIWES) is a skills training

programmed, designed to expose and prepare students of Universities,
Polytechnics, and Colleges of Education, Agriculture for the Industrial work
situation they are likely to meet after graduation.
SIWES was initiated by the Industrial Training fund (ITF) in 1973 so as to
complement the theoretical knowledge acquired in higher institutions with
practical experience.
The goal of SIWES is to promote industrialization in Nigeria, and an avenue
between the worlds of teaching, learning, industry and work with reference to a
field of study such as Engineering, Science, Agriculture, Technology and other
professional education programs.

1.1 OBJECTIVE OF THE SIWES

 To provide an avenue for students in institutions of higher learning to

acquire industrial skill and experiences in their courses of study.
 To provide students with an opportunity to apply their knowledge in real
work and actual practice.
 To make the transition from school to the world of work easier and to
enhance students contacts for later job placement.
 It is obvious that the reasons that led to the inception of the program some
decades ago are today even more relevant due rapid technological
development, especially as it concerns ICT

1.2 INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER

A computer is a device that be instructed to carry out an arbitrary set of arithmetic

or logical operations automatically. The ability of computers to follow a sequence
of operation, called program, make computers very flexible and useful. Such
computers are used as control systems for a very wide variety of industrial and
consumer devices. This include simple special purpose devices like microwave
ovens and remote controls, factory devices such as industrial robots and computer
assisted design, but also in general purpose devices like personal computers and
mobile devices such as smart phones. The internet is run on computers and it
connects millions of other computers.

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Conventionally, a modern computer consist at least one processing element,

typically a central processing unit (CPU), and some form of memory. The
processing
Element carries out arithmetic and logical operation, and sequencing and control
unit can change the order of operation in response to stored information. Peripheral
devices include Input devices(Keyboard, mice, joystick, etc.), Output devices
(monitor screens, printers, etc.) and Input/Output devices that perform both
functions e.g. (2000s-era touch screen). Peripheral devices allow information to be
retrieved from an external source and they enable the result of operations to be
saved and retrieved.

1.3 COMPONENTS

A general purpose computer has four main components (1) Arithmetic and logic
unit (2) Control unit. (3) Memory. (4) Output devices (Collectively termed 1/0).
These parts are interconnected by buses, often made of group of wires. Inside each
of these part are thousands to trillions of small electrical circuits which can be
turned off or on by means of an electronic switch. Each circuit represents a bit
(binary digit) of information so that when the circuit is “on”, it represents “1”, and
when “off”, it represents an “o”, (In positive logical representation).
The circuit is arranged in logic gates so that one or more of the circuits may control
the state of one or more of the other circuits.

1.4 CONTROL UNIT

The control unit (often called a control system or central controller) manages the
computers various components; it reads and interprets (Decodes) the program
instructions, transforming them into control signals that activate other parts of the
computer. Control system in advanced computers may change the order of
execution of some instructions to improve performance.
A key components common to all CPUs is the program counter, a special memory
cell (a register) that keeps track of which location in memory the next instruction is
to be read from.
The control systems function is as follows- Note that this is a simplified
description, and some of these steps may be performed concurrently or in a
different order depending on the type of CPU:
 Read the code for the next instruction from the cell indicated by the program
counter.
 Decode the numerical code for the instruction into a set of commands or
signals for each of the systems.
 Increment the program counter so it points to the next instruction.
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 Provide the necessary data to an Arithmetic and Logic Unit or register.

 Read whatever data the instruction requires from cells in memory (or
perhaps from an input device). The location of this required data is typically
stored within the instruction code.
 If the instruction requires an Arithmetic and Logic Unit or specialized
hardware to complete, instruct the hardware to perform the requested
operation.
 Write the result from the Arithmetic and Logic Unit back to a memory
location or to a register or perhaps an output device.
 Jump back to step (1).
Since the program counter is (conceptually) just another set of memory cells
it can be changed by calculation done in the Arithmetic and logic Unit.
Adding 100 to the program counter would cause the next instruction to be
read from a place 100 locations further down the program. Instructions that
modify the program counter are often known as “jumps” and allow for loops
(instructions that are repeated by the computer) and often conditional
instruction execution (both examples of control flow).

CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT

PRIMARY
MEMORY

ARITHEMETIC
INPUT & OUT PUT
LOGIC UNIT
DEVICE DEVICE

MEMORY

RAM/ROM

SECONDARY

MEMORY
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The functional units of digital computer are classified into 3 parts namely:
 Input unit.
 Output unit.
 Central processing unit.

The control unit, ALU, and register are collectively known as a central processing
unit (CPU).
Early CPUs were composed of many separate components but since the mid-1970s
CPUs have typically been constructed on a single integrated circuit called a
microprocessor.

1.5.1 ARITHMETIC AND LOGIC UNIT

The Arithmetic and Logic Unit is capable of performing two classes of operations:
 Arithmetic and
 Logic
The set of arithmetic operation that a particular ALU supports may be limited to
addition and subtraction, or might include multiplication, division, trigonometry
function such as sine, cosine, square root etc. some can only operate on whole
numbers (Integers) whilst others use floating point to represent real numbers.
There for any computer can be programmed to perform any arithmetic operation-
although it will take more time to do so, if its arithmetic and logic unit does not
directly support the operation.

An arithmetic and logic unit may also compare numbers and return Boolean truth
values (true or false), depending on whether one is equal to, greater than or less
than the other (“Is 64greater than 65?”).Logic operations involve Boolean logic:
AND, OR, XOR, and NOT. These can be useful for creating complicated
conditional statements and processing Boolean logic.

1.5.2 MEMORY

Magnetic core memory was the computer memory of choice throughout the 1960s,
until it was the replaced by semi conductor memory.

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A computer‘s memory can be viewed as a list of cells into which numbers can be
placed or read. Each cell has a number “address” and can store a single number.
The computer can be instructed to “put the number 123 into the cell numbered
1357” or to “add the number that is in cell 1357 to the number that is in cell 2468
and put the answer into cell 1595”. The information stored in memory represents
practically anything, like letters, numbers; even computer instruction can be place
into memory with equal ease. Since the central processing unit does not
differentiate between different types of information, it is the software’s
responsibility to give significance to what the memory sees as nothing but a series
of numbers.

COMPUTER MAIN MEMORY COMES IN TWO PRINCIPAL VARIETIES

 Random Access Memory or (RAM).

 Read only Memory or (ROM).

RAM can be read and written to any time the Central Processing Unit (CPU)
commands it, but ROM is preloaded with data and software that never changes,
there for the Central Processing Unit (CPU) can only read from it. Read Only
Memory (ROM) is typically used to store the computers initial start-up instruction.
In general, the contents of Random Access Memory (RAM) are erased when the
power to the computer is turn off, but Read Only Memory (ROM) retain its data
indefinitely. In a Personal computer (PC), the Read Only Memory (ROM) contains
a specialized program called the Basic Input Output System (BIOS) that
orchestrate loading the computer operating system from the hard disk drive into
Random Access Memory (RAM) whenever the computer is turned on, or reset. In
embedded computers which frequently do not have disk drives, all of the require
software may be store in Read Only Memory (ROM).
Software store in Read Only Memory (ROM) is often called firmware, because it
is nationally more like hardware than software. Flash memory blurs the distinction
between Read Only Memory (ROM) and Random Access Memory (RAM), as it
retains its data when turn off but also rewritable. It is typically much slower than
conventional ROM and RAM however, so its use is restricted to applications
where high speed is unnecessary.

1.5.3 INPUT/ OUTPUT (I/O)

Herd disk drives are common storage devices used with computers.
I/O is the means by which a computer exchanges information with the outside
world. Devices that provide input or output to the computer are called peripherals.
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On a typical personal computer (PC), peripherals include input devices like the
keyboard, mouse etc, and output devices such as the display and printer. Hard disk
drives, floppy disk and optical disc drives serve as both input and output devices.
Computer networking is another form of I/O.
I/O devices are often complex computers in their own right with their own Central
Processing Unit (CPU) and memory. A graphic processing unit might contain fifty
or more tiny computers that perform the calculations necessary to display 3D
graphics. Modern desktop computers contain many smaller computers that assist
the main Central Processing Unit (CPU) in performing I/O.
A 2016-era flat screen display contains its own computer circuitry.

CHAPTER TWO
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2.1 MICROSOFT WORD

Microsoft word is a computer program that allows you to type letters, memo,
report, newsletter, and brochures, virtually all the document of communication
commonly found in business. We said “virtually” because some documents such as
brochures or magazines quality page layout may be easier to create with programs
like Microsoft publisher, Corel Ventura, Adobe page maker and so forth especially
designed for this type of complex document.

2.2 HOW TO START MICROSOFT WORD

You must launch or start word before you begin to type a letter or other kind of
documents.
 Click the start button, and then point to programs (a sub menu will appear)
 Point to Microsoft word and click on it.
 If the program you want is not on the menu, Point to the folder that
contain the program.
 You click on Microsoft word.

2.3 AN OVER VIEW OF MICROSOFT WORD SCREEN

2.4 SAVING A DOCUMENT

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 Click office button in office 2007 or file in the newer version chooses Save
As.
 Types in the file name and click the save button.

2.5 HOW TO COPY AND CUT TEXT

 To move the selection, click cut (ctrl + x).

 To copy the selection, click copy (ctrl + c).
 Click where you want your selection to appear, then click paste or (ctrl + v).
2.6 HOW TO CREATE A TABLE

 Click on insert in the menu bar.

 Click on table.
 Click on insert table, a dialog box will appear.
 Insert the number of rows and columns, and press enter.
2.7 HOW TO MERGE CELLS
 Highlight the cells you want to merge, and right click on it.
 A dialog box will appear and select merge.

2.8 HOW TO CHANGE TEXT DIRECTION

 Highlight the text you want to change its direction.

 Right click on it.
 Select the direction you want & click OK.
2.9 HOW TO CREATE WATER MARK

 Click on the page layout.

 Click on water mark in menu.
 Select custom water mark.
 Click text, picture, water mark.
 Click on insert.
 Click on apply and press enter.
3.0 How to Insert Header and Footer

 Click on insert.
 Click on page number.
 Click on button of page.
 Click on the paper and footer will appear.

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3.1 HOW TO INSERT PAGE NUMBER

 Click on page number.

 Click on button page and choose
 Then click on the paper.
3.2 HOW TO INSERT PICTURE IN THE HEADER

 Click on the insert, click on header and choose Edit Header.

 Click on picture you want to add
 Click on the page and scroll down
3.3 HOW TO PRINT YOUR DOCUMENT

 On the file menu, click print.

 Under page range, specify the portion of the document you want to print.
 You must also enter the page numbers or page ranges you want to include or
both, then ok.

3.4 How to save on a memory

 Insert the memory into a card reader.
 Insert flash drive or card reader in a computer and minimize it.
 Open my computer, Right click on the file you want to copy and select copy.
 Right click on the memory/flash drive and click on paste.
3.5 HOW TO SAVE ON CD-ROM

 Go to my computer, right click on CD-ROM then

 select format and press OK then Close it, Click on my computer
 And press on DVD drive open it and minimized. Last then drag what you
want to copy to the DV

CHAPTER THREE
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MICROSOFT EXCEL

3.6 INTRODUCTION

Excel is a spread sheet program developed by Microsoft cooperation. With excel

you can tabulate data; perform arithmetic and statistical calculation, as well as
drawing of graphs and charts. Each excel file is a workbook and can hold many
worksheet.

3.7 HOW TO LUNCH EXCEL

 Click the start button.

 Select all programs
 Click on Microsoft excel

3.8 WORKBOOK AND WORKSHEET

In Microsoft excel a workbook is the file in which your work can be store, because
each workbook can contain many sheet, you can organized various kind of related
information in a single file.

3.9 THE WORKSHEET

Excel worksheet is a grid of columns (Designated by letters) and rows (Designated

by numbers).

4.9 ENTERING DATA

 Click the cell you want to enter data. Type the data and press enter or tab.

5.0 EDIT CELL CONTENT

 Double click the cell that contain the data you want to edt
 Make any change to the cell contain,
 To enter your change Press Enter, to cancel your change, press ESC.

5.1 ABOUT FORMULA SYNTAX

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Te Formula is mathematical expression entered into the formula box calculation on

data that are in the cell. The syntax of the formula described the process of the
calculation. A formula in Microsoft excel begin with an equal sign (=), followed by
what the formula calculated. (E.g.) the following formulas are used for various
calculation in excel.

 For total =sum(B5+B6+B7) then press enter to get the answer.

 To calculate the students result where we can have their grade we use “ IF ”
statement as follows
 =IF(F3>=70,”A”,IF(F3>=60,”B”,IF(F3>=50,”C”,IF(F3>=45,”D”IF(F3>=40
,”E”,”F”))))) Press Enter.
 Average:Total amount divided by the number of the subject.(e.g.) =F3/5
press enter
 Remark: =IF(F3>=60,”PASS”,”FAIL” ) Press Enter.

5.2 INSERTING BLANK CELL

 Select a range of existing cells where you want to insert the new blank cell,
select the same number of cell, as you want to insert.
 On the insert menu click cells.
 Click shift cells down.

5.3 INSERTING ROWS AND COLUMNS

 To insert a single row, click the row immediately below where you want the
new row to appear.
 To insert a new row above row 5
Click row 5.
 On the insert menu click rows/col

CHAPTER FOUR

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5.5 Microsoft PowerPoint

Presentation application software is a means of using the computer to create, edit,

store, customize and present relevant information to audience. It is also use to
present visual aids for lectures, seminars; workshops etc.
Microsoft PowerPoint is application software used for presenting visual details that
would not be conveniently conveyed in speech to an audience of any size. It also
helps you create dazzling slide presentation that can be displayed in a variety of
ways including overheads.

5.6 Starting PowerPoint

 Click the start button.

 Select all programs.
 Select Microsoft office, and then click Microsoft PowerPoint

5.7 How to add another slide

 Right click in the existing slide.

 Select new slide and press enter.
 The slide will appear on interface.

5.7 How to put slide animation

 Select slide show/animation.
 Select the object on the slide design.
 Click animation on the slide design.
 Click to all slide to apply the animation. Click the applied show to view all
slide on screen.

CHAPTER FIVE
5.8 Introductions to internet

Internet consists of millions of computers around the world that are connected to
one another through communication lines. Each computer on the internet offers
various information that can be accessed by anybody with the right equipment.
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E-mail means electronic mail; it is used for sending and receiving message across
the internet.

5.9 HOW TO OPEN AN EMAIL ADDRESS

 Click the start/ internet explorer.

 After loading the internet explorer or chrome.
 Type www.gmail.com on the address bar and press GO.
 Click sign up for the free Email account.
 A form will appear, fill the form and click submit.
 Click the sign in to open your mail box account.
 If you want to check your Email address clicks sign-up for free.
 Then fill your USER NAME and PASSWORD and login.

CHAPTER SIX

6.0 MICROSOFT ACCESS

Microsoft access is an application package use for collection of related data.

A database is a collection of information that relates to a particular subject,
topic or purpose. Example student records, bank records e.t.c
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6.1 LUNCHING MICROSOFT ACCESS

 Click on start menu.
 Select all programs.
 Select blank data base.
 Click on file name.
 Click on view.
 Select design view.
 Type the table name.
 Click on view.
 Dialogue box appear.
 Click on yes
 After that it will appear.

6.2 HOW TO USE QUERIES

 Highlight one of the fields.

 Click on the right arrow.
 Select create.
 END
 IBRAHEEM YUNUSA

CHAPTER SEVEN

7.0 Introduction to Networking

A computer network or data network is a telecommunication network which allows

nodes to share resources. In computer networks, network computing devices
exchange data with each other using a data links. The connections between nodes

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are established using either cable media or wireless media. The best-known
computer network is the internet.
Overlay network

An overlay network is a virtual computer network that is built on top of another

network. Nodes in the overlay network are connected by virtual or logical links.
Each links corresponds to a path, perhaps through many physical links, in the
underlying network. The topology of the overlay network (and often does) differ
from that of the underlying one. For example, many peer-to-peer networks are
overlay networks.

7.1PERSONAL AREA NETWORK

A personal area network (PAN) is a computer network use for communication

among computer and different information technological devices close to one
person. Some examples of devices that are used in a (PAN) are personal
computers, printers, fax machines, telephones, personal digital assistance (PDA),
scanners, and even video game consoles. A PAN includes wired and wireless
devices.

7.2 LOCAL AREA NETWORK

A local area network (LAN) is a network that connects computers and devices in a
limited geographical area such as a Home, School, Office, Building or closely
positioned group of buildings. Each computers or device on the network is a node.
Wired LANs are most likely based on Ethernet technology. A local area network
can be connected to a wide area network using a router.

7.3 HOME AREA NETWORK

A home Area network (HAN) is a residential LAN used for communication

between digital devices typically deployed in the home, usually a small number of
personal computers and accessories, such as printers and mobile computing
devices.
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7.4 STORAGE AREA NETWORK

A storage area network (SAN) is a dedicated network that provides access to

consolidated, block level data storage. SANs are primarily used to make storage
devices, such as disk arrays, tape libraries, and optical jukeboxes, accessible to
servers so that the devices appear like locally attached devices to the operating
system.

7.5 CAMPUS AREA NETWORK

A campus area network (CAN) is made up of an interconnection of LANs within a

limited geographical area. The networking equipment (switches, routers) and
transmission media (optical fiber, copper plant, cat5 cabling, etc.) are almost
entirely owned by the campus tenant / owner (an enterprise, university,
government etc.)

7.6 BACKBONE NETWORK

A back bone network is a part of a computer network infrastructure that provides a

path for the exchange of information between different LANs or sub-networks. A
backbone can tie together diverse networks within the same building, across
different buildings or over a wide area
7.7 METROPOLITAN AREA NETWORK

A metropolitan area network (MAN) is a computer network that usually spans a

city or a large campus.

7.8 WIDE AREA NETWORK

A wide area network (WAN) is a computer network that covers a large

geographical area such as a city, country, or spans even intercontinental distance.
A (WAN) uses a communications channel that combines many types of media
such as telephone lines, cables and airwaves.

7.9 ENTERPRISE PRIVATE NETWORK

An enterprise private network is a network that a single organization builds to

interconnect its office locations (e.g., production sites, head offices, remote offices,
shops) so they can share computer resources.

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8.0 VIRTUAL PRIVATE NETWORK

A virtual private network (VPN) is an overlay network in which some of the links
between nodes are carried by open connections or virtual circuits in some larger
network (e.g., the internet) instead of by physical wires.

8.1 GLOBAL AREA NETWORK

A global area network (GAN) is a network used for supporting mobile across an
arbitrary number of wireless LANs, satellite coverage area etc. the key challenge in
mobile communications is handling off user communication from one local
coverage area to the next.

SOME WORKS DONE, IN SOME OFFICE PROGRAMS

Munibat
Salisu
MUNIBAT
STICKER

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