Introduction

Xerox Holdings Corporation is an American Corporation that sells print and

digital document products and services in more than 160 countries. Xerox
headquartered in Norwalk, Connecticut having moved from Standford
Connecticut, In October 2007, though it is incorporated in New York with its
largest population of employees based around Rochester, New York, the area in
which the company was founded. The company purchased Affiliated Computer
Services for $6.4 billion in early 2010.As a large developed company, it is
consistently placed in the list of Fortune 500 companies.

On December 31,2016, Xerox separated its business process service operations,

essentially those operations acquired with the purchase of Affiliated Computer
Services, into a new publicly traded company , Conduent. Xerox focuses on its
document technology and document outsourcing business, and traded on the
NYSE from 1961 to 2021, and the Nasdaq since 2021.

Researches at Xerox and its Palo Alto Research Centre invented several
important elements of personal computing , such as the desktop metaphor GUI,
the computer mouse and desktop computing. The concepts were adopted by
Apple Inc and later Microsoft.

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Products and Services

Xerox manufactures and sells office equipment including scanners, printers,

and multifunction systems that scan, print, copy, email and fax. These model
families include Work centre, phaser and Colour Qu be for the graphic
communications and the commercial print industries, the Xerox product
portfolio includes high- volume, digital printing presses. Production printers,
and wide format printers that use Xerographic and inkjet printing technologies.
Products include the iGen, Nuvera, Docuprint, and Impika series as well as the
Trivor, iprint and Rialto machines.

Printing

Printing is a process for mass reproducing text and images using a master form
or template. The earliest non-paper products involving printing include cylinder
and the Cylinders of Nabonidus. The earliest known form of printing evolved
from the ink rubbings made on paper or cloth from texts on stone tablets, used
during the sixth century. Printing by pressing an linked image onto paper
appeared later that century. Later developments in printing technology include
the movable type invented by Bi Sheng around 1040 AD and the printing press
invented by Johannes Gutenberg in the 15th century. The technology of printing
played a key role in the development of the Renaissance and the Scientific

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Revolution and laid the material basis for the modern knowledge- based
economy and the spread of learning to the masses.

Digital printing

By 2005, digital printing accounted for approximately 9% pf the 45 trillion

pages printed annually around the world.

 Blueprint- are related to chemical technologies.

 Daisy wheel- where pre-formed characters are applied individually
 Dot-matrix- which produces arbitrary patterns of dots with an array of
printing studs
 Line printing- where formed characters are applied to the paper by lines
 Heat transfer- such as early fax machines or modern receipt printers that
apply heat to special paper, which turns black to form the printed image
 Electrophotography- where toner is attracted to a charged image and then
developed.
 Laser-a type od xerography where the charged image is written pixel by
pixel using a laser.

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Coil binding/spiral binding
Coil binding, also known as spiral binding, is a commonly used book binding
style for documents. This binding style is known by a number of names (some
trademarked) including spiral coil, colour coil, colour coil, ez-coil, plastic coil,
spiral binding, and coil bind.

Usage
Documents bound with helical coil (usually called spiral coil) can open flat on a
desk or table and offer 360degree rotation for easy note taking. This binding
style is durable and is often used for professionally bound documents that need
to be mailed. The coil used for this style of binding are made of high quality
PVC plastic and offer a secure high quality and professionally bound book
while binding documents up to 2” thick. Spiral coil binding spines are also
available in more colours and sizes than other binding styles.

Coil

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One of the strengths of spiral coil binding is that the supplies are available in a
variety of lengths. Most users purchase spiral coils in twelve inch lengths. This
spine is inserted onto an eleven-inch document and the excess length of coil is

cut and crimped at each end of the book. However, the forming process for
creating spiral coil binding elements allows them to be created in virtually any

length. Spiral coils are sometimes made from low-carbon Spiral coil binding
supplies are also available in a wide variety of colours

Local Area Network (LAN):

LAN infrastructure in Xerox shops often includes structured cabling systems,
such as Cat 5e or Cat 6 cables, organized in patch panels and connected to
Ethernet switches.

Managed switches are preferred for better control over network traffic, VLAN
configuration, and Quality of Service (QoS) implementation.

Network segmentation may involve creating separate VLANs for administrative

purposes, guest Wi-Fi access, and printer management.

DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) servers assign IP addresses

dynamically to devices within the LAN, simplifying network configuration.

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Network monitoring tools, like SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol)
and packet analyser , help IT administrators troubleshoot issues and optimize
network performance.

Wide Area Network (WAN):

Xerox shop WANs may utilize various connectivity options, including leased
lines, MPLS, broadband internet, and dedicated VPN connections.

WAN optimization appliances enhance performance by reducing latency,

optimizing bandwidth usage, and accelerating data transfer.

Traffic shaping mechanisms prioritize critical applications, such as print jobs

and document uploads, over non-essential traffic to ensure optimal performance.

Redundant WAN links and failover mechanisms provide high availability and
reliability, minimizing downtime and ensuring continuous operation across
Xerox shop branches.

Virtual Private Network (VPN):

Xerox shop VPN solutions may employ SSL VPN or IPsec VPN technologies to
establish secure connections over the internet.

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Two-factor authentication (2FA) methods, such as OTP (One-Time Password)
tokens or biometric authentication, enhance VPN security.

Endpoint security measures, such as antivirus software and host intrusion

detection/prevention systems (HIDS/HIPS), protect VPN-connected devices
from threats.

VPN tunnel encryption protocols, like AES (Advanced Encryption Standard)

and RSA (Rivest-Shamir-Adleman), ensure confidentiality and integrity of data
transmitted between remote devices and the Xerox shop's network.

Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN):

WLAN design in Xerox shops involves site surveys to optimize access point
placement, minimize signal interference, and ensure coverage throughout the
premises.

Wireless controllers manage access points centrally, providing unified

configuration, monitoring, and security policy enforcement.

Guest Wi-Fi networks utilize captive portal authentication, bandwidth throttling,

and session timeouts to manage guest access and prevent abuse.

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RF (Radio Frequency) optimization techniques, such as channel bonding, band
steering, and transmit power adjustment, maximize WLAN performance and
reliability.

Client-Server Network:

Xerox shop servers may include dedicated print servers, file servers, domain
controllers, and database servers to support various functions.

Server virtualization technologies, such as VMware vSphere or Microsoft

Hyper-V, optimize resource utilization and simplify server management.

High-availability configurations, such as clustering and load balancing, ensure

continuous access to critical services, such as printing and document
management.

Data backup and disaster recovery solutions safeguard against data loss and
ensure business continuity in the event of server failures or disasters.

Peer-to-Peer Network:

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Peer-to-peer networking in Xerox shops may involve direct device
communication using protocols like TCP/IP, SMB (Server Message Block), or
IPP.

Printer discovery mechanisms, such as Bonjour or UPnP (Universal Plug and

Play), facilitate automatic detection and configuration of networked printers on
client devices.

File sharing among peer devices may utilize protocols like FTP (File Transfer
Protocol), SMB/CIFS (Common Internet File System), or NFS (Network File
System) for seamless collaboration.

Ethernet Network:

Ethernet networks in Xerox shops adhere to industry standards for cable

termination, such as TIA/EIA-568 and ISO/IEC 11801, to ensure reliable
connections.

Power over Ethernet (PoE) standards, like IEEE 802.3af and IEEE 802.3at,
deliver power to IP devices, such as VoIP phones and security cameras, over
Ethernet cables.

Ethernet link aggregation (LACP) combines multiple physical links into a single
logical link, increasing bandwidth and providing redundancy for critical
network connections.

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Jumbo frames and VLAN tagging optimize Ethernet network performance and
efficiency, particularly for large file transfers and multimedia streaming
applications

COURIER
A courier is a person or organization that delivers a message, package or letter
from one place or person to another place or person. Typically, a courier
provides their courier service on a commercial contract basis; however, some
couriers are government or state agency employees.

Duties and Functions

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Couriers are distinguished from ordinary mail services by features such as
speed, security, tracking, signature, specialization and individualization of
express services, and swift delivery times, which are optional for most everyday
mail services. As a premium service, couriers are usually more expensive than

standard mail services, and their use is normally limited to packages where one
or more of these features are considered important enough to warrant the cost.

Courier services operate on all scales, from within specific towns or cities, to
regional, national and global services.

Large courier companies include DHL, DTDC, Fed Ex EMS

international, TNT, UPS, India post, J&T express and Aramex. These offer
services worldwide, typically via a hub and spoke model.

Couriers’ services utilizing courier software provide electronic proof of

delivery and electronic tracking details.

Photoshop

Adobe photoshop is a raster graphic editor developed and published by Adobe

editor for Windows and macos. It was originally created in 1987
by Thomas and John knoll. Since then, the software has become the most used
tool for professional digital art especially in raster graphics editing. Owing to its
fame, the program's name has become genericised as a verb (e.g. "to photoshop
an image", "photoshopping", and "photoshop contest ") although Adobe
disapproves of such use.

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Photoshop can edit and compose raster images in multiple layers and
supports masks, alpha compositing and several colour models. Photoshop uses
its own PSD and PSB file formats to support these features. In addition to raster
graphics, Photoshop has limited abilities to edit or render text and vector
graphics (especially through for the latter), as well as 3D graphics and videos.
Its feature set can be expanded by plug-inns programs developed and distributed
independently of Photoshop that run inside it and offer new or enhanced
features.

Photoshop's naming scheme was initially based on version numbers. However,

in October 2002 (following the introduction of creative suit branding), each new

pg. 12 CHRIST THE KING COLLEGE

version of Photoshop was designated with "CS" plus a number; e.g., the eighth
major version of Photoshop was photoshop CS and the ninth was photoshop
CS2 Photoshop CS3 through CS6 were also distributed in two different
editions: Standard and Extended.

With the introduction of the creative cloud branding in June 2013 (and in turn,
the change of the "CS" suffix to "CC"), Photoshop's licensing scheme was
changed to that of Software as a service subscription model. Historically,
Photoshop was bundled with additional software such as Adobe image
ready, Adobe fireworks, Adobe bridge, Adobe device central and Adobe
Camera RAW.

Alongside Photoshop, Adobe also develops and publishes Photoshop

Elements, Photoshop lightroom, Photoshop Express, Photoshop Fix, Adobe
illustrator, and Photoshop Mix. As of November 2019, Adobe has also released
a full version of Photoshop for the iPad, and while initially limited, Adobe plans
to bring more features to Photoshop for iPad. Collectively, they are branded as
"The Adobe Photoshop Family".

File Format

Photoshop files have default file extension as .PSD, which stands for
"Photoshop Document". A PSD file stores an image with support for all features
of Photoshop; these include layers with masks, transparency, text alpha
channels and spot colours, clipping paths, and duotone settings. This is in

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contrast to many other file formats (e.g., .JPG or .GIF) that restrict content to
provide streamlined, predictable functionality. A PSD file has a maximum
height and width of 30,000 pixels, and a size limit of two gigabytes.

From the beginning, Photoshop could save files in other formats, including TIF,
JPEG, and GIF. These files are smaller than PSD files because they lack the
editable features of a PSD file. These formats are required to use the file in
publications or on the web. Adobe's discontinued program Page maker required
TIF format.

Photoshop can also create and use files with the extension. PSB, which stands
for "Photoshop Big" (also known as "large document format"). A PSB file
extends the PSD file format, increasing the maximum height and width to
300,000 pixels and the size limit to around 4exabytes. PSD and PSB formats are
documented.

Because of Photoshop's popularity, PSD files are widely used and supported to
some extent by most competing software, including GIMP, Affinity photo,
and Clip studio paint. The .PSD file format can be exported to and from Adobe's
other apps, such as Adobe illustrator, Adobe premium pro, and After effects.

How to start a xerox shop

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1.Market research and business plan

The first step is to conduct thorough market research to understand the demand
for photocopying services in your target area. Also, analyse the competition,
identify their strengths and weaknesses, and plan how you can offer better
services.

Craft a business plan first. Decide whether you will buy or rent the space. Study
the local market. Decide what type of Xerox machine is required for your store.

These all will help you in creating a financial plan. This is important. Calculate
an expected ROI. Fix your marketing policies for the business.

2.Name your xerox shop

It is important to find a catchy and attractive name for your Xerox shop. You
can check our detailed guide on how to name a business. It should be attracted
by the customers so that you can gain more customers which will give large

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amount of profit. Thus it is very important for the owner to select the name
which can be attracted by the customers.

3.Choose the right location

This is a retail business. The location is definitely a prime factor. You

must select a location nearby schools, colleges, universities, or offices. Court
compounds and secretariat building areas are also suitable places to start this
business.

Small towns, villages, and Suburbans are also perfect places for this business. It
is advisable to choose a location where people come with a normal requirement
for copying, lamination, or binding purpose. Nowadays, students also have
requirements for different project report binding services.

4.Cost and investment

Only two are the major investment in this business. One is space and another is
the machine. You will need to purchase a Xerox machine, lamination machine,
and binding machine. In the case of purchased space, your startup cost will be

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higher. When you start the business in a rented space, your startup cost will be
less.

However, you will need to pay the rent monthly basis. Ink, toner, paper, and
electricity are the major working capital cost for the Xerox centre. If you want
to

run the store with staff, then you must include the salary in working capital
expenditure. You must obtain Trade License from the local authority.

5.Arrange Funds

If you are short on funds, it is essential to secure funding from banks or

financial institutions. There are several banks that provide business loans to new
businesses. Also, apply for a credit card to meet small-time expenses.

6.Obtain necessary permits and licence

To make your Xerox shop business legally compliant, it is essential to register

your business with the appropriate authorities. In addition, obtain the required
permits and licenses to operate legally.

7.Purchase Equipment and Supplies

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Invest in high-quality photocopiers, printers, scanners, and other necessary
equipment. Stock up on printing paper, ink cartridges, and other essential
supplies.

The most important consideration is the cost per page copying. When procuring
the machine you must know the cost of per page printing from that particular
machine. Some of the best Xerox machine brands are the following:

 Brother Xerox Machine

 Canon Xerox Machine

 HP Xerox Machine

 Epson Xerox Machine

8.Hire and train staff

Hire skilled and customer-focused staff to assist customers with their printing
needs. Provide training on operating equipment, customer service, and handling
different types of printing requests.

pg. 18 CHRIST THE KING COLLEGE

9.Set Competitive Pricing

You need to research the pricing of similar services in your area and set
competitive rates. Consider offering discounts or special packages for bulk
printing.

10.Promote Your Xerox Shop

To to promote your business utilize various marketing channels, such as social

media, local advertising, and distributing flyers. Offer introductory deals to
attract new customers and encourage repeat business.

Ticket booking

A ticket is a voucher that indicates that an individual is entitled to admission to

an event or establishment such as a theatre, amusement park, stadium, or tourist
attraction or has a right to travel on a vehicle, such as with an airline ticket, bus
ticket or train ticket. An individual typically pays for a ticket, but it may be free
of charge. A ticket may serve simply as proof of entitlement or reservation. A

pg. 19 CHRIST THE KING COLLEGE

ticket may be valid for any seat (called "free seating" or "open seating") or for a
specific one (called "allocated seating" or "reserved seating").

Overview

Members of the public can buy a ticket at a ticket window or counter, called
a box office in the entertainment industry (this term is also used for the total
receipts), or in some cases online or by telephone. The ticket check may also be

located at the box office, or it may be elsewhere. Tickets may also be available
from resellers which typically are commercial enterprises that purchase tickets
in bulk and resell them to members of the public, adding a surcharge;
consumers buy from resellers for reasons of convenience and availability. The
convenience factor relates to being able to obtain tickets locally and being able
to make alternate selections on the spot, if the preferred performance is not
available. The availability factor relates to the fact that all tickets may have been
sold out at the box office, requiring the purchaser to either obtain tickets from
the reseller, or not to attend the event (or at least not see the particular
performance of choice).

Sometimes, for some bus or train journeys, both free or allocated seating are
available, typically with an increased charge for a reserved seat. On some
conveyances, a passenger with a free seating ticket on a bus or train carries the
risk of having to stand. In contrast, in an arena, cinema, or theatre, a free seating
ticket means that a seat is guaranteed, just not a specific one.

pg. 20 CHRIST THE KING COLLEGE

Paper or Card is generally used, although plastic may be used instead for
durability. Some have a barcode or magnetic strip for keeping simple data
stored on them; higher end tickets include chips that store more data and
prevent counterfeiting.

A paper ticket often is perforated so it can be separated into two parts, one
(the ticket stub) to be kept by the customer, and one to be kept by the ticket
controller. Whether or not one can leave and recentre with the customer's ticket

stub only varies. It may not be allowed to avoid subsequent use of one ticket by
multiple people, or even simultaneous use by giving the ticket to someone
before the ticket check (if this is physically possible), but it may also be
allowed, e.g., in a movie theatre to allow the stub holder to use the facilities
(restroom, telephone, water fountain) or buy, during a movie, a snack or drink
before the ticket check and recentre.

A ticket may be printed in advance, or fully or partly printed when issued, or it

may be a printed form that is completed in handwriting (e.g., by a train
conductor who does not carry a ticket machine, but just a supply of forms and a
pen).

pg. 21 CHRIST THE KING COLLEGE

Bibiliography

1.Smith John “ The History of Xerox Corporation; Innovation, Leadership, and

Impact.” Journal of Business History, Vol. 30, no. 2, 2015, pp.123-145

2.Jones, Mary . “Xerox A case study in technological innovations”. Technology

and Innovation Management Review, vol.18 no,3,2018,pp,201-220

3. Brown, Robert, “Xerox PARC and the birth of the Modern Computer
Interface.” IEEE Annals of the History of Computing, vol, 25,no 4,2017,pp.45-
67

pg. 22 CHRIST THE KING COLLEGE

4. Johnson, David. “Corporate Culture and Innovation; Lessons from Xerox’s
Rise and fall. Harvard Business Review, vol 92, no.6,2016 pp.78-91

5. White Emily. “Xerox; A study in corporate strategy. “Strategic Management

Journal vol.40 no1, 2020, pp 55-76.

6. Davis, Michael. “Xerox and the evolution of the document management”

information systems research vol.22,no,3,2018 pp-145-165.

Conclusion

Xerox Holdings Corporation is an American Corporation that sells print and

digital document products and services in more than 160 countries. The
company purchased Affiliated Computer Services for $6.4 billion in early
2010.As a large developed company, it is consistently placed in the list of
Fortune 500 companies. On December 31,2016, Xerox separated its business
process service operations, essentially those operations acquired with the
purchase of Affiliated Computer Services, into a new publicly traded company,
Conduent. Researches at Xerox and its Palo Alto Research Centre invented
several important elements of personal computing, such as the desktop
metaphor GUI, the computer mouse and desktop computing. These model
families include Work centre, phaser and Colour Qu be for the graphic
communications and the commercial print industries, the Xerox product
portfolio includes high- volume, digital printing presses.

pg. 23 CHRIST THE KING COLLEGE

Products include the iGen, Nuvera, Docuprint, and Impika series as well as the
Trivor, iprint and Rialto machines. Printing is a process for mass reproducing
text and images using a master form or template. The earliest non-paper
products involving printing include cylinder and the Cylinders of Nabonidus.
Coil binding, also known as spiral binding, is a commonly used book binding
style for documents. This binding style is durable and is often used for
professionally bound documents that need to be mailed. The coil used for this
style of binding are made of high quality PVC plastic and offer a secure high
quality and professionally bound book while binding documents up to 2” thick.
One of the strengths of spiral coil binding is that the supplies are available in a
variety of lengths. This spine is inserted onto an eleven-inch document and the
excess length of coil is. cut and crimped at each end of the book. However, the
forming process for creating spiral coil binding elements allows them to be
created in virtually any.

Spiral coils are sometimes made from low-carbon Spiral coil binding supplies
are also available in a wide variety of colours. A courier is a person or
organization that delivers a message, package or letter from one place or person
to another place or person. Couriers are distinguished from ordinary mail
services by features such as speed, security, tracking, signature, specialization
and individualization of express services, and swift delivery times, which are
optional for most everyday mail services. Large courier companies include
DHL, DTDC, Fed Ex EMS international, TNT, UPS, India post, J&T express
and Aramex. It was originally created in 1987 by Thomas and John knoll.
Owing to its fame, the program's name has become genericised as a verb (e.g.
Photoshop can edit and compose raster images in multiple layers and supports

pg. 24 CHRIST THE KING COLLEGE

masks, alpha compositing and several colour models. In addition to raster
graphics, Photoshop has limited abilities to edit or render text and vector
graphics (especially through for the latter), as well as 3D graphics and videos.
Photoshop's naming scheme was initially based on version numbers. However,
in October 2002 (following the introduction of creative suit branding), each new
version of Photoshop was designated with "CS" plus a number; e.g., the eighth
major version of Photoshop was photoshop CS and the ninth was photoshop
CS2 Photoshop CS3 through CS6 were also distributed in two different editions:

Standard and Extended. With the introduction of the creative cloud branding in
June 2013 (and in turn, the change of the "CS" suffix to "CC"), Photoshop's
licensing scheme was changed to that of Software as a service subscription
model. As of November 2019, Adobe has also released a full version of
Photoshop for the iPad, and while initially limited, Adobe plans to bring more
features to Photoshop for iPad. A PSD file stores an image with support for all
features of Photoshop; these include layers with masks, transparency, text alpha
channels and spot colours, clipping paths, and duotone settings. This is in .
contrast to many other file formats (e.g., .JPG or .GIF) that restrict content to
provide streamlined, predictable functionality. From the beginning, Photoshop
could save files in other formats, including TIF, JPEG, and GIF. These formats
are required to use the file in publications or on the web. Photoshop can also
create and use files with the extension. A PSB file extends the PSD file format,
increasing the maximum height and width to 300,000 pixels and the size limit to
around 4exabytes. Because of Photoshop's popularity, PSD files are widely used
and supported to some extent by most competing software, including GIMP,
Affinity photo, and Clip studio paint.

pg. 25 CHRIST THE KING COLLEGE

The .PSD file format can be exported to and from Adobe's other apps, such as
Adobe illustrator, Adobe premium pro, and After effects. The first step is to
conduct thorough market research to understand the demand for photocopying
services in your target area. Decide whether you will buy or rent the space.
Study the local market. These all will help you in creating a financial plan. This
is important.

It is important to find a catchy and attractive name for your Xerox shop. This is
a retail business. Court compounds and secretariat building areas are also
suitable places to start this business. It is advisable to choose a location where
people come with a normal requirement for copying, lamination, or binding
purpose. Only two are the major investment in this business. One is space and
another is the machine. However, you will need to pay the rent monthly basis.
run the store with staff, then you must include the salary in working capital
expenditure. If you are short on funds, it is essential to secure funding from
banks or financial institutions. There are several banks that provide business
loans to new businesses. To make your Xerox shop business legally compliant,
it is essential to register your business with the appropriate authorities. In
addition, obtain the required permits and licenses to operate legally. Invest in
high-quality photocopiers, printers, scanners, and other necessary equipment.
The most important consideration is the cost per page copying. Hire skilled and
customer-focused staff to assist customers with their printing needs. You need to
research the pricing of similar services in your area and set competitive rates. To
to promote your business utilize various marketing channels, such as social
media, local advertising, and distributing flyers.

pg. 26 CHRIST THE KING COLLEGE

A ticket is a voucher that indicates that an individual is entitled to admission to
an event or establishment such as a theatre, amusement park, stadium, or tourist
attraction or has a right to travel on a vehicle, such as with an airline ticket, bus
ticket or train ticket. A ticket may serve simply as proof of entitlement or
reservation. Members of the public can buy a ticket at a ticket window or
counter, called a box office in the entertainment industry (this term is also used
for the total receipts), or in some cases online or by telephone. located at the
box office, or it may be elsewhere. Sometimes, for some bus or train journeys,
both free or allocated seating are available, typically with an increased charge
for a reserved seat. In contrast, in an arena, cinema, or theatre, a free seating
ticket means that a seat is guaranteed, just not a specific one. Paper or Card is
generally used, although plastic may be used instead for durability. Some have a
barcode or magnetic strip for keeping simple data stored on them; higher end
tickets include chips that store more data and prevent counterfeiting.

A paper ticket often is perforated so it can be separated into two parts, one (the
ticket stub) to be kept by the customer, and one to be kept by the ticket
controller. Whether or not one can leave and recentre with the customer's ticket .
It may not be allowed to avoid subsequent use of one ticket by multiple people,
or even simultaneous use by giving the ticket to someone before the ticket
check (if this is physically possible), but it may also be allowed, e.g., in a movie
theatre to allow the stub holder to use the facilities (restroom, telephone, water
fountain) or buy, during a movie, a snack or drink before the ticket check and
recentre. “Xerox A case study in technological innovations”. Technology and
Innovation Management Review, vol.18 no,3,2018,pp,201-220. Brown, Robert,
“Xerox PARC and the birth of the Modern Computer Interface.” IEEE Annals

pg. 27 CHRIST THE KING COLLEGE

of the History of Computing, vol, 25,no 4,2017,pp.45-67. “Xerox and the
evolution of the document management” information systems research
vol.22,no,3,2018 pp-145-165.

pg. 28 CHRIST THE KING COLLEGE