Lecture Notes - 1
Lecture Notes - 1
Lecture Notes - 1
(Subject Code: CSC 602, ITC 651)
Prepared by
Dr. Sourabh Jain
Indian Institute of Information Technology Sonepat
Introduction
• Artificial Intelligence is composed of two words:
Artificial and Intelligence, where Artificial defines "man-made," and
intelligence defines "thinking power", hence AI means "a man-made
thinking power.“
• Artificial Intelligence exists when a machine can have human based skills
such as learning, reasoning, and solving problems.
Why Artificial Intelligence?
• With the help of AI, user can create such software or devices which can
solve real-world problems very easily and with accuracy such as health
issues, marketing, traffic issues, etc.
• With the help of AI, user can create personal virtual Assistant, such as
Google Assistant etc.
• With the help of AI, user can build such Robots which can work in an
environment where survival of humans can be at risk.
• AI opens a path for other new technologies, new devices, and new
Opportunities.
Goals of Artificial Intelligence
Following are the main goals of Artificial Intelligence:
Proving a theorem
Playing chess
1.Observation
2.Observe a pattern
Example:
(1) If passengers fly with a low cost airline, then they will always experience delays
(2) Study all land mammal species to see if they depend on water
(1) 5 out of 100 flights of low-cost airlines are not delayed = reject hypothesis
The conclusions of deductive reasoning can only be true if all the premises set
in the inductive study are true and the terms are clear.
(2) Learning − It is the activity of gaining knowledge or skill by studying, practicing, being
taught, or experiencing something. Learning enhances the awareness of the subjects of the
study.
The ability of learning is possessed by humans, some animals, and AI-enabled systems.
Learning is categorized as −
(a) Auditory Learning − It is learning by listening and hearing. For example, students
listening to recorded audio lectures.
(b) Episodic Learning − To learn by remembering sequences of events that one has
witnessed or experienced. This is linear and orderly.
(c) Motor Learning − It is learning by precise movement of muscles. For example, picking
objects, Writing, etc.
(d) Observational Learning − To learn by watching and imitating others. For example, child
tries to learn by mimicking her parent.
(e) Perceptual Learning − It is learning to recognize stimuli that one has seen before. For
example, identifying and classifying objects and situations.
(f) Relational Learning − It involves learning to differentiate among various stimuli on the
basis of relational properties, rather than absolute properties.
(g) Spatial Learning − It is learning through visual stimuli such as images, colors, maps, etc.
For Example, A person can create roadmap in mind before actually following the road.
hurdles.
Problem solving also includes decision making, which is the process of selecting the best
suitable alternative out of multiple alternatives to reach the desired goal are available.
(4) Perception − It is the process of acquiring, interpreting, selecting, and organizing sensory
information.
Perception presumes sensing. In humans, perception is aided by sensory organs. In the domain
of AI, perception mechanism puts the data acquired by the sensors together in a meaningful
manner.
(5) Linguistic Intelligence − It is one’s ability to use, comprehend, speak, and write the verbal
and written language. It is important in interpersonal communication.
Questions