MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

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(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
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WINTER – 23 EXAMINATION
Subject Name: Mechanical Engineering Measurement Model Answer Subject Code:
Important Instructions to examiners:
22443
1) The answers should be examined by key words and not as word-to-word as given in the model answer
scheme.
2) The model answer and the answer written by candidate may vary but the examiner may try to assess the
understanding level of the candidate.
3) The language errors such as grammatical, spelling errors should not be given more Importance (Not
applicable for subject English and Communication Skills.
4) While assessing figures, examiner may give credit for principal components indicated in the figure. The
figures drawn by candidate and model answer may vary. The examiner may give credit for any equivalent
figure drawn.
5) Credits may be given step wise for numerical problems. In some cases, the assumed constant values
may vary and there may be some difference in the candidate’s answers and model answer.
6) In case of some questions credit may be given by judgment on part of examiner of relevant answer
based on candidate’s understanding.
7) For programming language papers, credit may be given to any other program based on equivalent
concept.
8) As per the policy decision of Maharashtra State Government, teaching in English/Marathi and Bilingual
(English + Marathi) medium is introduced at first year of AICTE diploma Programme from academic year
2021-2022. Hence if the students write answers in Marathi or bilingual language (English +Marathi), the
Examiner shall consider the same and assess the answer based on matching of concepts with model
answer.

Q. Sub Answer Marking

No. Q.N. Scheme

Q.1 Attempt any FIVE (05 x 02 = 10)

a) State different applications of orifice plate. 02 marks

Orifice plates are commonly used to measure flow rates in pipes.

b) Define Gauge factor. 02 marks

Gauge factor is the ratio of fractional change in electrical resistance R, to the fractional change in
length (mechanical strain) ε.

c) Enlist different Sources of error. 01 mark

1) Defect in instrument each Any
2) Loading and unloading two
3) Environmental effects like humidity, temperature, pressure ect.
4) Wrong handling of instrument.
5) Observational error.
6) Size and form of component whose measurement to be done

d) State Law of intermediate temperature. 02 marks

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If a simple thermocouple circuit develops an emf e1, when its junctions are at temperature
T1 and T2, en emf e2 when its junctions are at temperature T2 and T3, it will develop an
emf e1 + e2 when its junctions are at temperature T1 and T3.

e) Sate Seebeck Effect. 02 marks

If two wires of dissimilar metals are joined together at each end and form a complete
electric circuit then current flows in the circuit when the two junctions are kept at
different temperatures. This current if caused by an emf, called the themo-electric emf, set
up in the circuit and is function of temperature difference of the two junctions i.e. the hot
junction whose temperature is to be measured and the cold junction or reference junction
which is maintained at a constant temperature. The current will continue to flow as long
as T1 > T2. Meta B is described as negative with respect to a metal A if current flows into
it at the cold junction.

f) Enlist different Types of Load Cells. 01 mark

1) Strain Gauge Load Cells each Any
two
2) Hydraulic Load Cells
3) Pneumatic Load Cells
4) Capacitive Load Cells
g) Explain function of dynamometer. 02 marks
Dynamometer is the device used to measure the torque and power transmitted by rotating
members. It helps to measure the torque and power transmitted by rotating members like
engine, pump, rotating shaft etc.

Q.2 Attempt any Three (03 x 04 = 12)

a) Active Transducer Passive Transducer 01 Mark

for each
Draw energy from measure and source Take power from external source which point
changes physical properties of transducer Any 4
Output signal produces from the signal to Output obtains by receiving the signal from point
be measured external power source

No additional energy source required Additional energy source required

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Self-Generating Externally powered

Ex. Thermocouple, Photovoltaic cell, Pezio Ex. Thermister, Differential transformer,

electric etc Strain Gauge etc

b) What are different materials used for Strain Gauge. 01 mark

Following are some of the popular metal alloys used for strain gauge element : each any
i) Constantan – Nickel 45 % , Chromium 55 % four
ii) Advance – Copper 57 % , Nickel 43 %
iii) Isoelastic – Iron 52 % , Nickel 36 % , Chromium 8 % Molybdinum 0.5%
iv) Nichrome - Nickel 80 % , Chromium 20 %

c) Explain rotameter with neat sketch. 2 marks

The rotameter consists of three basic elements: 1) A uniformly tapered flow tube 2) a float for
3) and a measurement scale. A control valve may be added if flow control is also desired. Explanatio
In operation, the rotameter is positioned vertically in the fluid system with the smallest n 2 marks
diameter end of the tapered flow tube at the bottom. This is the fluid inlet. The float, for sketch
typically spherical, is located inside the flow tube, and is engineered so that its diameter is
nearly identical to the flow tube’s inlet diameter.
When fluid like gas or liquid is introduced into the tube, the float is lifted from its initial
position at the inlet, allowing the fluid to pass between it and the tube wall. As the float
rises, more and more fluid flows by the float because the tapered tube’s diameter is
increasing. Ultimately, a point is reached where the drag force exerted by the fluid is
balance by weight of float and gravitational force. The float is now stationary at that level
within the tube as its weight is being supported by the fluid forces which caused it to rise.
This position corresponds to a point on the tube’s measurement scale and provides an
indication of the fluid’s flow rate.

d) Explain Inductive pick up type of transducer 2 marks

When a single coil is used as a transducer element, the mechanical input changes the for
permeability of the flux path generated by the coil, thereby changing its inductance. This Explanati
change can be measured by a suitable circuit, indicating the value of the input. As shown on 2
in fig. below, the flux path may be changed by a change in the air gap. marks for
sketch
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The working principle of an inductive transducer is the magnetic material’s induction.

Just like the electrical conductor’s resistance, it depends on various factors. The magnetic
material’s induction can depend on different variables like the twists of the coil over the
material, the magnetic material’s size, & the flux’s permeability. The magnetic materials
are used in the transducers in the path of flux. There is some air gap between them. The
change in the circuit inductance can be occurred due to the air gap change. In most of
these transducers, it is mainly used to work the instrument properly.
Q.3 Attempt any Three (03 x 04 = 12)

a) Explain the working of LVDT. 2 marks

Construction: for
LVDT is a transformer consisting of one primary winding P and two secondary Explanati
winding S1 & S2 mounted on a cylindrical former. The two secondary winding have equal on 2
number of turns and placed identically on either side of the primary winding as shown in marks for
figure below. sketch
A movable soft iron core is placed inside the former. Actually the movable core is made
of nickel iron with hydrogen annealed. Hydrogen annealing is done to eliminate
harmonics, residual voltage of core and thus provides high sensitivity. The movable core
also is laminated in order to reduce eddy current loss. The assembly of laminated core is
placed in a cylindrical steel housing and end lids are provided for electromagnetic and
electrostatic shielding. The displacement to be measured is attached to this movable soft
iron core.

Working of an LVDT
The working of the LVDT circuit diagram can be divided into three cases based on the
position of the iron core in the insulated former.
In Case-1: When the core of the LVDT is at the null location, then both the minor
windings flux will equal, so the induced e.m.f is similar in the windings. So for no
dislocation, the output value (eout) is zero because both the e1 & e2 are equivalent. Thus,
it illustrates that no dislocation took place.
In Case-2: When the core of the LVDT is shifted up to the null point. In this case, the
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flux involving minor winding S1 is additional as contrasted to flux connecting with the
S 2 winding. Due to this reason, e1 will be added as that of e2. Due to this eout (output
voltage) is positive.
In Case-3: When the core of the LVDT is shifted down to the null point, In this case,
the amount of e2 will be added as that of e1. Due to this eout output voltage will be
negative plus it illustrates the o/p to down on the location point.

The output of the measuring device like LVDT or linear variable differential transformer
is a sine wave through amplitude that is proportional to off-center location & 0⁰ otherwise
180⁰ of phase based on the located side of the core.
b) Explain working principle of radiation pyrometer. 2 marks
for
The radiation pyrometers are intended to measure the total energy of radiation Explanatio
from a heated body. n 2 marks
The radiation pyrometer is designed to collect the radiations from the radiating for sketch
object and focus it by means of mirrors or lens on to a detector.
The pyrometer head consist of a metal housing containing a fused silica lens and a
thermopile. The lens end is inserted into a small opening in the side of furnace.
Radiations from hot body enter the lens and are focused on thermopile.
Thermopile develops an e.m.f which deflects a mili voltmeter. It is calibrated in
terms of temperature.

AB: Hot body , CD : Apparatus, F: fused silica lense ,E: Thermopile

M: Temp indicator G: sighting Arrangement
Or

Fig. Radiation Pyrometer

Working Principal:
The e.m.f output of which is fed to a millivolt-meter or potentiometer for measurement
purposes. The pyrometer consists of a blackened tube T open at one end to receive
radiations from the temperature is desired. The other end of the tube carries the sighting
hole E which is essentially an adjustable eye piece. The mirror is centrally fixed to allow
light to reach the eyepiece. There are two small semicircular flat mirrors provided which
are inclined at a slight angle from the vertical plane. The resulting hole is smaller than the
target.
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It accepts a controlled sample of total radiation and through determination of heating
effect of sample, obtains a measure of temperature. Temperature measuring instruments
which respond to all wavelengths and therefore operate to Stefen-Boltzman law are
referred to as total radiation pyrometers.
c) Differentiate between Diaphragm and Bellows. 1 marks
for each
Sr Parameter Diaphragm Bellows.
point any
no
4 points
1 Working Deflection is proportional to It expands and contracts along
principle applied pressure the axis when pressure
applied.
2 constructio A thin member of sheet Bellows are made of brass,
n metal made to precise stainless steel, phosphor
dimension in shape of bronze, beryllium copper.
membrane or circular disc.
3 Pressure Membrane type 0 to 6.7 kpa Typically vaccum to 210 kpa
range Disc type 0 to 350 kpa.

4 Applicatio Automotive pressure Low pressure measurement of

n sensing like manifold air gas, slurries, liquids,
pressure, to measure draft in chemicals.
chimneys of boilers.
5 material phosphor bronze, stainless Brass, beryllium, copper etc
steel etc

d) Explain hysteresis and dead zone. 04 marks

Hysteresis for
explanatio
Hysteresis is a phenomenon under which the measuring instrument shows different output n (02 m
effects during loading and unloading. Hysteresis results from the inelastic quality of an each)
element or device. It is the maximum difference between corresponding upscale and
downscale outputs for any single test cycle, that is, the maximum difference in output at
any given value of the measured variable within the specified range when approaching
that point first with increasing the input and then decreasing the input.

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Input and output hysteresis

The numerical value of hysteresis is specified in terms of output or input values. The sum
of the two effects of dead band and the hysteresis is determined directly from the
deviation values of a number of test cycles. Hysteresis is determined by subtracting the
value of dead band from the corresponding value of hysteresis plus dead band for a given
input.
Dead Zone:
It is defined as the largest change of input quantity for which there is no output of the
instrument. For example, the input applied to the instrument may not be sufficient to
overcome the friction and will, in that case, not move at all.
Or
Dead zone is defined as the largest change of input quantity for which there is no output
of the instrument. It is basically range of input value for which output is zero. Dead zone
is also known as Dead band or dead space or neutral zone.

Q.4 Attempt any Three (03 x 04 = 12)

a) Explain Photoelectric pressure transducer with neat sketch. 2 marks

for
Explanatio
n 2 marks
for sketch

It consist of port for input pressure ,Pressure sensing member like diaphragm ,light source
,a small window, a photo tube with output circuit.
The function of pressure sensing element is to control the aperture of small window. The
amount of output is entirely depends upon the amount of incident light falling on
phototube.
When the pressure to be measured is applied through port to the pressure sensing member,
it changes the position of window. As the light source and phototube are separated by a
window it changes the amount of light falling on phototube, causing change in the current.
This change in current is approximately linear with displacement of window i.e applied
pressure. The current in phototube is amplified by a suitable output circuit.
A meter connected across output terminal can directly calibrate in terms of pressure
measurement. An A.C Modulated light or stable source of light can be used for incident
light.

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b) Explain working of sling psychrometer 2 marks
A psychrometer is a device used for measuring air humidity. for
Explanatio
n 2 marks
Working Principle for sketch
The relative humidity, which is calculated as a percentage, can be determined using a
sling psychrometer. It’s calculated by multiplying the amount of moisture in the air at a
given temperature by the maximum amount of moisture the air could hold at the same
temperature, dividing by 100, and multiplying the quotient by 100.A wet-bulb
thermometer and a dry-bulb thermometer are kept in a sling psychrometer. Using regular
tables and maps, a sling psychrometer may be used to calculate the physical and thermal
properties of moist air. It’s usually used to figure out relative humidity. The wet bulb is
covered in muslin, which is soaked in water and acts as a wick. When the web bulb is
removed from the bath, it cools due to evaporation. A sling psychrometer is one that has
the bulb whirled around to speed up evaporation. The amount of evaporative cooling on
the psychrometer’s wet bulb is proportional to the amount of moisture in the air. Drier air
absorbs more moisture from the bulb, which causes it to cool down faster. The
temperature does not change as much because the warmer air cannot retain as much water
from the bulb. In other words, the more humid the air is, the greater the change in the wet
bulb temperature.

c) What is transducer? State its advantages and disadvantages. 1M for

definition
A transducer is an electronic device that converts a physical force into an electrical signal 1&½M
so that it can be easily handled and transmitted for measurement for
The advantages of Transducers are as follows: advantage
s and 1 &
 It converts one form of energy to the other. ½ M for
 Simple circuit. disadvanta
ges (any
 Easy to operate.
three adv
 Easy noise detection and removal. & Disadv)
 Low power consumption.
 It is suitable for any device or system.

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 It is used for the process of measurement.
 Low friction effects.
disadvantages of Transducers are as follows:

 Sensitive to temperature changes

 Prone to electrical noise
 Require external power source
 Can be expensive
 Limited dynamic range
d) Explain block diagram of FFT Analyser. 2 marks
Micro- for
Processer Explanatio
n 2 marks
for sketch

fs

The Fast Fourier transform can be used to determine the frequency domain representation
(spectrum) of a time domain signal. The signal must be digitized in the time domain; then
the FFT algorithm is executed to find the spectrum. Figure shows the FFT spectrum
analyzer.
The input signal is first passed through a variable attenuator to provide various
measurement ranges. Then the signal is low-pass filtered to remove undesirable high
frequency content which is beyond the frequency range of the sampler circuit and the
analog to digital converter. The microprocessor receives the sampled waveform, computes
the spectrum of the waveform using FFT, and writes the results on the display. The FFT
analyzer accomplishes the same thing that the bank of filters analyzer does, but without
the need for many bandpass filters. Instead the FFT analyzer uses digital signal processing
to implement the equivalent of many individual filters. thus, when considering the
operation of the FFT analyzer, it is appropriate to think in terms of a bank of parallel
filters, each filtering a portion of them frequency spectrum.
e) Basis For Random Error Systematic Error 1 marks
Comparison for each
Definition The random error occurs in It is a constant error which remains same point any
the experiment because of the for all the measurements. 4 points
uncertain changes in the
environment.
Causes Environment, limitation of the Incorrect calibration and incorrectly
instrument, etc. using the apparatus
Minimize By repeatedly taking the By improving the design of the apparatus.
reading.
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Magnitude Vary Constant
of Error
Direction of Occur in both the direction. Occur only in one direction.
Error
Types Do not have Three (Instrument, Environment
and systematic error)
Reproducible Non-reproducible Reproducible
Q.5 Attempt any Two (02 x 06 = 12)

a) Explain working and principle of Anemometer 2M Fig

4M

Principle
& Working

(Any one fig)

Principle:
The rate of cooling of wire depends upon the -
→ Dimension and physical properties of wire
→ Diff. of the temp. between wire and the fluid
→ Physical properties of the fluid
→ Stream velocity under measurement
First three conditions are effectively constant and the instrument response is then a
direct measurement of the velocity change.
Depending on the electronic equipment, hot wire may be operated in two ways;
→ Constant current mode:
→ Constant temperature mode:

Working:
Hot wire anemometer measure the mean and fluctuating flow of gases.
The sensor is a 5 micron diameter platinum-tungsten wire welded between the two
prongs.
This wire heated electrically as part of a wheat-stone bridge circuit.
When the probe is introduced into the flowing fluid, it tends to be cooled by
instantaneous velocity. So, tendency for the electrical resistance to diminish.

(Any one)
a) Constant current mode:
The heating current i.e. voltage across the bridge is kept constant.
Initially the circuit is adjusted such that the galvanometer reads zero when the heated
wire lies in stationary air.
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When the air flows, the hot wire cools and resistance changes and the galvanometer
deflects.
The galvanometer deflection are amplified, measured and correlated with air velocity
by calibration.
b) Constant temperature mode:
Temperature of filament is kept constant.
Hot wire loses heat (decreases temperature) by the flowing fluid.
The external bridge voltage is applied to the wire to maintain a sensibly constant
temp. The bridge voltage is varied so as to bring the galvanometer needle to zero.
The reading on the voltmeter is recorded and correlated with air velocity.

b) Explain Potentiometer for displacement measurement with neat sketch. 2M Fig

4M
Working

 A linear potentiometer transducer consists of a potentiometer, which is short

circuited by a slider.
 The other end of the slider is connected to a slider arm.
 The force summing device on the slider arm causes linear displacement of the
slider causing the short circuit of a certain portion of the resistance in the
potentiometer.
 Let the whole resistance positions on the potentiometer be ABC.
 Let the resistance position caused by the slider movement be BC. As the
movement of the slider moves further to the right, the amount of resistance
increases.
 This increase in resistance value can be noted according to the corresponding
change in the linear displacement of the slider.
 The change in resistance can be calculated with the help of a Wheatstone bridge.

Wire-Wound Potentiometer – The most commonly used resistance elements in this

potentiometer are nickel, chromium or nickel copper. They are also very cost effective.
The winding of the resistance wire will depend on the different types of resistance
changes due to the slider motion like linear, arithmetic, logarithmic and so on.

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c) Explain Ultrasonic Flow meter with neat sketch 2M Fig
4M
Working

Ultrasonic Flow measurement

Ultrasonic flow meters measure the difference of the transit time of ultrasonic pulses
propagating in and against flow direction. This time difference is a measure for the
average velocity of the fluid along the path of the ultrasonic beam. By using the absolute
transit times both the averaged fluid velocity and the speed of sound can be calculated.
Using the two transit times and the distance between receiving and transmitting
transducers.

An ultrasonic flow meter is a type of that measures the velocity of

a fluid with ultrasonic flow meter to calculate volume flow. Using ultrasonic transducers,
the flow meter can measure the average velocity along the path of an emitted beam of
ultrasound, by averaging the difference in measured transit time between the pulses of
ultrasound propagating into and against the direction of the flow or by measuring the
frequency shift from the Doppler effect. Ultrasonic flow meters are affected by the
acoustic properties of the fluid and can be impacted by temperature, density, viscosity and
suspended particulates depending on the exact flow meter.

Q.6 Attempt any Two (02 x 06 = 12)

a) How speed measurement is done by stroboscope? 2M Fig

4M
Working
Working:

• The stroboscope is a simple, portable manually operated device which may be used for
measurement of periodic or rotary motions.
• Basically, the instrument is a source of variable frequency flashing brilliant light, the
flashing frequency being set by operator.
• An oscillator is provided so that the moving object (target) is visible at specific intervals.
• If strong light is caused to flash on moving object, the object will appear stationary.
• The stroboscope consists of a source of flashing light whose frequency can be varied and
controlled.
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• This source is called a strobotron.
• The tube has capacity to flash 300 flashes per second.
• The flashing light is directed on rotating member, which usually has some spoke, gear
teeth or some other features.
• The frequency of lamp flashing is adjusted until the target appears stationary.
• Under this condition, speed is equal to flashing frequency. The scale of stroboscope can
be calibrated to read the speed directly.
• If there are several marks on shaft, various errors in measurement arise.
• If disc has m number of marks, then disc will appear stationary,

Where F = Number of flashes per sec.

m = Number of marks on disc
• Single line image is obtained by flashes.
• The flashing rate is gradually reduced and flashing frequencies are noted for all single
line image.
• If single line image are obtained at m different flashing rates, say F1, F2, F3, . . . Fm.
Then,

Where, F1 = Lowest flashing frequency, Fm = Highest flashing frequency, m = Number of

flashing points or frequencies.
b) Explain platinum resistance thermometer with its applications 2M Fig
2M
Constructi
on &
Working
2M

Applications

Figure: Platinum Resistance Thermometer (RTD)

Construction:

Platinum resistance thermometer consist of pure, well annealed wire.

This wire wound on a hollow insulating ceramic former and covered with protective
cement.

Whole assembly placed in Porcelain sheath.

The ends of platinum wire are welded to long leads of low resistance copper wires.

The copper leads that are connected to one of the arm of Wheatstone bridge.

Some times RTD sensor is fabricated by depositing thin films of platinum, nickel, or
copper on ceramic substrate.
Working:

The change in resistance due to temperature change is usually measured by

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Wheatstone bridge, which may be used either in the null condition or in the
deflection condition.
 When the RTD is subjected to any change in temp. the bridge get unbalanced and
galvanometer shows some deflection.
 This galvanometer is calibrated in terms of temperature.
Applications:
Heating ovens, cold storage plant, Refrigeration & Air conditioning, plastic processing,
Exhaust gas temperature, etc

c) Explain Slipping Clutch Tachometer, Also state its advantages and disadvantages2M Fig
2M
Constructi
on &
Working
1M
Advantage
s
1M
Disadvant
ages

1. In this type clutch is used to connect the driving shaft with indicating shaft.
2. The rotating shaft drives and indicating shaft through a slipping clutch.
3. A pointer attached to indicator shaft mover over a calibrated scale against the torque
of spring.
The pointer position gives a measure of the shaft speed

Advantages:
i) It is simple in construction
ii) It is easy to operate

Disadvantages:
i)High speed measurements are not possible
ii) Accuracy is totally depending on spring

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