Scribd
Upload
1K views

Class 2 - Mathematical Modeling Using Transfer Function Approach

This document provides an overview of a system modeling course that uses transfer function approaches and mathematical modeling. The course discusses using Laplace transforms to derive transfer functions from differential equations representing systems. This allows inputs and outputs of linear systems to be related algebraically. The document outlines procedures for applying Laplace transforms to convert systems from the time domain to the frequency domain for analysis. The understanding of systems is best obtained by deriving their transfer functions, which requires transforming models using Laplace transforms.

Uploaded by

api-26676616
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
1K views

Class 2 - Mathematical Modeling Using Transfer Function Approach

This document provides an overview of a system modeling course that uses transfer function approaches and mathematical modeling. The course discusses using Laplace transforms to derive transfer functions from differential equations representing systems. This allows inputs and outputs of linear systems to be related algebraically. The document outlines procedures for applying Laplace transforms to convert systems from the time domain to the frequency domain for analysis. The understanding of systems is best obtained by deriving their transfer functions, which requires transforming models using Laplace transforms.

Uploaded by

api-26676616
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 14

System Modeling Coursework

Class 2: Mathematical Modeling of systems using


transfer function approach

P.R. VENKATESWARAN
Faculty, Instrumentation and Control Engineering,
Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal
Karnataka 576 104 INDIA
Ph: 0820 2925154, 2925152
Fax: 0820 2571071
Email: [email protected], [email protected]
Blog: www.godsfavouritechild.wordpress.com
Web address: http://www.esnips.com/web/SystemModelingClassNotes
WARNING!

• I claim no originality in all these notes. These are the


compilation from various sources for the purpose of
delivering lectures. I humbly acknowledge the
wonderful help provided by the original sources in
this compilation.
• For best results, it is always suggested you read the
source material.

July – December 2008 prv/System Modeling Coursework/MIT-Manipal 2


Why mathematical model is required?

• It is required to understand, analyse and control the


system
• Fundamental physical laws of science and
engineering are used for modeling.
– Electrical Systems: Ohms, Kirchoffs and Lenz law
– Mechanical Systems: Thermodynamic and Newton’s law

July – December 2008 prv/System Modeling Coursework/MIT-Manipal 3


Introduction to mathematical modeling

• The mathematical model is usually in the form of


differential equations. A differential equation can
describe relationship between input and output
• For a linear system, Laplace transform can be used
to find the solutions of the differential equations
• Using Laplace Transforms, we can represent the real
system using transfer functions.

July – December 2008 prv/System Modeling Coursework/MIT-Manipal 4


Introduction

• Deriving reasonable mathematical models is the most


important part of the entire analysis.
• The principle of causality is assumed throughout this course.
• A trade-off exists between simplicity and accuracy.
• Linear Systems.
– Superposition applies.
• Linear Time-Invariant (vs. Time-Varying) Systems.
• Differential equations with constant coefficients (vs. coefficients of
functions of time).

July – December 2008 prv/System Modeling Coursework/MIT-Manipal 5


Transfer function approach

• The physical system, the input and the output


signals can be separated and easily visualized.

• Transfer function in the Laplace domain is that


relation which algebraically relates the input and
output of a control system, for the case when the
initial conditions are zero.

July – December 2008 prv/System Modeling Coursework/MIT-Manipal 6


Transfer function approach

Consider the linear time-invariant system defined by


the differential equation:
(n) ( n −1) . (n) ( n −1) .
a0 y + a1 y + ⋅⋅⋅ + an −1 y + an y = b0 x + b1 x + ⋅⋅⋅ + bn −1 x + bn x ( n ≥ m)
where x = input and y = output

L[ y ]
Transfer function = G ( s ) =
L[ x] zero initial conditions
Y ( s ) b0 s m + b1s m −1 + ⋅⋅⋅ + bm −1s + bm N ( s )
= = n −1
=
X ( s ) a0 s + a1s + ⋅⋅⋅ + an −1s + an D( s )
n

Order ( D( s )) = number of order of the system.

July – December 2008 prv/System Modeling Coursework/MIT-Manipal 7


Characteristics of transfer function

• It is mathematical model to express the relationship between the


output and the input variable.
• It is independent of the magnitude and nature of the input or driving
function.
• It includes the units. However it does not provide any information
concerning the physical structure.
• If it is known, the output or response can be studied for various
forms of inputs.
• If it is unknown, it may be established experimentally by introducing
known inputs and studying the output. Once established, it gives a full
description of the dynamic characteristics.

July – December 2008 prv/System Modeling Coursework/MIT-Manipal 8


Example: Impulse response function
Convolution Integral.
Y (s) = G (s) X (s)
t t
⇒ y (t ) = ∫ x(τ ) g (t − τ )dt = ∫ g (τ ) x(t − τ )dt
0 0

where g (t ) = x(t ) = 0 for t < 0.

Let x(t ) = δ (t ).
⇒ X (s) = 1
⇒ Y (s) = G (s)

L−1[G ( s )] = g (t ): Impulse-Response Function.

The transfer function and the impulse-response


function contain the same complete information
about the system dynamics.

July – December 2008 prv/System Modeling Coursework/MIT-Manipal 9


Laplace transform

• Laplace transforms provide a method for representing and analyzing


linear systems using algebraic methods.
• In systems that begin undeflected and at rest the Laplace can directly
replace the d/dt operator in differential equations. It is a superset of
the phasor representation in that it has both a complex part, for the
steady state response, but also a real part, representing the transient
part.
• As with the other representations the Laplace s is related to the rate of
change in the system.
D=s
s = σ + jω
(if the initial conditions/derivatives are all zero at t=0s)

July – December 2008 prv/System Modeling Coursework/MIT-Manipal 10


Procedure to apply Laplace transform

• Convert the system transfer function, or differential equation, to


the s-domain by replacing ’D’ with ’s’. (Note: If any of the initial
conditions are non-zero these must be also be added.)
• Convert the input function(s) to the s-domain using the transform
tables.
• Algebraically combine the input and transfer function to find an
output function.
• Use partial fractions to reduce the output function to simpler
components.
• Convert the output equation back to the time-domain using the
tables.

July – December 2008 prv/System Modeling Coursework/MIT-Manipal 11


Summary

• The understanding of the system is best obtained in linear


systems is from deriving the transfer function of the system.
• In order to make the analytical complexity easy to handle
the transformation of time domain to a different domain is
necessary. Laplace transformation helps in such
transformation. T
• he transfer function is obtained by identifying the input and
output variables from the system and deducing using
Laplace transforms

July – December 2008 prv/System Modeling Coursework/MIT-Manipal 12


References

• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laplace_transform amongst
others…

July – December 2008 prv/System Modeling Coursework/MIT-Manipal 13


And, before we break…

• The impossible is the untried

Thanks for listening…

July – December 2008 prv/System Modeling Coursework/MIT-Manipal 14

You might also like