,-

I
I I
f)-(oA
r I
I I
I L. I

t;:f v;
I
V
A, I
0-,'lt<>oV
t>
vf ~ 2-oov 1

Ci) 3,-y vs 1
3-y1 L/,
- - - - - -- (
-
' ® ~+-e.rr~
R.) o----tJ
-
1 -----,
I u..----,-

I
'
I f'0 SPvvM u

t ~~ I G>,,!)M( c. kYGt r
I
I L dofif,(__
"'.S .,..____,, ' - - + - -!ir'
v--...1 b

37'5 ;f _, A
~;:..22..0 D
Ptt4~ ~
J
 Expe rime nt 5
AIM: Experimental investigati on of J phase induction
motor dri ve under balanced and
unba lanced conditions.

APPARATUS:

S.No. \pp:tl'lltllS
\i 1 Rhc\\ ,tnt1
S11ccificutions Quantity
0-450 , 5/\ J

,
\) \ u11,1ra11sfor111cr ] -phase 0-4 15V, 50112, 12.1l kY/\
J. 1nduct 1011 l\1otor Star Conne cted.400Y. 501-lz
4.8A, l 500r m,4 ole
4. 1- Di e.itnl Tacho meter 16-050
v l
5.
6,
TPDT switch
Power anal\ zer Flucke. 434
~
\) CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

u B
~

"
\)
\)

•
~

3
~

~ Fig 5. 1 Unbalanced Supply Conn ection to Sta r Conn ected

Induction Moto r

.
3

•
~

~
 T H EORY :
Man) a times. the effective supply wave fo rm provided to the mo to r m ay get d isto rted
d ue to the
inherent desig n o f the m o to r o r harmo nics added to the system .

There a re m aj o rl y tw o causes o f un balanc ing o f effective input to the IM :

1. U nbalance d Source Voltage

2. U nbalance d Ro to r Im peda nces

T hi s unbala nci ng o f the phases of the s upply to motor cause the develo pme nt
of a pos itive and
negati ve sequenc e o f vo ltages.

Positive seq uence vo ltages have the same phase sequenc e as o rig ina l syste
m. a nd negati ve
sequenc e vo ltages have o pposite phase sequenc e. A lso. in the absence of a neutral
connecti o n.
zero seque nce line voltages become zero .

Now. positi ve sequenc e vo ltages produce an air gap flu x which rotates at synchro
no us speed in
the fo rward directio n .

Tµ=3 /w m[V / Rrls/ {(Rs+Rrl s)2+ (X s+X r)2 }]

Negative seque nce voltages produce an air gap flux w hich rotates at synchro no
us speed in the
reverse directio n with sn=2-s.

l m=V n/ [(Rs+Rr! s)2+(Xs+ Xr)2]

Tn=3 /wm [V n2 Rr/(2-s)/ { (Rs+ Rr/(2-s))2+ (Xs+ Xr) 2 } ]

The res ultant C urre nt and Torque genereat ed by the m oto r, then becom es :

I ,-- ( I rp2 -,- l rn 2 ) 1,2

 Hence. we observe that in the unbalan ced case. the co pper losses of the motor
increase and the
developed torque also deteri orates. I lc nce the perform ance and e ffici ency of the
inductio n motor
reduces in thi s case. To prevent burning or th e motor, it is not all owed to
run fo r prolonged
periods \\'hen the unb::i la nce in voltage is more than 5%.

Note: lntcracti on between positive seq uence air gap flu x and positive sequenc
e rotor current
prndu(T S posi ti ve sequence torque. Negative seq uence torque is produced
due to interacti on
bet\\ ecn negative sequence flux and negative sequence rotor currents . Interacti
ons between
1x 1 siti \'e sequenc e flux wave and negative sequence rotor currents , and
negative sequence flu x
\Ya\'e and positive sequence rotor cuITents, also produces torque. But thi s is pulsatin
g in nature
with zero average value.

PROCEDURE:
l . Connect the IM to the TP DT in the unl oaded co nditi on.
2. Connect one end of the TPDT directly to the 3 phase autotran sformer suppl
y. and the
other end of the TPDT with the 3phase supply through rheostats in_each phase.
3. First check the results obtained for the balanced case, by keeping the switch
at the end
direct ly connected to supply after choosing a suitable supply voltage .
4. In the second pai1 of the experiment, throw the switch to the other end and
observe the
results obtained by varying the resistances of the rheostats.

OBS ERV ATIO NS:

Table 5.1: Balanced supply condition

Rheostat Resistance (D.) Speed Harmonics in supply Harmonics in Current

(rpm) Voltage V) Waveform (I)
R1 I R2 I R3 V3 Vs I V7 b I Is lb
I I 1 I

~ Observe supply voltage and its harmonic spectrum using power quality anal yzer.

Table 5.2: Unbalanced supply condition

Rheostat Resistance (Q) Speed Harmonics in supply Haimonics in Current

(rpm) Voltage V) Waveform (I)
R1 , R2 I R3 V3 Vs I V7 b I Is lb
I I I I
 Experiment 6
AlM : \' f l'lmtrol of three phase induction motor under different operati ng modes.

\ PP.-\R \ Tl!S:

S.No. ~ A pnaratus Specifica tions Q uanti ty

~
1. I D SO Agilent. 600V. 200M Hz I
'
~.=..:._ I A utotransfo rme r 3-phasc 0-4 15V , 501-lz, 12.1 lkVA I
"\) 3. Induction Motor Star Co nnected. 400V. 501-Iz, 4 .8A, I
I
l 500rpm. 4 po le
~
4. I Di 2.ita l Tachome ter 16-050

..,
I

THEORY :
"""\) V / f Control or Frequenc y Control
Torque spet'd can be modified by chang ing frequency of AC supply.
~
V m V12 -T2
T= s

•
~

•~
In this method speed can be controlled both below base speed and above the base speed. For

, control of speed below base speed. the frequency is required to be decreased .

A..s the frequency decreases and the supply vo ltage is kept constant. the flux in the mac hine
increases. Due to this increase in flux the machine start to operate in saturated region of B-H
curve and the magnetiz ing cunent required becomes very high. To avoid this supplied voltage

•
~
decreased by sam e am ount as that of frequency such that V /f ratio remains constant.
is

As \ o ltage is al so decreased, the torque produced by the machine decreases as compared to the
torque at rated frequency this is shown in fi gure 6 .1 .

•
~

49

•
•
~
.,,
a
•a
 ,.\
r
r"' IOH1 ~

.:C L

\ \ \
\

;mL

100.- -

J J_
' 6] ,us
~ 011.11 Speed(PPM\

Figure 6. : Torque-Speed characteristics ofa 3-<j) IM with constant V' frat10

Flu-c den~ry
,e,

- - - - - - -- - ! - -- - - - - - F le4drnenilly (H )

Figure 6.2: B-1-1 curve (!) vs I curve

For speed control above base Speed. the frequency 1s required to be increased . If V/f control is

•
3
cmplo) ed then stator voltage needs to be increased along with the frequency but the mac hinL'
111sulati on is designed fo r rated vo ltage. If the voltage is increased above its rated value. the o,·cr
, ol tage bet,~ een appear across the insulati on will damage it. Therefore, fo r Speed above base
speed onl: freque ncy is increased and the stator voltage is kept constant.
Due to inc rease in frequency the synchronous speed increases but the torque developed
~
decreases . The torque speed characteristics is shown in fi gure I.

PROCED URE:

Va riable Voltage variable frequency :

1. Connect the Stator of the motor through the V/ f dri ve to the autoti·a ~
, ns,ormer
2. Note: ·1he autotran sformer has to be connected to the dri ve usin ~ I ·
3. Var) the /.re<..Juency ti·11 11· J oes not a 1·1·cct tI1e rated valu1: or . I gaJpiase converte r·
( onnect a voltage probe across the conncclion. Make ob . , . o rage
1
4. . ·
s1:1, a11011s.
 Co nstant frequen cy:

1. Connec t the au totr~msf'o nn er directl y a l the stator term inals.

2. Make obscr\'a t ions.

OB~ER Y .\ no~s :
Tabk 6. 1 \ '/f ratio consta nt
~
Y 11 (._\ ) Frcq u cncy( Hz) V/f
\) l(A) Specd( r p m ) %S li p Vdc(V)
•
~
L

\) I
\)
Table 6.2 Variab le voltage consta nt frequen cy
~
I V LL( \ ") Freq ucncy( Hz) V/f l(A) S peed(r pm ) %Slip Vdc(V)
~ I

•-.»
",
~
RESUL T:

•
3
~
,
4'

•
~

3
~
~

ii
~
,.
\)

i\J Experi ment 7

(\l AIM: E:\.peri mcntnl inwsti gnti ons on differe nt types or DC dynam
induction tnl)tlW.
ic braking of three phase

'~ APP ..\RAT l lS:

~ S.No. A_E12_ara tus Specifications

I Quantity
.., + J 11l1ase induction motor 4 15V, 1400 rpm, 3.70 kW, 50Hz
~ -· Diodes
I
J. 6
I Tacho -generator Agilent, 200 MH z. 600V
I ~ 4. I Three phase autotransform er 0-4 I 5V, 50Hz. 12.2 1kV A
I
I
I \)
r~ CIRCUIT DI AGRAM:

I ~

\ 'it
\
I
• ~
O entl&.I

Sa,pol X'YGr110t1

l•
r , ~ Tm
S~<l"
D1eoeZ

I
f • ~ T-,•e,: P-1.r-...:
Pro;;r,artim.able
.....,l\aQ~~
lu)nt tvcnt:'J.Js f.b cl ,ne
SI Un(,
S,~, OLC 8•>0<h ' ~

•
~
Fig 7. I Rotor Resistance contro l oflndu ction Motor in MATL AB
\ ~

• THEORY:

•
~
The speed control of poly phase ind uction motor can be done throug
Here we "'ill di::.cuss abo ut the speed contro l of wound rotor inducti
h the differe nt method s.
on motor using variati on of

•
~

~
;I
 rotor resis tanc e. The conventional meth od
for vari ati on of roto r resis tan ce was done
a \' ari able rheo stat in serie s with th e 3 phas by inserting
e winding of moto r. This meth od of spee
fo ced problems and thi ~ \\ as ,H,t cco1H1111i d co ntrol
cn ll y vinblc . The vari ati on o f' roto r resis tanc
done b) usin g pn,, cr dect 1\,nic de, ices nnd e can be
th is is more el'fi cient method . I !ere we will
ht) \\ this can be achie, ed .
show
'\~

•\)
Basic C'onccpl The to rque equati on for poly
phase indu ction moto r is,

m v2 r2
1 s
~ T=

I \l Under normal working conditi on r2/s» r1,

x, and therefore the equation becomes ,
\)
s = -T · r2
~ Kr
This equatio n shows that for a constant
torqu e. the slip is directly proportional
to the rotor
~ resis tance. If the resistance in the rotor circu
it is increased , the slip is increased and the
speed of

•
the rotor is decreased. This method is appl
icab le onl y to wound rotor inductio n moto
r.
\
I•
Te

~
1
,~

r • T~st I L -- -- r- -- -

.,
~
s :1 0

, nr=O - - Slip -
-Speed-►

Fig 7.2 Tor que v/s Speed characteristi

'9 cs of Indu ction Mot or
From the Figu re 9.2 it is clear how does
the speed vary with the change of rotor resis
~ the norm al operating condi ti on the slip incre tance. At
ases with increasing torque henc e they are
linear characteristi cs. For a fi xed load curv obey ing
~ fi gure we can also obta in the maximum
e, the speed is downward from n to n •
1 4 From this
torqu e at the starting of the resistanc e ri".
meth od has an ad vanta ge of achi evin g max So. thi s
~ imum torqu e at the starting period .

~
A
 ,
"'"\J But the maximum torque is independent of the rotor resistance as per the equati o n.

fhi :- t~ pcor speed contro l is used when the intermiltent speed control is required . It has so me
dra,, bac\...s:
I . The rheostat which is used to vary the resistance per phase causes unbalanc ing in roto r.
"' The resistances generate huge losses and generate heat in the system .
.3 . ln case of a large machine the size of the rheostat w ill be large and in such case it is not easily
po11able .
4 . lt requires more maintenance; hence the cost associated w ith it is more.
5. This method cannot be used fo r industrial auto matio n purpose since we have to change
manually the value of the resistance.
The above mentioned problems can easily be e liminated by using Pulse Width Modulation
(P\VM). or Pulse Duration Modulation (PDM) w ith the bridge rectifier and a switching
transistor.

D1~h.ll·
rcd il icr

I,
,.,

T,

1:1 ) C"in:ui1 d1:1gr..1rn

II (b) Rotor curr~nl ,,avcform

Fig 7.3 Rotor Resistance Control in Induction Motor Using Choppers

Rotor resistance can also be varied steplessly using the circuit shown in figure 7.J(a). The AC
output , oltage of the rotor is rectified by diode bridge rectifier and fed to parallel combination of
fixed resistor R and a semiconductor switching transistor T,. Effective value of resistance across
terminal A and B i.e .. R AB is varied by vary ing duty cycle of the transistor T,, w hich in turn
, aries the resistance of the rotor circuit. Inductance is added to the circuit to reduces the ripple
and disconti nuity in the de link current lct. Rotor cu1Tent waveform is shown in the fig.7.3( b)
when the ripple is neglected . Thus the rms value of the cun-ent will be
'~
\)
~ Resis1ance bet ween A and n te rmi nal w ill be zero w he11 the tran s istor is o n a nd it w ill be R w hen
it is off. Therefore avcrnge va lue of resistnrn.:e between the te rmina ls is g iven by
~
,., R,. 5 = (1 - o) R \\'here. ;s is the duty ra t io o f the tran s isto r. Electrical power cons um ed by th e
R .,_R resistor per phase is

11 Power con sumed per phase= PAB = 0.5 (1 - o)R I,~

3

\) I ro m this equatio n we can suggest that rotor circ uit resistance per phase is inc reased by 0.5 ( 1-
l))R . Thus tota l circuit resi stance can be eva luated . The refo re the tota l ro tor res ista nce is varied

l \) from R, to 0.5( 1-8)R as 8 is vari ed fro m 1 to 0 .

I \) Adva ntages of Speed Control of Induction Moto r Us ing Static Devices

I . Smooth variations of rotor resistan ce.
I~ 2. Simplicity of o peration using close loop control.

I.
I • 3 . Quick response of syste m.
4. Rotor resistance unbalanced can be eliminated using power electronics dev ices.

I•
PROCEDURE:

1) Connect the stator to the autotransformer.

I ~ 2) Connect the rheostat with the Rotor using 3phase bridge configuration.

I• 3) The system now behave as a Static Rotor resistance circuit e liminating the unbalanced
condition. Connect voltage and current probes across stator, rotor and DC rheostat side, and
~
I, make observations.

I OBSE RV ATIONS:

•~
Table 7.1

\'s(\') l s(A ) I Ydc(Y) ldc(A) Yr(Y) IR(A) S peed(rpm) %slip

I

•~

4' - -

r •4 RESULT:
I
I ,
J

~ a
I 'ii
;J
]