dQUESTREVIEWCENTER

1550EspanaBlvd.Cor.LacsonAve.,

Sampaloc,Manila

INDUSTRIALSECURITYMANAGE

MENT By:

ABELARDOD.SEVILLA,M.S.CriminalJustice
6THPLACECRIMINOLOGISTLICENSUREEXA
MMAY2005

DEFINITIONOFSECURITY
-
Generally,themeaningofsecurityisakindofstatewherepeople,institution,authorityorgroups
feelfullysecuredoffeeling,freefromany
threatorvulnerabilityfromsomewhereorsomeoneinhis/herlife,liberty,propertyoractivity.Itc
ouldbeinphysical,psychological,socialor economicalform.
-Itisastateorqualityofbeingsecured,freedomfromfearordanger,assurance,certainty.
-Itisthedegreeofprotectionagainstdanger,loss,andcriminals.
-Protectionagainstanytypeofcrimetosafeguardlifeandassetsbyvariousmethodsanddevice.
BASICPRINCIPLESOFSECURITY
1. CommandResponsibility
-Cannotbedelegatedbutthesecuritytaskscanbeassigned.
2. Compartmentation
-Needtoknowbasis
3. Balancebetweensecurityandefficiency
-Securityprevailsoverefficiency
4. Generalprinciplesofsecurityremainconstant
-Specificmeasurestosuitoperations
5. Securityistheconcernofallpersonnel
-Regardlessofrank,position,designation
TYPESOFSECURITYMEASURESFORANEFFECTIVEDEFENSEAGAINSTCRIMES:
1.ACTIVEMEASURES–
theseinvolvetheinstallationofphysicalbarriers,securitylighting,useofvaults,locksandother
s.
2.PASSIVEMEASURES–
thosethatwilldetermanfromcommittingsuchactoffearofbeingcaught,chargeincourtorgetd
ismissed,sucha
securityeducation,programs,investigations,seminars,personnelsec.
uritycheck
s:

BriefHistoryofSecurityinthePhilippines
-
TheprivatesecuritybusinessbeganonMarch11,1933,whenthefirstformallylicensedprivate
securityagency“SpecialWatchmanAgency

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startedoperations ;
”

-Lateritrenamed“JimenezSecurityAgency”,foundedbybrothersJuanandPedroJimenez;
-
OnMay301958,thePhilippineAssociationofDetectivesandProtectiveAgencyOperations(PA
DPAO)wasformallyorganized;
-
RA5487waspassedonJune13,1969throughthecontinuouslobbyingoftheincorporatorsan
dofficersofPADPAO,whichsetthestandard
andminimumrequirementsfortheoperationsofsecurityagencies .
s

-
P.D.11waspassedonOctober3,1972,wideningthecoverageofRA5487toincludesecuritygua
rdsemployedinloggingconcession
agricultural,miningandpasturelands ;
s,

-
P.D.100wasissuedonJanuary17,1973,broadeningthecoverageofthesecurityindustrytoincl
udeemployeesofthenationalorlocal
governmentoranyagencywhoareemployedtowatchorsecuregovernmentbuildingandproper
ties.
-
OnAugust1969,thePhilippineConstabularyactivatedtheSecurityandInvestigationSuperv
isoryofficeorSIASOtosuperviseandcontrolth
organizationandoperationofprivatesecurityanddetectiveagenciesnatio ;
nwide
e

-
LateritwasrenamedPhilippineConstabularySupervisoryOfficeforSecurityandInvestigation
AgenciesorPCSUSIA.
-WiththepassageofRA6975,thisunitwasabsorbedbythePhilippineNationalPolice;
-

LateritwasmadeintoadivisionofthePNPCivilSecurityGroupandwasrenamedSecurityAgenc

iesandGuardSupervisionDivision(SAGSD); -

ItwasrenamedtoPNPSupervisoryOfficeforSecurityInvestigationAgency(SOSIA).

THREEMAJORAREASOFSECURITY
1.PhysicalSecurity
2.PersonnelSecurity
3.DocumentandInformationSecurity
TYPESOFSECURITY
1. PHYSICALSECURITY

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 Definition
–asystemofbarriersplacedbetweenthepotentialintruderandtheobjects/
mattertobeprotected.Itisthebroadestbranchof
security,whichisconcernedwithphysicalmeasuresadoptedtopreventunauthorizedaccessto
equipment,facilities,materialsanddocuments
andtosafeguardthemagainstespionage,sabotage,damageandtheft.

OBJECTIVE:
t;
S
b.
a.
Toprotecttheorganization’s
asse
Tomakeaccesssodifficultthatanintruderwillnotdareattemptpenetration.
CONCEPTS:
a. Enemyagentswillalwaysseekaccess;
b. Surreptitiousentryisthegreatesthazardtosecurity;
c. Therearenoimpenetrablebarriers;
d. Eachinstallationisdifferent.
FACTORSTHATBRINGINSECURECONDITION:
1.Threat
–Anindicationofimpendingdangerorharm;
-positiveinimicalacts
2.Hazard
–Achanceofbeinginjuredorharmed;
-passiveinimicalacts
3.Vulnerability
– inabilitytowithstandtheeffectsofahostileenvironment
-measureofhowopenanestablishmenttointrusion,attackorinjury
4.Risk
– isthepotentialthatachosenactionoractivity(includingthechoiceofinaction)willleadt
oaloss(anundesirableoutcome). -probabilityofaneventtohappenthatwillleadtoloss.
SECURITYHAZARD
Anactorconditionwhichresultsinasituationconducivetoabreachoftheprotectionsyste
mandthesubsequentlossor compromise,ordamagetopersonnel,propertyorfacilities.
KINDSOFHAZARDS
1. Man–MadeHazards–
anactsorconditionsaffectingthesafeofoperationofthefacilitycausedbyhumanaction,a
ccidentalor intentional.Itincludessabotage,espionage,pilferageandtheft.
2. NaturalHazard–
causebynaturalphenomenawhichcausedamage,disturbanceandproblemsofnormalf
unctioningactivities,
includingsecurity.Itincludesflood,lighting,stormsandvolcaniceruptions.
THEEXTENTOFDEGREEOFRISKTOSECURITYWILLBEDEFENDANTONTHEFOLLOWING
:
1.RELATIVECRITICALITYOFOPERATIONS-
Istheimportanceofthefirmwhichreferencetothenationaleconomyandsecurity.
2.RELATIVEVULNERABILITY–
Thesusceptibilityoftheplantorestablishmenttodamage,loss,ordisruptionofoperationdueto
various hazard.

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BARRIER–
canbedefinedasanystructureorphysicaldevicecapableofrestricting,deterring,delaying,illeg
alaccesstoaninstallation.
Generally,abarrierisuseforthefollowingpurposes:
1.Outlinetheperimeteroftheareatobesecured;
2.Createaphysicalandpsychologicaldeterrenttounauthorizedentry;
3.Delayintrusion,thusfacilitatingapprehensionofintruders;
4.Assistinmoreefficientandeconomicalemploymentofguards;
5.Facilitatesandimposethecontrolofpedestrianandvehiculartraffic.
1.FIRSTLINEOFDEFENSE–Perimeterbarrier/fences-
amediumorstructurewhichdefinesthephysicallimitsofaninstallationorareat
restrictorimpedeaccessthereto.
2.SECONDLINEOFDEFENSE– .
Doors,floors,windows,walls,roofsandgrills
3.THIRDLINEOFDEFENSE– .
Storagesystemlikesteelcabinets,safes,vaultsandinteriorfiles
o

GENERALTYPESOFPHYSICALBARRIER:
1.NATURALBARRIER–
2.STRUCTURALORMAN-MADEBARRIER–
structuralconstructionsmadebymanlik
todeterorimpedepenetration.
includemountains,rivers,seas,dessertsorterraindifficulttotraverse.Tobefullyeffective,thes
ebarriersmustbe undersurveillanceofguards.
efences,walls,floors,roofs,grillorotherphysicalmeans

TYPESOFFENCES
1.SOLIDFENCE–
Constructedinsuchawaythatvisualaccessthroughthefenceisdenied.Itsadvantageisthatitde
niestheopportunityfor
theintrudertobecomefamiliarwiththepersonnel,activitiesandthescheduledmovementsofth
esecuritypersonnel.Ontheotherhand,it
preventstheguardsfromobservingtheareaaroundtheinstallationanditcreatesshadowthatm
aybeusedbytheintruderforcoverand concealment.
WALL–
Masonrywallshouldhavethesameasthechainlinkedandsurroundedbythebarbedwireastop
guard.
2.FULLVIEWFENCE–
Itisconstructedinsuchawaythatvisualsaccessispermittedthroughthefence.Itsadvantageist
hatitallowsthe
securitypersonneltokeepthesurroundingoftheinstallationunderobservation.Ontheotherh
and,itallowstheintrudertobecomefamiliarwith themovementsthesecuritypersonnel.
TYPESOFFULLVIEWFENCE
1.CHAINLINKFENCE
-Shouldbeconstructedminimum
heightof7feetexcludingtopguard;
-9gaugesorheavier;

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-Meshopeningsofnotlarger2inchesperside;
-Twisted;
-Securelyfastenedtorigidmaterialorreinforcedconcrete;
-Reachwithin2inchesofhardgroundorpaving;
-Onsoftground,itmustreachbelowsurfacedeepenoughtocompensateforshiftingsoilorsand.
2.BARBEDWIREFENCE- isatypeoffencing wire
constructedwithsharpedgesorpointsarrangedatintervalsalongthestrand(s).Itisused
constructinexpensive .
fences
3.ConcertinaWireorDannertWire–
isatypeofbarbedwireorrazorwirethatisformedinlargecoilswhichcanbeexpandedlikeaconc
ertina
- .
Openedconcertinawireis50feetlongand3feetdi
ameter
ADDITIONALPROTECTIVEMEA
SURES
to
.

TopGuard-
anadditionoverhangorbarbedwireplaceonverticalperimeterfencesfacingupwardandoutwar
dwitha45degreeanglewiththree
tofourstrandsofbarbedwiresspacesixinchesapart.Thiswillincreasetheprotectiveheightand
preventeasyaccess.
3.EntryStations–
providedatmainperimeterentrancestosecureareaslocatedoutofthedoors,andmannedbygu
ardsonafulltimebasis.
4.Towers–
ahouselikestructuresabovetheperimeterbarrier.Heightoftowerincreasestherangeofobser
vationduringdayandnightwit
artificialillumination .
h
5.ClearZones–
unobstructedareamaintainonbothsidesoftheperimeterbarrier.Itaffordsbetterobservationa
ndpatrolmovement.It
shouldbeclearedofanythingthatmayprovideconcealmentorassistancetoapersonseekingan
authorizedentry.
CLEARZONE
-20feetormorebetweentheperimeterbarrierandexteriorstructure.
-
50feetormorebetweentheperimeterbarrierandstructurewithintheprote
ctedareas. PROTECTIONINDEPTH
-
Inlargeopenareasorground,wherefencingorwallingisimpracticableandexpensive,warnings
ignsshouldbeconspicuouslyplaced.
-Thedepthitselfisprotection.
6.SignsandNotices–
erectedwherenecessaryinthemanagementofunauthorizedingressandprecludeaccidentale
ntry.

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SECURITYLIGHTING
Providessufficientilluminationtoareasduringhoursofdarkness.
PURPOSESOFSECURITYLIGHTING
1.Itimprovesvisibilitysothatintruderscanbeseen,identifiedandapprehend;
2.Itgivespsychologicalfear,whichservesasadeterrenttothieves,pilferers,trespassers,andsa
botage;
3.Itmakeseasier.Theroutineofworkofguardsinidentifyingemployees,vehiclesduringnightti
me;
4.Ifplacedincertainareas,mayevenreducethenumberofstationaryguards,andinstead,mayr
equireonlyrovingpatrolsatnight.
TYPESOFSECURITYLIGHTING
1.StationaryLuminary–
mostcommontypeconsistingoffixedseriesofluminaries.Itiscommonlyusedonentrygatesofe
mployeesand vehicles.
e>GlareProtectionType–
Theintensityisfocusedtotheintruderwhiletheobserverortheguardremaininco
mparativ
darkness .
>Controlledlighting- thebackground.
Thelightingisfocusedoncertainobjectst
han

2.StandbyLighting–
similartocontinuouslightingbutcanbeturnedonmanuallyorbyspecialdeviceorotherautoma
ticmeans,whenthereis asuspicionofentry.
3.EmergencyLighting–standbylightingwhichcanbeutilizedintheeventofelectricalfailure.
PROTECTIVEALARMS
Isanauralorvisualsignalgivenbytheannunciatortothesecuritywhenintruderactuatecertain
devicesinaprotectedarea.An
annunciatorisavisualoraudiblesignalingdevice,whichinitiatesconditionsofassociatedcircu
its.
Basically,alarmsystemaredesignedtoalertsecuritypersonnelofaattemptedorconsum
matedintrusionintoanarea,buildingor
compound.Eachtypeofalarmisactivatedintheeventthatanintrudertamperswiththecircuitry
,abeamorradiatedwaves.Alarmarealsofor
fire,smoke,orotheremergenciesandpresenceofhazards.
THREEBASICPARTSOFALARM
1.Sensors
-devicethatcansenseanabnormalconditionwithinthe system andprovidea signal
indicatingthepresenceornatureofthe abnormality
2.CIRCUIT
-
Itisthecommunicationchannelthatconveystheinformationfromallsensorsinthesystemtoth
esignalbymeansofwire,radiowaves.

3.Signa l
t.
-
Theactualalarmmaybeaudibleorsilent,abell,buzzer,pho TYPESOFPROTECTIVEALARM
neringing,orflashingofligh 1.CentralStationSystem–
Severalseparatecompoundstietheiralarmsystemtoacentralstationsothatincaseofneed,thec
entralstation

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callsforassistancetothepolice,firedepartment,hospitalorwithothergovernmentassistinguni
ts.
2.ProprietarySystem–
Similartothecentralstationtypeexceptsthattheproprietaryconsoleislocatedinsidethesubscr
ibersinstallationwho ownsorbasesthesystem.
3.AuxiliarySystem–
Aninstallationownedsystemwhichisadirectextensionofthelocalenforcementagencyand/
orfiredepartmentby specialarrangements.
4.LocalAlarmSystem–
Consistsofriggingupavisualoraudiblealarmneartheobjecttobeprotected.Incaseofalarm,res
ponsewillbe madebythelocalguardsandotherpersonnelwithinsightorhearing.
FIREPROTECTION

FIREALARM--
Anyvisualoraudiblesignalproducedbyadeviceorsystemtowarntheoccupantsofthebuilding
orfirefightingelementsofth
presenceordangeroffiretoenablethemtoundertakeimmediateactiontosavelifeandprop .
ertyandtosuppressthefire
e

DEVICES
1.SmokeDetector-
adeviceplacedattheceilingsofthefloorthatdetectssmoke,typicallyasanindicatoroffire.
2.FireBell-ahollowdevicemadeofmetalthatmakesaringingsound.
AUTOMATICSPRINKLER–
atypeofbuiltinsprinklerswhichworksbytheincreaseofroomtemperatureandwhichautomati
callyoperatesthe
systemtoputoutthefire.Attachedanddistributedintheceilingoftherooms.Thesesprinklerswi
llgointoactiononceafirestarts,andthose
thatwillopenarethosethataredirectlyabovethefireandwaterisdeliveredwhereitisneeded.
STANDPIPES
G.I.steelorplasticpipeslocatedinsidethebuildingfromthelowesttothetopfloorwithwaterunde
rpressureforuseincaseoffire.Located
nearthestandpipeisafirehoseusuallyenclosedinaglassbox.
FIREHYDRANT
Itisamechanicaldevicestrategicallylocatedinaninstallationorinastreetwhereafirehosewillbe
connectedsothatthewaterwillbe availabletoextinguishedafire. FIREEXTINGUISHER
Isafirefightingequipmentwhichcanisafirefightingequipmentwhichcanbeportableorincartth
atisusedtoputoutfiredependingonthe contentstoextinguishcertaintypesoffire.
CLASSESOFFIRE
1.CLASSAFIRES–-
involvingordinarycombustiblematerialssuchaswood,cloth,andpaper,requiresanextinguis
hingagentwhichcools. A waterormulti-purposedrychemicalcanbeused.
2.CLASSB-
firesinvolvingflammableandcombustibleliquidsandgases,suchassolvents,greases,gasolin
e,andlubricatingoil,requirean extinguisherwhichremovesoxygenorcutsthechainreaction.
Foam,carbondioxide,drychemical,areeffective.
3.CLASSC-
firesinvolveenergizedelectricalequipment(liveelectricalwires,electricalappliances).Anon-
conductingextinguishingagent suchascarbondioxideormulti-
purposedrychemicalmustbeused.

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4.CLASSDFIRES–
theresultofthecombustionofcertainmaterialsinfirelydividedforms.Thesemetalscanbemagn
esium,potassium, powderedaluminumandzinc.

HOWTOOPERATEFIREEXTINGUI
:
SHER
PULLthepin- .
-
Fireextinguishersoftenhaveapin,latch,orpunctureleverthatyouneedto 
Ifyouneedtouseafireextinguisher,reme
releasefirst 
mberthewordPASS
AIMlow- . e.
Aimthenozzleorhoseoftheextinguisheratthebaseofthe fire
SQUEEZEthehandle- .
Thisreleasestheextinguishingagent
SWEEPfromsidetoside-
Moveinclose,andsweepacrossthebaseofthefire. Watchforre-
flashofthefir

ALARMDEVICES
1.MagneticDoorContact-
isaprotectivedeviceusuallyplacedinthedoor,andwindowthatcansendnotificationwhentheo
peningandclosure occurs
2.VibrationContact–
devicesmountedonbarriersandareusedprimarilytodetectanattackonthestructureitself.Wh
enmovementor
vibrationoccurs,theunstableportionofthecircuitmovesandbreaksthecurrentflow,whichpro
ducesanalarm.
3.PassiveInfraredDetector(PIR)orMotionSensor–
PIRsareabletodistinguishifaninfraredemittingobjectispresentbyfirstlearningthe
ambienttemperatureofthemonitoredspaceandthendetectingachangeinthetemperaturecau
sedbythepresenceofanobject.
4.Panicbutton-
Oftenlocatedunderthecounter,thebuttoncanbepressedintimesofdistress(Suchasrobbery,d
isruptiveorthreatening
behavior,orasituationwhichmaywarrantassistance),triggeringasilentalarm.
5.CCTV-Avideomonitoringsystemismore commonlyknownasClosedCircuitTelevision
Systems.ACCTVsystemisasystem consisting ofatelevisioncamera,videomonitor,anda
transmissionmedium(Cable,fiberorwireless)connectingthetwo.Itis
usedtomonitorthepremises.
IPCAMERA
>IPbasedcamerasworkbyturningimagesandaudiointodatathentransmittingthisdataove
ranetworkorInternetconnection.
>IPcamerasareatypeofClosedCircuitTelevisionCamera(CCTV)usedforcapturingimag
esandaudiorecordingsinsurveillancefor homesandbusinesses.
- transmissionofimagescapturedbyadigitalvideo
TheIPnamestandsforInternetProtocol,asysrecorder(DVR)totheen
temthatallowsthe
destinationcomputersandthesecomponentstogetherma.
keupavideosecuritysystem
d

PROTECTIVELOCKS
.
LOCK–
TypeofLocks
definedasmechanical,electrical,hydraulicorelectronicdevicedesignedtopr
evententrytoabuildingorroom

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1.Key–OperatedLock
-
Itusessomesortofarrangementofinternalphysicalbarrierswhichpreventthelockfromoperati
ngunlesstheyareproperlyaligned.Thekey
isthedeviceusedtoaligntheseinternalbarrierssothatthelockmaybeoperated.
PADLOCK–
aportableanddetachablelockhavingapivotedorslidinghaspwhichpossessthroughastapleri
ng,orthelikeandismadefasto
secured .
r

2.COMBINATIONLOCK–
alockthatrequiresmanipulationofpartsaccordingtoapredeterminedcombinationcodeofnu
mbers.
3.CARDOPERATEDLOCK/CODEDLOCK–
typeoflockthatcanbeopenedbyinsertingacodedcardinaslotinthelock,orbypushingthe
correctbuttononthesurfaceofthelock.
4.ELECTRONICLOCK–typeoflockthatcanbeclosedandopenedremotelybyelectronicmeans.

BIOMETRICS
- . .
Amachinethatcanbeusedforidentificationofhumansbytheirchar
acteristicsortraits
-Itisusedasaformofidentificationand
KEYCONTROL .
accesscontrol
–
-
definedasthemanagementofkeysinaplantorbusinessorganizationtopreventun
Itisequippedwithrecordingdevicethatcanidentifythepersonoperatingt
authorizedindividualaccesstothekey
helockandthetimeitwasoperated

s.
ChangeKey-akeytoasinglelock
Sub-MasterKey-akeythatcanopenalllockswithinaparticularareaorgrouping.
MasterKey–aspecialkeycapableofopeningaseriesoflocks
GrandMasterKey–
akeythatcanopeneverythinginasysteminvolvingtwoormoremasterkeygroups.

PETERMAN
-
AtermusedinEnglandforlockpicker,safecrackers,andpenetratorsofrestrictedareasorrooms
.
FALSEKEY
-Genuinekeystolenfromtheowner
HUMANBARRIER
Securityguard–
Isanynaturalpersonwhooffersorrenderspersonalservicetowatchorguardresidentialorbusin
esspremisesorboth, governmentand/ortheirpremisesforhireandcompensation.
SecuritySupervisor–
Ischargedwithdirectingtheworkandobservingthebehavioralperformanceoftheguardunder
hisunit.

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ORGANIZATIONANDADMINISTRATIONOFSECURITYGUARDFORCE
RepublicAct5487,asamended–ThePrivateSecurityAgencyLaw,approvedonJune13,1969.

2003RevisedImplementingRulesandRegulations(IRR)ofRA5487,asamended,

PNPSOSIA–PhilippineNationalPoliceSupervisoryOfficeforSecurityInvestigationAgency–
officeundertheCivilSecurityGroupwhich
chargedwiththesupervision,directionandcontrolofallsecurityagenciesintheRepublic.
is

WHOMAYORGANIZEANDMAINTAINPRIVATESECURITYAGENCYANDPRIVATEDETECTI
VEAGENCY
AnyFilipinocitizenorcorporation,association,partnership,onehundredpercentofwhichisow
nedandcontrolledbyFilipinocitizens.
BASICREQUIREMENTOFANOPERATORORMANAGEROFSECURITYAGENCY
1. Filipinocitizen;
2. Notbelessthantwentyfive(25)yearsofage;
3. Collegegraduateand/
oracommissionedofficerintheinactiveserviceorretiredfromtheAFPorPNP;
4. Hastakenacourse/seminaronIndustrialSecurityManagementand/
ormusthaveadequatetrainingorexperienceinsecurity business,
4. Goodmoralcharacter;
5. Havingnopreviousrecordofconvictionofcrimeoroffenseinvolvingmoralturpitude.
QUALIFICATIONSOFSECURITYGUARDORWATCHMAN
1. Filipinocitizen;
2. HighSchoolgraduate;
3 Physicallyandmentallyfit;
4.
Atleasteighteen(18)yearsofagebutnotmorethanfifty(50
)yearsold; 5. HasundergonePre-
Licensingcourseoritsequivalent.
Veteransandretiredmilitary/
policepersonnelhonorablydischargeincludinggraduatesofROTCadvance(oritsequiva
lentinthePNP) areexemptedfromtherequiredBasic-LicensingTraining.
QUALIFICATIONSFORSECURITYOFFICER
1. Filipinocitizen;
2. HolderofaBaccalaureateDegree;
3. Physicallyandmentallyfit;
4. HasgraduatedfromaSecurityOfficerTrainingCourseoritsequivalent
QUALIFICATIONSOFSECURITYCONSULTANT
1. Filipinocitizen;
2. Physicallyandmentallyfit;
3. HolderofMastersdegreeeitherinCriminology,PublicAdministration,MNSA,Industrial
SecurityAdministration,orLaw
4. Musthaveatleastten(10)yearsexperienceintheoperationandmanagementofsecurityb

usiness. PRIVATEDETECTIVE

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Anypersonwhodoesdetectiveworkforhire,rewardorcommission,otherthanmembersoftheA
FP,BJMP,PNPoranyotherlawenforcemen
agencies .
t

QUALIFICATIONSOFAPRIVATEDETECTIVE
1. Filipinocitizen;
2. Physicallyandmentallyfit;
3. Holderofbaccalaureatedegree,preferablyBachelorofLawsorBachelorofScienceinCri
minology;
4. GraduateofaCriminalInvestigationCourseofferedbythePNPorNBIoranypolicetrainin
gschool,oradetectivetraininginany authorized/recognizedtrainingcenter;
5. AdvanceROTC/CMTgraduateoritsequivalent
DISQUALIFICATIONS
1. Havingpreviousrecordofanyconvictionofanycrime;
2. Havingpreviousrecordofanyconvictionofanyoffenseinvolvingmoralturpitude;
3. Havingbeendishonorablydischargedorseparatedfromemploymentorservice;
2. Beingamentalincompetent;
3. Beingaddictedtotheuseofnarcoticdrugordrugs,and
4. Beingahabitualdrunkard
5. Dummyofaforeigner

MORALTURPITUDE
Itisanactofbaseness,vilenessordepravityintheprivateandsocialdutieswhichamanowesto
hisfellowmenortosociety
general,contrarytotheacceptedandcustomaryruleofrightanddutybet .
weenamanandman
in

Conductthatisconsideredcontrarytocommunitystandardsofjustice,honestyandgood
morals.
Examples.Rape,Forgery,Robbery
TYPESOFSECURITYGUARDFORCE
1.CompanyGuardForce–securityforcemaintainedandoperatedbyanyprivatecompany/
corporationutilizinganyofitsemployeesto watchsecureandguarditsestablishment.
2.
SecurityAgencyservice– ;
3.e.
securityguardbelongingtoprivatelylicensedagency(contractualbasis)
GovernmentGuardForces–
securityunitmaintainedandoperatedbyanygovernmententityotherthanmil
itaryorpolic
POSSESSIONOFFIREARMS
1. One(1)firearmforeverytwo(2)securityguards;
2. Privatesecurityagency/privatedetectiveagency/companysecurityforce/
governmentsecurityforceshallnotbeallowedtopossess
firearmsinexcessoffivehundred(500)units.
3. Shotgunsnothigherthan12gauge
4. Weaponswithboresnotbiggerthancal.22toincludepistolsandrevolverswithboresbigge
rthancal.38

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Exemptions:inareaswherethereisanupsurgeoflawlessnessandcriminalityasdeterminedb
ytheChiefPNP,RegionalOfficeorthe
authorizedrepresentative,theymaybeallowedtoacquire,possessandusehighpo.
weredfirearms
ir

NUMBERSOFSECURITYPERSONNELTOBEMAINTAINEDTOSECUREREGULARLICENSE
TOOPERATE
1. PrivateSecurityAgency–
minimumoftwohundred(200)licensedprivatesecuritypersonnelandamaximumofonethou
san
(1,000) .
d

2.CompanyGuardForce/PrivateDetectiveAgency–
minimumofthirty(30)andamaximumofOnethousand(1,000)
LIMITATIONINTHECARRYINGOFFIREARMS
1.eNofirearmshallbebornenorbeinthepossessionofanyprivatesecuritypersonnelexcep
twheninactualperformanceofduty,inth
2.
prescribeduniform,intheplaceandtimesospecifiedintheDutyDetailO.
3.n
rder(DDO)
Shallbecarriedonlywithinthecompoundoftheestablishmentwhereheisa.
ssignedtoguard
Whileescortingbigamountofcashorvaluableoutsideofitsjurisdictionorareaofoperati
on,privatesecurityagencyshallissuea
appropriateDutyDetailOrdertothesecuritypersonnelconcerne
d
DutyDetailOrder(DDO)–isawrittenorder/
scheduleissuedbyasuperiorofficerusuallytheprivatesecurityagency/branchmanagero
operationsofficerassigningtheperformanceofprivatesecurity/ .
detectiveservicesduties
DDOforthepurpospostdutiesnotrequiringtransportoffirearmsoutsideofthephysicalcompo
eofundorpropertyofacliento
clientestablishmentshallbeissuedfornotmorethana
thirty(30)daysduration
r

CLASSIFICATIONOFTRAININGANDITSDURATION
1. BasicSecurityGuardCourse(Pre-LicensingCourse)–150hours;
2. Re-TrainingCourse-48hours;
3. SecurityOfficersTrainingCourse–300hours
4. BasicSecuritySupervisoryCourse–48hours
-AllLicensestoOperatehaveavalidityofTwo(2)years;
-
AllapplicationsforrenewalofLicensetooperate(LTO)shallbefiledatleastsixty(60)daysbeforet
heexpirydateofLTO;

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-NoapplicationshallbeapprovedunlessacertificationisissuedbyFED-
CSGtotheeffectthatalllicensesoffirearmsoftheagencyare
updated/renewedforatleastone(1)yearforthcomingduringthevalidityoftherenewedLTO.
Approval,Cancellation,SuspensionofLTO

ChiefPNP
-ApprovalofNewRegularLTO
-CancellationofRegularLTO
-Re-instatementofRegularLTO -
SuspensionofRegularLTO
DirectorCivilSecurityGroup -
RenewalofRegularLTO
-ApprovalofTemporaryLTO
-ReversionofRegulartoTemporaryLTO
-CancellationofTemporaryLTO
-SuspensionofTemporaryLTO
SURETYBOND
Agencywith1-199guards–P50,000.00
Agencywith200-499guards–P100,000.00
Agencywith500-799guards–P150,000.00
Agencywith800-1000guards–P200,000.00
STOCKINGOFAMMUNITION
1. Stocksofammunitionintheagencyshallnotexceedfifty(50)roundsofammunitionperun
itofdulylicensedfirearms.
2. Individualissuetoeachsecurityguardsshallbelimitedtotwentyfive(25)roundsforevery
securityguard.
CONFISCATIONOFFIREARMSOFSECURITYGUARD
1. Whenthefirearmisabouttobeusedinthecommissionofacrime;
2. Whenthefirearmisactuallybeingusedinthecommissionofacrime;
3. Whenthefirearmhasjustbeenusedinthecommissionofacrime;
4. Whenthefirearmbeingcarriedbythesecurityguardisunlicensedorafirearmisnotautho
rizedbylawandregulationforhisuse;
5. Whentheconfiscationofthefirearmisdirectedbytheorderofthecourt;
6. Whenthefirearmisusedorcarriedoutsidetheproperty,compoundorestablishmentserv
icedbytheagencywithoutproperauthority;
or
7. Whenasecurityguarddoesnotpossessanylicensetoexercisehisprofession.
Inalltheabovecases,theconfiscatingofficershallinformimmediatelytheagencyconcer
ned.
REVOCATIONOFLICENSETOPOSSESSFIREARM
1. Failuretosubmitanyissuedfirearmforverificationasrequired;
2. CarryingfirearmsbysecuritypersonnelwithoutappropriateDutyDetailOrder;
3. Whenthefirearmserialnumberhasbeenduplicatedonanotherfirearmorusingonefirear
mslicenseformorethanonefirearmother thanthosestipulatedinthelicense;
4. Carryingoffirearmsoutsideoftheplacestatedinthepermitorinplacesprohibitedundert
helaw; 5. Whenthefirearmwasreportedlost.
SECURITYPERSONNELRANKS,POSITIONS,STAFFINGPATTERNANDJOBDESCRIPTION
1.SecurityManagementStaff

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 1.1SecurityDirector(SD)–AgencyManager/ChiefSecurityOfficer–
responsiblefortheentireoperationand administration/managementofthesecurityagency.
1.2SecurityExecutiveDirector(SED)–AssistantAgencyManager/
Asst.ChiefSecurityOfficer–AssisttheSecurityDirector
1.3SecurityStaffDirector(SSD)–
StaffDirectorforOperationandStaffDirectorforAdministration
>TheStaffDirectorforoperation-
assistantofthesecuritymanagerfortheefficientoperationoftheagency.
>TheStaffDirectorforAdministration-
isthestaffassistantoftheagencymanagerfortheeffectiveandefficientadministrationand
managementoftheagency.
1.4SecurityStaffDirectorforTraining-StaffinchargeforTraining–
responsibleforthetrainingoftheAgency’ssecuritypersonnel
2.LineLeadershipStaff
2.1SecuritySupervisor3–DetachmentCommander–
isthefieldorareacommanderoftheagency;
2.2SecuritySupervisor2–ChiefInspector–
responsibleforinspectingtheentireareacoveredbythedetachment;
2.3SecuritySupervisor1–Inspector–
responsiblefortheareaassignedbytheChiefInspectorortheDetachmentCommander.
3.Securityguard
3.1SecurityGuard1–Watchman/guard-
theoneactuallypostedaswatchmanandorguard
3.2SecurityGuard2–Shiftin-charge–
responsibleforthesecurityofficerswhoarescheduledinacertainshiftforaparticular period
3.3SecurityGuard3–Postin-charge–
responsiblefortheentiredetailedsecurityofficewithinacertainestablishment.
Note:SecurityAgencyoperator/manager/
ownercanputitsownstaffingpatternprovideditisconsistentwiththeprovisionsofIRRo
RA5487 .
f

ADVANTAGESOFCOMPANYGUARDFORCE
1. Highcaliberandreceiveshighersalary;
2. Providesbetterservice;
3. Canbetrainedtohandlesomeofthemorecomplexsecurityduties;
4. Morefamiliarwithfacilitiestheyprotect; 5. Tendtobemoreloyalwiththecompany.
DISADVANTAGES:
1. Mayberequiredtojointheunion;
2. Costmore;
3Problemofensuringavailabilityofback-uppersonnel.
ADVANTAGESOFAGENCYGUARDSERVICES
1. Lessexpensive;
2. Useisconvenient;
3. Lessadministrativeandpersonnelproblems;
4. Agencyassumesfullresponsibilityfortheschedulingandsupervisingofallguardperson
nel
5. Caneasilyobtainextraguardifneeded;
6. Agencyeasilyusuallyacceptsliabilityofcivilsuits.

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DISADVANTAGES:
1. Lackoftraining,lowcaliberemployee;
2. Noloyaltytothecompany;
3. Largeturnover
4. Notfamiliarwithfacilities
ESSENTIALQUALITIESOFSECURITYGUARD
1. Alertness–beingwatchfulinspottingviolator,aperson,avehicleoranincident;
2. Judgment–soundandgoodjudgmenttoarriveatwiseandtimelydecisions;
3. Confidence–faithinoneselfandhisabilities;
4. PhysicalFitness–
alwaysinaconditiontorendereffectiveserviceevenunderthemoststrenuousconditions
;
5. Tactfulness–abilitytodealwithotherssuccessfullywithoutoffending;
6. SelfControl–abilitytotakeholdofoneselfregardlessofaprovokingsituation.
GENERALFUNCTIONSOFASECURITYGUARD
1. Enforcecompanyrulesandregulations;
2. Operateandenforcethepersonnelidentificationsystem;
3. Patrolandobservedesignatedareas,perimeter,structures,installation;
4. Takeintocustodyapersonattemptingorgivingunauthorizedaccessinrestricted,limite
dandcontrolledareas
5. Checkrooms,buildings,storageroomsofsecurityinterestandafterworkinghours,chec
kproperlockingofdoorsandgates.
6. Performescortdutieswhenrequired;
7. Respondtoalarmsignalsorotherindicationssuspiciousactivitiesandemergencies;
8. Safeguardequipmentandmaterialagainstsabotage,unauthorizedaccess,loss,theftor
damage;
9. Atquicklyinsituationsaffectingthesecurityofinstallationandpersonnel,tofireaccident
s,internaldisorder,attemptstocommit criminalacts;
10. Controlandregulatevehicleandpersonneltrafficwithinthecompoundaswellasparking
ofvehicle;
11. Otherdutiesthatisnecessaryinthesecurityguardfunction;

POWERANDDUTIESOFSECURITYGUARD

1.TerritorialPower–
Asecurityguardshallwatchandsecurethepropertyoftheperson,firmorestablishmentwithw
homheorhisagencyha
acontractforsecurityservices.Suchservicesshallnotextendbeyondthepropertyorcompoun
dofsaidperson,firmorestablishmentexcep
whenrequiredbythelatterinaccordancewiththetermsoftheircontract,orinhotpurs .
uitofcriminaloffenders
st

2.ArrestbySecurityGuard–
Asecurityguardorprivatedetectiveisnotapoliceofficerandisnot,therefore,clothedwithpolic
eauthorit
However,hemayarrestapersonunderthecircumstancesmentionedinSection5,Rule113,Re.
visedRulesofCriminalProcedure
y.

3.SearchwithoutWarrant–
Anysecurityguardmay,incidenttothearrest,searchthepersonsoarrestedinthepresenceofat

QuestReviewCenter–IndustrialSecurity
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leasttwo(2
witnesses.Hemaysearchemployeesofthefirmorestablishmentwithwhichheorhisagencyha
sacontract,whensuchsearchisrequiredb
theverynatureofthebusinessoftheperson,firmorestablishment .
)y

DUTIESDURINGSTRIKESANDLOCKOUTS
1.y Allprivatesecuritypersonnelindirectconfrontationwithstrikers,marchersordemonst
t ratorsshallnotcarryfirearms.Theymaycarr
onlynightsticks(baton)whichmayormaynotbeprovidedwithteargascanisteranddisp
2.
enser.Securitypersonnelnotindirec
confrontationwiththestrikersmaycarryintheusualprescribedmannerthe.
irissuedfirearm
PrivateSecuritypersonnelshallavoiddirectcontacteitherphysicallyorother ;
wisewiththestrikers
3.Theyshallstayonlywithintheperimeteroftheinstallationwhichtheyareprotectingatallti
mes;
4.Inprotectingandsecuringtheassetsandpersonsoftheirclients,shallonlyusesufficienta
ndreasonableforcenecessaryto
overcometheriskordangerposedbystrikersorhostilecrowds.
5.Theyshallrefrainfromabettingorassistingactsofmanagementleadingtophysicalclashof
forcesbetweenlaborandmanagement.
6.Theymustatalltimesbeincompleteuniformwiththeirnamesandagency’snameshownon
theirshirtsabovethebreastpockets.
FUNCTIONSOFAPRIVATEDETECTIVE
1.BackgroundInvestigation;
2.Locatingmissingperson;
3.Conductsurveillancework;
4.Suchotherdetectiveworkasmaybecomethesubjectmatterofcontractbetweentheagencyan
ditsclients.Exceptnotcontrarytolaw,
publicorder,publicpolicymoraleandgoodcustom.

POWERSOFCITY,MUNICIPALMAYORSINCASEOFEMERGENCY
>Incaseofemergencyorintimesofdisasterorcalamitywhentheservicesofanysecuritya
gency/entityandhispersonnelar
needed.Thecityormunicipalmayor,maymusterorincorporatethemembersoftheagencyora
genciesnearesttheareaofsuchdisastero
calamitytohelpinthemaintenanceofpeaceandorder,preventionofcrime,orapprehensionofv
iolatorsoflawsandordinance,andinth
protectionoflivesandproperti.
es
>TheyshallreceivedirectordersfromtheChiefofPoliceofthecityormunicipalityfortheduratio
noftheemergency,disastero
calamity .
er
e
r

SUPERVISIONOFTHEPNP
Incaseofemergencyorintimesofdisasterorcalamities,theChief,PNPmaydeputizeany

QuestReviewCenter–IndustrialSecurity
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securityguardtoassistthePNPinth
performanceofpolicedutiesforthedurationofsuchemergency,disasterorcalamity.Licensed
guards,whoareactuallyassignedtoclien
withDDO,shallbedeputizedbytheChief,PNP,andclothedwithauthoritytoenforcelaws,rules
andregulationswithinhisareaofresponsibility
e
ts
.
INTER-
RELATIONSHIPBETWEENPRIVATESECURITYPERSONNELANDMEMBERSOFTHEPNP
1.PrivatesecuritypersonnelarealwayssubordinatetomembersofthePNPonmatterspertaini
ngtolawenforcementandcrimeprevention
Theycannotenforceanyprovisionofthelawexceptinexecutingcitizen’sarrestand/
orconductinginitialinvestigationofacommissionof
crime.Insuchcase,anyarrestedpersonshallbeturnedoverimmediatelytotheneare.
stPNPunit/station
2.CriminalinvestigationistheresponsibilityofthePNP.Allresultsofinitialinvestigationcond
uctedbytheprivatesecuritypersonnelanda
evidencegatheredbythemshallbeturnedovertothePNPunit/ .
stationconcernedasamatterofcoursewithoutdelay
.
a
ll

GROUNDSFORCANCELLATIONOFSECURITYGUARDLICENSE
1.Assistingorprotectingcriminalsduringonoroffdutystatus;
2.Providingconfidentialinformationtounauthorizedperson;
3.Postedsecurityguardfounddrunkordrinkingintoxicatingliquor;and
4.Othersimilaracts
THEFTANDPILFERAGE
Theft–
committedbyanyperson,whowithintenttogainbutwithoutviolence,against,orintimidation
ofpersonsnorforceupo
thingsshalltakepersonalpropertyofanotherwithoutthel.
atterconsent
n

PSYCHOLOGICALEXPLANATIONSONTHEFT
1.Theneedordesire.Anindividualmayneedordesiretocommittheactbecauseoffinancialprobl
em,inadequateincome,extravagantliving, gambling.
2.Thepsychologicalneed(Kleptomania)-
isanirresistibleurgetostealitemsoftrivialvalue.Peoplewiththisdisorderarecompelledt
osteal things,generally,butnotlimitedto,objectsoflittleornosignificantvalue.
3.Thecriminaltendency.Theindividualwithsuchtendencymaybemoretemptedtostealifsecu

ritycontrolareinadequate. THECASUALANDSYSTEMATICPILFERER

CasualPilferer–
Onewhostealsduetohisinabilitytoresisttheunexpectedopportunityandhasalittlefearofdetec
tion.

QuestReviewCenter–IndustrialSecurity
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SystematicPilferer–
Onewhostealswithpreconceivedplansandtakesawayanyoralltypesofitemsorsuppliesforeco
nomicgain.
COMMUNICATIONSECURITY–
istheprotectionresultingfromtheapplicationofvariousmeasureswhichpreventordelaytheen
emyor
unauthorizedpersonsingaininginformationthroughthecommunicationsystem.Thisinclude
s:
a.TransmissionSecurity–
componentofcommunicationssecuritywhichresultsfromallmeasuresdesignedtoprotecttra
nsmission frominterception.
b.CryptographicSecurity–resultsfromtheprovisionsoftechnicallysoundcrypto-
systemandtheirproperuse.
c.PhysicalSecurity–

providingsafeguardstoequipmentandmaterialfromaccessbyunauthorizedpersons.

THREATSINCOMMUNICATIONSECURITY

1.Wiretapping-
isthemonitoringoftelephoneconversationsbyathirdparty,oftenbycovertmeans.
2.Bugging–meanstosecretlylistentoorrecordaconversationusingahiddenelectronicdevice.
3.Eavesdropping(unauthorizedlistening)-istheunauthorizedreal-
timeinterceptionofaprivatecommunication,suchasaphonecall,instant
message,videoconferenceorfaxtransmission.

RANo.4200,ApprovedJune19,1965
-
AnActtoprohibitandpenalizewiretappingandotherrelatedviolationsofprivac
yofcommunication,andotherpurpose
s.
UNLAWFULAC
TS Sec.1
Itshallbeunlawfulforanyperson,notbeingauthorizedbyallthepartiestoanyprivatecom
municationorspokenword,totapany
wireorcable,orbyusinganyotherdeviceorarrangement,tosecretlyoverhear,intercept,orrecor
dsuchcommunicationorspokenwordby
usingadevicecommonlyknownasadictaphoneordictagraphordictaphoneorwalkie-
talkieortaperecorder
Itshallalsobeunlawfulforanyperson,beheaparticipantornotintheactoractspenalizedinthe
nextprecedingsentence,toknowing
possessanytaperecord,wirerecord,discrecord,oranyothersuchrecord,orcopiesthereof,ofa
nycommunicationorspokenwordsecure
eitherbeforeoraftertheeffectivedateofthisActinthemannerprohibitedbythislaw;ortoreplayt
hesameforanyotherpersonorpersons;o
tocommunicatethecontentsthereof,eitherverballyorinwritrcompleteorpartial,toanyothe
ing,ortofurnishtranscriptionsthereof,whethe
person :
ly
d
rr

QuestReviewCenter–IndustrialSecurity
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Provided,Thattheuseofsuchrecordoranycopiesthereofasevidenceinanycivil,criminalinves
tigationortrialofoffensesmentioned
section3hereof,shallnotbecoveredbythisprohibition .
in

Sec.3
NothingcontainedinthisAct,however,shallrenderitunlawfulorpunishableforanypeaceoffic
er,whoisauthorizedbyawrittenorderofth
Court,toexecuteanyoftheactsdeclaredtobeunlawfulinthetwoprecedingsectionsincasesinv
olvingthecrimesoftreason,espionag
provokingwaranddisloyaltyincaseofwar,piracy,mutinyinthehighseas,rebellion,conspirac
yandproposaltocommitrebellion,incitingt
rebellion,sedition,conspiracytocommitsedition,incitingtosedition,kidnappingasdefinedb
ytheRevisedPenalCode,andviolationso
CommonwealthActNo.616,punishingespionageandotheroffensesagainstnat:
ionalsecurity
e
e,
o
f

AUTHORIZATION
Theauthorizationshallbeeffectivefortheperiodspecifiedintheorderwhichshallnotexceedsix
ty(60)daysfromthedateofissuanceofth
order,unlessextendedorrenewedbythecourtuponbeingsatisfiedthatsuchextensionor.
renewalisinthepublicinterest
e
ThecourtreferredtointhissectionshallbeunderstoodtomeantheCourtofFirstInstancewithi
nwhoseterritorialjurisdictiontheactsfo
whichauthorityisappliedforaretobeexecuted .
BANKSECURITY–
aspecializedtypeofphysicalsecurityprotectingtheassets,personnelandoperationofabank,
withspecialemphasiso
theprecautionandmeasurestosafeguardthecashandassetswhileinsstorage,intransit,a .
ndduringtransaction
r

>BangkoSentralngPilipinas(BSP)CircularNo.620IssuedonSeptember3,2008–
aCircularissuedbyBSPconcerningregulation
onBankprotectionwhichaimstopromotemaximumprotectionoflifeandpropertyagainstcri
mes(robbery,theft,etc),andotherdestructiv
causes .
s
e

GuardSystem–
BSPrequiresthatallbankingofficesbemannedbyadequatenumberofsecuritypersonneltobe
determinedbytheban
takingintoconsiderationitssize,location,costsandoverallbankprotect.

QuestReviewCenter–IndustrialSecurity
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ionrequirement
k,

SecurityDevices– wenforcementoff
iBanksarerequiredtohavearobberyalarmorotherappropriatedeviceforpro ceeither
mptlynotifyingla
directlyorthroughanintermediaryofanattempted,ongoingorperpe.
tratedrobbery
InarmoredCaroperations–
allarmoredvehiclesarerequiredtobebuiltwithbulletresistantmaterialscapableofwithstand
ingthefirepowero
highpoweredfirearm(M16,M14).Alsoequippedwithavaultorsafeorapartitionwallwithacom
binationlockdesignedtopreventretrievalo
thecargowhileintransit .
ff

DOCUMENTANDINFORMATIONSECURITY–
Securityinvolvingtheprotectionofdocumentsandinformationfromloss,accessby
unauthorizedpersons
>prescribesthepoliciesandestablishesthestandardbasicproceduresgoverningthecla
ssificationandsecurityofofficialmatter.
GENERALPRINCIPLES
1.Theauthorityandresponsibilityforthepreparationandclassificationofclassifiedmatterrest
exclusivelywiththeoriginatingoffice;
2.Classifiedmattershouldbeclassifiedaccordingtocontentandnottheclassificationofthefilei
nwhichtheyareheldorofanotherdocument towhichtheyrefer;
3.Classificationshouldbemadeassoonaspossiblebyplacingtheappropriatemarksonthematt
ertobeclassified;

4.Eachindividualwhosedutyallowsaccesstoclassifiedmatterisresponsiblefortheprotectio
noftheclassifiedmatterwhileitisinhis/he
possessionandshallinsurethatdisseminationofsuchclassifiedmatterisonthe“ne personne
edtoknow”basisandto“propertycleared lonly

r
”.
DEFINITIONOFDOCUMENT
-
Anymaterialthatcontainsmarks,symbols,orsigns,eithervisible,partiallyvisibleorcomplete
lyinvisiblethatmaybepresentlyorultimate
conveyameaningormessagetosomeone .
ly

CLASSIFY–
referstotheactofassigningtoinformationormaterialoneofthefoursecurityclassificationcate
goriesafterdeterminationha
beenmadethattheinformationrequiresthesecurityprotectionasprovid;
edforintheregulation
SECURITYCLEARANCE–
Isanadministrativedeterminationthatanindividualiseligiblefromasecuritystandpointfora
ccesstoclassifie

QuestReviewCenter–IndustrialSecurity
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matterofaspecificcategory ;
s

COMPARTMENTATION–
Referstothegrantofaccesstoclassifiedmatteronlytoproperlyclearedpersonswhensuchclas
sifiedinformation
requiredintheperformanceoftheirofficialduties,andrestrictingittospecificphy.
sicalconfinewhenfeasible
NEEDTOKNOW–
termgiventotherequirementthatthedisseminationofclassifiedmattersbelimitedstrictlytot
hosepersonswhoseoffici
dutiesrequireknowledgethereof .
is al SECURITYOFCLASSIFIEDMATTER

CLASSIFICATIONOFDOCUMENTS
.)
-
TOPSECRET–
MemorandumCircularNo.196,dated07/19/1968(SecurityofCla
anyinformationandmaterial,theunauthorizeddisclosureofwhichwouldcauseexcept
ssifiedMatteringovernmentoffices
ionallygravedamagetoth
1.enation,politically,economicallyor ;
militarily
2.oSECRET-
3.eanyinformationandmaterial,theunauthorizeddisclosureofwhichwouldendangerna
tionalsecurity,causeseriousinjuryt
4.t,theinterestorprestigeofthenationoranygover.
nmentalactivity
CONFIDENTIAL– interestorpresti
anyinformationandmaterials,theunauthorizeddisclosureofwhich g
wouldbeprejudicialtothe
ofthenationorgovernmentalactivityorwouldcauseadministrativ.
eembarrassmentorunwarrantedinjury
RESTRICTED–
anyinformationandmaterialwhichrequiresspecialprotectionotherthanthosedeterm
inedtobeConfidential,Secre
andTopSecretmatters .

METHODOFTRANSMISSION
1.Bydirectcontactofofficerorpersonnelconcerned;
2.Byofficialcourier;
3.Electricalmeansincryptographicform
4.RegisteredMail
DESTRUCTION
1.Burning
2.Shredding

STORAGE
shallbeinasafe,steelfilingcabinetwithbuiltindialtypecombinationlockofsuchweight,s
izeandconstructionastominimizethe possibilityofphysicaltheftordamagetofire.

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OPERATIONALSECURITY–
partofphysicalsecuritythatdealsprimarilywiththeprotectionofprocesses,formulas,patent
s,andothe
industrialandmanufacturingactivitiesfromespionage,infiltration,loss,compromiseorphot;
ocopying
r

INFORMATIONCYCLE
1.TheCreation–Informationisdiscoveredanddevelop;
2.Used–Someactionistakewiththeinformation;
3.StorageandRetrieval–Storedforfutureuse;
4.Transfer–transferringofinformationfromactivetoinactiveuse;
5.Disposition–decisionmaybemadetoretaintheinformationindefinitely.
KINDSOFSENSITIVEINFORMATION
PROPRIETARYINFORMATION
–
informationwhichsomespecialwayisrelatedtothestatus,operationsoractivitiesofthepossess
oroverwhichthepossessorasserts ownership.
TRADESECRETS
-
Itmayconsistofanyformula,pattern,deviceorcompilationofinformationwhichisusedinone’s
businessandwhichgivesoneopportunityto
gainanadvantageovercompetitorswhodonotknoworuseit.
PATENT
–
Agrantgivenbythegovernmenttoaninventor,conveyingandsecuringtohimtheexclusiveright
stomake,useandsellhisinventionforterm oftwenty(20)years.
LAWONINTELLECTUALPROPERTY
INTELLECTUALPROPERTYCODEOFTHEPHILIPPINES[RepublicActNo.8293]Approvedon
June6,1997

ANACTPRESCRIBINGTHEINTELLECTUALP
ROPERTYCODE S
ANDESTABLISHINGTHEINTELLECTUALPR
OPERTYOFFICE ,
PROVIDINGFORITSPOWERSANDFUNCTIONS,
ANDFOROTHERPURPOSE
THREATTOPROTECTIONOFSENSITIVEINFORMATION
CompetitiveIntelligence–
systematicprogramforgatheringandanalyzinginformationaboutcompetitor’sactivitiesand
generalbusines
trendstofurthercompany’sgoals .
s

TypesofCompetitiveIntelligence
1.White–
informationavailablefromcompanypublication,publicrecordsorcommercialreportingsourc
es;
2.Gray–notreadilyavailablebutwhichisusuallycanbeobtainedwithoutacquiringanycivil/
criminalliabilityintheprocess.
3.Black–obtainedthroughclearlyunethicalorillegalmeans.

QuestReviewCenter–IndustrialSecurity
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TYPESOFDOCUMENTS
ClassI–VitalDocument–
Thisisanirreplaceablerecords,reproductionofwhichdoesnothavethesamevalueastheorigin
al;
ClassII–ImportantDocument-
Thisisarecord,reproductionofwhichcauseconsiderableexpenseandlabor,orconsiderabledel
ay.
ClassIII–UsefulDocument–
Thisisarecord,thelossofwhichmaycauseinconveniencebutcouldbereadilyreplacedandmay
notpresent insurmountableobstacletothepromptrestorationofthebusiness;
ClassIV-NonessentialDocument–
Thisrecordmayincludedailyfiles,routineinnature,lostofwhichwillnotaffecttheorganization.
STORAGE
1.SAFE–
ametalliccontainerusedforsafekeepingofdocumentsorsmallitemsinofficeorinstallation.
2.VAULT–
aheavilyconstructedfireandburglarresistantcontainerusuallypartofthebuildingstructureu
setokeepandprotectcash, documentsandnegotiableinstruments.
3.FILEROOM–
acubicleinabuildingconstructedalittlelighterthanavaultbutofbiggersizetoaccommodatelim
itedpeopletoworkonthe recordsinside,
PERSONNELSECURITY
-
referstotheprocedurefollowed,inquiriesconducted,andcriteriaappliedtodetermineth
eworksuitabilityofaparticularapplicantor theretentionofaparticularemployee.
PURPOSE
1.Toensurethathiredemployeesarebestsuitedtoassisttheorganizationinachievingitsmissio
nandvision;
2.Toassistinprovidingthenecessarysecuritytotheemployeeswhiletheycarryouttheirfunctio
ns.
PERSONNELSECURITYINVESTIGATION(PSI)
Itisaninquiryintothecharacter,reputation,discretion,integrity,morals,andloyaltyofanindiv
idualinordertodetermineaperson’s
suitabilityforappointmentoraccesstoclassifiedmatter.
TYPESOFPSI
1.NationalAgencyCheck
2.LocalAgencyCheck
3.PartialBackgroundInvestigation
4.CompleteBackgroundInvestigation
BACKGROUNDINVESTIGATION(BI)–
Itisaninquirywhichaimstoverifyapplicant’sinformationwrittenattheapplicantsform,toasce
rtain
his/herpastemploymentexperiencesandtoobtainotherinformationpertinenttothedecisiont
oemploy.
FACTORSTOBECONSIDEREDINTHECONDUCTOFBI
1.Loyalty–
faithfulallegiancetothePhilippinegovernmentanditsdulyconstitutionalauthorities;

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2.Integrity–
uprightnessincharacter,soundnessofmoralprinciple,freedomfrommoraldelinquencies.
3.Discretion–theabilityortendencytoactortodecidewithprudence,thehabitofwisejudgment;
4.Morals–
distinctiveidentifyingqualitieswhichserveasanindextotheessentialorintrinsicnatureofaper
son;
5.Character–
thesumoftraitsthathavebeenimpressesbynature,educationandhabitupontheindividual;
6.Reputation–
opinionorestimationinwhichoneisgenerallyheld.Itiswhatapersonisreportedtobewhereasch
aracteriswhatapersonis.
INVESTIGATIVECOVERAGE
1.PriorEmployment;
2.Claimededucation;
3.Claimedresidencefortheperiodcoveredintheemploymentandeducationalinstitutes;
4.Ifthecandidateindicatesacriminalrecord,thenthedetailsshouldbechecked.

INVESTIGATIVESTANDARDS
1.Informationsoughtshouldberelevant;
2.Informationshouldbereliable;
3.Ifunfavorable,theinformationshouldbeconfirmedbyatleasttwosources.
SECURITYSURVEY
- Afactfindingprobetodetermineaplant’sadequacyinallaspectsofsecurity,withthecorre
spondingrecommendations.
- Referstochecklist,audits,orinventoriesofsecurityconditions.
- SecuritySurveysareoftencalled‘RISKANALYSISSURVEYS’or‘RISKASESSMENTSUR
VEYS
PURPOSESOFSECURITYSURVEY:
1.Todeterminetheexistingstateofsecurity;
2.Identifyingweaknessesindefense;
3.Todeterminethedegreeofprotectionrequired;
4.Toproducerecommendationsforatotalsecuritysystems.
Thesurveyshouldbeundertakenbyeithersuitablytrainedstaffsecuritypersonnel,oraf
ullyqualifiedindependentsecurityspecialist.
Nouniversalchecklistcanbeappliedtoallsitesforsurveypurposes,asnotwofacilitiesare
alike.
BEFORECOMMENCINGASECURITYSURVEY
1.Writtenauthorityshouldbeobtainedfromproperauthority.
2.Previoussurveysshouldbereviewed;
3.Anorientationtourshouldbemade;
4.Photographsshouldbetakenofthingswhichwillbedifficulttodescribeinareport.
(Onlywithauthority)
Aftercompletingthesurveyanimmediatereviewofthefindingsshouldbeundertakenwiththe
plantsupervisorsothaturgentdeficienciesca
beaddressed .
> Afollow-
upsurveyshouldalwaysbeconductedtoensureimproveme
nts
> ;

QuestReviewCenter–IndustrialSecurity
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Anysurveyreportincludinglistsofrecommendationsisincompletewithoutincludin
gacost-benefitanalysis,whichis
n

“adirectcomparisonofthecostofoperationofthesecurityunitandalltheexistingsecuritymea
sureswiththeamountofthecorporat
assetssavedorrecoveredaswellasreductionoflossescausedbyinjuriesandlostproductionan.
drecommendationshavebeenmade”
e

PLANNING
-
Processofdevelopingmethodsorproceduresoranarrangementofpartsintendedtofacilitateth
eaccomplishmentofadefiniteobjective. -
Theprocessofsettinggoals,developingstrategies,andoutliningtasksandschedulestoaccomp
lishthegoals.
SECURITYPLANNING
 ItisPRE-DETERMININGacourseofaction;
 ItisdecidingINADVANCEwhattodo,howtodoit,andwhoistodoit.
GOALSOFSECURITYPLANNING
1. Tominimizeeffectsofanyincidentuponplantandpersonnel;
y;
4.
Toensureappropriatecooperativeactionbyandwithoutsidecivicandgovernmentagen
cies.
KEYSTEPSINPLANNING
1.Getintouch/coordinatewithyourLocalCivilAuthorities.
(Tieyourprogramswiththeirsandstandardizeequipmentwiththem
2.
thuscreatingcompatibility.);
Tokeepproper
tyandequi
pmentlossata mi
nimum;
2.VisitneighboringPlants/offices(coordinateyouractivitieswiththeirs.);
3. Toensur
ecooperati
onofal
lpl
antdepart
ment
schargedwi
thspeci
fi
c act
ivi
ti
esofanemer
genc

3.Surveyyourplantforpossiblehazardsandtakeimmediateactiontolessenoreliminatet
hem;
4.AppointadisasterDirectororDisastercoordinator;
5.Earlyintheplanningstage,presenttheProgramtoyourEmployeesandenlisttheiractiv
esupport;
6.CallanorganizationmeetingofHeadsofservices,employeerepresentativesandkeyper
sonnel.(outlinepurposeofthe
programandexplainhowtheplantshouldorganizeforprotection; 7.DefinetheProgram.

TESTINGTHEPLAN
Benefitsintestingtheplan .
>Deficiencieswillbeuncovered ; TWOTYPESOFTESTINGTHEPLAN
>Peopleinvolvedintheimplementationoftheplanwi>partial(byelements);
llreceivevaluabletraining >complete(entireorganization)
KEEPINGTHEPLANUPTODATE
>ChangesinPersonnelandFacilities

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SECURITYEDUCATION
Itisdefinedastheexposureandteachingofemployeesonsecurityanditsrelevancetotheir
work.Securityeducationisconductedto
developsecurityawarenessamongemployeesofthecompany.Itshouldcoverallemployees,reg
ardlessofrankorposition.

PERSONALSECURITY
Protectionofpersonnelespeciallyrankingofficialfromanyharm,kidnap,andothersact.VI
Psecurityistypeofpersonnelsecurit

y;
POLICESECURITYPROTECTIONGROUP(PSPG)-
ismandatedbylawtoprovideprotectivesecuritytogovernmentofficials,foreigndignitarie
andprivateindividualsauthorizedtobegivenprotectionandalsoprovidephysicalsecuritytovi
talinstallations,andassistthePresidenti
SecurityGroup(PSG)insecuringthePresidentandthemembersofthtFamil .
eFirs y
s,
al

PROTECTIVECUSTODY–
stateorqualityofbeingsecuredorfreedfromdanger.Itmayalsoincludesthevariousmeansord
evicedesignedt
guardapersonsandpropertyagainstabroadrangeofsecuri.
tyhazard
o

THREAT–
isanindicationofsomethingimpendingandusuallyundesirableorunpleasant,withanintent
iontoinflictevil,injuryordamageo
another,usuallyasretributionorpunishmentforsomethingdoneorleftundone. inflictlossor
Itisanexpressionofanintentionto harmo
anotherbyillegalmeans,andespeciallybyinvolvingcoercionorduresso .
verthepersonorhiswelfare
n
n

THREATASSESSMENT–theprocessofinvestigation/
validatingthetruthfulnessoftheexistenceofthreattoanindividual.
EMERGENCYSITUATION–
conditionorstatethatdangerhasalreadyoccurredwhichresultedtolossoflife/libertyand/
orthereisimminent
dangerorthreattolifeandpropertywheredelaywillendangerormaycausethelossoflife/
property.
DEFINITIONOFTERMS:
1.AccessList–
authenticatedlistofpersonnelgiventothesecurityallowingentrytoacompoundorinstallationo
rpartthereof;
2.ControlledArea–anareanearoradjacenttolimitedorexclusiveareaswhereentryisrestricted;

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3.Dry-run–
practicaltestorexerciseofplansoranyactivitytotestitsvalidity,anoperationalreadinessexerci
se;
4.DuressCode–
typeofcodesystemsothatsecuritypersonneloranyemployeewhenforcedbyarmedmenintendi
ngtoenteraninstallation
canfivealarmbytheuseofcertainwordsincasualconversationwithpersonnelintheinstallation
.
5.ExclusionArea–arestrictedareacontainingmaterialsoroperationofsecurityinterest;
6.Restrictedarea–anyareaaccesstowhichissubjecttospecialrestrictioncontrol;
7.SecurityHazard–
Isanyactorcondition,whichmayresultinthecompromiseofinformation,lossoflife,losso
rdestructionofpropertyor disruptionofobjectivesoftheinstallation.
TYPESOFSECURITY
1.IndustrialSecurity–
Aformofphysicalsecuritythatisconcernedwiththephysicalmeasuresdesignedtosafeg
uardpersonneland
preventunauthorizedaccesstoequipment,facilities,materials,documents,andtoprot
ectthemfromespionage,sabotage,damage ortheft.
2.BankSecurity–
Istheprotectionresultingfromtheapplicationofvariousmeasureswhichsafeguardscas
handassetswhicharein storage,intransitandorduringtransaction.
3.OperationalSecurity–
Involvestheprotectionofprocesses,formulasandpatents,industrialandmanufacturin
gactivitiesfrom espionage,infiltration,loss,compromiseorphotocopying.

SOCIOLOGYOFCRIMES,ETHICSANDHUMA
NRELATIONS
CRIM.6:CRIMINOLOGICALRESEARCHAND
STATISTICS
MeaningofResearch
=scientificinvestigationofphenomenawhichincludescollection,presentation,analysisandin
terpretationoffactsthatlinksman’sspeculation withreality.
=systematic,controlled,empiricalandcriticalinvestigationofhypotheticalpropositionaboutt
hepresumedrelationsamongnaturalphenomena.
KINDSANDCLASSIFICATIONOFRESEARCH
A.AccordingtoPurpose
1.PredictiveorPrognosticResearch–
hasthepurposeofdeterminingthefutureoperationofthevariablesunderinvestigationwiththe
aimof controllingorredirectingsuchforthebetter
2.DirectiveResearch–
determineswhatshouldbedonebasedonthefindingsthisistoremedyanunsatisfactoryconditi
on,ifthereisany 3.IlluminativeResearch–
isconcernedwiththeinteractionofthecomponentsofthevariablebeinginvestigated,asforexa
mple,“interactionof
thecomponentsofeducationalsystemsandaimstoshowtheconnectionsamong,forexample,s
tudents’characteristics,organizational patternandpolicies,andeducationalconsequences
B.AccordingtoGoal

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1.BasicorpureResearch–isdoneforthedevelopmentoftheoriesandPrinciples.
2.AppliedResearch–
istheapplicationoftheresultsofpuresearch.Thisistestingtheefficacyoftheoriesandprinciples
.aimstotest
theoriesandconceptsdevelopedforverification,application,developmentandsupportandthei
rrelationshiptotheexistingfundofknowledge
C.AccordingtotheLevelofInvestigation
1.ExploratoryResearch–theresearcherstudiesthevariablespertinenttoaspecificsituation.
2.DescriptiveResearch–theresearcherstudiestherelationshipsofthevariables.
3.ExperimentalResearch–theexperimentstudiestheeffectsofthevariablesoneachother.
D.AccordingtotheTypeofAnalysis
1.AnalyticalResearch–
theresearcherattemptstoidentifyandisisolatethecomponentsoftheresearchsituation.
2.HolisticResearch–
beginswiththetotalsituation.Focusingattentiononthesystemfirstandthenonitsinternalrela
tionships.
E.AccordingtoScope–
UnderthiscategoryisActionResearch.Thistypeofresearchisdoneonaverylimitedscopetosolv
eaparticular problemwhichisnotsobig.Itisalmostproblemsolving.
F.AccordingtoChoiceofAnswerstoProblems
1.InEvaluationresearch,allpossiblecoursesofactionarespecifiedandidentifiedandtheresear
chertriestofindthemostadvantageous.
2.Indevelopmentalresearch,thefocusisonfindingordevelopingamoresuitableinstrumentor
processthanhasbeenavailable.
G.AccordingtoStatisticalContent
1.Quantitativeorstatisticalresearch–
isoneinwhichinferentialstatisticsareutilizedtodeterminetheresultsofthestudy.Inferential
statisticssuchascorrelation,chi-
square,analysisofvariance,etc.areusedtotestthehypothesis.Thistypeofresearchusuallyincl
udes comparisonstudies,cause-and-effectrelationships,etc.
2.Non-quantitativeresearch–
Thisisresearchinwhichtheuseofthequantityorstatisticsispracticallynil.Thisisespeciallytru
ein
anthropologicalstudieswheredescriptionisusuallyused.Descriptivedataaregatheredrather
thanquantitativedata.
H.AccordingtoTimeElement
1.Historicalresearchdescribeswhatwas.
2.Descriptiveresearchdescribeswhatis.
3.Experimentalresearchdescribeswhatwillbe.
StepsinScientificMethodofResearch(Sequential)
1.Determining(recognizing)theproblem
2.Formingahypothesis
3.Doingthelibrarysearch
4.Designingthestudy
5.Developingtheinstrumentsforcollectingdata
6.Collectingthedate
7.Analyzingthedata
8.Determiningimplicationsandconclusionsfrothefindings

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9.Makingrecommendationsforfurtherresearch.
StandardformatofThesisWriting
1.TheProblemandtheSetting
2.RelatedLiteratureandStudies
3.MethodsofResearchandProcedures
4.Analysis,Presentation,andInterpretationofData
5.Summary,Conclusions,andRecommendations.
PrinciplesoftheScientificMethod
1.Rigidcontrol–isthemanipulationoftheresearchvariables.
2.Objectivity–isthatthereshouldbenobiasorpartialityintreatingtheresultofinquiry.
3.Systematicorganization–
referstoproperandaccuratetabulationofdataaswellaspresentingtheminstatisticaltablesrea
dyfor interpretation.
4.Rigorousstandards–
referstothesettingupofstandardsorprincipleswhichserveasBasisfortheevaluatingthefind
ingsofastudy.This alsoreferstotheaccuratestatisticalcomputationand
interpretationofqualifieddata.
Three(3)MajorResearchMethods
Historical
Descriptive
Experimentalmethodsofresearch
AttributesofGoodResearchProblem
S=Specific–specificallystated
M=Measurable–easytomeasurebyusingresearchinstrumentincollectionofdata
A=Achievable–dataareachievableusingcorrectstatisticaltreatment/
techniquestoarriveatpreciseresults R=Realistic–realresultsarenotmanipulated
T=Time-bound–
timeframeisrequiredineveryactivitybecausetheshortercompletionoftheactivitythebetter
CapsulizingResearchProblemintoTitle
1.Itshouldclearlyandspecificallystated
2.Variablesinvestigatedshouldbyallmeansbewrittenaspartofthetitle
3.Relationshipbetweenandamongvariablesshouldbeindicated
4.Targetpopulationshouldbeindicatedinthetitletoachievespecificity
5.Itshouldhaveamaximumoftwentysubstantivewords.
6.Functionwordsshouldnotbeplacedattheendofeachline
7.Titlemusttaketheformofaninverte
dpyramid Note:
Avoidredundancieslike“AReviewof…”,“AnAnalysisof…”,AnEvaluationof…”,“AnAsses
sment….”andthelikebecauseevenwithout
thoseterms,theresearcherwillreview,evaluate,assessoranalyzetheproblempostedinthestu
dy.
AvoidPlagiarism
Plagiarismisanactofincorporatingintoone’sworktheworkofanotherwithoutindicatingtheso
urce
=theunacknowledgedusedofsomebodyelse’swordsorideas
=anactwhereinthewriterusespassages,ideas,writings,andstatementsofotherswithoutgivin
gduecredit
ConstructionoftheMainProblemandSub-problemoftheStudy

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1.Themainproblemofthestudymaybestatedbybrieflypointingouttheobjectives,thesubjecta
ndthecoverageofthestudy.
Ex.Thestudyaimedtoassesstheacceptanceofanaccuratepolygraphresultsasevidenceincour
t.
2.Specifythesub-problemsofthemainproblem.
Ex.Specifically,itsoughttoanswerthefollowingsub-problems:
1.Towhatextentdoestheapplicationofpolygraphexaminationaffecttheattainmentofan
accurateresultstobepresentedas evidenceincourtintermsof:
1.1.examiner’scompetency;
1.2.facilityandinstrument;
1.3.techniquesandprocedures;and
1.4.subject’scondition?
TheoreticalFramework
Theoreticalframeworkisthefoundationofthestudy.
Thetheoryshouldhavearelationshipwiththeissuespostedinthestudy
TypesofTheories
1.DescriptiveTheory=seekstodescribeaphenomenon
2.PrescriptiveTheory=seekstotellhowandsometimeswhyoneshouldoroughttobehaveincert
ainways
GuidelinesinChoosingTheory
1.Researchmustbewell-
foundedonuniversallyaccepted,knownandtestedtheory,principlesorconcepts.
2.Researchmaybeanchoredonseveraltheoriesavailable.
PresentationofTheoreticalFramework
Ex.Theframeworkofthestudyisanchoredon…………..……………
ConceptualFramework
=anillustrationofhowresearchproblemsaregeneratedfromthetheoreticalframeworkofthest
udy
=itmaybesomesortofmodificationofthetheoreticalframeworkorpersonallyconceptualizedby
theresearcher
PresentationofConceptualFramework/Paradigm
1.Theresearchparadigmmustclearlyshowthemajorimpactofthecitedtheoryonthevariables(
dependentandindependentvariables)ofthe study.
2.Anexistingtheorymaybecapsulizedinaresearchparadigmwhichmaybeadoptedwithsome
modifications.
3.Theremustbetextualexplanationsofthevariablesintheparadigm.Textualexplanationssho
uldcomebeforethefigureorparadigm.
AssumptionandHypothesis
1.Assumption=self-
evidenttruthwhichisbaseduponknownfactorphenomenon.itisnotusuallyansweredorprove
nbecauseitisassumed trueorcorrectwhicharebeyondthecontroloftheresearcher.
Note:Inhistoricalanddescriptiveresearches,itisoftentimesnotexplicitlyexpressedbutleftimp
licit,thatis,unwritten
2.Hypothesis=tentativeconclusionoranswertospecificquestionraisedatthebeginningofthei
nvestigation.Itisaneducatedguessabout theanswertoaspecificquestion.
TypesofHypothesis
1.DescriptiveHypothesis=usetoanswerdescriptiveq
uestions Ex.Sub-problem:

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1.Whatistheprofileofthepolygraphexaminersoflawenforcementagenciesintermsof:
1.1.age;
1.2.maritalstatus;
1.3.educationalattainment;and
1.4.LengthofService
Ex.Hypothesis
“Majorityoftherespondentsbelongtotheagebracketof30to40,male,collegegraduateandabou
t20yearsinservice.”
2.StatisticalHypothesis=usetoanswerquestionsontherelationshipordifferencesofdataobtai
nedindescriptivequestions.
FormsofStatisticalHypothesis
1.NullForm=alwaysthefirsttemporarysolutiontoaproblem
=basisoftheactionofacceptanceorrejection
=thewordnullinmathematicsmeansemptyzero
=assertsthatthereisnosignificantdifferenceorrelationshipbetweenthevariable
=statedinnegative
Ex.Thereisnosignificantdifferencebetween
2.Operational/Alternative(Ha)=statedinaffirmative
Threeformsofalternativehypothesis:
1.non-directionalhypothesis
2.positivedirectionalhypothesis
3.negativedirectivehypothesis
NondirectionalHypothesis–
indicatesthattheresearcherisnotinterestedonwhetheronevariableisgreaterorlesserthanthe
other,butonly inthedifference.
Ex.DrugAandDrugBhavesignificanteffectsonthecureoffever.
Ha:A=B
PositiveDirectionalHypothesis
Ex.DrugAismoreeffectivethanDrugBonthetreatmentoffever.
Ha:A>B
NegativeDirectionalHypothesis
Ex.DrugBismoreeffectivethatDrugAonthetreatmentoffever.
Ha:A<B
FormulatingHypothesis
Ahypothesisisformulatedaftertheproblemhasbeenstatedandtheliteraturestudyhasb
eenconcluded.Itisformulatedwhenthe
researcheristotallyawareofthetheoreticalandempiricalbackgroundoftheproblem.
GuidelinesintheFormulationofExplicitHypothesis
Inexperimentalinvestigations,comparativeandcorrelationalstudies,hypothesishasto
beexplicitorexpressed.
Indescriptiveandhistoricalinvestigations,hypothesisareseldomexpressedifnotentirel
yabsent.Thespecificquestionsserveas thehypothesis.
Hypothesesareusuallystatedinthenullformbecausetestinganullhypothesisiseasie
rthanahypothesisintheoperationalform.
Hypothesesareformulatedfromthespecificquestionsuponwhichtheyarebased.
Ex.ofStatisticalHypothesis Sub-problem:
Isthereanysignificantdifferenceontheassessmentofthegroupsofrespondentswithregardstot
heextentofapplicationofpolygraph
examinationintheattainmenttobeaccurateresultstobepresentedasevidenceincourtinterms

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ofexaminer’scompetency,facilityand
instrument,techniquesandprocedures,andsubject’scondition?
Hypothesis:
Theisnosignificantdifferenceontheassessmentofthegroupsofrespondentswithregardstothe
extentofapplicationofpolygraph
examinationintheattainmentofaccurateresultstobepresentedasevidenceincourtintermsof
examiner’scompetency,facilityand
instrument,techniquesandprocedures,andsubject’scondition.
ResearchDesigns
A.QualitativeResearchDesign=involvesindepthanalysisoftheproblems.Itsfocusedistoprovi
deaccuratedescriptionofproblemsw/o
attemptingtotreatoremploysophisticatedstatisticaltoolsordescribeproblems.
TypesofQualitativeResearch
1.Historical=systematicandcriticalinquiryofthewholetruthofpasteventsusingthecriticalme
thodintheunderstandingandthe
interpretationoffacts,whichareapplicabletocurrentissuesandproblems.
2.Ethnographic=aimstoprovideaholisticviewoftheproblem.Dataaregatheredthroughobser
vation,interviewandparticipation
3.CaseStudy=intensiveinvestigationofaparticularindividual,institution,communityoranyg
roupconsideredasaunitwhichincludesthe
development,adjustment,remedial,orcorrectiveproceduresthatsuitablyfollowdiagnosisoft
hecausesofmaladjustmentoroffavorable development.
B.QuantitativeResearchDesign=itsfocusedistodescribeproblemsdescriptivelyandnumeric
ally.Itutilizesmorestatisticalteststoexplain
thenature,characteristics,relationshipsanddifferencesofvariables.

TypesofQuantitativeResearch
1.Descriptive=describesandinterpretsWHATis.Itisconcernedwithconditionsorrelationship
thatexist,practicesthatprevail,beliefsand
processesthataregoingon,effectsthatarebeingfeltortrendsthataredeveloping.
Sub-typesofDescriptiveResearch
a.Descriptive-
Survey=involvescollectionofinformationonpeople,eventsandothertopicsofinteresttotheres
earcher.
b.Descriptive-
Documentary=involvescontentanalysisbecausethedocumentarytechniqueincludesanalysi
sofcontent.Itisusedwhendata cannotbeobtainedthroughquestionnaireorobservation.
2.Correlational=itmeasurestheextentormagnitudeofassociationbetweentwovariables.
=measurestheexistingrelationshipofvariables
=alsoknownasAssociationalResearch
3.Experimental=theresearchermanipulates,changesoralterstheinputsorindependentvaria
blestoseetheeffectsonthedependent variables.
=mostcommonlyusedmethodstoadvancedscientificknowledge
SamplingDesigns
A.ScientificSampling=eachmemberofthepopulationisgiventhechanceofbeingincludedinth
esample.
Population=specificaggregationoftheelements
=alsoknownasuniverse

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Sample=representativeportionofawhole
=subsetofapopulation
TypesofScientificSampling
1.RestrictedRandom=applicableonlywhenthepopulationbeinginvestigatedishomogenous.
2.UnrestrictedRandom=thebestrandomsamplingdesignbecausenorestrictionisimposedan
deverymemberofthepopulationhasan equalchanceofinclusioninthesample
3.StratifiedRandom=itdividesfirstthepopulationintotwoormorestrata.Foreachstratum,the
sampleitemsweredrawnatrandom
4.Systematic=adesignwhichallindividualinthepopulationarearrangedinamethodicalmann
er,i.e.alphabeticalorchronological(age,
experience)andthenamemaybeselectedintheconstructionofthesample
5.Multistage=doneinseveralstage,itcanbetwo-
stage,three,fourorfivestage,etc…,dependingonthenumberofstagesofsamplingtobe used.
6.ClusterSampling=populationisgroupintoclustersorsmallunits,forinstance,blockordistri
cts,andareselectedbyrandomsamplingor systematicsampling.
=advantageouswhenindividualsinthedistrictsorblocksbelongtotheheterogeneousgroup
B.Non-
ScientificSampling=inthissamplingthereissubjectivityontheonthepartoftheresearcherbec
ausenotalltheindividualina
populationaregivenanequalchanceofbeingincludedinthesample
TypesofNon-ScientificSampling
1.Purposive=basedonchoosingindividualsassampleaccordingtothepurposesoftheresearch
er
2.Incidental=adesignappliedtothosesampleswhicharetakebecausetheyaremostvaluable
=theresearchersimplytakesthenearestindividualassubjectsofthestudyuntilthesamplereac
hesthedesiredsize
3.QuotaSampling=popularinthefieldofopinionresearchduetothefactthatitisdonebymerelyl
ookingforindividualswithrequisite characteristics
ResearchInstrument=adevicedesignedoradoptedbyresearcherfordatagathering
ClassificationofResearchInstrument
1.ResearcherInstrument=theresearcherobtainsinformationordatahimselfwithlittleornodir
ectinvolvementoftheotherpeople
2.SubjectInstrument=theinformationiscollecteddirectlyfromtherespondents
3.InformantInstrument=theinformationordataiscollectedfromthoseknowledgeableofthesu
bjectmatter
CommonlyUsedInstruments
1.Questionnaire=writtenorprintedformcontainingthequestionstobeaskedontheresponden
ts.
TypesofQuestionnaire
a.Open-Ended=respondentsareforcedtoanswerthequestionsaskedinthequestionnaire.
=bestsuitedtoaqualitativeresearchstudy
b.Closed-Ended=alsoreferredasguidedresponsetype,closedformorrestricted.
=respondentsareguidedinansweringquestions
=optionsmaybeprovidedlikeinmultiplechoicetestwhileanswersarebasedontheratingscales
provided
2.Interview=involvesfacetofacecontactbetweentheintervieweeandtheinterviewer
TypesofInterview

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a.StructuredInterview=thereisasetofcarefullypreparedquestionsandtheirexpectedanswers
areprovided
b.UnstructuredInterview=respondentsarefreetoexpresstheiropinions
=alsotermedasnon-directiveorinformal

3.Observation=maybedefinedasperceivingdatathroughthesense:sight,hearing,taste,touch
andsmell
=senseofsightisthemostimportantandmostused
=mostdirectwayandmostwidelyusedinstudyingbehavior
TypesofObservation
a.FormalObservation=researchermakesaguideonwhattoobserve.Possibleresponsesmayal
sobeoutlined
b.InformalObservation=needscriticalevaluationoftheobservationmadetoavoidbiasedre
sults =recommendedforqualitativeresearch
RecordingofResultsofObservation
1.Checklist=containstheitemstobeobserved
2.Ratingscale=usedinobservingbehavior
3.AnecdotalForms=providesforthefewerbreakdownsofdimensionsorfactors
4.MechanicalRecord=useofmotionorstillpictures,soundrecording
5.StenographicRecording
QualitiesofGoodResearchInstrument
1.Validity=degreetowhichameasuringinstrumentmeasureswhatitintendstomeasure
TypesofValidity
a.Content-
RelatedValidity=referstocontentandformatoftheinstrumentwhichmustanswerthefollowing
criteria:appropriateness;logical; adequate;and,properformat
b.Criterion-
RelatedValidity=referstotherelationshipbetweenscoresobtainedusingoneormoreinstrume
ntsormeasures
c.Construct-
RelatedValidity=referstothenatureofpsychologicalconstructionorcharacteristicsbeingmea
suredbytheinstrument
2.Reliability=extenttowhichtheinstrumentisdependable,self-consistentandstable
=consistencyofresponsesfrommomenttomoment
=evenapersontakesthesametesttwice,thetestyieldsthesameresults
=reliabletestmaynotalwaysbevalid
3.Usability=otherwiseknownasPracticability
=degreetowhichtheresearchinstrumentcanbesatisfactorilyused.Itmaybedet
erminedthru: a.easeofadministration
b.easeofscoring
c.easeofinterpretation
d.lowcost
e.propermechanicalmakeup
Statistics=sciencewhichdealswiththesystematicprocessofcollecting,organizing,classifying
,presenting,interpretingandanalyzingdata
TypesofStatistics

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A.DescriptiveStatistics=itisusedtodeterminethenatureofvariableswithoutanyattempttocrit
icallycomparetheextentofrelationshipsor differenceswithothervariables
ToolsofDescriptiveStatistics
1.FrequencyCounting/Distribution
2.Percentage
3.Ranking
4.MeasuresofCentralities
a.Mean
b.Median
c.Mode
d.MeasuresofVariability
B.CorrelationalStatistics=usedtodeterminethedegreeormagnitudeofassociationbetweentw
ovariables.
=treatsbivariateandmultivariateproblems
SpecificMeasuresofCorrelational
1.PearsonProductMomentCoefficient(Pearsonr)
2.SpearmanRank-OrderCoefficientofCorrelation(Spearmanrho)
3.Kendall’sTauCoefficientofCorrelation
4.Kendall’sCoefficientofConcordanceW
5.PointBiserialCoefficientofCorrelation
6.PhiCoefficientofCorrelation
C.InferentialStatistics=usedwheninmakinginferencesonthemagnitudeofdifferencesofthes
amplesfromalargeuniverse.
=usedintestinghypothesislikedifferencesbet.twoormorevariables
=treatsbivariateandmultivariateproblems
TypesofInferentialStatistics
1.ParametricTest=applicablewhenthedatameasuredisinintervalorratioscales
TypesofParametric
a. T-TestandZ-Test=usedtodeterminetwovariablemeanswhichdiffersignificantly
b. F-test=(AnalysisofVariance–

ANNOVA)usedtodeterminesignificantdifferencesbetweenthreeormorevariables 2.Non-

Parametric=usedinordinalorrankornominaldata

TypesofNon-parametric
a.Chi-
SquareTest(X2)=usedtocomparethefrequenciesobtainedin
categorizedvariables
=usedtodeterminethedifferencebetweenthreeormorevaria
bles b.Mann-WhitneyU-Test
c.SignTest
d.Lambda
e.Kruskall-Wallis
f.FriedmanAnalysisofVariance
g.McNemarTest
DataAnalysis=anexaminationofdataorfactsintermsofquantity,quality,attribute,trait,patte
rn,trend,relationshipamongotherssoasto
answerresearchquestionswhichinvolvestatisticaltechniquesandprocedures

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 TypesofDataAnalysis
1.Univariate=testsasinglevariabletodeterminewhetherthesampleissimilartothepopulation
fromwhichithasbeendrawn
2.Bivariate=itteststwovariablesonhowtheydifferfromeachother
3.Multivariate=itteststhreeormoreindependentvariablesatatimeonthedegreeofrelationship
withdependentvariables
4.Normative=theresultsofthestudyiscomparedwiththenorm
5.Status=stressesrealfactsrelatingtocurrentconditionsinagroupofsubjectschosenforstudy
6.Descriptive=describesthecharacteristics,compositions,structuresthatoccurasunitswithi
nthelargerstructure
7.Classification=analysiswhichisusuallyemployedinnaturalsciencesubjects
8.Evaluative=itappraisescarefullytheworthinessofthecurrentstudy
9.Comparative=theresearcherconsidersatleasttwoentitiesandestablishesaformalprocedur
eforobtainingcriteriondataonthebasisof
whichhecancompareandconcludewhichofthetwoisbetter
10.Cost-
Effective=applicableincomparingthecostbetweentwoormorevariablesandtodeterminewhic
hofthevariableismosteffective
InterpretationofData=anactorinstanceofinterpretinganexplanation.Thisisdonetogivemean
ingtodatageneratedfromtheinstrumentto answertheproblemsraisedinthestudy
LevelsofInterpretation
1.TableReading
2.ImplicationsorMeaningofData
3.Crossreferencingorcorroborationwhereintheresultsaretobecomparedwiththeexistingkn
owledgeorfinishedstudies
THESISFORMAT
PreliminaryPages
a.TitlePage
b.ApprovalSheet
c.Acknowledgment
d.Dedication
e.TableofContents
f.ListofTables
g.ListofFigures
h.Abstract
CHAPTER1
THEPROBLEMANDITSSETTNG
Introduction
Presentstheproblem.Whattheproblemisallabout
Rationalorreasonsforconductingthestudy
SettingoftheStudy
Localityofthestudy.Placewherethestudyistobeconducted
Theoretical/ConceptualFramework
Theoretical/conceptualfoundationofthestudy
StatementoftheProblem
Generalandspecificstatementoftheproblemdeterminedinthestudy
AssumptionorHypothesis
Self-evidenttruthbaseduponknownfactorphenomenon(Assumption)
Tentativeconclusionoranswertospecificquestions(Hypothesis)
SignificanceoftheStudy

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Contributionoftheresultofthestudytoindividuals,institutions,administrators,society,etc…
ScopeandLimitationoftheStudy
Boundariesintermsoftime,sample,location(Scope)
Weaknessofthestudybeyondthecontroloftheresearcher(Limitation)
DefinitionofTerms
Itcanbelexicaloroperationaldefinitionoracombinationthereofofdifferenttermsusedinthestu
dywhicharearrangedalphabetically
CHAPTER2
REVIEWOFRELATEDLITERATUREANDSTU
DIES
ForeignLiterature
Publishedarticlesfromforeigncountries
LocalLiterature
Locallypublishedarticles
ForeignStudies
Foreignunpublishedarticles
LocalStudies
Locallyunpublishedarticles
Synthesis
Relevanceofliteratureandstudiestothepresentresearch
CHAPTGER3
RESEARCHMETHODSANDPROCEDURES
ResearchMethod
Briefdescriptionandjustificationoftheresearchmethodusedinthestudy
PopulationandSamplingScheme
Briefpresentationoftheentirepopulationofthestudyandthetypeofsamplingtechniquesusedi
nselectingsamplerespondents
DescriptionoftheRespondents
Containsdetaileddescriptionoftherespondentsastoage,sex,maritalstatus,natureofemploy
ment,etc…
ResearchInstrument
Explanationonhowtheinstrumentusedingatheringdatawasdevelopaswellasitsdetaileddesc
ription.
ValidationofInstrument
Statesbriefdiscussiononhowtheinstrumentwasvalidated
Instrumentistestedonindividualswhoareknowledgeableofthesubjectmatterbutarenotparto
ftherespondentsofthestudy
ProceduresinGatheringData
Containsthestepbystepproceduresusedbytheresearcherinreachingtherespondentsinorder
togatherdata
StatisticalTreatment
Containsdiscussiononthestatisticsusedinconsonancewiththespecificproblemandhypothe
sistobetested
CHAPTER4
PRESENTATION,ANALYSISANDINTERPRET
ATIONOFDATA
Containstheanswerstoallthesub-problemsofthestudy
Answerstotheproblemsarestatedonebyoneaccordingtothearrangementofsub-
problemsforclarityandunderstanding

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Answersarepresentedintextualandtabularforms.Textualexplanationscomeafterthetables
CHAPTER5
SUMMARYOFFINDINGS,CONCLUSIONSAN
DRECOMMENDATIONS
Theintroductoryparagraphshouldcontainthesummaryofstatementoftheproblem,hyp
othesisaswellasresearchdesign.
SummaryofFindings
Containsthespecificfindings/resultsofthestudy
Presentedastheywereorganizedandcategorizedinthesub-problemsofthestudy
Writteninpasttense
Conclusions
Writteninpresenttense
Shouldbebasedonthefindingsofthestudy
Logicalandvalidoutgrowthofthefindings
Shouldnotcontainanynumeralsfromthefindings
Organizedandcategorizedaccordingtothesub-problems
Recommendations
Anappealtopeopleorinstitutionsconcernedtosolvetheproblemsdiscoveredinthestudy
Norecommendationsthatwillbemadeforproblemsthatwerenotdiscovered
inthestudy Practicalandattainable

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