4-dr Yetty Sensori System

Sensory Systems:
Sensory Systems
Crucial for Survival
Dr.dr YettyRamli SpS K
Departemen Neurologi
FKUI/RSCM
Sistem sensorik adalah sistem
di mana informasi disampaikan
ke sumsum tulang belakang
dan otak dari reseptor sensorik
perifer dan neuron khusus atau
ujung saraf
Ada lima sistem sensorik

utama:
1.sentuhan/tekanan,
proprioseptif, suhu dan nyeri
atau sistem somatosensori
2.Penglihatan
3.Pendengaran dan
keseimbangan
4.Rasa
5.Penciuman
Terminology
• Stimulus : Change in the environment detected by a receptors
• Sensory receptors : Specialized cells/structures that collect raw information from the
environment
• Sensation : Process of sensing our environment through senses
• Senses : Biological system that translates information outside the nervous system into
neural activity
• Perception : The way the brain interprets the information
Sensory Systems
Somatosensation
Special senses
(General senses)
Perkembangan Anak
Somatosensation
Somatosensation
Direct sensation of interaction with the world
Exteroception Main submodality: Touch
Specific sensory: pressure, contact, vibration, and directional motion of skin
For the detection and appreciation of the internal functioning of

Interoception the body and the physical state of major visceral organ systems
Receptors: chemoreceptors, nociceptors, and mechanoreceptors
To detect and sense position and movement in the environment

Proprioception Classic: sensory end organ (muscle tissue, tendon, joint capsule, and ligament)
Recent: + cutaneous exteroception
3 Perceptual level (processing in
cortical sensory centers)
Motor Sensory Processing

cortex
Perceptual Somatosensory
cortex
Level
Thalamus
Reticular
formation
Pons Cerebellum
Circuit 2 Circuit level Medulla
(processing in
Level Spinal
ascending pathways) cord
Free nerve
endings (pain,
cold, warmth)
Muscle
spindle
Receptor
Level 1 Receptor level
(sensory reception Joint
and transmission kinesthetic
to CNS) receptor
Physiology
Physiology
Transduction
Physiology
Transduction
Conduction
Physiology
Transduction
Conduction
Transmission
Physiology
Transduction
Conduction
Transmission
Perception
Sensory Coding
Receptor
Transduction
Adaptation
Stimulus
Amplification
Conduction
Transmission
Perseption
Converting sensation to
nerve impulses
Transduction
Adaptation
Amplification
Conduction
X
Transmission X
Perseption
Diminishing sensitivity to unchanged stimulus

Types of Sensory Receptors
(Adaptation)
Phasic
• Slow acting,
TonicnoReceptor
adaptation
Receptors
• Continue for impulses as long • Quick acting, adapt
as stimulus is there • Stop firing when stimuli are
• e.g.: Proprioceptors constant
• e.g.: Smell
Transduction
Adaptation
Amplification
Conduction
Transmission
Perseption
Reseptor
Posterior horn
Transduction
Adaptation
Amplification
Conduction
Transmission
Perseption
“An integrative process that is actively constructed by the
Transduction brain and dependent on the memories of our past experiences
with a given stimulus or set of stimuli.”
Adaptation
Amplification
Modality/
Location
Conduction stimulus
Transmission Perception
Perseption
Intensity Timing
Types of Sensory Receptors (Function)
Somatic Visceral
• Sensory stimuli that reach the 1. Pain receptors – Tissue damage
conscious level of perception (viscera)
• Types: General & Special senses
2. Thermoreceptors –
1. Pain receptors – Tissue damage (skin) Temperature
2. Thermoreceptors – Temp. (Skin) 3. Chemoreceptors – Chemical in
3. Chemoreceptors – Taste & smell blood, osmoreceptors
4. Baroreceptors – Sound, balance 4. Baroreceptors – Blood pressure
5. Proprioreceptors – Muscle stretch
Pain Receptors (Nociceptors)
• Noci – Harm
• Sensitive to pain-causing stimuli
• eg. Extreme heat/cold, excessive pressure, inflammatory chemicals
• Free nerve ending
• Mode of action:
1. Injured cells release arachidonic acid
2. Arachidonic acid is converted into prostaglandins by the interstitial enzyme
cyclo-oxygenase
3. Prostaglandins activate nociceptors
# Many pain medications like aspirin function to inhibit cyclo-oxygenase #

# Pain levels are modulated by endorphins which inhibit CNS function #
Thermoreceptor
• Sensitive to temperature changes
• Location: Skin, skeletal muscle, liver, hypothalamus
• Free nerve endings, phasic receptors
• Cold receptors – Superficial
• Heat receptors – Deeper
Temperature out of range of thermoreceptors,

will active nociceptors
Regulation of Body Temperature
Chemo &
Mechanoreceptor
Baroreceptors
• Detects membrane distortion
• Specific receptors have differ • Chemo – Detects change in
sensitivities for each stimulus concentration of chemical
substance
• e.g. pH, CO2
• Baro – Detects pressure changes in
blood vessels and visceral organs
• e.g. Blood pressure & heart rate
regulation
Proprioceptor
Modality
Location
To determine the location and point of origin of a stimulus event, the brain
must possess some means of “mapping” or representing external space to
central neural structures.
A stimulus that lands within

Receptive Fields
the confines of a receptive
field will activate a given

Small
sensory receptor, whereas a
stimulus falling outside of

Large
that region would result in
no response from that
receptor.
Location
Location
Spinal afferents innervating dermatomes overlap

one another to some degree, making the transition
of innervation zones for adjacent dermatomes
more blurred rather than sharp.
Complete anesthesia for any given dermatome

requires not only the removal of input from that
dermatome, but also removal of input from the
Location
Intensity
Timing
X
X
X X XX
Sensory Pathways
Major Somatic Sensory Pathways
Major Somatic Sensory Pathways
Thalamus
• Relay station for most sensory impulses
• ”Gateway to cerebral cortex”
Conclusion
• Sensory systems: somatosensory and special senses
• Sensory system is a complex integrative process we need to survive in
response to changing environments
• Physiology: transduction, conduction, transmission, and perception

• Perception: Knowing what type of stimulus you are experiencing is great,
but without knowing where it came from and where on your body it is
affecting you leaves you at a distinct disadvantage. Perception will make
us translate the sensation as experience.

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Sensory Systems:

Dr.dr YettyRamli SpS K

Ada lima sistem sensorik

For the detection and appreciation of the internal functioning of

To detect and sense position and movement in the environment

Motor Sensory Processing

Diminishing sensitivity to unchanged stimulus

# Many pain medications like aspirin function to inhibit cyclo-oxygenase #

Temperature out of range of thermoreceptors,

A stimulus that lands within

ﬁeld will activate a given

stimulus falling outside of

no response from that

Spinal aﬀerents innervating dermatomes overlap

Complete anesthesia for any given dermatome

• Physiology: transduction, conduction, transmission, and perception

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