Instructor:
Complex Variables & Transforms (MATH- 232)
Dr. Naila Amir
Elementary Complex Analytic Functions
• Complex Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
• Complex Powers
• Trigonometric and Hyperbolic Functions
4
Analytic Functions
Book: A First Course in Complex Analysis with Applications by
Dennis G. Zill and Patrick D. Shanahan.
• Chapter: 4
• Section: 4.1
Complex Logarithmic Function
The multiple-valued function ln 𝑧 defined by:
ln 𝑧 = log 𝑒 𝑧 + 𝑖 arg 𝑧 . (∗)
is called the complex logarithm.
Note: Hereafter, we will use the notation log 𝑒 𝑥 to represent the real
logarithm and the notation ln 𝑧 will always be used to denote the multiple-
valued complex logarithm. By switching to exponential notation 𝑧 = 𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝜃 in
(∗) , we obtain the following alternative description of the complex
logarithm:
ln 𝑧 = log 𝑒 𝑟 + 𝑖 𝜃 + 2𝑛𝜋 ; 𝑛 = 0, ±1, ±2, … (∗∗)
Principal Value of a Complex Logarithm
The principal value of the complex logarithm is denoted by the symbol Ln 𝑧
and is defined as:
Ln 𝑧 = log 𝑒 𝑧 + 𝑖 Arg 𝑧 .
The principal value of the complex logarithm can also be given by:
Ln 𝑧 = log 𝑒 𝑟 + 𝑖𝜃; −𝜋 < 𝜃 ≤ 𝜋.
Note that the expression 𝒇 𝒛 = 𝐋𝐧 𝒛 defines a function, where as, 𝑭 𝒛 = 𝐥𝐧 𝒛
defines a multiple-valued function. Moreover, the algebraic properties of ln 𝑧
are not necessarily satisfied by Ln 𝑧.
Analyticity of the Logarithm
Any branch 𝑓𝑘 𝑧 = log 𝑒 𝑟 + 𝑖𝜃; 𝜃0 < 𝜃 < 𝜃0 + 2𝜋, of 𝐹 𝑧 = ln 𝑧 is analytic on its
domain, and its derivative is given by:
′
1
𝑓 𝑘
𝑧 = .
𝑧
Since 𝑓1 (𝑧) = Ln 𝑧 is the principal branch for each point 𝑧 in the domain |𝑧| > 0 and
−𝜋 < arg(𝑧) < 𝜋, it follows that Ln 𝑧 is differentiable in this domain, and
𝑑 1
Ln 𝑧 = .
𝑑𝑧 𝑧
𝐋𝐧 𝒛 as an Inverse Function of 𝒆 𝒛
If the complex exponential function 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑒 𝑧 is defined on the
fundamental region −∞ < 𝑥 < ∞, −𝜋 < 𝑦 ≤ 𝜋, then 𝑓 is one-to-one
and the inverse function of 𝑓 is the principal value of the complex
logarithm 𝑓 −1 𝑧 = Ln 𝑧.
Logarithmic Mapping
The complex logarithmic mapping 𝑤 = Ln 𝑧 can be understood in terms of the exponential
mapping 𝑤 = 𝑒 𝑧 since these functions are inverses of each other. For example, since 𝑤 = 𝑒 𝑧
maps the fundamental region −∞ < 𝑥 < ∞, −𝜋 < 𝑦 ≤ 𝜋, in the 𝑧 −plane onto the set
|𝑤| > 0 in the 𝑤 −plane, it follows that inverse mapping 𝑤 = Ln 𝑧 maps the set |𝑧| > 0 in
the 𝑧 −plane onto the region −∞ < 𝑢 < ∞, −𝜋 < 𝑣 ≤ 𝜋, in the 𝑤 −plane. Other properties
of the exponential mapping can be similarly restated as properties of the logarithmic
mapping. The following summarizes some of these properties.
Example: Logarithmic Mapping
Find the image of the annulus 2 ≤ |𝑧| ≤ 4 under the logarithmic mapping 𝑤 = Ln 𝑧.
Solution:
From property (𝑖𝑖) of logarithmic mapping, the boundary circles:
|𝑧| = 2 and |𝑧| = 4
of the annulus map onto the vertical line segments:
𝑢 = log 𝑒 2 and 𝑢 = log 𝑒 4, −𝜋 < 𝑣 ≤ 𝜋,
respectively. In a similar manner, each circle |𝑧| = 𝑟, 2 ≤ 𝑟 ≤ 4, maps on to a vertical
line segment 𝑢 = log 𝑒 𝑟 , −𝜋 < 𝑣 ≤ 𝜋 . Since the real logarithmic function is
increasing on its domain, it follows that 𝑢 = log 𝑒 𝑟 takes on all values in the interval
log 𝑒 2 ≤ 𝑢 ≤ log 𝑒 4 when 2 ≤ 𝑟 ≤ 4. Therefore, we conclude that the image of the
annulus 2 ≤ |𝑧| ≤ 4 is the rectangular region: log 𝑒 2 ≤ 𝑢 ≤ log 𝑒 4 , −𝜋 < 𝑣 ≤ 𝜋.
Example:
Image of the annulus 2 ≤ |𝑧| ≤ 4 under the logarithmic mapping
𝑤 = Ln 𝑧.
Practice Questions
Determine and sketch the images of the following sets under the mapping
𝑤 = Ln 𝑧:
𝑖𝜃 𝜋
1. 𝑧 = 𝑟𝑒 : 𝑟 > 0, 𝜃 = .
3
𝑖𝜃 −𝜋 𝜋
2. 𝑧= 2𝑒 : ≤𝜃≤ .
2 2
𝜋 3𝜋
3. 𝑧= 𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝜃 : 1 ≤𝑟≤ 2, ≤𝜃≤ .
4 4
4. 𝑧 = 𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝜃 : 2 ≤ 𝑟 ≤ 4, −𝜋 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 0 .
Practice Questions
Book: A First Course in Complex Analysis with Applications by
Dennis G. Zill and Patrick D. Shanahan.
Chapter: 4
Exercise: 4.1
Q # 1 – 49, Q # 51 – 56.
4
Analytic Functions
Book: A First Course in Complex Analysis with Applications by
Dennis G. Zill and Patrick D. Shanahan.
• Chapter: 4
• Section: 4.2
Complex Powers
Complex powers, such as (1 + 𝑖)𝑖 , are defined in terms of the complex exponential
and logarithmic functions. If 𝛼 is a complex number and 𝑧 ≠ 0, then the complex
power 𝑧 𝛼 is defined to be:
𝑧 𝛼 = 𝑒 𝛼 ln 𝑧 . (1)
In general, (1) gives an infinite set of values because the complex logarithmic
function ln 𝑧 is a multiple-valued function. Thus, 𝑧 𝛼 = 𝑒 𝛼 ln 𝑧 defines a multiple-
valued function. However, when 𝛼 = 𝑛 is an integer, the expression in (1) is single-
valued in agreement with fact that 𝑧 𝑛 (special power functions) is a function when 𝑛
is an integer.
Example:
Find the values of the given complex power:
(a) 𝑖 2𝑖 (b) (1 + 𝑖)𝑖 .
Solution:
Solution: (b)
Principal Value of a Complex Power
If 𝛼 is a complex number and 𝑧 ≠ 0, then the function defined by:
𝑧 𝛼 = 𝑒 𝛼 Ln 𝑧 , (2)
is called the principal value of the complex power 𝑧 𝛼 .
Example: Find the principal value of each complex power:
(a) (−3)𝑖/𝜋 (b) (2𝑖)1−𝑖 .
Example: Find the principal value of each complex power:
(b) (2𝑖)1−𝑖 .
Solution:
𝜶
Branches of 𝒛
▪ In general, the principal value of a complex power 𝑧 𝛼 defined by (2) is not a
continuous function on the complex plane because the function Ln 𝑧 is not
continuous on the complex plane.
▪ However, since the function 𝑒 𝛼𝑧 is continuous on the entire complex plane, and since
the function Ln 𝑧 is continuous on the domain |𝑧| > 0, −𝜋 < 𝜃 < 𝜋, it follows that
𝑧 𝛼 is continuous on the domain |𝑧| > 0, −𝜋 < 𝜃 < 𝜋.
▪ Using polar coordinates 𝑟 = |𝑧| and 𝜃 = Arg 𝑧 , it is found that the function
defined by:
𝑓1 𝑧 = 𝑒 𝛼 log𝑒 𝑟+𝑖𝜃 , −𝜋 < 𝜃 < 𝜋, (3)
is the principal branch of the multiple-valued function 𝐹(𝑧) = 𝑧 𝛼 = 𝑒 𝛼 ln 𝑧 . Its
branch cut is the non-positive real axis, and 𝑧 = 0 is a branch point.
𝜶
Branches of 𝒛
Other branches of the multiple-valued function 𝐹(𝑧) = 𝑧 𝛼 can be defined using the
formula in (3) with a different interval of length 2𝜋 defining 𝜃. For example,
𝑓2 𝑧 = 𝑒 𝛼 log𝑒 𝑟+𝑖𝜃
, −𝜋/4 < 𝜃 < 7𝜋4,
defines a branch of 𝐹(𝑧) whose branch cut is the ray 𝜃 = −𝜋/4 together with the
branch point 𝑧 = 0.
Analyticity
The function defined by:
𝑓1 𝑧 = 𝑒 𝛼 log𝑒 𝑟+𝑖𝜃
, −𝜋 < 𝜃 < 𝜋, (3)
is the principal branch of the multiple-valued function 𝐹(𝑧) = 𝑧 𝛼 = 𝑒 𝛼 ln 𝑧 . The branch 𝑓1
defined by (3) agrees with the principal value of 𝑧 𝛼 defined by (2) on the domain |𝑧| > 0,
− 𝜋 < 𝜃 < 𝜋. Consequently, the derivative of 𝑓1 (𝑧) can be found using the chain rule:
′ 𝑑 𝛼Ln 𝑧 𝛼Ln 𝑧
𝑑
𝑓1 𝑧 = 𝑒 =𝑒 𝛼Ln 𝑧 = 𝑒 𝛼Ln 𝑧 α𝑧 −1 .
𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑧
Using the principal value 𝑧 𝛼 = 𝑒 𝛼 Ln 𝑧 , the above equation simplifies to 𝑓1 ′ 𝑧 = α𝑧 α−1 .
Thus, on the domain |𝑧| > 0, −𝜋 < θ < 𝜋, the principal value of the complex power 𝑧 𝛼
is differentiable and
𝑑 𝛼
𝑧 = α𝑧 𝛼−1 .
𝑑𝑧
Example:
Find the derivative of the principal value 𝑧 𝑖 at the point 𝑧 = 1 + 𝑖.
Solution:
Practice Questions
Book: A First Course in Complex Analysis with Applications by Dennis
G. Zill and Patrick D. Shanahan.
Chapter: 4
Exercise: 4.2
Q # 1 – 18
