1.Explain Justification, Premises and conclusions.

- Justification- a justification is an acceptable reason for doing something.

- Premises- a statement in an argument that provides reason or support for the conclusion.
- Conclusions- a statement that the argument is trying to prove through premises.
2.Explain Invalid Argument.
- an argument whose conclusion is not proven by the premises.
- Even if all premises are true, the conclusion can be false.
3.Explain necessary and sufficient conditions.
- a necessary condition is something, that must be true in order for the statement to be true.
- A sufficient condition is something that if true, guarantees the truth of the statement.
4.explain inductive, abductive and deductive reasoning.
- Inductive- generalise conclusions based on specific scenarios. Ex- 25th dec and Christmas
- Abductive- generalised conclusions based on set of observations and experiences. Ex- plate in mess
- Deductive reasoning - conclusions from facts already known to us. Ex- dog has 4 legs
5.What is Hypothesis.
- a hypothesis is a tentative explanation or prediction that can be tested through further investigation.
6. Define correlation and causation.
- correlation- the relationship between two variables when they tend to vary together. Ex- ice cream in sum-
mers.
- Causation- refers to the relationship between cause and effect between one event or action and the result.
Ex- phone battery drains

7. What is a problem?
- a problem is generally considered to be a task, a situation or a person, difficult to deal with or control due
to complexity and transparency.

8. what is decision making?

- Decision making is the process of selecting a course of action from multiple options, based on prefer-
ences, values, and objectives.

9. What is RCA and ACA.

- RCA- root cause analysis is a method of problem solving technique used to identify the originating causes
of the faults or any problem.
- ACA- apparent cause analysis is a limited investigation used to identify and analyse the obvious cause of
the problem or the incident.

10. Explain barato analysis and fish bone diagram.

- Barato- a barato chart is a histogram, Bar-chart combined with a line graph that groups the frequency or
the reasons for different problems in order to find out the relative significance.
- Fish bone- fish bone diagram segregates or separates the possible causes into various categories that
branched of from the original problem.

11.State two differences between transactional and transformational leadership.

- transactional leadership focuses on tasks, goals, and outcomes, while transformational leadership inspires
and motivates individuals to achieve a shared vision. Additionally, transactional leadership tends to be
more autocratic, whereas transformational leadership is more participative and collaborative.

12. Explain FMEA.

- FMEA- failure mode and effects analysis is a method used while designing a product or a process with a
view to exploring potential defects and failures.

13.Define Emotions.
- emotions are neurophysiological reactions to certain happenings around you in the environment.
14. what do you understand By Instrumental and end Value.
- instrumental values are expression of competence and gain the selection of means to be used to obtain the
end state/ end goal.
- End values are the ultimate goals or objectives that are valued and desired for their own sake, rather than
as a means to achieve something else.

15. Define Self Awareness.

- Self awareness means knowing and understanding one’s thoughts, emotions, behavourial patterns.
16. What do you understand by applying creative thinking.
- Applying creative thinking means using innovative, imaginative, and original approaches to solve prob-
lems, generate ideas, or find solutions.

17. Define ABC. (accuracy, brevity and charity)

- ABC (Accuracy, Brevity, and Clarity) is a communication framework that promotes effective and clear in-
teraction. It suggests that our messages should strive to be:

A - Accurate: Truthful, factual, and error-free, conveying the intended meaning without distortion or misrep-
resentation.

B - Brief: Concise, succinct, and to the point, avoiding unnecessary details or verbosity.

C - Clear: Easy to understand, straightforward, and unambiguous, using language that is simple and concise.

18. State 2 examples for demonstrating self confidence.

- 1. Public Speaking: When you speak up in a meeting or presentation, assertively sharing your ideas and
opinions, and maintaining eye contact with your audience, you demonstrate self-confidence. You show that
you value your thoughts and are not afraid to express them.

2. Taking Ownership: When you take responsibility for your mistakes, apologize if necessary, and proac-
tively work to rectify the situation, you demonstrate self-confidence. You show that you are accountable,
willing to learn from errors, and capable of handling challenges.

19.define positive psychology.

- Positive psychology is a branch of psychology that focuses on how to help people flourish and live their
best lives. Positive psychology focuses on the positive events and influences in life, including positive ex-
periences, states and traits, and institutions.

20. what is impulsive behaviour.

- Impulsive behaviour refers to actions or decisions made without adequate thought, consideration, or re-
flection. It involves acting on instinct or whim, often without regard for consequences or potential out-
comes.

2 MARKS
1.Explain causation and correlation with examples.
- correlation- the relationship between two variables when they tend to vary together. Ex- ice cream in sum-
mers.
- Causation- refers to the relationship between cause and effect between one event or action and the result.
Ex- phone battery drains

2. Discuss decision making style.

- Decision-making style refers to the approach or manner in which individuals make decisions. It is a per-
sonal and unique pattern of behaviour that influences how we process information, weigh options, and
choose a course of action. There are several decision-making styles, including:
- 1. Rational: Logical, systematic, and analytical, weighing all options and considering long-term conse-
quences.
- 2. Intuitive: Relying on instincts, gut feelings, and emotions to make quick decisions.
- 3. Behavioural: Influenced by emotions, biases, and habits, often leading to impulsive decisions.
3.Explain Apparent Cause Analysis.
- apparent cause analysis is a limited investigation used to identify and analyse the obvious cause of the
problem or the incident.
- The purpose of ACA is to
• Identify actions
• Deal with the problem\
• To connect info. Or data of the event that aids to identify the trends in the organisation.

4.Explain alternate names for autocratic, democratic leadership.

- Autocratic leadership- Dictatorial, Directive, Centralised
- Democratic leadership- Participative, Collaborative, Empowering
5. Explain contingency model.
- Vroom Jago contingency model 1988 is a decision making model.
- This model facilitates managers or leaders to determine the most appropriate styles in the given situation
- The VJ model suggests most effective leadership style depends on the level of decision making involve-
ment required from the sub ordinates and the degree of structure in the task.

6. Mention 5 types of followership.

-
1. sheep followers
2. Yes followers
3. Alienated followers
4. Pragmatic followers
5. Effective followers

7. Differentiate critical thinking and creative thinking.

- Critical thinking helps you evaluate and improve an existing idea or argument.
- Creative thinking helps you generate a new idea or solution from scratch.
- CRITICAL THINKING-
- - Analytical and evaluative
- - Objective and systematic
- - Focuses on evaluating existing information
- - Aims to identify strengths and weaknesses, errors, and biases
- CREATIVE THINKING-
- - Generative and exploratory
- - Subjective and intuitive
- - Focuses on generating new ideas and possibilities
8.Explain expressing socially comfortable feeling.
- Expressing a socially comfortable feeling refers to conveying a sense of ease, relaxation, and acceptance in
social interactions or situations. It involves communicating a feeling of being at ease with oneself and others,
without discomfort, anxiety, or self-consciousness. This can be expressed through:

1. Body Language: Relaxed posture, open and approachable nonverbal cues, and calm gestures.

2. Verbal Communication: Using a friendly tone, speaking freely, and engaging in effortless conversa-
tion.

3. Facial Expressions: Smiling, laughing, and showing genuine interest and enjoyment.

9.what do you understand by attitude of gratitude.

- An attitude of gratitude refers to a mindset or perspective that focuses on appreciating and being thankful
for the good things in life. It involves
- 1. Recognizing and acknowledging the positive aspects of your life
- 2. Valuing and appreciating the people, experiences, and circumstances that bring joy and benefit
- 3. Expressing thanks and appreciation through words, actions, and thoughts
- 4. Focusing on the present moment and finding the good in it
- 5. Cultivating a sense of contentment and satisfaction

5 MARKS

1.Apply creative thinking in merchant shipping.

- Creative thinking is the ability to approach problems, situations, or ideas in a unique and imaginative
way.
- Creative thinking can be applied in many ways in the merchant shipping industry to solve problems, in-
novate, and improve processes. Here are some examples of how creative thinking can be applied in the
industry:
1)Developing new shipping routes:
2)Implementing new technology:
3)Designing eco-friendly ships:
4)Developing new cargo handling methods:
5)Reducing piracy:
2.Discuss Leadership continuum model.
-The Tannenbaum-Schmidt Leadership Continuum is a model that shows the relationship between the level
of authority used by a leader and the freedom this allows their team. The model depicts a range of possible
management strategies ranging from top-down dictatorial management on one side, to fully collaborative,
team-based working on the other. There are seven different leadership styles that the continuum de-
scribes, with each style having a different level of management control. The seven stages of the Tannen-
baum Schmidt Leadership Continuum are:
1. Telling
2. Selling
3. Suggesting
4. consulting
5. Joining
6. Delegating
7. Abdicating

3.Explain any 3 matter used for RCA.

- tools of RCA.
- Barato analysis- barato chart is a histogram, Bar-chart combined with a line graph that groups the fre-
quency or the reasons for different problems in order to find out the relative significance.
- Fish bone- fish bone diagram segregates or separates the possible causes into various categories that
branched of from the original problem.
- Scatter diagram- A scatter plot is a quantitative method for determining whether 2 variables are corre-
lated. Scatter diagarm is a simple statistical tool where independent variables are plotted in the x axis
and dependent variables are plotted in the y axis.

4.Explain backward induction and its applications in merchant shipping.

- BI is a method used in game theory to determine the best course of action for a player working backward
from the end of the game.
- In the context of merchant shipping, backward induction can be used to analyze the strategic interac-
tions between shipping companies. For example, a shipping company may need to decide whether to in-
vest in a new ship or to charter a ship from another company. The company may use backward induction
 to reason about the potential actions of its competitors and make a decision that takes into account the
potential responses of those competitors.
-
- Here's an example of how backward induction can be applied in merchant shipping:
-
- 1. A shipping company, Firm 1, is considering whether to invest in a new ship. Firm 1 knows that its com-
petitor, Firm 2, will observe its decision and respond accordingly.
- 2. Firm 1 uses backward induction to reason about Firm 2's potential actions. Firm 1 assumes that Firm 2
will choose the action that maximizes its own profits, given Firm 1's decision.
- 3. Firm 1 then uses this assumption to determine its own optimal action. Firm 1 may decide to invest in a
new ship if it believes that Firm 2 will respond by chartering a ship, or Firm 1 may decide not to invest if
it believes that Firm 2 will respond by investing in a new ship as well.
- 4. Firm 2, observing Firm 1's decision, will then make its own decision based on Firm 1's action. Firm 2
may choose to charter a ship if Firm 1 invested in a new ship, or Firm 2 may choose to invest in a new
ship if Firm 1 did not invest.
5.Explain advantages and diadvantages of certain impulsive feeling and behaviour at work

- Impulsive feelings and behaviors at work can have both advantages and disadvantages.

Advantages:

1. Quick decision-making: Impulsive individuals can make swift decisions, which can be beneficial in fast-
paced or emergency situations.
2. Creativity: Impulsive thinking can lead to innovative ideas and solutions.
3. Adaptability: Impulsive individuals can quickly adjust to changing situations and challenges.
4. Entrepreneurial spirit: Impulsive risk-taking can lead to new business opportunities and growth.
5. Passion and energy: Impulsive individuals can bring enthusiasm and drive to their work.

Disadvantages:

1. Impulsive decisions can lead to mistakes and errors.

2. Lack of consideration for others: Impulsive actions can disregard the impact on colleagues and team
members.
3. Reckless risk-taking: Impulsive decisions can put the organization at risk.
4. Difficulty in following procedures: Impulsive individuals may bypass established protocols and proce-
dures.
5. Conflict with others: Impulsive behavior can lead to disagreements and conflicts with colleagues.
6. Lack of self-control: Impulsive individuals may struggle with self-regulation, leading to unprofessional be-
havior.
7. Inconsistent performance: Impulsive decisions can result in inconsistent work quality and productivity.