TABLE OF CONTENTS:

1. INTRODUCTION TO ELECTROSTATICS & MAGNETOSTATICS

1.1 Introduction
1.1.1 Electrostatics
1.1.2 Magnetostatics
1.1.3 Electromagnetism

2. THEORY OF ELECTROMAGNETISM
2.1 Fundamentals of Electrostatics
2.1.1 Electric Field & Electric Field Intensity
2.1.2 Coulomb’s Law
2.1.3 Electric Flux & Electric Flux Density
2.1.4 Gauss’ Law
2.2 Fundamentals of Magnetostatics
2.2.1 Static Magnetic Field, Magnetic Flux & Magnetic Flux Density
2.2.2 Biot-Savart Law
2.2.3 Ampere’s Circuital Law
2.3 Concepts of Electromagnetism
2.3.1 Maxwell Equations

3. APPLICATIONS OF ELECTROMAGNETISM
3.1 Applications in Electrostatics
3.1.1 Photocopying & Printing Technology
3.1.2 Painting & Coating
3.2 Applications in Magnetostatics
3.2.1 Magnetic Imaging & Analysis
3.2.2 Transportation & Levitation

3.3 Applications in Electromagnetism

3.3.1 Wireless Technology
3.3.2 Quantum & Nanotechnologies
4. CONCLUSION
4.1 Summary of Key Concepts

5. REFERENCES
1. INTRODUCTION TO ELECTROSTATICS & MAGNETOSTATICS

1.1 Introduction:

1.1.1 Electrostatics

Electrostatics deals with the properties and concepts of stationary electric charges. At its core,
electrostatics involves understanding how electric charges interact with each other and with
electric fields. These interactions are governed by laws such as Coulomb's Law, which describes
the force between two charges. This field of physics provides a fundamental understanding of
how objects get charged, how they exert forces on each other, and how they affect their
surroundings.

Electrostatics is a fundamental aspect of electromagnetism. The principles of electrostatics are

vital in explaining a wide range of phenomena, both in the natural world and in various
technological applications.

1.1.2 Magnetostatics

Magnetostatics is the study of magnetic fields where the currents are steady, i.e., they do not
change with time. It is analogous to electrostatics, where charges are stationary. Magnetostatics
is concerned with the fields and forces associated with steady currents and magnetic materials.

Magnetostatics is widely used in applications of magnetic storage devices, for example, the hard
drive on your computer. It also plays pivotal roles in healthcare, imaging and technology.

1.1.3 Electromagnetics

Electromagnetics involves the macroscopic interaction and behavior of electric charges in free
space and in matter. Electromagnetism can be considered as the combination of electrostatics and
magnetism. It is one of the four fundamental forces of nature.

Electromagnetic behavior can be categorized by the four equations of Maxwell. Its applications
are mainly seen in the field of electronics; in electrical circuits and semiconductor devices.
2. THEORY OF ELECTROMAGENTISM

2.1 Fundamentals of Electrostatics:

2.1.1 Coulomb’s Law

Coulomb's Law states that “the force between 2 charged particles is directly proportional to the
product of their charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.”

The mathematical expression of Coulomb's Law is as follows:

𝑘𝑞1 𝑞2
𝐹=
𝑟2

Where k is the constant of proportionality called Coulomb’s constant. It’s value is:

1
𝑘=
4𝜋𝜀0

And ε0 is the permittivity of free space, equal to 8.85×10-12 C2/Nm2.

Coulomb’s Law applies to point charges only. Thus interaction of charges in electrostatics are
completely defined by this law.

In vector form, Coulomb’s Law can be written as:

→ 1 𝑞1 𝑞2
𝐹12 = 2 𝑟̂
12
4𝜋 ∈0 𝑟12
→ →
𝐹12 = −𝐹21

2.1.2 Electric Field & Electric Field Intensity

The electric field is a physical field around charged particles. These electrically charged particles
are attracted to each other when their charges are opposite (negative and positive) and repel each
other when they are the same. Similarly, electrostatic fields are electric fields that do not change
with time. These fields are present when charged particles are stationary.

Electric field intensity is a measure of the strength of the electric field. Electric field intensity at
any point is equal to the force applied to a unit test charge at that point. We can write it as:
 𝐹
𝐸= 𝑘
𝑞

1 𝐹
𝐸= 𝑁/𝐶 𝑜𝑟 𝑉/𝑚
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑞

2.1.3 Electric Flux & Electric Flux Density

Electric flux is a property of an electric field. It is defined as the number of electric field lines
passing through a given area. For a uniform electric field,

𝛹 = 𝐸 ∙ 𝑆 = 𝐸 ∙ 𝑆 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃

Electric flux density is a vector field, measured in C/m2 and denoted by the letter D. The
direction of D at any point is the direction of the flux lines at that point. The magnitude is equal
to the number of flux lines crossing a surface normal to the lines and divided by the surface area.

𝑄
𝑫= 𝒂
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 2 𝑟

𝑫 = 𝜀0 𝐸

2.1.4 Gauss’ Law

Gauss's law states that “the electric flux Φ across any closed surface is proportional to the net
electric charge q enclosed by the surface.” Or the total flux enclosed by a closed surface is 1/ε0
times the charge enclosed by that surface. It can be expressed as,

𝑞
𝛷 =
𝜀0
2.2 Fundamentals of Magnetostatics:

2.2.1 Static Magnetic Field, Magnetic Flux & Magnetic Flux Density

Static magnetic fields arise due to charges or magnets that move at a steady flow (steady-state
current). The magnetic field intensity (denoted by H), similar to the electric field intensity, is a
measure of the field’s intensity at any given point.

Magnetic flux is a measure of the quantity of the magnetic field lines passing through a given
surface. It is denoted by Φ and its units are Weber (Wb). We can write is as,

𝛷 = 𝐵 ∙ 𝐴 cos 𝜃

Magneitc flux density is also a vector field, measured in Wb/m or Tesla (T), and denoted by the
letter B. The direction of B at any point is the direction of the flux lines at that point whereas the
magnitude is equal to the number of flux lines crossing a surface normal to the lines and divided
by the surface area. Analogous to the electric flux density, we can find it as:

𝐵 = 𝜇0 𝐻

Where µ0 is the permeability in free space/vacuum or the magnetic constant. Its value is equal to
4π×10-7 Henry per meter (H/m).

2.2.2 Biot-Savart Law

The Biot-Savart law is a equation that describes the magnetic field generated by a steady current.
It relates the magnetic field to the direction, length, and distance of the current element. The
formula of the Biot-savart law is,

𝐼𝑑𝐿 sin 𝜃
𝑑𝐻 =
4𝜋𝑟 2

In vector form,

𝐼𝑑𝐿 × 𝒂𝒓
𝑑𝐻 =
4𝜋𝑟 2
In this case, dH (differential magnetic field intensity) is interchangeable by dB (differential
magnetic flux density).

2.2.3 Ampere’s Circuital Law

Ampere’s circuital law is a law of electromagnetism relating the magnetic field around a closed
loop to the electric current that is passed through it. It states that “the magnetic field is
proportional to the size of the current and the permeability of free space”. Mathematically,

∫ 𝐵 ∙ 𝑑𝑙 = 𝜇0 𝐻

2.3 Concepts of Electromagnetism:

2.3.1 Maxwell’s Equations

Maxwell's four equations serve as the framework for connecting electrostatics and
magnetostatics, thus providing a better understanding of electromagnetism. We will discuss two
of Maxwell’s equations.

A. Gauss' law for electricity

Maxwell's first equation describes the electrostatic field. It is derived from Gauss's law.
Gauss's theorem states that “the surface integral of the electrostatic field D
over a closed surface is equal to the charge enclosed by that surface.” That is,
𝑑𝑖𝑣 𝐷 = 𝜌

B. Gauss' law for magnetism

Maxwell second equation is based on Gauss law on magnetostatics. Gauss law on
magnetostatics states that “closed surface integral of magnetic flux density is always
equal to total scalar magnetic flux enclosed within that surface of any shape or size lying
in any medium.” Mathematically,
∯ 𝐵. 𝑑𝑠 = 0
3. APPLICATIONS OF ELECTROMAGNETISM

3.1 Applications of Electrostatics:

3.1.1 Photocopiers & Printing Technology

Electrostatics play a vital role in photocopying and printing technologies, specifically in

processes like xerography (used in photocopiers) and electrophotography (used in laser printers).
In both these processes, the electrostatic principle of attraction and repulsion are utilized to
create and control charged areas on the photoconductor drum of the printer. The selective
removal of charge results in the formation of an image that can be printed onto paper. This
allows for the efficient and high-quality reproduction of text and images in photocopying and
printing applications.

3.1.2 Painting & Coating

Electrostatics is widely used in surface coating and painting processes to achieve efficient
coverage of paint or coating materials on various surfaces. A few applications include
electrostatic paint spraying and powder coating.

3.2 Applications of Magnetostatics:

3.2.1 Magnetic Imaging & Analysis

Magnetostatics plays an important role in the field of healthcare. It is used for magnetic imaging
and analysis, for example, in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and magnetic resonance
spectroscopy (MRS). These techniques are invaluable in diagnostic medicine and biomedical
research. The capability to provide high-resolution images and chemical information contribute
to their widespread use in clinical backgrounds.

3.2.2 Transportation & Levitation

Magnetostatics is now employed in transportation and levitation systems, particularly in the

context of magnetic levitation (Maglev) trains. Through the generation and manipulation of
magnetic fields, it enables the levitation, propulsion, and control mechanisms in Maglev
transportation systems. This innovative technology is a work in progress and shows promising
results for the emerging applications in magnetostatics.

3.3 Applications of Electromagnetism:

3.3.1 Wireless Technology

Electromagnetism is fundamental to various wireless technologies, through which the

transmission and reception of information is done without the need for any physical connections.
It is used in Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, satellite communication, and infrared, microwave and radio-
frequency communication systems. In all these applications, the principles of electromagnetism,
such as the generation, transmission, and reception of electromagnetic waves, are essential for
allowing wireless communication as well as power transfer.

3.3.2 Quantum & Nanotechnologies

Electromagnetics plays a crucial role in various quantum and nanotechnologies, contributing to

the development of emerging devices and applications. Its applications include quantum
computing, magnetic nanoparticles, and plasmonics. These applications showcase the interlink
between electromagnetism and quantum as well as nanotechnologies, leading to the development
of innovative devices in fields ranging from computing to healthcare.

4. CONCLUSION

4.1 Summary of Key Concepts:

Introduction to Electrostatics, Magnetostatics, and Electromagnetics: The study of
electromagnetism includes three interconnected fields: electrostatics, magnetostatics, and their
interconnection in electromagnetics. Each of these play a crucial role in comprehending the
behaviors of electric and magnetic fields.

1. Electrostatics: Exploring the dynamics of stationary electric charges, electrostatics

investigates the fundamental interactions governed by Coulomb's Law. This foundational
principle extends its applications from explaining natural phenomena to facilitating
innovations in technology.
2. Magnetostatics: Parallel to electrostatics, magnetostatics concentrates on magnetic fields
associated with steady currents. Analogous to its electric counterpart, magnetostatics
finds practical applications in magnetic storage devices, healthcare imaging, and various
technological domains.
3. Electromagnetics: The interlink of electrostatics and magnetism, known as
electromagnetics, represents the macroscopic interaction of electric charges. Standing as
one of the fundamental forces of nature, electromagnetics is extensively applied in
electronics, electrical circuits, and semiconductor devices.

Theory of Electromagnetism: This includes fundamental laws and concepts governing the
behavior of electric and magnetic fields.

1. Fundamentals of Electrostatics: Coulomb's Law, a important principle describing the

force between charged particles, is explained with the help of electric field intensity and
electric flux.
2. Fundamentals of Magnetostatics: Within magnetostatics, the understanding of static
magnetic fields, magnetic flux, and the Biot-Savart Law contributes to understanding
magnetic phenomena associated with steady currents.
3. Concepts of Electromagnetism: Maxwell’s Equations serve as a basis for connecting
electrostatics and magnetostatics, offering a comprehensive view of electromagnetism.
Applications of Electromagnetism: The practical applications of electromagnetism span
various fields, showcasing its versatility and impact on modern technologies.

1. Applications of Electrostatics: In technologies such as photocopiers and painting

processes, electrostatic principles are used for efficient reproduction and surface coating.
2. Applications of Magnetostatics: Magnetostatics finds crucial applications in healthcare
imaging, particularly in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Additionally, it gives
promising results in transportation innovations, notably Maglev trains.
3. Applications of Electromagnetism: Wireless technologies, encompassing Bluetooth, Wi-
Fi, and satellite communication, rely on the principles of electromagnetism. Furthermore,
emerging technologies in quantum and nanotechnologies, such as quantum computing
and magnetic nanoparticles, highlight the continuing evolution and importance of
electromagnetism in cutting-edge fields.

[1812 words]

5. REFERENCES

1. Staelin, David. Electromagnetics and Applications.

https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/6-013-electromagnetics-and-applications-spring-

2009/d3be4ea78b036a6362230fb41780cf54_MIT6_013S09_notes.pdf

2. Cho, Weng. Lectures on Electromagnetic Field Theory.

https://engineering.purdue.edu/wcchew/ece604f19/EMFTAll20191204.pdf

3. Wolski, A. Theory of Electromagnetic Fields.

https://cds.cern.ch/record/1400571/files/p15.pdf

4. Oriji, Faustina. “The Power of Magnetostatics: Exploring Its Applications in

Technology.” GulpMatrix, 5 Feb. 2023,

https://gulpmatrix.com/the-power-of-magnetostatics-exploring-its-applications-in-technology/