Department of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering

Examination Memorandum
Copyright reserved

Module EIR 211

19 June 2023

Assessment ID
2023EIR211E01

Test information
Maximum marks: 80 Full marks: 80
Duration of paper: 3 hours Open/closed book: Closed book
Additional time None Allowable materials: Formula sheet on
allocation: question paper
Extra-time venue: Thuto 3-2 Submission format: OCR sheets (00-01,
02-03)
Total number of pages (including this page): 17

IMPORTANT
1. The departmental rules relevant to electronically graded assessments apply.
2. Answer all questions on the OCR sheets provided. The question numbering in ( ) corresponds
to the OCR sheet numbering.
3. Unless the answer is an integer, round all answers to three significant figures, e.g., if the
absolute value for an answer is 531.94 Ω, the answer to 3 significant figures would be 532 Ω
or 0.532 kΩ, if the absolute value for an answer is 5.3194 Ω, the answer to 3 significant figures
would be 5.32 Ω.
4. Complex number answers can be entered in rectangular or polar format. In rectangular for-
mat, round both the real and imaginary parts to 3 significant digits, e.g. 12.345 + j3.465 rounded
to 3 significant digits would be 12.3 + j3.47. In polar format, round the magnitude and angle to 3
significant digits, e.g. 12.345∠3.465◦ rounded to 3 significant digits would be 12.3∠3.47◦ .
5. Answers without units or with the incorrect units will be marked incorrect.
6. For multiple choice questions, write down the number corresponding to the correct answer on
your answer sheet.
ACADEMIC INTEGRITY
The University of Pretoria commits itself to produce academic work of integrity. I affirm that I am
aware of and have read the Rules and Policies of the University, more specifically the Disciplinary
Procedure and the Tests and Examinations Rules, which prohibit any unethical, dishonest or im-
proper conduct during tests, assignments, examinations and/or any other forms of assessment.
I am aware that no student or any other person may assist or attempt to assist another student,
or obtain help, or attempt to obtain help from another student or any other person during tests,
assessments, assignments, examinations and/or any other forms of assessment.
Internal examiners: Dr. F. Palunčić and Prof. J. Joubert

2023EIR211E01 Page 1 of 17 19 June 2023

 All phasor voltages and currents that are given and asked for are
in RMS

Dr. Palunčić’s section

Question 1 (4)
Refer to the circuit below.

1Ω

i(t)
+

1
4u(−t) A 1H 3
Ω v (t) 1F
−

Determine
(1) i(0+ ) (1)
(2) v (0+ ) (1)
(3) dv (0+ )/dt (2)

Solution:
t < 0:
1Ω

1
4A i(t) 3
Ω v (t)
−

(1) i(0+ ) = i(0− ) = 4 A.

(2) v (0+ ) = v (0− ) = 0 V.

t ≥ 0:
1Ω

i(t)
+

1
1H 3
Ω v (t) 1F
−

2023EIR211E01 Page 2 of 17 19 June 2023

 (3)

dv (0+ ) iC (0+)
=
dt C
= −i(0+ ) − 3v (0+ )
= −4 V/s

Question 2 (17)
Refer to the circuit below. The objective is to find expressions for the currents i(t)
and iR (t) for t ≥ 0. Question parts (4)–(13) list the parameters needed in finding
the expressions. The parameters are not necessarily listed in the order in which
you need to calculate them.

t=0 20 Ω

i(t) iR (t)
+

4A 10 H 20 Ω v (t) 16 mF + 30u(−t) V
−
−

(4) A1 (no units needed) (2)

(5) A2 (no units needed) (2)
(6) B1 (no units needed) (1)
(7) B2 (no units needed) (1)
(8) s1 (no units needed) (2)
(9) s2 (no units needed) (2)
(10) i(∞) (1)
(11) i(0+ ) (1)
+
(12) di(0 )/dt (2)
+
(13) v (0 ) (1)

(14) What is the mathematical form of the transient inductor current response it (t)
for t ≥ 0?
1: it (t) = A1 + A2 e −t/τ
2: it (t) = (A1 + A2 )e −t/τ
3: it (t) = A1 e s1 t + A2 e s2 t
4: it (t) = (A1 + A2 t)e −αt
5: it (t) = e −αt (A1 cos ωd t + A2 sin ωd t)
(1)
(15) What is the mathematical form of the current iR (t) for t ≥ 0?
2023EIR211E01 Page 3 of 17 19 June 2023
 1: iR (t) = B1 + B2 e −t/τ
2: iR (t) = (B1 + B2 )e −t/τ
3: iR (t) = B1 e s1 t + B2 e s2 t
4: iR (t) = (B1 + B2 t)e −αt
5: iR (t) = e −αt (B1 cos ωd t + B2 sin ωd t)
(1)

Solution:
t ≥ 0:
20 Ω

i(t) iR (t)
+

4A 10 H 20 Ω v (t) 16 mF
−

20(20)
R = 20||20 = 20+20
= 10 Ω.

i(t)
+

4A 10 H 10 Ω v (t) 16 mF
−

(11) t < 0: The switch is open, so that the two parts of the circuit are separate.

4A i(t)

i(0+ ) = i(0− ) = 4 A.

(13) t < 0:
20 Ω

20 Ω v (t) +
− 30 V
−

v (0+ ) = v (0− ) = 20
20+20
(30) = 15 V.

2023EIR211E01 Page 4 of 17 19 June 2023

 (12)

di(0+ ) vL (0+ )
=
dt L
vC (0+ )
=
L
15
=
10
= 1.5 A/s

(10) t → ∞:

4A i(t) 10 Ω

i(∞) = 4 A.

(8)

1
α=
2RC
1
=
2(10)(0.016)
= 3.125 Np/s

1
ω0 = √
LC
1
=p
10(0.016)
= 2.5 rad/s

Then
q
s1,2 = −α ± α2 − ω02
√
= −3.125 ± 3.1252 − 2.52
= −3.125 ± 1.875

Hence s1 = −1.25.

(9) s2 = −5.

(14) Characteristic roots s1 and s2 are real and unequal (overdamped), there-
fore form 3.

2023EIR211E01 Page 5 of 17 19 June 2023

 (4) Since i(t) = i(∞) + A1 e s1 t + A2 e s2 t , i(0) = i(∞) + A1 + A2 or A1 = i(0) −
i(∞) − A2 . But
di(t)
= s1 A1 e s1 t + s2 A2 e s2 t
dt
and so
di(0)
= s1 A1 + s2 A2 .
dt
Therefore
di(0)
= s1 [i(0) − i(∞) − A2 ] + s2 A2
dt
di(0)/dt + s1 [i(∞) − i(0)]
A2 = .
s2 − s 1
Substituting this expression for A2 into the expression for A1 above gives

di(0)/dt + s1 [i(∞) − i(0)]

A1 = i(0) − i(∞) −
s 2 − s1
s2 [i(0) − i(∞)] − di(0)/dt
=
s2 − s 1
−5(4 − 4) − 1.5
=
−5 + 1.25
= 0.4

(5)

1.5 − 1.25(4 − 4)
A2 =
−5 + 1.25
= −0.4

(15)

v (t)
iR (t) =
20
1 di(t)
= L
20 dt
1 di(t)
=
2 dt
1 1
= s1 A1 e s1 t + s2 A2 e s2 t
2 2
Therefore, the form of iR (t) is 3.

(6) B1 = 21 s1 A1 = 12 (−1.25)(0.4) = −0.25.

(7) B2 = 12 s2 A2 = 12 (−5)(−0.4) = 1.

Question 3 (3)

2023EIR211E01 Page 6 of 17 19 June 2023

 Consider the differential equation
Z
dv (t)
+ 5v (t) + 4 v (t) dt = 20 sin(4t + 10◦ )
dt
in the time domain, where the phasor V (v (t) = A cos(4t + φ) ⇔ V) is the solution
to this equation in the phasor domain.
(16) Determine the phasor V. (2)
(17) Determine the phase φ of v (t). (1)

Solution:

(16) Convert the time domain differential equation

Z
dv (t)
+ 5v (t) + 4 v (t) dt = 20 sin(4t + 10◦ )
dt

to the phasor domain. Since 20 sin(4t + 10◦ ) = 20 cos(4t − 80◦ ), then (v (t) ⇔
V and ω = 4)
4V
jωV + 5V + = 20∠−80◦
jω
(j4 + 5 − j)V = 20∠−80◦
20∠−80◦
V=
5 + 3j
= 3.43∠−110.96◦

(17) φ = −110.96◦ .

Question 4 (9)
The objective is to determine Vx in the circuit below using nodal analysis.

j4 Ω
V1 V2
+
Vx −

2∠0◦ A 5Ω −j3 Ω 3∠45◦ A

Using nodal analysis, the following two equations in terms of V1 and V2 are ob-
tained:
Node V1 :
k1 V1 + k2 V2 = 40∠90◦
Node V2 :
k3 V1 + k4 V2 = 36∠135◦

Determine
2023EIR211E01 Page 7 of 17 19 June 2023
 (18) k1 (1)
(19) k2 (1)
(20) k3 (1)
(21) k4 (1)
(22) V1 (2)
(23) V2 (2)
(24) Vx (1)

Solution:

(18) Node V1 :
V1 V1 − V2
2∠0◦ = + (×j20)
5 j4
j40 = j4V1 + 5V1 − 5V2
j40 = (5 + j4)V1 − 5V2 (1)

Therefore k1 = 5 + j4.

(19) k2 = −5.

(20) Node V2 :
V2 V2 − V1
3∠45◦ = + (×j12)
−j3 j4
◦
36∠135 = −4V2 + 3V2 − 3V1
36∠135◦ = −3V1 − V2 (2)

Therefore k3 = −3.

(21) k4 = −1.

(22) From Eq. (2), it follows that V2 = −3V1 − 36∠135◦ . Substituting this into
Eq. (1), one obtains

j40 = (5 + j4)V1 + 5(3V1 + 36∠135◦ )

j40 − 5(36∠135◦ ) = (20 + j4)V1
j40 − 180∠135◦
V1 =
20 + j4
= 5.28 − j5.42 V
= 7.57∠−45.75◦ V

(23)

V2 = −3V1 − 36∠135◦
= 9.62 − j9.20 V
= 13.31∠−43.72◦ V

2023EIR211E01 Page 8 of 17 19 June 2023

 (24)

Vx = V1 − V2
= −4.34 + j3.78 V
= 5.75∠138.95◦ V

Question 5 (7)
The aim is to find the Thévenin equivalent of the circuit below at terminals a-b.

4Ω
a
Ix
15∠0◦ A −j3 Ω 1.5Ix

(25) Determine the Thévenin equivalent impedance ZTh . (3)

(26) In the context of determining the Thévenin equivalent voltage VTh , calculate
the current phasor Ix . (2)
(27) Having solved Ix , now determine the Thévenin equivalent voltage VTh . (2)

Solution:

(25) To determine ZTh , remove all independent sources. Since a dependent

source is present, a current or voltage source has to be connected across
terminals a and b in order to determine ZTh . Then ZTh = Vs /Is . Since a
dependent current source is present in the circuit, we will connect a current
source Is and choose it to be 1∠0◦ to simplify calculation.
4Ω
a
+
Ix
−j3 Ω 1.5Ix Vs Is =1∠0◦ A

−
b
Using KCL

Is + 1.5Ix = Ix
Is = −0.5Ix
Ix = −2Is
= −2 A

2023EIR211E01 Page 9 of 17 19 June 2023

 Now, we can determine Vs

Vs = (4 − j3)Ix
= −8 + j6 V

Therefore
Vs
ZTh = = −8 + j6 Ω (10∠143.13◦ Ω).
Is
(26) VTh is the open circuit voltage across terminals a and b.
4Ω
a
+
Ix
15∠0◦ A −j3 Ω 1.5Ix VTh

−
b
Using KCL

15∠0◦ + 1.5Ix = Ix
15∠0◦ = −0.5Ix
Ix = −2(15∠0◦ )
= −30 A (30∠180◦ A)

(27)

VTh = 4(1.5Ix ) + (−j3)Ix

= (6 − j3)Ix
= (6 − j3)(−30)
= −180 + j90 V (201.25∠153.43◦ V)

Prof. Joubert’s section

Question 6 (5)
Consider the circuit below. ZL must be chosen to ensure maximum power transfer
(to ZL ).

2023EIR211E01 Page 10 of 17 19 June 2023

 (28) Find the value of ZL . (2)
(29) Calculate the average power delivered by the current source.
(Hint: use VTh ) (2)
(30) Calculate the average power absorbed by ZL . (1)

Solution:

(28)

(6)(3 + j1)
ZTh = (6)||(3 + j1) − j2 = − j2 = 2.58∠−37.3◦ Ω = 2.05 − j1.56 Ω
(6 + 3 + j1)

ZL = Z∗Th = 2.58∠37.3◦ Ω

(29)
VTh = 33∠0◦ × (6)||(3 + j1) = 69.14∠12.1◦ V
VTh 69.14∠12.1◦
=⇒ IL = = = 16.86∠12.1◦ A
ZTh + ZL 4.1
=⇒ Psource = Re{VTh I∗L } = 69.14 · 16.86 = 1166 W

(30)
PL = |IL |2 RL = (16.86)2 · 2.05 = 583 W
or
|VTh |2 (69.14)2
PL = = = 583 W
4RTh 4 × 2.05

Question 7 (5)
A 220 V (rms) 50 Hz voltage single phase source supplies a total of 35 kW at 0.8 pf
lagging to two loads connected in parallel. Load 1 absorbs 20 kW at 0.9 pf leading.
(31) Calculate S1 . (1)
(32) Calculate STot . (1)
(33) Determine the pf of Load 2 (indicate “lag” or “lead” in the unit field of the OCR
form). (2)
(34) Calculate the value of a capacitor that, if connected in parallel with the com-
bined loads, will correct the power factor of the combined load to 1.0. (1)

Solution:

(31)
20000
P1 = S1 cos θpf = 20000 W =⇒ S1 = = 22.2 kVA
0.9
=⇒ S1 = S1 ∠ − cos−1 (0.9) = 22.2∠−25.8◦ kVA

2023EIR211E01 Page 11 of 17 19 June 2023

 (32)
35000
PTot = STot cos θpf = 35000 W =⇒ S1 = = 43.8 kVA
0.8
=⇒ STot = STot ∠ cos−1 (0.8) = 43.8∠36.9◦ kVA

(33)

S2 = STot − S1 = 43.8∠36.9◦ − 22.2∠−25.8◦ kVA = 39.0∠67.3◦ kVA

pf = cos (67.3◦ ) = 0.386 lag

(34)
STot sin θpf 43800 · sin(36.9◦ )
C= = = 1.73 mF
2π · 50 · 2202 2π · 50 · 2202

Question 8 (8)
A balanced Y-connected three-phase source is connected to a balanced ∆-connected
load. The positive sequence, 50 Hz voltage source has Van = 220∠0◦ V (rms), and
the line current is Ia = 5∠25◦ A.

Determine
(35) Z∆ (2)
(36) VAB (1)
(37) IBC (2)
(38) Ic (1)
(39) The complex power absorbed by the three-phase load. (2)

Solution:

(35) Replace ∆ load with Y load:

Van 220∠0◦
ZY = = = 44∠−25◦ Ω
Ia 5∠25◦

2023EIR211E01 Page 12 of 17 19 June 2023

 =⇒ Z∆ = 3 × ZY = 132∠−25◦ Ω

(36) √
VAB = 3∠30◦ · Van = 381∠30◦ V

(37)
VAB
IBC = 1∠−120◦ · IAB = 1∠−120◦ · = 2.89∠−65◦ A
Z∆
(38)
Ic = 1∠120◦ · Ia = 5∠145◦ A

(39)

S = 3Sp
= 3Vp I∗p
= 3VAN I∗a
= 3 · 220∠0◦ · 5∠−25◦
= 3300∠−25◦ VA
= 2.99 − j1.39 kVA

Question 9 (6)
Assume that the reluctance of the iron core as shown in the figure below is negli-
gible.

(40) Calculate the reluctance of the air gap, taking the effect of fringing into ac-
count. (2)
(41) Determine the flux density in the air gap. (2)
(42) Find the energy stored in the air gap. (2)

2023EIR211E01 Page 13 of 17 19 June 2023

 Note: Write the units A·turns and A·turns/Wb as At and At÷Wb on your OCR
sheet, respectively.

Solution:

(40)

lgap 0.3 × 10−2

Rgap = = = 3.15 × 106 A · turns/Wb
µgap Agap 4π × 10−7 · (2.3 × 3.3 × 10−4 )

(41)
F 4 × 350
φ= = = 445 µWb
Rgap 3.15 × 106
φ 445 × 10−6
Bgap = = = 0.586 T
Agap 2.3 × 3.3 × 10−4

(42)
2
Bgap 0.5862
Wv = = −7
= 137 kJ/m3
2µ0 2 · 4π × 10
W = Wv · Vgap = 137000 · (2.3 × 3.3 × 0.3 × 10−6 ) = 0.312 J

Question 10 (6)
The equivalent circuit of a 60 Hz, 10 kVA 4800/240 V-rms single phase transformer
is given below. The voltage across the load impedance is Vload = 240∠0◦ V (rms),
and I2 = 41.7∠36.9◦ A (rms). The equivalent circuit values are:

Primary resistance R1 20 Ω
Secondary resistance R2 0.1 Ω
Primary leakage reactance X1 = ωL1 100 Ω
Secondary leakage reactance X2 = ωL2 0.2 Ω
Magnetizing reactance Xm = ωLm 50 kΩ
Core-loss resistance Rc 250 kΩ

Calculate the following:

(43) I1 (1)
(44) V2 (1)
(45) V1 (1)
2023EIR211E01 Page 14 of 17 19 June 2023
 (46) Vs (1)
(47) The power loss in the transformer. (2)

Solution:

(43)
N1 240
I1 = I2 = · 41.7∠36.9◦ = 2.09∠36.9◦ A
N2 4800
(44)

V2 = Vload + I2 (R2 + jX2 ) = 240∠0◦ + 41.7∠36.9◦ (0.1 + j0.2) = 239∠2.20◦ V

(45)
N2 4800
V1 = V2 = · 239∠2.20◦ = 4780∠2.20◦ V
N1 240
(46)

Vs = I1 (R1 +jX1 )+V1 = 2.09∠36.9◦ ·(20+j100)+4780∠2.20◦ = 4700∠4.59◦ V

(47)

Vs2 47002
Ploss = + I12 R1 + I22 R2 = + (2.09)2 · 20 + (41.7)2 · 0.1 = 350 W
Rc 250 × 103

Question 11 (10)
A 6-pole wye-connected induction motor operates from a 380 V (rms) 50 Hz three-
phase voltage source. The equivalent circuit parameters of the motor are:
Rs = 1.0 Ω, Xs = 1.5 Ω, Xm = 40 Ω, Rr0 = 0.5 Ω, Xr0 = 0.75 Ω
Calculate the following when the motor is starting:
(48) The total impedance as seen by the single-phase source in the equivalent
circuit. (2)
(49) The magnitude of the line current. (1)
(50) The total average power crossing the air gap of the motor. (1)
(51) The torque of the motor. (1)

Under load the machine operates at 945 rpm. Calculate the following when the
motor is operating under this load:
(52) The slip. (1)
(53) The total impedance as seen by the single-phase source in the equivalent
circuit. (2)
(54) The magnitude of the line current. (1)
(55) The input power. (1)

2023EIR211E01 Page 15 of 17 19 June 2023

 Note: Do not write the slip as a percentage on your OCR form, but as a real
number to represent the ratio, e.g. 0.352.

Solution:

(48)

ZTot = Rs + jXs + (jXm )||(Rr0 + jXr0 )

(j40)(0.5 + j0.75)
= 1.0 + j1.5 +
(j40 + 0.5 + j0.75)
◦
= 2.69∠56.5 Ω
= 1.48 + j2.24 Ω

(49) √
Vs 380/ 3
Iline,starting = Is = = = 81.6 A
ZTot 2.69
(50)
n (j40)(0.5 + j0.75) o
Req = Re{(jXm )||(Rr0 + jXr0 )} = Re = 0.482 Ω
(j40 + 0.5 + j0.75)
2
Pag = 3Iline Req = 3 · (81.6)2 · 0.482 = 9.63 kW

(51)
Pag 9630
Tdev,starting = = = 92.0 Nm
ωs 2π(50)/3
(52)
120f 120 · 50
ns = = = 1000 rpm
P 6
ns − nm 1000 − 945
=⇒ slip = s = = = 0.055
ns 1000
(53)
 1 − s 0
ZTot = Rs + jXs + (jXm )|| Rr0 + jXr0 + Rr
s
(j40)(0.5 + j0.75 + 8.59)
= 1.0 + j1.5 +
(j40 + 0.5 + j0.75 + 8.59)
◦
= 10.2∠23.7 Ω
= 9.34 + j4.10 Ω

(54) √
Vs 380/ 3
Iline = Is = = = 21.5 A
ZTot 10.2
(55)
380
Pin = 3Vs Is cos (θpf ) = 3 · √ · 21.5 · cos 23.7◦ = 13.0 kW
3

2023EIR211E01 Page 16 of 17 19 June 2023

 Formula sheet

First-order circuit
τ = RC (RC circuit) τ = RL (RL circuit)
Second-order circuit
R 1
α = 2L (series RLC circuit) α = 2RC (parallel RLC circuit)
1
ω0 = √LC
p p
s1 = −α + α2 − ω02 s2 = −α − α2 − ω02

2 2
|VTh,rms |
Pmax = |V Th |
8RTh = 4RTh
θ1 −tan θ2 )
C = ωVQC2 = P(tanωV 2 ZY = Z∆ /3
rms rms
VY = V√∆3 ∠−30◦ φ = BA = µHA = R F
= NiµAl µ = µr µ0
µ0 = 4π × 10−7 f = ilB e = Blu
 2
B2 N2 0
Wv = 2µ L= R ZL = NN12 ZL

−xfull-load
reg = xno-load
xfull-load
ω
× 100% ωs = P/2 ns = 120f
P
ωslip = sω nm = (1 − s)ns Tout = Pωout
m
P
Tdev = Pωdev
m
= ωags Pdev = (1 − s)Pag

2023EIR211E01 Page 17 of 17 19 June 2023