topics

Sunday, March 24, 2024 10:42 PM

rolling updates and rollback -done

Configure applications
Commands and arguments
Configure environment variable in application
Configuring configmap in application
Configure secrets in application
Encrypting secret data at rest
Scale application - done in deployment
Multi-container pod
Multi container pod design
Init-container
Self healing application

application life cycle Page 1

All theory
Sunday, March 24, 2024 10:59 PM

rolling updates and rollback -coverd in previous lecture

Configure applications :
Commands - overview of cmd and entrypoint in docker and practical use
Commands and arguments - overview of commands and args in the k8s
Configure envt variable in application - envt variable setup in the pod yam. Ways to setup env variable.
1. directly define in key value pair
2. Envt. Variable using config map
3. Envt variable using secrets
Configuring configmap in application - overview of configmap and injection in pod. Following are the
types to inject in the pod
1. Only as ENV
2. Single ENV
3. volume
Configure secrets in application - overview of secrets to store sensitive data in encoded format.
Create the secrets and inject into the pod.
- Type to create secrets- imperative and declarative

Encrypting secret data at rest

Scale application - already discussed in deployment
Multi-container pod - add multiple container configuration in the yaml file
Multi container pod design -
1. Sidecar
2. Adapter
3. ambassador
Init-container-
But at times you may want to run a process that runs to completion in a container.
Self healing application -
Kubernetes supports self-healing applications through ReplicaSets and Replication Controllers.

application life cycle Page 2

Configure applications
Monday, March 25, 2024 6:29 PM

Configuring applications in Kubernetes involves defining Kubernetes resources such as Deployments,

Services, ConfigMaps, Secrets, and possibly others depending on the specific requirements of your
application. Below are the steps to configure and deploy an application in Kubernetes:
1. Dockerize Your Application:
Ensure your application is containerized using Docker. Create a Dockerfile that specifies how to build
your application image.
2. Create Kubernetes Manifests:
a. Deployment:
Create a Deployment YAML file (deployment.yaml) to define how your application should be deployed:

yamlCopy code
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
name: my-app
spec:
replicas: 3
selector:
matchLabels:
app: my-app
template:
metadata:
labels:
app: my-app
spec:
containers:
- name: my-app-container
image: your-docker-image:tag
ports:
- containerPort: 80
b. Service:
Create a Service YAML file (service.yaml) to expose your application within the Kubernetes cluster:

yamlCopy code
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
name: my-app-service
spec:
selector:
app: my-app
ports:
- protocol: TCP
port: 80
targetPort: 80
type: ClusterIP
3. Apply Kubernetes Manifests:
Apply the Deployment and Service manifests to your Kubernetes cluster:

bashCopy code
kubectl apply -f deployment.yaml
kubectl apply -f service.yaml

application life cycle Page 3

kubectl apply -f service.yaml
4. Verify Deployment and Service:
Check the status of your Deployment and Service to ensure they are running:

bashCopy code
kubectl get deployments
kubectl get pods
kubectl get services
5. Access Your Application:
Depending on the type of Service you created, you can access your application using the ClusterIP,
NodePort, or LoadBalancer IP.
6. Configuration Management:
a. ConfigMaps:
If your application requires configuration data, create a ConfigMap to store this data. You can mount
ConfigMaps as volumes or inject them into your application's environment variables.
b. Secrets:
For sensitive information such as passwords or API keys, use Secrets. Secrets are encrypted at rest and
can be mounted as volumes or injected into environment variables similar to ConfigMaps.
7. Scaling and Updating:
Use Kubernetes commands or tools to scale your application up or down based on demand. To update
your application, simply update the Docker image tag in your Deployment manifest and reapply the
changes.
8. Monitoring and Logging:
Configure monitoring and logging solutions to monitor the health and performance of your application
running in Kubernetes.
9. Backup and Disaster Recovery:
Implement backup and disaster recovery strategies to ensure data integrity and availability in case of
failures or disasters.
By following these steps and best practices, you can effectively configure and deploy your applications in
Kubernetes, leveraging its powerful orchestration capabilities for containerized workloads.

application life cycle Page 4

Command and argument
Monday, March 25, 2024 6:30 PM

In Kubernetes, you can specify commands and arguments to run within a container by
defining them in the command and args fields of a container's configuration in a Pod or
Deployment YAML file. Below are examples of how to use commands and arguments in
Kubernetes YAML configurations:
1. Using Commands:

yamlCopy code
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
name: my-pod
spec:
containers:
- name: my-container
image: nginx
command: ["echo"]
args: ["Hello, Kubernetes!"]
In this example, the command field specifies the command to be executed within the
container, and the args field provides arguments to the command. When this Pod starts,
it will run the echo command with the argument "Hello, Kubernetes!".
2. Using Arguments Only:

yamlCopy code
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
name: my-pod
spec:
containers:
- name: my-container
image: nginx
args: ["arg1", "arg2", "arg3"]
In this example, only the args field is specified without a command. This configuration
will directly execute the specified arguments within the container.
3. Using Commands and Arguments in a Deployment:

yamlCopy code
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
name: my-deployment
spec:
replicas: 3
selector:
matchLabels:
app: my-app
template:
metadata:
labels:
app: my-app
spec:
containers:

application life cycle Page 5

 containers:
- name: my-container
image: nginx
command: ["echo"]
args: ["Hello from a Deployment!"]
In this example, a Deployment configuration is provided, and the command and args
fields are specified within the Pod template. This configuration will be applied to all
replicas created by the Deployment.
Note:
• The command and args fields allow you to override the default command and
arguments specified in the Docker image.
• You can specify multiple commands and arguments as arrays.
• When using command and args, Kubernetes will override the default Docker entrypoint
and command specified in the Dockerfile.
By utilizing commands and arguments in your Kubernetes YAML configurations, you
can customize the behavior of containers within your Pods or Deployments according to
your application's requirements.

From <https://chat.openai.com/c/dd0bf4ff-3d54-4c04-9318-7d76d317a784>

application life cycle Page 6

Configure environment variable in application
Monday, March 25, 2024 6:32 PM

In Kubernetes, you can configure environment variables for your application containers
using the env field in the Pod or Deployment YAML configuration. Below are examples
of how to define environment variables in Kubernetes YAML configurations:
1. Define Environment Variables in a Pod:

yamlCopy code
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
name: my-pod
spec:
containers:
- name: my-container
image: nginx
env:
- name: ENV_VARIABLE_1
value: "value1"
- name: ENV_VARIABLE_2
value: "value2"
In this example, the env field within the container specification defines two environment
variables: ENV_VARIABLE_1 and ENV_VARIABLE_2, each with their respective
values.
2. Define Environment Variables in a Deployment:

yamlCopy code
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
name: my-deployment
spec:
replicas: 3
selector:
matchLabels:
app: my-app
template:
metadata:
labels:
app: my-app
spec:
containers:
- name: my-container
image: nginx
env:
- name: ENV_VARIABLE_1
value: "value1"
- name: ENV_VARIABLE_2
value: "value2"
Similar to the Pod configuration, in this example, the env field is defined within the
container specification of the Deployment's Pod template, allowing you to set
environment variables for all replicas created by the Deployment.
3. Using ConfigMap or Secret for Environment Variables:
You can also use ConfigMaps or Secrets to manage environment variables for your

application life cycle Page 7

 You can also use ConfigMaps or Secrets to manage environment variables for your
application. Below is an example of how to use a ConfigMap to define environment
variables:

yamlCopy code
apiVersion: v1
kind: ConfigMap
metadata:
name: my-configmap
data:
ENV_VARIABLE_1: value1
ENV_VARIABLE_2: value2
Then, you can reference the ConfigMap in your Pod or Deployment configuration:

yamlCopy code
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
name: my-pod
spec:
containers:
- name: my-container
image: nginx
envFrom:
- configMapRef:
name: my-configmap
Note:
• Environment variables defined in the env field directly take precedence over those
specified via envFrom.
• Using ConfigMaps or Secrets for managing environment variables provides a more
flexible and centralized approach, allowing you to update environment variables without
modifying the Pod or Deployment configurations.
By utilizing environment variables in your Kubernetes YAML configurations, you can
pass configuration settings, credentials, or other runtime parameters to your application
containers easily and efficiently.

application life cycle Page 8

Configure configmap in the application
Monday, March 25, 2024 6:34 PM

In Kubernetes, you can configure environment variables for your application containers using the env
field in the Pod or Deployment YAML configuration. Below are examples of how to define environment
variables in Kubernetes YAML configurations:
1. Define Environment Variables in a Pod:

yamlCopy code
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
name: my-pod
spec:
containers:
- name: my-container
image: nginx
env:
- name: ENV_VARIABLE_1
value: "value1"
- name: ENV_VARIABLE_2
value: "value2"
In this example, the env field within the container specification defines two environment variables:
ENV_VARIABLE_1 and ENV_VARIABLE_2, each with their respective values.
2. Define Environment Variables in a Deployment:

yamlCopy code
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
name: my-deployment
spec:
replicas: 3
selector:
matchLabels:
app: my-app
template:
metadata:
labels:
app: my-app
spec:
containers:
- name: my-container
image: nginx
env:
- name: ENV_VARIABLE_1
value: "value1"
- name: ENV_VARIABLE_2
value: "value2"
Similar to the Pod configuration, in this example, the env field is defined within the container
specification of the Deployment's Pod template, allowing you to set environment variables for all
replicas created by the Deployment.
3. Using ConfigMap or Secret for Environment Variables:
You can also use ConfigMaps or Secrets to manage environment variables for your application. Below is
an example of how to use a ConfigMap to define environment variables:

application life cycle Page 9

 an example of how to use a ConfigMap to define environment variables:

yamlCopy code
apiVersion: v1
kind: ConfigMap
metadata:
name: my-configmap
data:
ENV_VARIABLE_1: value1
ENV_VARIABLE_2: value2
Then, you can reference the ConfigMap in your Pod or Deployment configuration:

yamlCopy code
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
name: my-pod
spec:
containers:
- name: my-container
image: nginx
envFrom:
- configMapRef:
name: my-configmap
Note:
• Environment variables defined in the env field directly take precedence over those specified via
envFrom.
• Using ConfigMaps or Secrets for managing environment variables provides a more flexible and
centralized approach, allowing you to update environment variables without modifying the Pod or
Deployment configurations.
By utilizing environment variables in your Kubernetes YAML configurations, you can pass configuration
settings, credentials, or other runtime parameters to your application containers easily and efficiently.

application life cycle Page 10

Configure secrets in the application
Monday, March 25, 2024 6:36 PM

In Kubernetes, you can securely manage sensitive information such as passwords, API
keys, and certificates using Secrets. Secrets are Kubernetes objects that store sensitive
data in an encrypted format and can be mounted into Pods as files or exposed as
environment variables. Below are steps to configure Secrets for your application in
Kubernetes:
1. Create a Secret:
You can create a Secret manually or by using the kubectl create secret command.
Here's how you can create a Secret with kubectl:

bashCopy code
kubectl create secret generic my-secret \
--from-literal=USERNAME=myusername \
--from-literal=PASSWORD=mypassword
This command creates a generic Secret named my-secret with two key-value pairs:
USERNAME and PASSWORD.
2. Reference Secret in Pod or Deployment:
You can reference the Secret in your Pod or Deployment YAML configuration to use its
data as environment variables or mount them as files.
a. Using Environment Variables:

yamlCopy code
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
name: my-pod
spec:
containers:
- name: my-container
image: nginx
env:
- name: USERNAME
valueFrom:
secretKeyRef:
name: my-secret
key: USERNAME
- name: PASSWORD
valueFrom:
secretKeyRef:
name: my-secret
key: PASSWORD
In this example, the env field in the Pod configuration references the my-secret Secret
and its keys USERNAME and PASSWORD. The values of these keys are injected into
the container's environment variables.
b. Mounting Secret as Files:

yamlCopy code
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
name: my-pod
spec:
containers:

application life cycle Page 11

 containers:
- name: my-container
image: nginx
volumeMounts:
- name: secret-volume
mountPath: "/etc/secrets"
readOnly: true
volumes:
- name: secret-volume
secret:
secretName: my-secret
In this example, the Secret my-secret is mounted as a volume named secret-volume
into the container at the path /etc/secrets. The data stored in the Secret will be available
as files in the specified mount path.
3. Apply Pod or Deployment Configuration:
Apply the Pod or Deployment configuration that references the Secret to your
Kubernetes cluster:

bashCopy code
kubectl apply -f pod.yaml
4. Verify Secrets:
You can verify that the Secrets are correctly mounted or exposed as environment
variables in your Pod by inspecting the Pod:

bashCopy code
kubectl describe pod my-pod
Note:
• Secrets should be managed and accessed carefully, as they store sensitive information
in an encoded format.
• Avoid exposing Secrets directly in YAML files, especially in version-controlled
repositories. Instead, use tools like Kubernetes secrets management systems (e.g.,
HashiCorp Vault) or Kubernetes-native secrets management solutions (e.g., Sealed
Secrets).
By following these steps, you can securely manage sensitive information for your
applications in Kubernetes using Secrets.

application life cycle Page 12

 Multi pod container
Monday, March 25, 2024 6:40 PM

In Kubernetes, you can define multi-container pods, which are pods that contain more than one
container. Multi-container pods are useful for scenarios where two or more containers need to work
together closely, share resources, or perform complementary tasks within the same pod. Below are
steps to create a multi-container pod in Kubernetes:
1. Create a Multi-Container Pod YAML File:

yamlCopy code
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
name: multi-container-pod
spec:
containers:
- name: main-container
image: nginx
ports:
- containerPort: 80
- name: sidecar-container
image: busybox
command: ["sleep", "3600"]
In this example, we define a Pod named multi-container-pod with two containers:
• The first container named main-container runs an NGINX server.
• The second container named sidecar-container runs a BusyBox image and sleeps for 3600 seconds.
2. Apply the Multi-Container Pod Configuration:
Apply the Pod configuration to your Kubernetes cluster:

kubectl apply -f multi-container-pod.yaml

3. Verify the Multi-Container Pod:
Verify that the multi-container pod is running:

kubectl get pods

4. Access the Containers:
You can access each container within the multi-container pod using the kubectl exec command. For
example, to access the NGINX container:

kubectl exec -it multi-container-pod -c main-container -- /bin/bash

To access the BusyBox container:

kubectl exec -it multi-container-pod -c sidecar-container -- /bin/sh

Note:
• Containers within the same pod share the same network namespace and can communicate with each
other using localhost.
• All containers in a pod share the same volumes, so they can easily share data.
• Use cases for multi-container pods include sidecar patterns, where an additional container enhances or
extends the functionality of the main container, and ambassador patterns, where a separate container
handles tasks like logging, monitoring, or proxying.
By following these steps, you can create and manage multi-container pods in Kubernetes, allowing you
to run multiple containers that work together within the same pod.

application life cycle Page 13

Multi container pod design
Monday, March 25, 2024 6:44 PM

Multi-container pod design in Kubernetes involves structuring multiple containers within the same pod
to work together, share resources, and achieve specific functionalities. There are several common
patterns for multi-container pod design, each serving different purposes and facilitating various use
cases. Below are some types of multi-container pod designs along with YAML examples for each:
1. Sidecar Pattern:
In the Sidecar pattern, a primary container (main application) is accompanied by a sidecar container,
which enhances or extends the functionality of the main container.
YAML Example:

yamlCopy code
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
name: sidecar-pod
spec:
containers:
- name: main-container
image: main-app-image
ports:
- containerPort: 80
- name: sidecar-container
image: sidecar-image
ports:
- containerPort: 8080
2. Ambassador Pattern:
The Ambassador pattern involves a primary container acting as an ambassador or proxy for other
containers within the pod, handling tasks such as logging, monitoring, or proxying.
YAML Example:

yamlCopy code
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
name: ambassador-pod
spec:
containers:
- name: main-container
image: main-app-image
ports:
- containerPort: 80
- name: ambassador-container
image: ambassador-image
ports:
- containerPort: 8080
3. Adapter Pattern:
The Adapter pattern involves a primary container sending data to a secondary container for processing
or transformation before it's sent to external systems.
YAML Example:

yamlCopy code
apiVersion: v1

application life cycle Page 14

 apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
name: adapter-pod
spec:
containers:
- name: main-container
image: main-app-image
ports:
- containerPort: 80
- name: adapter-container
image: adapter-image
4. Helper Pattern:
In the Helper pattern, a primary container is assisted by a secondary container that performs auxiliary
tasks, such as providing additional functionalities or dependencies.
YAML Example:

yamlCopy code
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
name: helper-pod
spec:
containers:
- name: main-container
image: main-app-image
ports:
- containerPort: 80
- name: helper-container
image: helper-image
Note:
• Each container in a multi-container pod must have its own distinct name.
• All containers in a pod share the same network namespace and can communicate with each other using
localhost.
• Containers within the same pod share the same volumes, allowing them to easily share data.
By leveraging these multi-container pod design patterns and structuring containers accordingly, you can
efficiently orchestrate complex applications and achieve better modularity, flexibility, and resource
utilization within your Kubernetes environment.

application life cycle Page 15

 Init-container
Monday, March 25, 2024 6:48 PM

In Kubernetes, an init container is a separate container that runs before the main container in a pod. Init
containers are primarily used to perform initialization tasks such as setting up environment variables,
waiting for services to be ready, or populating shared volumes before the main application container
starts. Below is an example of how to configure an init container along with a main container in a pod
using YAML:
YAML Example with Init Container and Main Container:

yamlCopy code
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
name: init-container-pod
spec:
containers:
- name: main-container
image: main-app-image
ports:
- containerPort: 80
initContainers:
- name: init-container
image: init-app-image
command: ["sh", "-c", "echo Initializing... && sleep 10"]
In this example:
• The main-container is the primary container that runs the main application, specified with the image
field.
• The init-container is an init container that runs before the main-container. It is defined under the
initContainers field.
• The init-container uses the image specified to run its initialization process. You can specify any Docker
image that contains the necessary initialization logic.
• The command field in the init-container specifies the command to be executed during initialization. In
this example, the init container echoes "Initializing..." and then sleeps for 10 seconds.
Explanation:
When the pod is created or restarted, Kubernetes starts the init-container first. Once the init-container
completes its initialization tasks (in this case, after 10 seconds), Kubernetes starts the main-container,
allowing the main application to run.
Init containers are useful for scenarios where you need to perform tasks like database migrations,
setting up configuration files, or waiting for external services to become available before starting the
main application container. They help ensure that your main application container starts in a consistent
and predictable environment.

application life cycle Page 16

 Self healing in k8s
Monday, March 25, 2024 6:56 PM

In Kubernetes, self-healing refers to the ability of the system to automatically detect and recover from
failures without human intervention. Kubernetes provides several mechanisms for achieving self-healing
applications. Here are some of the key ways Kubernetes ensures self-healing:
1. Replication and ReplicaSets:
• Kubernetes uses ReplicationControllers or ReplicaSets to ensure a specified number of pod replicas
(instances) are running at all times.
• If a pod fails or becomes unresponsive, the ReplicationController or ReplicaSet automatically creates a
new pod to maintain the desired number of replicas, ensuring high availability.
2. Health Probes:
• Kubernetes provides health probes to continuously monitor the health of pods. There are three types of
probes:
• Liveness Probe: Checks if the container is running properly. If the liveness probe fails, Kubernetes
restarts the container.
• Readiness Probe: Checks if the container is ready to serve traffic. Pods with failing readiness
probes are removed from service endpoints until they pass.
• Startup Probe: Similar to the liveness probe, but it only runs during the initial startup of the
container. It helps delay pod readiness until it's ready to serve traffic.
3. Rolling Updates:
• Kubernetes supports rolling updates, allowing you to update your application without downtime.
• It gradually replaces old pods with new ones, ensuring that a certain number of healthy pods are
available throughout the update process.
4. Pod Eviction and Node Management:
• Kubernetes can detect node failures and evict pods running on unhealthy nodes.
• The pods are rescheduled onto healthy nodes to maintain application availability.
• Node failure detection and pod rescheduling are handled by the Kubernetes control plane automatically,
ensuring minimal disruption to applications.
5. Resource Requests and Limits:
• Kubernetes allows you to specify resource requests and limits for containers.
• If a container exceeds its resource limits or becomes unresponsive, Kubernetes may terminate or restart
the container to ensure fairness and stability in the cluster.
6. Horizontal Pod Autoscaler (HPA):
• HPA automatically adjusts the number of replica pods in a deployment or replica set based on CPU
utilization or custom metrics.
• It scales the number of pods up or down to meet the specified resource utilization targets, ensuring
optimal performance and resource utilization.
7. DaemonSets:
• DaemonSets ensure that a copy of a specified pod runs on each node in the cluster.
• If a node fails or a new node is added to the cluster, Kubernetes automatically schedules the required
pods to maintain the desired state.
8. StatefulSets:
• StatefulSets are used for stateful applications that require stable, unique network identifiers, and
persistent storage.
• Kubernetes ensures that each pod in a StatefulSet maintains its identity and is rescheduled correctly in
case of failures.
By leveraging these self-healing mechanisms provided by Kubernetes, you can build resilient and highly
available applications that automatically recover from failures, reducing manual intervention and
improving overall system reliability.
>

application life cycle Page 17

topics
Sunday, March 24, 2024 11:44 PM

- Introduction to docker storage

- Storage in the docker
- Volume driver plugins in the docker
- Container storage interface
- Volumes - done
- Persistent volume - done
- Persistent volume claims - done
- Using pvc in the pods -done
- Application configuration
- Storage class

storage Page 18
Storage in Docker
Monday, March 25, 2024 5:10 PM

Sure, let's delve deeper into Docker storage in detail:

1. Union File System:

Docker uses a Union File System (UFS) to layer the filesystems of containers. This filesystem allows
multiple filesystems to be mounted as layers, creating a single, cohesive filesystem. Key points about the
Union File System include:

- Layered Architecture: Each Docker image consists of multiple read-only layers, with each layer
representing a change to the filesystem. These layers are stacked on top of each other, forming a unified
view of the filesystem.

- Copy-on-Write (COW): When a container is launched from an image, a new writable layer is added on
top of the read-only layers. Any changes made to the filesystem during container runtime are stored in
this writable layer. This approach ensures that the underlying image layers remain unchanged,
promoting immutability.

2. Storage Drivers:

Docker supports various storage drivers, which are responsible for managing the storage of container
images and filesystem layers. Some common storage drivers include:

- OverlayFS: OverlayFS is the default storage driver for most modern Linux distributions. It uses union
mounts to overlay multiple filesystem layers into a single unified view.

- aufs: Another union filesystem, aufs (Advanced Multi-Layered Unification Filesystem), was one of the
earlier storage drivers used by Docker. It's still supported but has been deprecated in favor of OverlayFS
in many cases.

- Device Mapper: Device Mapper uses thin provisioning and snapshots to manage container storage. It
offers features like data deduplication and encryption but requires careful configuration.

- Btrfs and ZFS: These filesystems can also be used as storage drivers for Docker. They offer advanced
features like copy-on-write snapshots and data compression.

3. Volumes:

Docker volumes are directories or filesystems that exist outside of the container's Union File System.
They provide a way to persist data generated by and used by Docker containers. Key aspects of volumes
include:

- Persistent Data: Volumes persist even if the container is stopped or removed. This makes them suitable
for storing data that needs to survive the lifecycle of a container.

- Shared Between Containers: Volumes can be shared among multiple containers, enabling data sharing
and collaboration between containers.

- Managed by Docker: Docker manages the lifecycle of volumes, including creation, deletion, and

storage Page 19
- Managed by Docker: Docker manages the lifecycle of volumes, including creation, deletion, and
mounting to containers.

4. Bind Mounts:

Bind mounts allow you to mount a directory or file from the host system into a container. Unlike
volumes, bind mounts do not have their lifecycle managed by Docker and depend entirely on the host
filesystem. Key points about bind mounts include:

- Host Dependency: Bind mounts rely on the directory structure and permissions of the host system.
Changes made to files via bind mounts are reflected immediately on both the host and the container.

- Flexibility: Bind mounts offer flexibility in accessing host files and directories from within a container.
They are often used during development and debugging workflows.

5. Storage Plugins:

Docker supports third-party storage plugins, allowing users to integrate Docker with various storage
solutions such as cloud storage providers, network-attached storage (NAS) systems, and distributed
storage platforms.

- Key Features: Storage plugins extend Docker's capabilities by providing features such as data
encryption, replication, and integration with external storage systems.

- Configuration: Plugins are configured using Docker's plugin architecture and can be managed using
Docker CLI commands or Docker Compose.

Understanding these storage concepts and mechanisms is crucial for effectively managing data within
Docker containers, ensuring data persistence, performance, and scalability in containerized
environments.

storage Page 20
 Container storage interface
Monday, March 25, 2024 5:34 PM

The Container Storage Interface (CSI) is a standardized interface for container orchestrators, like
Kubernetes, to provision and manage storage volumes for containers. It allows storage providers to
develop plugins that integrate with container runtimes and orchestrators seamlessly, enabling dynamic
provisioning, snapshotting, and other storage-related operations for containers.
Components of CSI:
1. CSI Driver:
• The CSI driver is responsible for interacting with the storage backend (such as cloud storage,
network-attached storage, or block storage) to perform storage operations requested by
Kubernetes or other container orchestrators.
• It implements the CSI specification, exposing functionalities like volume provisioning, attachment,
and snapshot management.
2. CSI Plugin:
• The CSI plugin is a component of the driver that runs within the Kubernetes cluster. It
communicates with the CSI driver and translates Kubernetes volume-related requests into actions
understood by the driver.
• The plugin is responsible for managing volume lifecycle operations within Kubernetes, such as
creating, attaching, detaching, and deleting volumes.
How CSI Works:
1. Volume Provisioning:
• When a pod specifies a PersistentVolumeClaim (PVC) for storage, Kubernetes communicates with
the CSI plugin.
• The plugin interacts with the CSI driver, which provisions the required storage volume from the
storage backend.
• Once the volume is provisioned, the CSI plugin creates a PersistentVolume (PV) object in
Kubernetes, representing the provisioned volume.
2. Volume Attachment:
• When a pod using a PVC is scheduled to a node, Kubernetes communicates with the CSI plugin to
attach the volume to the node.
• The plugin coordinates with the CSI driver to mount the volume onto the node, making it
accessible to the pod.
3. Volume Operations:
• During the pod's lifecycle, Kubernetes may request volume operations such as resizing,
snapshotting, or detaching.
• These requests are relayed to the CSI plugin, which communicates with the CSI driver to perform
the necessary actions on the storage backend.
Practical Implementation:
1. Select a CSI Driver:
• Choose a CSI driver that is compatible with your storage backend. Common providers include AWS
EBS CSI driver, Azure Disk CSI driver, and OpenEBS CSI driver.
2. Deploy the CSI Driver:
• Deploy the CSI driver within your Kubernetes cluster according to the provider's instructions.
• Ensure proper RBAC permissions and network access for the driver to interact with the storage
backend.
3. Provision Volumes:
• Define PersistentVolumeClaims (PVCs) in your Kubernetes manifests, specifying the required
storage class and access mode.
• Kubernetes will automatically provision volumes using the configured CSI driver and storage class
when pods reference these PVCs.
4. Manage Volumes:

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4. Manage Volumes:
• Use standard Kubernetes commands or tools to manage volumes, such as creating, deleting,
resizing, or snapshotting.
CSI Specification:
• The CSI specification defines a gRPC-based API that CSI drivers must implement to communicate with
container orchestrators.
• It provides well-defined interfaces and methods for volume management, allowing multiple storage
providers to develop interoperable CSI drivers.
By leveraging the Container Storage Interface, Kubernetes users can seamlessly integrate various
storage solutions into their containerized environments, enabling dynamic provisioning, management,
and snapshotting of storage volumes.

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Volume in k8s
Monday, March 25, 2024 5:36 PM

1. Define a PersistentVolumeClaim (PVC):

Create a YAML file, e.g., my-pvc.yaml, to define your PersistentVolumeClaim:

yamlCopy code
apiVersion: v1
kind: PersistentVolumeClaim
metadata:
name: my-pvc
spec:
accessModes:
- ReadWriteOnce
resources:
requests:
storage: 1Gi
Apply the PVC to your Kubernetes cluster:

bashCopy code
kubectl apply -f my-pvc.yaml
2. Mount the PVC to a Pod:
Create a Pod YAML file, e.g., my-pod.yaml, to use the PVC:

yamlCopy code
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
name: my-pod
spec:
containers:
- name: my-container
image: nginx
volumeMounts:
- name: my-volume
mountPath: /usr/share/nginx/html
volumes:
- name: my-volume
persistentVolumeClaim:
claimName: my-pvc
Apply the Pod to your Kubernetes cluster:

bashCopy code
kubectl apply -f my-pod.yaml
3. Verify Pod and PVC:
Check the status of the Pod and PVC:

bashCopy code
kubectl get pods
kubectl get pvc
4. Access the Pod:
Exec into the Pod to verify the mounted volume:

bashCopy code
kubectl exec -it my-pod -- /bin/bash

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 kubectl exec -it my-pod -- /bin/bash
Inside the Pod, navigate to the mount path /usr/share/nginx/html to view the contents of the mounted
volume.
5. Update and Test Persistence:
Create or modify files within the mounted volume from inside the Pod. Exit the Pod when done.

bashCopy code
exit
Delete the Pod:

bashCopy code
kubectl delete pod my-pod
6. Recreate the Pod:
Recreate the Pod using the same Pod YAML file:

bashCopy code
kubectl apply -f my-pod.yaml
Verify that the Pod mounts the previously created volume, and the changes made to the volume persist
across Pod recreations.
Additional Tips:
• Use appropriate access modes (ReadWriteOnce, ReadOnlyMany, ReadWriteMany) and storage class
settings in your PVC definition according to your requirements.
• Experiment with different volume types (e.g., hostPath, emptyDir, nfs, csi) based on your use case.
• Explore Kubernetes documentation and tutorials for more advanced volume management techniques,
such as dynamic provisioning, snapshots, and volume expansion.
By following these practical steps, you can effectively work with volumes in Kubernetes, enabling
persistent storage for your containerized applications.

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storage Page 24
 Storageclass in k8s
Monday, March 25, 2024 6:25 PM

StorageClass is an object that describes different classes of storage available in your cluster. It allows
you to define various storage configurations and policies, such as the type of storage, provisioner,
reclaim policy, and volume parameters. StorageClasses provide a way to dynamically provision
persistent volumes based on demand, simplifying storage management in Kubernetes.
Practical Steps to Create and Use a StorageClass:
1. Define a StorageClass:
Create a YAML file, e.g., my-storageclass.yaml, to define your StorageClass:

yamlCopy code
apiVersion: storage.k8s.io/v1
kind: StorageClass
metadata:
name: my-storage-class
provisioner: kubernetes.io/aws-ebs
parameters:
type: gp2
reclaimPolicy: Retain
• provisioner: Specifies the provisioner responsible for creating volumes. This depends on the underlying
storage infrastructure.
• parameters: Defines additional parameters specific to the provisioner, such as volume type.
• reclaimPolicy: Determines what happens to the underlying storage when the persistent volume
associated with the StorageClass is deleted.
Apply the StorageClass to your Kubernetes cluster:

kubectl apply -f my-storageclass.yaml

2. Create a PersistentVolumeClaim (PVC) with the StorageClass:
Create a PVC YAML file, e.g., my-pvc.yaml, referencing the StorageClass:

yamlCopy code
apiVersion: v1
kind: PersistentVolumeClaim
metadata:
name: my-pvc
spec:
storageClassName: my-storage-class
accessModes:
- ReadWriteOnce
resources:
requests:
storage: 1Gi
Apply the PVC to your Kubernetes cluster:

kubectl apply -f my-pvc.yaml

3. Mount the PVC to a Pod:
Create a Pod YAML file, e.g., my-pod.yaml, to use the PVC:

yamlCopy code
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:

storage Page 25
 metadata:
name: my-pod
spec:
containers:
- name: my-container
image: nginx
volumeMounts:
- name: my-volume
mountPath: /usr/share/nginx/html
volumes:
- name: my-volume
persistentVolumeClaim:
claimName: my-pvc
Apply the Pod to your Kubernetes cluster:

kubectl apply -f my-pod.yaml

4. Verify Pod, PVC, and StorageClass:
Check the status of the Pod, PVC, and StorageClass:

kubectl get pods

kubectl get pvc
kubectl get storageclass
5. Update and Test:
You can update the StorageClass configuration or create additional PVCs with the same StorageClass to
dynamically provision more volumes based on your requirements.
Additional Tips:
• Experiment with different provisioners and parameters based on your storage infrastructure and
requirements.
• Explore advanced features such as volume snapshots, volume resizing, and dynamic provisioning based
on storage capacity.
By following these practical steps, you can effectively create and use StorageClasses in Kubernetes to
dynamically provision persistent volumes for your applications.

storage Page 26