FOURTH QUARTER

MATHEMATICS 7
MODULE NO. 1
TOPIC: INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS

I. INTRODUCTION

Statistical information and

development can be traced back from early
times. People compiled statistical data with
respect to all sorts of things such as
agricultural crops, taxes, athletic events,
commerce and trade and so on. As time went
by, statistical work has continued to have a
noticeable effect on the activities of mankind
in a wider scope from describing important
features of the data and analyzing them.

In this module, you will be introduced to the preliminary concepts of

statistics and its application in different field of study.

II. OBJECTIVE/S
At the end of this module, you will be able to:
• discuss the background and the development of Statistics;
• define and differentiate the two branches of Statistics;
• differentiate populations from sample;
• poses real – life problems that can be solved by Statistics; and
• formulates simple statistical instruments.

III. CONCEPT SUMMARY

• Statistics is the science of conducting studies that collect, organize,
summarize, analyze, and draw conclusions from data. It can refer to the mere
tabulation of numeric information as in reports of stock, market transactions,
or to the body of techniques used in processing or analyzing data.
• Data are the raw material which the statistician works and can be found
through surveys, experiments, numerical records, and other modes of
research.
• Statistician is a person who simply collects information or one who prepares
analysis or interpretations.
• Statistics can be organized into descriptive statistics and inferential statistics.
• Descriptive statistics is the collection and organization of data. Inferential
statistics consist of generalizing from samples to populations, performing
hypothesis testing, determining relationships among variables, and making
predictions.

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IV. BRIEF DISCUSSION
1. Concept Development

Statistics has the same meaning as the Latin word datum which means a
fact or information. The plural of datum is data. Statistics can refer to the
mere tabulation of numeric information as in reports of stock, market
transactions, or the body of techniques used in processing or analyzing data.
Moreover, statistics is the science of collecting, organizing, presenting,
analyzing and interpreting numerical data.

Collection Organization Presentation Analyzation Interpretation

DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS VS. INFERENTIAL STATISTICS

Descriptive Statistics are the collection and organization data. In this kind
of statistics, the statistician tries to describe a situation. Masses of
unorganized numerical data are of little value unless statistical techniques are
available to organize this type of data into a meaningful form. In a nutshell, it
just describes and summarizes data but do not allow you to draw conclusions
about the whole population from which you took the sample.

Examples:
Average math test score of incoming college students
Favorite car color of 40 car owners
Census of the population

Sub – areas:
• The distribution concerns the frequency of each value.
• The central tendency concerns the averages of the values.
• The variability or dispersion concerns how spread out the values are.

Inferential Statistics allow you to make predictions from that data. With
this kind of statistics, you take data from samples and make generalizations
about a population.

Most of the time, you can only acquire data from samples, because it is
too difficult or expensive to collect data from the whole population that you
are interested in. With inferential statistics, it’s important to use random and

Mathematics 7 – Module 1 – Fourth Quarter - Page 2 of 14

unbiased sampling methods. If your sample isn’t representative of your
population, then you can’t make valid statistical inferences.

Examples:
Effectivity of a new drug in reducing the number of heart attacks in men over
60 years of age.
Prediction of the life span of a mechanical toy gun based on the performance
of several similar toy guns.

Sub – areas:
• Estimating parameters means taking a statistic from your sample and
using it to say something about a population parameter.
• Hypothesis tests is where you can use sample data to answer research
questions.

To learn more about descriptive and inferential statistics, click these links:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MUyUaouisZE
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0VDafmUys04

Quick Check!
Classify whether the given situation belongs to the area of descriptive
statistics or inferential statistics.

1. Over – all average of student grades in his seven subjects.

______________

2. Effect of music in the production of corn.

______________

3. The more effective method between lecture type and cooperative

learning.
______________

4. Median sale for the month of January

______________

POPULATION AND SAMPLE

Population refers to the groups or aggregates of people, objects,

materials, events, or things of any form. Sometimes populations can be very
large. In order to save time and money, statisticians may study only a part of
the population called a sample. The measures of the population are called
parameters.

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 Sample is a subgroup of the population. It is taken from the population so
as to represent the populations characteristics or traits. The measures of the
sample are called estimates or statistics.

Population Sample

Population Sample
scores of entire students of
scores of students in a class
secondary level
the 40 children who actually
all children of any age who have
participated in one specific study
older or younger siblings
about siblings

Example. Given the following situation identify the sample and population.

a. Select 90 students currently enrolled at NCSU and ask how many years
they’ve attended the university, how old they are, and if they live on
campus.
Sample: 90 NCSU enrolled students
Population: NCSU enrolled students

b. Of the U.S. adult population, 36% has an allergy. A sample of 1200

randomly selected adults resulted in 33.2% reporting an allergy.
Sample: 1200 adults
Population: U.S. adults

Quick Check!
Given the following situation identify the sample and population.

1. A union leader measures the attitudes of the 248 steelworkers in his

union chapter towards the proposition that unemployment benefits be
extended by asking them if they approve or disapprove of extending
such benefits.
S: ___________________ P: ___________________

2. A clinical psychologist analyzes the dreams of 10 children with the

national norms on the CHEd Test of Basic Skills.
S: ___________________ P: ___________________

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 To learn more about population and sample, click this link:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eIZD1BFfw8E

VARIABLES AND DATA

Statistical data or information can be gathered through different ways

such as interviewing people, observing or inspecting items, using
questionnaires and checklists. The characteristic that is being studied is called
a variable. A variable is a characteristic takes two or more values which
varies across individuals.

Types of Variables
• Qualitative Variables
It represents differences in quality, character, or kind but not in amount.
e.g. gender, birthplace, religious preference, marital status, and/or eye
color

• Quantitative Variables
It is numerical in nature and can be ordered or ranked.
e.g. weight, height, age, test scores, speed, and/or body temperature

Types of Quantitative Variables

o Discrete Variable
It is a variable whose values can be counted using integral values.
e.g. number of enrollees, drop – outs, graduates in a certain private
high school, deaths, employees, students in a classroom, cars owned,
mathematics subjects taken, and/or calls received by an operator.

o Continuous Variable
It is a variable that can assume any numerical value over an interval or
intervals.
e.g. height, weight, temperature, time, pressure, and/or miles driven.

To learn more about quantitative and qualitative variables, click these links:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5rUVYWfZOb8
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_-5D3PijQvg

Learning Task!
Aside from the given examples, identify other variables classified as
quantitative or qualitative:

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 A variable can be dependent or independent depending on its use. To
predict the value of variable on the other, independent variable is the
predictor while the dependent variable is the variable whose value is being
predicted.

Example. Identify the dependent and independent variable.

a. To predict the value of sunlight on the growth of a certain plant.

IV: Amount of Sunlight DV: Growth of a certain Plant

b. A student wanted to test how the mass of a paper airplane affected the
distance it would fly.
IV: Mass of a Paper DV: Flying Distance

Quick Check!
Identify the dependent and independent variable.

1. Students of different ages were given a puzzle to assemble. The puzzle

assembly time was measured.
2. Two groups of students were tested to compare their speed working math
problems. One group used calculators and the other group computed
without calculators.
3. An experiment was performed to determine how the amount of coffee
grounds could affect the taste of coffee.

To learn more about independent and dependent variables, click this link:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DvRz_6emPoo

LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT

Assigning numerical values to variables is a process called measurement.

A level of measurement relates to the rules used to assign scores and is an
indicator of the kind of information that the scores provide.

• Nominal Data
It uses numbers for the purpose of identifying name or membership in a
group or category. All qualitative variables are measured on a nominal
scale. Observations in the kind of level of measurement can be classified
and counted without particular order or ranking imposed.

e.g. political party, gender, brand of soaps, telephone numbers, names of

schools attended, zip codes, marital status, etc.

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• Ordinal Data
It connotes ranking or inequalities. One category is higher than the other
one. The numbers represent “greater than” or “less than” measurements,
such as preferences or rankings.

e.g. social class, letter grades, income category, student evaluation, birth
order, built of people, etc.

• Interval Scales
It indicates an actual amount and there is equal unit of measurement
separating each score, specifically equal intervals. It does not only include
“greater than” and “less than” relationships, but also has a limit of
measurement that permits use to describe how much more or less one
object possesses that another. There is no absolute zero. IQ and
temperature are considered to be interval scales. IQ because having a 0
as an IQ scores means that you don’t have an intelligence. 0 in
temperature means that is called.

• Ratio Scales
It has same criteria as interval scales but has an absolute zero and
multiples are meaningful. One good example is gas in a car. A zero
milliliters of gas mean the absence of gas in the car.

e.g. age, weight, telephone book pages, salary.

To learn more about levels of measurement, click this link:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eghn__C7JLQ
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jigW0a8cC5c

Learning Task!
Think of one example for each levels of measurement aside from the given
examples:

Nominal Ordinal

Ratio Interval

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APPLICATIONS OF STATISTICS IN REAL – LIFE

Agriculture
The varieties of plant a farmer grow and the best
combination of fertilizers, pesticides, and densities of
planting.

Automatic Data Processing

Construction, operation and use of high speed
computing and data processing equipment.

Biology
Research and experimentation in the life processes of
plants and animals and to promote growth or prolong
life.

Business
Research and experimentation in the life processes of
plants and animals and to promote growth or prolong
life.

Demography
Composition, distribution, growth of human
populations, birth, death, migration rates, social
economic standing of population.

Economics
Production, resources, trade, labor force, consumers
and procedures’ responses to products and price
changing, advertising system and distribution.

Education
Teaching – learning process, measurement and
evaluation, educational studies, enrollment,
management and finance.

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 Engineering
Design and test of performance, quality control.

Entertainment
The number of local and foreign movies shown in the
certain area, income generated by the local producers.

Environmental Science
The increase of birth defects and death toll near
nuclear power plants.

Fisheries
Number of fishes of a given species in the fishing
grounds and the level of quotas imposed on fisherman
to maintain fish stocks.

Government
Taxes and wages, material resources, movement of
population, election.

Health
Public health program, hospitalization, problems of
medical care, occurrence and cost of diseases,
accidents, and handicaps.

Insurance
Mortality, morbidity, and accident rates of the
population, rates of premiums for property and
insurance program.

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 Manufacturing
Things to be done in improving the quality of a
product and when to stop a manufacturing process
and reset the machine. The ordering of materials and
delivering of processed goods.

Medicine
Causes, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of
communicable and non – communicable diseases.

Psychology
Intelligence test, aptitudes, personality traits and
attitudes, creation of scales and measuring
instruments.

Research and Statistics

Probability, statistical theories and methods.

Social Sciences
Social systems and social welfare, behavior patterns of
groups of people.

Sports
Points made out of so many attempts from the field or
foul from the line such as in basketball, football, etc.

2. Broadening of Concepts
Directions: Write your answers on the space provided.

• How is descriptive statistics differing from inferential statistics?

____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

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 • Is there a possibility that a certain variable can be classified as
quantitative and qualitative? If so, give example.
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

• Besides from the given examples, in what other field can you apply
statistics? Elaborate.
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

3. Integrations
Directions: Write your answers on the space provided.

• Data is an essential part of Statistics, as an individual, how will you

protect your personal data or information?
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

• Why do you need to protect your personal data?

____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

• Is there a law that protects your personal data? If so, elaborate.

____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

• In this time of pandemic, do you consider yourself as “dependent

variable” to God? Why or why not?
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

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V. EVALUATION/ ASSESSMENT
A. Directions: Classify each quantitative variable as discrete or continuous.

1. unemployment rate = Discrete

2. the number of cars stolen each week in metro manila. = Discrete
3. the number of fish caught in a certain stream. = Discrete
4. amount of milk consumed daily by teenagers. = Continuous
5. housing cost = Discrete

B. Directions: Classify the level of measurement of the given data.

1. classification of students according to favorite subject = Nominal Data

2. election position = Ordinal Data
3. numbers of exams given in a statistic course = Ratio Scales
4. temperature in north pole = Interval Scales
5. marital status = Nominal Data

C. Directions: Classify each variable as qualitative or quantitative.

1. speed of train = quantitative

2. tossing of coin = quantitative
3. employee identification number = qualitative
4. number of years of service in teaching profession = quantitative
5. monthly salary = qualitative

D. Directions: For each statement, decide whether descriptive or inferential

statistics were used.

1. A recent study showed the eating garlic can lower blood pressure.
Inferential
__________________________

2. The average number of students in a class at the University of the

Philippines is 22.6 Descriptive
__________________________

3. It is predicted that the average number of automobiles each households

owns will increase next year. Inferential
__________________________

4. Last year’s total attendance at St. Mary’s Academy – Pasay’s basketball

games was 955. Descriptive
__________________________

5. The chance that a person will be robbed in a certain city is 15%.

Inferential
__________________________

Mathematics 7 – Module 1 – Fourth Quarter - Page 12 of 14

VI. CLOSURE/ SYNTHESIS
Directions: Check your status right now.

I need help and I can’t keep working.

I need help, but I can keep working.

I’m working fine.

How will you summarize our lesson for today?

_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________

You’re done with Module 1!

VII. REFERENCES
Valcheva, S. (2020). Descriptive Statistics Examples, Types, and Definition.
Retrieved February 5, 2021 from http://www.intellspot.com/descriptive-
statistics-
examples/#:~:text=Descriptive%20statistics%20help%20you%20to,abou
t%20their%20favorite%20car%20color
Bhandari, Pritha (9 July 2020). An Introduction to Descriptive Statistics.
Retrieved February 5, 2021 from
https://www.scribbr.com/statistics/descriptive-statistics/
Bhandari, Pritha (9 July 2020). An Introduction to Inferential Statistics. Retrieved
February 5, 2021 from https://www.scribbr.com/statistics/inferential-
statistics/
Glen, Stephanie. Descriptive Statistics: Definition & Charts and Graphs. Retrieved
February 5, 2021 from https://www.statisticshowto.com/probability-and-
statistics/descriptive-statistics/
Statistics Solutions. Data Levels of Measurement. Retrieved February 5, 2021
from https://www.statisticssolutions.com/data-levels-of-measurement/
Trochim, W. (29 October 2020). Levels of Measurement. Retrieved February 5,
2021 from https://conjointly.com/kb/levels-of-measurement/

Mathematics 7 – Module 1 – Fourth Quarter - Page 13 of 14

Video Citations
Amour Learning (28 January 2019). What are Descriptive Statistics and
Inferential Statistics. Retrieved February 5, 2021 from
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MUyUaouisZE
STEM Teacher PH (17 August 2020). Descriptive vs. Inferential Statistics.
Retrieved February 5, 2021 from
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0VDafmUys04
STEM Teacher PH (18 August 2020). Dependent and Independent Variables.
Retrieved February 5, 2021 from
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DvRz_6emPoo
365 Data Science (11 August 2017). Population vs. Sample. Retrieved February
5, 2021 from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eIZD1BFfw8E
The Organic Chemistry Tutor (5 January 2019). Qualitative and Quantitative.
Retrieved February 5, 2021 from
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5rUVYWfZOb8
STEM Teacher PH (17 August 2020). Qualitative and Quantitative Variables.
Retrieved February 5, 2021 from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_-
5D3PijQvg
STEM Teacher PH (20 August 2020). Measurement Scales. Retrieved February 5,
2021 from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jigW0a8cC5c
365 Data Science (11 August 2017). Data Science & Statistics: Levels of
Measurement. Retrieved February 5, 2021 from
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eghn__C7JLQ

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