FOURTH QUARTER

MATHEMATICS 7
MODULE NO. 4
TOPIC: MEASURES OF VARIABILITY

I. INTRODUCTION

A set of data is often described in terms of the most common or frequently

occurring score in the set of data by using a measure of central tendency such as
the mode, median, or mean. Measures of central tendency numerically describe
two aspects of a distribution of scores, modality, and symmetry, based on what
the scores have in common with each other. However, researchers also need to
describe the amount of differences among the scores of a variable. This module
introduces the measures of variability, which are designed to represent the amount
of differences in a distribution of data. In this module, we will present and evaluate
different measures of variability in terms of their relative strengths and
weaknesses.

II. OBJECTIVE/S
At the end of this module, you will be able to:
• illustrate the measures of variability (range, variance, standard deviation) of a
statistical data;
• calculate the measures of variability of grouped and ungrouped data;
• use appropriate statistical measures in analyzing and interpreting statistical
data; and
• draw conclusions from graphic and tabular data and measures of variability.

III. CONCEPT SUMMARY

• Variability refers to how spread scores are in a distribution out; that is, it refers
to the amount of spread of the scores around the mean.
• Range is the most basic measure of variation is the range, which is the distance
from the smallest to the largest value in a distribution.
• The variance is the average squared difference of the scores from the mean.
• The standard deviation is the average amount by which scores differ from the
mean. The standard deviation is the square root of the variance, and it is a
useful measure of variability when the distribution is normal or approximately
normal.

IV. BRIEF DISCUSSION

1. Concept Development

After knowing the measures of central tendency, we next intend to analyze

a set of data by describing its spread or dispersion. It is important to know how

Mathematics 7 – Module 4 – Fourth Quarter - Page 1 of 9

a set of values spreads out or fluctuates. The three measures of variation are
range, variance, and standard deviation.

RANGE

The simplest measure of dispersion is the range. The range is the difference
between the highest and the lowest values in the set of data.

15 12 17 18 25 16 27 22

Range = HV – LV
Range = 27 – 12 = 15

VARIANCE AND STANDARD DEVIATION

The standard deviation is the most commonly used and the most important
measure of variability. It uses the mean of the distribution as a reference point
and measures variability by considering the distance between each score and
the mean. It determines whether the scores are generally near or far from the
mean.

Ungrouped Data

The formulas of standard deviation and variance for ungrouped data are as
follows:

∑(𝑥 − 𝑥̅ )2
2
𝑠 = , for the variance
𝑛−1

∑(𝑥 − 𝑥̅ )2
𝑠=√ , for the standard deviation
𝑛−1

Example. Consider the data of scores 7, 10, 17, 19, and 25.

Step 1. Solve for the mean.

∑ 𝑥 7 + 10 + 17 + 19 + 25 78
𝑥̅ = = = = 𝟏𝟓. 𝟔
𝑛 5 5

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Step 2. Organize the data on a table.

x ̅
𝒙 − 𝒙 (𝒙 − 𝒙̅ )𝟐
7 7 – 15.6 = –8.6 73.96
10 10 – 15.6 = –5.6 31.36
17 17 – 15.6 = 1.4 1.96
19 19 – 15.6 = 3.4 11.56
25 25 – 15.6 = 9.4 88.36
∑(𝑥 − 𝑥̅ )2 = 207.2

Step 3. Solve for the variance.

∑(𝑥 − 𝑥̅ )2 207.2 207.2

𝑠2 = = = = 𝟓𝟏. 𝟒
𝑛−1 5−1 4

Step 4. Solve for the standard deviation.

𝑠 = √51.4 = 𝟕. 𝟏𝟕

The variance of the data is 51.4 with a standard deviation of 7.17.

Grouped Data
The formula of standard deviation and variance for grouped data are:

∑ 𝑓(𝑥 − 𝑥̅ )2
2
𝑠 = , for the variance
𝑛−1

∑ 𝑓(𝑥 − 𝑥̅ )2
𝑠=√ , for the standard deviation
𝑛−1

Example. Find the variance and standard deviation.

Classes f
10 – 29 18
30 – 49 9
50 – 69 15
70 – 89 13
90 – 109 20
N = 75

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 Step 1. Solve for the class mark and multiply it to the frequency.

Classes f x fx
10 – 29 18 (10 + 29) / 2 = 19.5 351
30 – 49 9 39.5 355.5
50 – 69 15 59.5 892.5
70 – 89 13 79.5 1033.5
90 – 109 20 99.5 1990
N = 75 Σfx = 4622.5

Step 2. Solve for the mean.

∑ 𝑓𝑥 4622.5
𝑥̅ = = = 𝟔𝟏. 𝟔𝟑
𝑁 75

Step 3. Solve for 𝒙 − 𝒙

̅.

Classes f x 𝒙 − 𝒙̅ (𝒙 − 𝒙̅ )𝟐 ̅ )𝟐
𝒇 (𝒙 − 𝒙
10 – 29 18 19.5 –42.13 1774.9369 31948.8642
30 – 49 9 39.5 –22.13 489.7369 4407.6321
50 – 69 15 59.5 –2.13 4.5369 68.0535
70 – 89 13 79.5 17.87 319.3369 4151.3797
90 – 109 20 99.5 37.87 1434.1369 28682.738
N = 75 ̅)𝟐 = 𝟔𝟗𝟐𝟓𝟖. 𝟔𝟔𝟕𝟓
∑ 𝒇 (𝒙 − 𝒙

Step 4. Solve for the variance.

69258.6675 69258.6675
𝑠2 = = = 𝟗𝟑𝟓. 𝟗𝟐𝟕𝟗𝟑𝟗𝟐
75 − 1 74

Step 5. Solve for the standard deviation

𝑠 2 = √935.9279392 = 𝟑𝟎. 𝟓𝟗𝟐𝟗

The variance of the data is 935.93 with a standard deviation of 30.59.

To learn more about measures of variation, click these links:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ipYaHqutMds
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E4HAYd0QnRc
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wDAd_QHKoOg
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1jqgwEvOzcg
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PS50jhHOVvk

Mathematics 7 – Module 4 – Fourth Quarter - Page 4 of 9

2. Broadening of Concepts
Directions: Write your answers on the space provided.

• How are the three measures of central tendency differ from one another?
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• Why is it important for the data to be organized before solving the measures
of central tendency?
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• In what situation can you use the measures of central tendency?

____________________________________________________________
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• During this pandemic how did you organize your everyday routine? Identify
your daily activities and look at the range or span of time you utilize per
activity. What did you discover? What is your realization?
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3. Integrations
Directions: Write your answers on the space provided.

The measures of central tendency are the different ways of finding the average:
mean as the computational or exact average, median as the positional average
or middle – most value, and mode as the most frequent value.

• If you will choose friends, will you choose someone who is exactly the same
as you, the one that you can meet half way or the longest person you’ve
been with? Why?
____________________________________________________________
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Mathematics 7 – Module 4 – Fourth Quarter - Page 5 of 9

 • What are the characteristics you consider in choosing your friends?
____________________________________________________________
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• Do your friends define you as a person like what the saying says “Tell me
who your friends are and I will tell you who you are.”? Why?
____________________________________________________________
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• Do you think God should be the “MEDIAN” (i.e. center, middle) of our life?
Why or why not?
____________________________________________________________
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____________________________________________________________

V. EVALUATION/ ASSESSMENT
A. Directions: Using the given data, solve for the following:

108 568 172 406 246 518 485 407 362 274

206 296 369 280 315 202 218 300 414 205

301 418 232 412 200 240 167 246 355 261

281 376 169 151 200 309 188 412 227 400

401 486 109 164 382 410 416 128 458 530

372 275 549 300 121 268 305 350 446 504

1. Range

2. Class Interval

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3. Variance of Ungrouped Data

4. Standard Deviation of Ungrouped Data

5. Variance of Grouped Data

Mathematics 7 – Module 4 – Fourth Quarter - Page 7 of 9

 6. Standard Deviation of Grouped Data

VI. CLOSURE/ SYNTHESIS

Directions: Check your status right now.

I need help and I can’t keep working.

I need help, but I can keep working.

I’m working fine.

How will you summarize our lesson for today?

_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________

You’re done with the School Year!

I hope that you’ve learned many things about Mathematics 7!

VII. REFERENCES
Frost, J. Measures of Variability: Range, Interquartile Range, Variance, and
Standard Deviation. Retrieved February 10, 2021 from
https://statisticsbyjim.com/basics/variability-range-interquartile-variance-
standard-deviation/
PennState Eberly College of Science. Measures of Variability. Retrieved February
10, 2021 from https://online.stat.psu.edu/stat500/lesson/1/1.5/1.5.3
La Trobe University. Descriptive Statistics: Measures of Variability. Retrieved
February 10, 2021 from https://latrobe.libguides.com/maths/measures-
variability

Mathematics 7 – Module 4 – Fourth Quarter - Page 8 of 9

LibreTexts. Measures of Variability. Retrieved February 10, 2021 from
https://stats.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Statistics/Book%3A_
Introductory_Statistics_(Shafer_and_Zhang)/02%3A_Descriptive_Statistics
/2.03%3A_Measures_of_Variability
Stat Trek. How to Measure Variability. Retrieved February 10, 2021 from
https://stattrek.com/descriptive-statistics/variability.aspx
Saylor. Measures of Variability. Retrieved February 10, 2021 from
https://saylordotorg.github.io/text_introductory-statistics/s06-03-
measures-of-variability.html
Cliffs Notes. Measures of Variability. Retrieved February 10, 2021 from
https://www.cliffsnotes.com/study-guides/statistics/numerical-
measures/measures-of-variability
SAGE Publications (2019). Fundamental Statistics for the Social and Behavioral
Sciences. Retrieved February 10, 2021 from
https://www.sagepub.com/sites/default/files/upm-
binaries/95832_Chapter_4_Measures_of_Variability.pdf
Video Citations
Flynn, L. (10 November 2014). Variability. Retrieved February 10, 2021 from
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ipYaHqutMds
Khan Academy (20 April 2010). Range, Variance and Standard Deviation as
Measures of Dispersion. Retrieved February 10, 2021 from
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E4HAYd0QnRc
365 Data Science (21 February 2020). Variance, Standard Deviation, Coefficient
of Variation. Retrieved February 10, 2021 from
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wDAd_QHKoOg
Pinoy Mathematician (1 June 2020). Measures of Dispersion – Ungrouped Data.
Retrieved February 10, 2021 from
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1jqgwEvOzcg
Pinoy Mathematician (28 May 2020). Measures of Dispersion – Ungrouped Data.
Retrieved February 10, 2021 from
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PS50jhHOVvk

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