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Creep Testing

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30 views

Creep Testing

Uploaded by

pradip
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Mechanical Testing of Metals

Creep Test
Creep:
 Time dependent plastic deformation (Elongation) of the metal at a constant tensile load.
 Creep occurs when a metal is subjected to a constant tensile load at an elevated
temperature (Undergo a time-dependent increase in length).
 Creep is a time-dependent process where a material under an applied stress exhibits a
dimensional change at high temperature.
 High temperature progressive deformation of a material at constant stress is called creep.
 The process is also temperature-dependent.
 Creep always increases with temperature.

At which temperature material will creep ?

Since materials have its own different melting point, each will creep when the homologous
temperature > 0.5.
Homologous Temperature: =

In general creep tends to occur at significant rate when the homologous temperature > 0.5.

Creep Test: It measure the dimensional changes which occur when subjected to high temperature.
Rupture Test: It measures the effect of temperature on the long time load bearing characteristics.

How does creep occur:


 Normally Creep occurs when vacancies in the material migrate toward grain boundaries that
are oriented normal to the direction of the applied stress.

Mechanisms of Creep:
Different mechanisms are responsible for creep in different materials and under different loading
and temperature conditions. The mechanisms include
 Stress-assisted vacancy diffusion.
 Grain boundary diffusion (Diffusion Creep)
 Grain boundary sliding
 Dislocation Glide
 Dislocation Creep.

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Mechanical Testing of Metals

Creep Testing:

To determine the engineering creep curve of a metal, a constant load is applied to a tensile
specimen maintained at a constant temperature, and the strain (extension) of the specimen is
determined as a function of time. Test is carried out upto the failure of the test specimen. An
idealized shape of creep curve for high temperature and long time creep is shown in below Fig. The
curve shows different portions of the primary, secondary and tertiary creep which ends at fracture in
metals. The slope of this curve is referred to as the creep rate.

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Mechanical Testing of Metals

Stages of Creep Curve:

Three stages of Creep:

1. Primary Creep: The first stage of creep, known as Primary Creep, represents a region of
decreasing creep rate. In this stage the slope raises rapidly at first in a short amount of time.
After a certain amount of time, the slope begins to slowly decrease from its initial rise due to
resistance of the material to creep due to strain hardening effect. Hence, primary creep is
the predominant creep process at low temperatures and for low stresses.

2. Secondary Creep (Steady state Creep): The second stage of creep, known also as secondary
creep, is a period of nearly constant creep rate which results from a balance between two
opposing phenomena, namely strain hardening and recovery. So the line on the curve shows
almost a straight line that is a steady rate. For this reason, secondary creep is usually
referred to as Steady State Creep. The average value of the creep rate during secondary
creep is called Minimum Creep Rate.

3. Tertiary Creep: Third stage or Tertiary creep is mainly occurs in constant load creep test at
high temperature and for high stresses. Tertiary creep occurs when there is an effective
reduction in cross-section area either by necking or internal voids formation. In this stage,
the object’s creep continuously increases until the object breaks. The slope of this stage is
very steep for most materials

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Mechanical Testing of Metals

Factors affect Creep


Heat Treatment:
 Creep resistance of steel is affected by heat treatment. At temperatures of 3000C or higher,
maximum creep resistance is usually produced by normalizing.
Grain Size:
 Normally large grained materials exhibit better creep resistance than fine grained based on
the temperature.
 At temperatures below the lowest temperature of recrystallisation, a fine grained structure
possesses the greater resistance whereas at temperature above this point a large grained
structure possesses the greater resistance and we must select it for high temperature
applications.
Strain Hardening:
 Strain hardening of steel increases its creep resistance.
 Particularly below the equicohesive temperature at which the fracture changes from intra
crystalline to inner-crystalline strain hardening increases the creep resistance and hence
there is no measurable creep. So the second stage of creep curve is almost horizontal.
Alloying Additions:
 Adding alloying elements can contribute to an improvement in creep resistance. Elements
such as chromium, nickel, or cobalt in certain proportions in metals like steel can drastically
slow the progression of creep.

Difference between Creep Test and Stress Rupture Test


Creep Test Stress Rupture Test
Definition Measure the dimensional changes which Measures the effect of temperature on the
occur when subjected to high temperature. long time load bearing characteristics.
Load Relatively Low load High load
Creep Rate Low creep rate High creep rate
Test Duration Long duration, 2000 to 10000 hours. Shorter duration, less than 1000 hours.
Not always to fracture. Always to fracture.
Total Strain Typically less than 0.5% Typically upto 50%
Strain Gauge Strain measured accurately using sensitive Time and strain to fracture measured by
equipments (inductance gauges) to simpler less sensitive equipment (dial
determine creep rate. gauges).

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