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Lecture-5 Canals (Part-A)

The document discusses different types of canals based on their source of supply, function, alignment, discharge, and lining material. It describes permanent and inundation canals based on source of supply, and irrigation, navigation, and power canals based on function. It also discusses watershed/ridge canals, contour canals, and side slope canals based on alignment, as well as main canals, branch canals, distributaries, and water courses based on discharge.

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Ch Zain
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41 views29 pages

Lecture-5 Canals (Part-A)

The document discusses different types of canals based on their source of supply, function, alignment, discharge, and lining material. It describes permanent and inundation canals based on source of supply, and irrigation, navigation, and power canals based on function. It also discusses watershed/ridge canals, contour canals, and side slope canals based on alignment, as well as main canals, branch canals, distributaries, and water courses based on discharge.

Uploaded by

Ch Zain
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Canal Irrigation

Introduction
• A canal is defined as an artificial channel constructed
on the ground to carry water from a river or another
canal or a reservoir to the fields.
Types of Canals
• Based on the source of supply

• Based on function

• Based on alignment

• Based on discharge

• Based on lining material


Types of Canals
(BASED ON SOURCE OF SUPPLY)

Permanent • Continuous source of water


supply.
Canal • Also called perennial canals

Inundation • Draws its supplies from a river


only during the high stages of
Canal the river.
Types of Canals
(BASED ON FUNCTION)
Irrigation • Carries water from its source to
Canal agricultural fields.

Navigation • Used for transport of goods.


Canal

Power Canal • Used to carry water for generation


of hydroelectricity.

Feeder Canal • Feeds two or more canals.

Note, a canal can serve more than one purpose.


Types of Canals
(BASED ON ALIGNMENT)

Watershed Canal or
Ridge Canal

Contour Canal

Side Slope Canal


Watershed canal or Ridge canal
Watershed canal or Ridge canal
(Contd.)
➢The dividing ridge line between the catchment areas of two streams
(drains) is called the watershed or ridge canal.

➢ Thus between two major streams, there is the main watershed


(ridge line), which divides the drainage area of the two streams.
Watershed canal or Ridge canal
(Contd.)
➢The canal which is aligned along any natural watershed (ridge line)
is called a watershed canal, or a ridge canal. Aligning a canal (main
canal or branch canal or distributary) on the ridge ensures gravity
irrigation on both sides of the canal.

➢ Since the drainage flows away from the ridge, no drainage can
cross a canal aligned on the ridge. Thus, a canal aligned on the
watershed saves the cost of construction of cross-drainage works.
Watershed canal or Ridge canal
(Contd.)
Contour Canal
➢ Watershed canal along the ridge line are not found
economical in hill areas.

➢ In hills, the river flows in the valley well below the


watershed.

➢ In fact, the ridge line (watershed) may be hundred of meters


above the river.
Contour Canal
➢ It therefore becomes virtually impossible to take the canal on
top of such a higher ridge line.

➢ In such conditions, contour canals are usually constructed.

➢ A contour canal irrigates only on one side because the area on


the other side is higher.
Contour Canal (Contd.)
Side Slope Canal
➢ A side slope canal is that which is aligned at right angles to
the contours; i.e. along the side slopes.

➢ Since such a canal runs parallel to the natural drainage flow,


it usually does not intercept drainage channels, thus avoiding
the construction of cross-drainage structures.
Side Slope Canal
(Contd.)
Types of Canals
(BASED ON DISCHARGE)

Main Canal
Branch Canal

Major Distributary

Minor Distributary

Water Course
MAIN CANAL

➢ Main Canal takes off directly from the upstream side


of weir head works or dam.
(e.g Upper Cenab Canal (U.C.C), Lower Chenab Canal
(L.C.C), Lower Bari Doab Canal)

➢ Acts as feeder channel for branch canals.

➢ Usually no direct cultivation is proposed.


BRANCH CANAL

➢ All offtakes from main canal with head


discharge of 14-15 cumecs and above are
termed as branch canals.

➢ Acts as feeder channel for major distributaries.


A BRANCH CANAL
Upper Gugera Branch Canal Between Manawala and Nankana Sahib
West Punjab
DISTRIBUTRIES
MAJOR DISTRIBUTARY

❖ All offtakes from main canal or branch canal with head


discharge from 0.25 to 15 cumecs are termed as major distributaries.

MINOR DISTRIBUTARY
❖ All offtakes taking off from a major distributary carrying
discharge less than 0.25 cumec are termed as minor
distributaries.
WATER COURSE
❖ Small channels which carry water from the outlets of a major
or minor distributary or a branch canal to the fields to be
irrigated.
Types of Canals
(Based on lining provided or not)
• Bed and banks made up of natural soil.
• tolerable. • Water velocities higher than 0.7 m/s are not
• High seepage
• Unlined and conveyance water losses.
tolerable.
• • Profuse growth
• of aquatic weeds retards the flow .
Canal High seepage and conveyance losses.
• Growth of aquatic weeds retards the flow.

• Lining of impervious material on its bed and


banks to prevent the seepage of water.
Lined
Canal • Different types of lining used e.g. concrete,
brick or burnt clay tile, boulder, etc.
A PICTURE OFA UNLINED CANAL
A PICTURE OFA LINED CANAL
Thank You

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