Energy Balance For Reactive System Chapter 6

6.0 ENERGY BALANCE FOR REACTIVE SYSTEM

6.1 Introduction
6.1.1 Calculate the standard heat of the water-gas shift reaction by using Hess's Law:
CO (g) + H2O (v) → CO2 (g) + H2O (g)
from the two sets of data given here:

i. CO (g) + H2O(l) → CO2 (g) + H2 (g) ˆ  = −328.2 kJ/mol

ΔH r

H2O (l) + 1/2O2 (g) → H2O (v) ˆ

ΔH v = +18,935 Btu/lb-mole


ii. CO (g) + 1/2O2 (g) → CO2 (g) ˆ  = −121,740 Btu/lb-mole

ΔH r

H2 (g) + 1/2 O2 (g) → H2O (v) ˆ

ΔH = −104,040 Btu/lb-mole
r

(Final Exam Sep 2011)

Ans: (i) -370.2 kJ/mol (ii) -41.1 kJ/mol

6.1.2 Calculate the standard enthalpy of formation of carbon disulfide (CS2) from its
elements, given that:

i. C (graphite) + O2 (g) → CO2 (g) ˆ  = −393.5 kJ/mol

ΔH r

ii. S (rhombic) + O2 (g) → SO2 (g) ΔHˆ  = −296.4 kJ/mol

r

iii. CS2 (l) + 3O2 (g) → CO2 (g) + 2SO2 ˆ = −1073.6 kJ/mol
ΔH 
r

(Final Exam Oct 2009)

Ans: 87.3 kJ/mol

6.1.3 The standard heat of combustion of gaseous acetylene is given as follows:

C2H2 (g) + 5/2 O2 (g) → 2CO2 (g) + H2O (l) ˆ  = −1299.6 kJ/mol
ΔH c

Calculate the standard heat of acetylene hydrogenation reaction (in kJ/mol)

given as follows:
C2H2 (g) + 2H2 (g) → C2H6 (g)
i. Using tabulated heats of formation.
ii. Using tabulated heats of combustion.
iii. Write the stoichiometric equations for the combustion reactions of
acetylene, hydrogen and ethane, and use Hess's law to derive the formula
you used in part (i) above.

6.1.4 The Standard heat of the reaction for the following reaction is given below:

CaC2 (s) + 5H2O(l) → CaO (s) + 5H2 (g) ˆ  = +75.1 kJ/mol

ΔH r

i. State whether the reaction is exothermic or endothermic at 25°C. Suggest

whether the reactor should be cooled down or heated up in order to keep
the temperature constant.

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 Energy Balance For Reactive System Chapter 6

ii. Suggest whether the temperature would increase, decrease or remains

unchanged if the reactor operates adiabatically.
iii. Compare the amount of energy required to break the molecular bonds of
the reactants and that released when the product bonds form.
(Final Exam Mar 2012)
6.1.5 Carbon monoxide and hydrogen reacts to form methanol in a continuous vapor-
phase reactor at 1 atm.
CO (g) + 2H2 (g) → CH3OH
The feed containing CO and H2 in 2:3 ratio enters the reactor at 25°C, 1 atm and
17.1 m3/h. The product stream emerges from the reactor at 127°C. The rate of
heat transfer from the reactor is 3.05 kW. Assume that the gas is ideal. Construct
the inlet and outlet enthalpy table and calculate the fractional conversion
achieved.

6.1.6 The standard heat of the reaction:

CaC2 (s) + 5H2O (l) → CaO (s) + 2CO2 (g) + 5H2O (g) ˆ  = 75.1 kJ/mol
ΔH f

i. State whether the reaction is exothermic or endothermic at 25°C. Decide

whether the reactor should be cooled down or heated up in order to keep
the temperature constant and explain what would happen to the
temperature if the reactor operates adiabatically.
ii. Compare the amount of energy required to break the molecular bonds of
the reactants and that released when the product bonds form.
iii. Calculate the ΔU ˆ  for this reaction. Briefly explain the physical
f
significance of the calculated value.
iv. Suppose 200 g of CaC2 and liquid water are charged into a rigid container
at 25°C. The container is heated until the calcium carbide reacts
completely and the product is cooled back down to 25°C, condensing
essentially all the unconsumed water. Write down and simplify the
energy balance equation for this close constant-volume system and use it
to determine the net amount of heat (kJ) that must be transferred to the
reactor.

6.2 Energy Balance For Non-Combustion System

6.2.1 A new process has been proposed to produce ethylene gas from propane gas at
atmospheric pressure by the following reaction
C3H8 (g) + 2O2 (g) → C2H4 (g) + CO2 (g) + 2H2O (g)
The product leave the system at 800 K and the propane enters at 450K while O2
enters at 300K. In the process, propane used is 25% excess but the conversion of
propane is only 40%. Calculate how much heat to be added or removed from the
process per mole of propane fed.

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 Energy Balance For Reactive System Chapter 6

6.2.2 Ketene (CH2CO) is produced in a reactor by a cracking process of acetic acid

vapor (CH3COOH):
CH3COOH (g) → CH2CO (g) + H2O (g)
The acetic acid vapor enters the reactor at 300°C and 100 kmol/h in which 80%
of this acid is converted. The product leaves the reactor at 700°C.

i. Draw and label the flow diagram

ii. Determine the molar flow rates of all the product components.
iii. Construct the inlet and outlet enthalpy table. Use data below for the
calculations.
iv. Calculate the heat required for the process.

Data given:
ˆ  : CH2CO (g) = -434.83 kJ/mol, CH3COOH (g) = -438.16 kJ/mol
ΔH f
Cp: CH2CO (g) = 51.75J/mol∙K, CH3COOH (g) = 63.4 J/mol∙K
(Final Exam Mar 2012)
Ans: (ii) 5.56 mol CH3COOH/s, 22.2 mol CH2CO/s, 22.2 mol H2O/s (iv) -4216.11 kW

6.2.3 Formaldehyde can be made by the oxidation of methanol. Equal moles of

formaldehyde and oxygen are fed to the reactor at 100°C. If the conversion of
methanol is 80% and the products leave the reactor at 200°C, calculate the heat
that is added or removed from the reactor per mole of methanol fed to the
reactor. The reaction is:
CH3OH (g) + ½ O2 (g) → H2CO (g) + H2O (g)

6.2.4 n-butane is converted to iso-butane in a continuous isomerization reactor that

operates isothermally at 149°C. The feed to the reactor contains 95 mole%
n-butane, 3 mole% isobutane and 2 mole% HCI at 149°C; and a 60% conversion
of n-butane is achieved.

i. By taking a basis of 1 mol of feed gas, calculate the moles of each

component of the feed and product mixtures and the extent of reaction,
ξ(mol).
ii. Compute the standard heat of the isomerization reaction (kJ/mol). Then,
by taking the feed product species at 25°C as references, prepare an inlet-
outlet enthalpy table, calculate and fill in the component amounts (mol)
and specific enthalpy (kJ/mol).
iii. Determine the required rate of heat of transfer (kJ) from the reactor to the
surrounding.

6.2.5 Sulfur dioxide is oxidized to sulfur trioxide in a small pilot-plant reactor. SO2
and 100% of excess air are fed to the reactor at 450°C. The reaction proceeds to a
65% SO2 conversion, and the products emerge from the reactor at 550°C. The
production rate of SO3 is 1.0 x 102 kg/min. The reactor is surrounded by a water
jacket at 25°C.

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i. Draw and label the process flowchart.

ii. Calculate the standard heat of the SO2 oxidation reaction, ΔH ˆ  (kJ/mol).
r
Based on molecular species at 25°C as references, prepare and fill in an
inlet-outlet enthalpy table.
iii. Use an energy balance to calculate the heat (kW) that must be transferred
from the reactor to the cooling water.
iv. Compute the minimum fiowrate of the cooling water if its temperature
rise is to be kept below 15°C.
(Final Exam Oct 2007 − EH220)
6.2.6 Ethane is dehydrogenated to form methane by the following reactions,
C2H6 (g) → C2H4 (g) + H2 (g)
Ethane enters the process at 25°C and 1 atm at a flow rate of 200 mol/s with a
fractional conversion of 0.87. The product gas emerges at 300°C. Take C2H6 (g),
C2H4 (g) and H2 (g) at 25°C and 1 atm as reference states.

i. Sketch and label the flowchart of the process. Solve the material balance
of the process.
ii. Calculate the extent of reaction (ξ) and the standard heat of reaction
( ΔHˆ  ) using the standard heat of formation.
r
iii. Determine the enthalpy of all streams and heat must be transferred to or
from the reactor.

ˆ  = 136.95 kJ/mol (iii) Q = 2.486 x 104 kW

Ans: (ii) ξ = 174 mol/s, ΔH r

6.2.7 Ethyl alcohol is produced by fermenting maltose (a sugar) in a continuous

fermentation process. The reaction is:
C12H22O11 (s) + H2O (l) → 4C2H5OH (l) + 4CO2 (g)
Maltose at 40°C and 50% excess water at 25°C are fed to the process. The maltose
reacts completely. The process effluents are liquid ethanol and liquid water at
40°C and carbon dioxide at 100°C. The standard heat of combustion of maltose
to form CO2 (g) and H2O (l) is –5649.1 kJ/mol. Calculate:

i. Standard heat of the reaction.

ii. Required net heat transfer to or from the process (kJ/100 mol maltose
fed), using the heat of reaction method.

6.2.8 An iron pyrite ore containing 85 wt% FeS2 and 15 wt% gangue (inert dirt, rock) is
roasted with an amount of air equal to 200% excess air in order to produce SO2.
All the gangue plus the Fe2O3 end up in the solid waste product (cinder), which
analyzes 4.0% FeS2. The reaction involve as follows:
4FeS2 + 11O2 → 2Fe2O3 + 8SO2
i. Taking 100 kg of pyrite ore as a basis, draw and label a process flowchart.
ii. Using 100kg of pyrite ore as basis determine the composition of the

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 Energy Balance For Reactive System Chapter 6

product stream (Given MW FeS2 = 120 g/mol and ΔH ˆ  = − 4.305 kJ/mol).

f
iii. Determine the heat transfer per kilogram of ore to keep the product
stream at 25°C if the entering streams are at 25°C.

6.2.9 The synthesis of methanol from carbon monoxide and hydrogen is carried out in
a continuous vapor-phase reactor at 1 atm.
CO (g) + 2H2(g) → CH3OH (g)
The feed containing CO and H2 in equal proportion enters the reactor at
0.171 m3/s, 25°C and 1 atm. The product stream emerges from the reactor at
200°C and the heat is removed from the reactor at the rate of 122 kW. Assume
that the gas is ideal and relative to the STP condition.

i. Draw and label the flow diagram for the process.

ii. Calculate the molar flow rate of the feed.
iii. Write and simplify the energy balance equation for the process.
iv. Write the atomic balance equations for the process.
v. Prepare the inlet and outlet enthalpy table and calculate the conversion
percentage of H2.
(Final Exam Oct 2012)
Ans: (ii) F = 7 mol/s (v) 93%

6.2.10 Pure heptane at 500°C [SG = 0.684, MW = 100.20 g/mol, Cp = 2.24 kJ/(kg⋅K)] is
dehydrocyclicized to toluene in a continuous vapor phase reaction as follows:
C7H16 → C7H5CH3 + 4H2
The reactor operated isothermally at 500°C. Assume that all the reaction goes to
completion;

i. Taking a basis of 1 mol of heptanes fed, draw and label a flowchart of the
process.
ii. Calculate the heat transfer required to or form the reactor (kJ).
iii. Determine the heat of dehydrocyclization of heptanes at 500°C and 1 atm.
(Final Exam Oct 2007 − EH220)
6.2.11 Normal heptane is dehydrocyclicised to toluene in a continuous vapour-phase
reaction:
C7H16 → C6H5CH3 + 4H2
Pure heptane at 400°C is fed to the reactor. The reactor operates isothermally at
400°C and the reaction goes to completion.

i. Taking a basis of 1 mol feed of heptane, draw and label a flowchart.

ii. Taking elemental species [C (s), H2 (g)] at 25°C as references, prepare and
fill in an inlet-outlet enthalpy table.
Given:
400
∫25 C p for C7 H16 ( g ) dT = 104.1 kJ mol

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iii. Calculate the required heat transfer to or from the reactor (state which it
is) in kJ.
iv. Determine the heat of the heptane dehydrocyclisation reaction ( ΔH ˆ)
r
(in kJ/mol) at 400°C and 1 atm.
(Final Exam Apr 2006 − EH220)
6.2.12 Lime (calcium oxide) is widely used in the production of cement, steel,
medicines, insecticides, plant and animal food, soap, rubber, and many other
familiar materials. It is usually produced by heating and decomposing limestone
(CaCO3), a cheap and abundant mineral, in a calcination process:
heat
CaCO3 (s) → CaO (s) + CO2 (g)
i. Limestone at 25°C is fed to a continuous calcination reactor. The
calcination is complete and the products leave at 900°C. Draw and label a
process flowchart by taking 1 metric ton (1000 kg) of limestone as a basis.
Prepare an inlet-outlet enthalpy table by taking elemental species [Ca (s),
C (s), O2 (g)] at 25°C as references for enthalpy calculations and calculate
the required heat transfer to the reactor (in kJ).

ii. In a common variation of this process, hot combustion gases containing

oxygen and carbon monoxide are fed into the calcinations reactor along
with the limestone. The carbon monoxide is oxidised in the reaction:
CO (g) + 1/2O2 (g) → CO2 (g)
If the combustion gas fed to a calcinations reactor contains 75 mol% N2,
2 mol% O2, 9 mol% CO and 14 mol% CO2 and the gas enters the reactor at
900°C in a feed ratio of 20 kmol gas/kmol limestone with the following
conditions:
• The calcination is complete.
• All of the oxygen in the gas feed is consumed in the CO oxidation
reaction.
• The reactor effluents are all at 900°C.

Draw and label a process flowchart and prepare an inlet-outlet enthalpy

table by taking a basis of 1 metric ton of limestone calcined and then
calculate the required heat transfer to the reactor (in kJ).

(Final Exam Oct 2006−EH220)

6.2.13 Steam at 200°C along with the carbon monoxide at 25°C is fed continuously to a
water-gas shift reactor. The product gas which consist of 30 mol% H2, 30 mol%
CO2, and the balance H2O (v), emerges at 500°C at 3.5 SCMH (standard cubic
meters per hour) and goes to a condenser. The bottom product (liquid) of the
condenser contains 90% of the H2O fed to the condenser and both the gas and
liquid streams left the condenser at 100°C and 1 atm. The liquid streams leaving
the condenser may be taken to be pure water (no dissolved gases) and all
process is at atmospheric pressure.

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i. Calculate the percent excess steam fed to the reactor and the molar flow
rate of the overhead products.
ii. Assume as a reference H2 (g), CO2 (g) and H2O (v) at 25°C, calculate the
rate (kW) at which heat must be transferred from the condenser.
iii. Select an atomic species at 25°C as a reference, prepare and fill an inlet-
outlet enthalpy table and calculate the required rate of heat transfer (kW)
to or from the reactor.

6.2.14 Pure heptane at 500°C [SG = 0.684, MW = 1200.20 g/mol, Cp = 2.24 kJ/(kg·K)] is
dehydrocyclicized to toluene in a continuous vapor phase reaction as follows:
C7H16 → C6H5CH3 + 4H2
The reactor oeprates isothermally at 500C. Assume that all the reaction goes
completion;
i. Taking a basis of 1 mol heptanes fed, draw and label a flowchart of the
process.
ii. Calculate the heat transfer required to or from the reactor (kJ).
iii. Determine the heat of dehydrocyclization of heptanes at 500°C and 1 atm.

(Final Exam Apr 2009 − EH220)

6.2.15 Methane is oxidized with air to produce formaldehyde in a continuous reactor.
A competing reaction is the combustion of methane to form CO2.
1. CH4 (g) + O2 (g) → HCHO (g) + H2O (v)
2. CH4 (g) + 2O2 (g) → CO2 (g) + 2H2O (v)
A flowchart of the process for an assumed basis of 100 mol of methane fed to the
reactor is shown here. Calculate Q (kJ).

6.2.16 Nitric oxide may be formed by burning ammonia with oxygen in the following
reaction:
4NH3 + 5O2 → 4NO + 6H2O

Consider the following process as shown in Figure 2 in which 1.00 kmol/min of

gas mixture containing 40.0 mol% NH3 and 60.0 mol% O2 are fed to a reactor.
The feed stream is at 100.0°C. In the reactor, NH3 and O2 are consumed to
produce NO and H2O according to the above equation. 1069.8 kW of heat is
removed from the reactor and the exit gas temperature is 200.0°C.

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i. Using heat of formation method, determine the molar composition of the

exit gas.
ii. Calculate the feed to product ratio (mol NH3 fed/mol NO formed).
iii. Determine the conversion of NH3.
iv. You are assigned by the plant manager to consider options for
optimization of the plant. Suggest a few ways to reduce the cost and
minimize waste for the process.

Figure 2 Nitric acid production process

(Final Exam Apr 2010)
Ans: (i) 7.51 mol H2O/s, 5 mol NO/s, 1.67 mol NH3/s, 3.75 mol O2/s (ii) 1.33 mol NH3/mol NO
(iii) 0.75

6.2.17 Benzaldehyde (C6H5CHO) is a common solvent and chemical precursor in

industry. It can be produced from toluene (C6H5CH3) by the reaction:
C6H5CH3 (g) + O2 (g) → C6H5CHO (g) + H2O
Toluene vapor and oxygen gas are mixed and fed to the reactor at 175°C and 1
atm. O2 is supplied 50% in excess. The toluene is supplied at a flow rate of 200
mol/min. In the reactor, C6H5CH3 and O2 are consumed to produce C6H5CHO
and H2O according to the above chemical equation. If 700 kW of heat is removed
fromm the reactor and the exit gas temperature is 200°C, determien:

i. The molar composition of the exit gas on dry basis.

ii. The mole ratio of water to dry product and the fractional conversion of
C6H5CH3.

Use heat of formation method to solve this problem. Process flow block diagram
is shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1 Block flow diagram

6.2.18 A graduate engineer has been assigned to calculate the preliminary estimation of
heat transfer for designing a new combustion chamber. As a design engineer,
you are assigned to verify the calculation done by the graduate engineer. The

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graduate engineer had calculated the enthalpy for each component which the
heat capacities were calculated using only the first terms of heat capacity
formulas as shown in Table 1.

Table 1 Enthalpy for each substance.

Substance Heat capacity Enthalphy
(kJ/mol·°C) (kJ/mol)
CH4 (g) 34.31 x 10-3 Ĥ = 2.5733
O2 (g) 29.10 x 10-3 Ĥ = 2.1825
CO2 (g) 36.11 x 10-3 Ĥ = 9.9303
H2O (g) 33.46 x 10-3 Ĥ = 53.003
i. Calculate the heat transfer by taking the result from Table 1.
ii. Determine the percentage error by comparing with heat transfer in part
(i).
iii. The preliminary estimation of heat transfer was mistakenly used as a
basis of the design and construction of reactor. Explain was this is a
dangerous error from thestandpoint of the reactor safety.
(Final Exam Oct 2010)
Ans: (i) -78.1332 x 103 kJ/s (ii) 0.25%

6.2.19 The synthesis of methanol from carbon monoxide and hydrogen is carried out in
a continuous vapour-phase reactor at 1.00 atm. The feed contains CO and H2 in
stoichiometric proportion and enters the reactor at 25°C and 1.00 atm at a rate of
17.1 m3/h. The product stream emerges from the reactor at 127°C. The rate of
heat transfer from the reactor is 3.05 kW. Assume that the gas is ideal.

i. Find enthalpy of each stream (Given R = 8.134 J/mol·K).

ii. Calculate the fractional conversion achieved.

Table 1 heat of formation and heat capacity of components

Component ΔH ˆ Cp
f
(kJ/mol) (J/mol⋅°C)
CO (g) −110.52 29.24
H2 (g) 0 28.91
CH3OH (g) −201.2 83.50

(Final Exam Apr 2010 − EH220)

6.3 Energy Balance for Combustion System

6.3.1 Carbon monoxide is reacts with 100% excess water to form carbon dioxide and
hydrogen. The reactants enter the reactor at 500 K and 1.0 atm. Because of poor
insulation, the heat loss from the reactor is 71.21 kJ per gmol of carbon monoxide
entering. Find the temperature of the outlet gas stream from the reactor.

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6.3.2 Carbon monoxide at 10°C is completely burned at 2 atm pressure with 50%
excess air that is at 538°C. The products of combustion leave the combustion
chamber at 427°C. Calculate the heat evolved from the combustion chamber
expressed in kJ/kg CO entering.

Ans: 10135.3 kJ/kg

6.3.3 A gaseous fuel containing methane and ethane is burned with excess air. The
fuel enters the furnace at 25°C and 1 atm, the air enters at 200°C and 1 atm. The
stack gas leaves the furnace at 800°C and 1 atm and contains 5.32 mole% CO2,
1.6 mole% CO, 7.32 mole% O2, 12.24 mole% H2O and the balance N2.

i. Write all the chemical equations.

ii. Draw and label completely the flow diagram.
iii. Calculate the molar percentages of methane and ethane in the fuel gas
and the percentage excess air fed to the reactor.
iv. Determine the heat (kJ) transferred from the reactor per cubic meter of
fuel gas fed.
(Final Exam Apr 2011)
Ans: (iii) 3.72 mol CH4 (69.9 mol%), 1.6 mol C2H6 (30.1 mole%), 50% excess air
(iv) -2.13 x 104 kJ/m3 fuel

6.3.4 A gaseous fuel containing methane (CH4) and ethane (C2H6) are burned in an
excess air. The fuel and air enter the furnace at temperature of 25°C and 200°C,
respectively with pressure of 2 atm. Then, the stack gas leaves the furnace at
500°C and 1 atm. It contains 6.32 mole% CO2, 7.92 mole% O2, 11.24 mole% H2O
and the balance is N2.

i. Calculate the number of moles for methane and ethane in the fuel gas.
ii. Calculate the percentage of excess air fed to the reactor.
iii. Determine heat (kJ) transferred from the reactor.
(Final Exam Oct 2009)
Ans: (i) 3.52 mol CH4, 1.40 mol C2H6 (ii) 65.91% excess air (iii) -3804.53 kJ

6.3.5 The standard heat of reaction for combustion of pure methane is given below:

CH4 (g) + 2O2 (g) → CO2 (g) + 2H2O (l) ˆ  = − 890.33 kJ/mol
ΔH r

To carry out this reaction, 100 mol CH4/s and 200 mol O2/s at 100°C and 1 atm
are fed into a combustion chamber in which the methane is completely
consumed. The product gases come out from the chamber at 300°C and 1 atm.

i. Prove the standard heat of reaction ( ΔH ˆ  ) for combustion of pure

r
methane is -890.36 kJ/mol by using Hess's Law.

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ii. Tabulate in and out table for enthalpy calculation.

iii. Calculate the rate at which heat must be transferred to or from the reactor.

(Final Exam Oct 2010)

Ans: (iii)-77.89 x 103 kJ/s

6.3.6 A fuel gas containing methane and ethane is burned completely with excess air.
The stack gas leaves the furnace at 900°C is cooled to 450°C in a waste heat
boiler, a heat exchanger in which heat loss by cooling gases is used to produce
steam from liquid water. The flow of the stack gas is 1337 mol which contains
7.85 mol% CO2, 15.33 mol% H2O, 72.93 mol% N2 and 3.89 mol% O2. The heat
transferred from the gases causing the liquid water at 40°C to form saturated
steam at 50 bar.

i. Calculate the amount of heat (kJ) that must be transferred from the gas in
the waste heat boiler to accomplish the production.
ii. Calculate the mass (kg) of saturated steam can be produced from the
liquid water. Assume all the heat transferred from the gas goes into the
steam production.

6.3.7 A fuel gas containing 60 mole% propane and the balance ethane is burned
completely with 10% excess air inside a furnace. The stack gas leaves the furnace
at 800°C and is cooled to 300°C in a waste heat boiler, a heat exchanger in which
heat lost is used to produce steam from liquid water for heating and power
generation.

i. If 100 mol of the fuel gas was fed to the furnace, calculate the amount of
heat (kJ) that must be transferred from the gas in the waste heat boiler to
accomplish the indicated cooling.
ii. Assuming all the heat transferred from the 100 mol of fuel gas goes into
the steam production, how much saturated steam at 30 bars can be
produced from the boiler feed water at 50°C?
i. Calculate the rate (kmol/s) of fuel gas burned to produce 1000 kg steam
per hour in the waste heat boiler and determine the volumetric flowrate
(m3/s) of the gas leaving the boiler.

6.3.8 Natural gas containing 85% CH4, 9% C2H6 and 6% N2 by mol is burned in a
combustion chamber with 15% excess air. All the reactants are supplied at 25°C,
combustion is complete and the flue gas leaves the chamber at 200°C. Calculate:

i. The flue gas composition on a dry and wet basis.

ii. The heat transferred in the boiler per kmol natural gas supplied.

Data:
Standard heat of formation at 25°C:
CH4 (g) = −74900 kJ/kmol, CO2 = −393800 kJ/kmol, C2H6 (g) = −84700 kJ/kmol
H2O = −286000 kJ/kmol
Latent heat of vaporisation of water at 25°C = 44000 kJ/kmol.

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A table of molar heat capacity is provided in Table 1.

Table 1 : Selected physical data

(Final Exam Oct 2010 − EH220)

6.3.9 The combustion of Ethane is conducted in a reactor. 300 mol/s of Ethane is fed
into a reactor at 60°C. Meanwhile, 900 mol/s O2 and 2500 mol/s N2 are fed into a
same reactor at 400°C. The conversion of Ethane is 80% and the products gas
emerges at 1500°C.

a) Draw and label the flow diagram of the above process.

b) Write a stoichiometric chemical equation for this process.
c) Determine the molar flow rate of the reactor’s outputs.
d) Calculate rate at which heat (kJ) must be transferred to or from the reactor by
using heat of formation method (∆Ĥf).
(Final Exam Sept 2013)

6.3.10 Normal heptane is dehydrocyclized to toluene and hydrogen in a continuous

vapor-phase reaction:

C7H16 (l) → C6H5CH3 (l) + 4H2 (g)

Pure heptane (C7H16) at 400°C is fed to the reactor. The reactor operates
isothermally at 400°C and the reaction goes to completion. Given that the average
heat capacity of n-heptane between 25°C and 400°C is 0.2427 kJ/mol∙°C.

a) By taking a basis of 1 mol of heptane fed, determine the amount of toluene

and hydrogen in the product.
b) By using the molecular species at 25°C and 1 atm as reference state,
construct inlet-outlet enthalpy table.
c) Determine the value of from the formation reaction of the reactant and
product using Hess law.
d) Determine the required heat transfer to the reactor using heat of reaction
method.
(Final Exam Mac 2014)

67 Faculty Of Chemical Engineering, UiTM (Terengganu) Kampus Bukit Besi