CATCH UP FRIDAY

SCIENCE 10-April 26, 2024

CHEMICAL REACTION

Before You Read

What happens to wood when it burns? Describe the changes on the lines below.
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Physical or Chemical Change?

Have you ever seen smoke from a campfire? Smoke is a clue that a chemical reaction is taking
place. There are always clues when a chemical reaction is happening.
Matter can change in two ways. It can have a physical change or a chemical change. Physical
changes only affect physical properties. For example, the newspaper in the first figure is folded.
It is a different shape, but it is still a newspaper. This is a physical change. Chemical changes
produce new substances. The newspaper in the second figure is burning. Burning is a chemical
change because new substances are produced. The properties of the new substances are different
from the properties of the original substances. A chemical reaction is a process that produces
chemical change.

Physical change Chemical change

What are clues that a chemical reaction is happening?

You can use your senses to help you know if a chemical reaction is happening. When you watch
a firefly glow, you are watching a chemical reaction. Two chemicals combine in the firefly’s
body and give off light. Your senses of touch and smell help detect chemical reactions in a fire.
You smell the smoke and feel the heat. Have you ever tasted sour milk? If so, you have tasted the
results of a chemical reaction. You
can also hear a chemical reaction happening. The hissing sound of burning firewood is from a
chemical reaction.

A chemical reaction is usually accompanied by one or combination of the following:

the production of heat and light, the formation of a precipitate, the evolution of gas, a
change in color of the material or there is a change in temperature. We can see that
these events that are happening when a chemical reaction is taking place can readily
be observed by the five senses.
Chemical reaction is a process in which one or more substances are converted to one or
more different substances. In other words, chemical reaction is the process where a
material is transformed into a new one, possessing a new composition.
Chemical changes are always represented by a chemical equation. A chemical
equation is a symbolic representation of a chemical reaction. There are two parts of a
chemical equation, the reactants and the products. Reactants are the substances
before reaction and written on the left side of the chemical equation. Products are the
substances resulting from the reaction and presented at the right side of the chemical
equation. The reactants and products are separated by an arrow.
Take note that in writing chemical Meaning
equations, certain symbols are
used. Below is the list of symbols
used in writing chemical
equations. Symbol
+ indicates that the substances are
 added or mixed.
→ means “yields”, “makes”,
“produces”, “forms”
separates the reactants from the
products.
↓ means that a precipitate is
formed.
↑ indicates that a gas has evolved.
(s) designates that the reactants or
products are in solid form.
(l) designates that the reactants or
products are in liquid form.
(g) designates that the reactants or
products are in gas form.
(aq) designates an aqueous solution;
the substance is dissolved in
water.
→ Indicates that heat is supplied.

Chemical reactions are categorized into 6 types.

TYPES of CHEMICAL REACTION
1. Combination or Synthesis - a reaction when two or more elements combine to
form a single product.

General equation: A + B → AB

Example: Sodium + Chlorine gas → Sodium chloride

2. Decomposition - a single reactant breaks down into simpler ones. It is the opposite
of combination reaction.
General equation: AB → A + B

Example: Sodium chloride → Sodium + Chlorine gas

3. Single Displacement (Replacement) – A substance; it can be an element or a

compound; capable of replacing one of the atoms of a given compound.
General equation: AB + C → AC + B

Figure 2. Single Displacement reaction

Example:
Potassium bromide + chlorine gas → Potassium chloride + bromine gas KBr + Cl 2 →KCl + Br2

4. Double Displacement (Replacement) – a reaction in which ions get exchanged

between two reactants, resulting to the formation of a new compound.
General equation: AB + CD → AD + CB

Figure 3. Double Displacement reaction

Example:
Silver nitrate + Magnesium chloride → Silver chloride + Magnesium nitrate
AgNO3(aq) + MgCl2(s)) → AgCl(s) + MgNO3(aq)
5. Combustion (Burning) Reaction – a reaction wherein oxygen gas combines with a
hydrocarbon; a compound containing carbon and hydrogen atoms; forming carbon
dioxide and water as the products.

Figure 4. Burning of log

6. Acid-Base Reaction or Neutralization Reaction - special kind of double

displacement reaction that takes place when an acid and a base react. In general, the
products of this reaction are salt and water.
General equation: Acid + Base → Salt + Water

HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H20

Figure 5. Neutralization reaction

Chemical Equations
How can you describe a chemical reaction? First, you need to know which substances are
reacting. You also need to know which substances are formed in the reaction. The substances
that react are called reactant. Reactants are the substances that exist before the reaction starts.
Products are the substances that are formed in the reaction. Look at the figure below. A
chemical reaction happens when you mix baking soda and vinegar. It bubbles and foams. The
bubbles tell you that a chemical reaction happened. Baking soda and vinegar are the common
names for the reactants in this reaction. They also have chemical names. Baking soda is sodium
hydrogen carbonate (often called sodium bicarbonate). Vinegar is a solution of acetic acid in
water. What are the products of the reaction? You can see that bubbles form. What else is
happening?

Chemical reaction with baking soda and vinegar

What is a chemical equation?

The bubbles from the baking soda and vinegar tell you a gas was produced. But, they do not tell
you what kind of gas. Are bubbles of gas the only product? More happens in a chemical reaction
than you can see with your eyes. Chemists try to find out what reactants are used and what
products are formed in a chemical reaction. Then, they write a chemical equation. A chemical
equation tells chemists the reactants, products, physical state, and amounts of each substance in
the reaction. You will see how important this is later.

How do words describe a chemical reaction?

Words can be used in an equation to name the reactants and products in a chemical reaction. The
reactants in the equation are listed on the left side of an arrow. The reactants have plus signs
between them. The products are on the right side of the arrow and also have plus signs between
them. The arrow stands for the changes that happen during the chemical reaction. The arrow
means produces. You can begin to think of changes as chemical reactions even if you do not
know the names of all the substances in the reaction.
Reactions Around the Home
When are chemical names used?
Chemical names are usually used in word equations instead of common names like
baking soda and vinegar. In the baking soda and vinegar reaction, you already know that
the chemical names are sodium hydrogen carbonate and acetic acid. The
chemical names of the products are sodium acetate, water, and carbon dioxide. The word
equation for the reaction is:
Acetic acid + Sodium hydrogen carbonate Sodium acetate + Water + Carbon dioxide

Why do chemists use chemical formulas?

The word equation for the reaction of baking soda and vinegar is long. So, chemists
replace the chemical names with chemical formulas in the equation. The chemical
equation for the reaction between baking soda and vinegar is:
CH3COOH _ NaHCO3 → CH3COONa _ H2O _ CO2 Acetic Sodium Sodium Water
Carbon
acid hydrogen acetate dioxide (vinegar) carbonate (baking soda)

What are subscripts?

Look at the small numbers in the formula above. These numbers are called subscripts.
They tell you the number of atoms of each element in that compound. For example, the
subscript 2 in CO2 means each molecule of carbon dioxide has two oxygen atoms. If an
atom has no subscript, then there is only one atom of that element in the compound.
There is only one atom of carbon in carbon dioxide.

Conservation of Mass
What happens to the atoms in the reactants when they are changed into products? The
law of conservation of mass says that the mass of the products has to be the same as the
mass of the reactants. French chemist Antoine Lavoisier proved that nothing is lost or
created in chemical reactions. Chemical equations are like math equations. In math
equations, the right and left sides of the equation are equal. In chemical
equations, the number and kind of atoms are equal on both sides. The figure shows that
every atom that is on the reactant side of the equation is also on the product side.

Reactants Products

Balancing Chemical Equations

You need to follow the law of conservation of mass when you write a chemical equation.
Look back at the figure on the previous page. Count the number of each type of atom on
each side of the scale. There are equal numbers of each kind of atom on each side. This
means the equation is balanced. So, the law of conservation of mass is followed. Not all
chemical equations are balanced so easily.
The following unbalanced equation shows what happens when silver tarnishes by
reacting with sulfur compounds in air.
Ag + H2S → Ag2S + H2
Silver Hydrogen Silver Hydrogen sulfide sulfide
How do you balance an equation?
Steps in Balancing Equation
1. Identify the products and reactants

Remember, reactants are written on the left side of your equation while the products
are on the right.
For this equation, reactants are the metal iron, Fe, and oxygen gas, O2, and the
product is Iron (III) oxide, Fe2O3.
2. Write the number of atoms.
Next, you need to determine how many atoms of each element are present on each
side of the equation. You can do this by looking at the subscripts or the coefficients.
Fe + O2 → Fe2O3

3. Add coefficients.
A coefficient is a whole number multiplier and they are used to balance chemical
equations. They show how many atoms or molecules of a substance are involved in a
reaction. To balance a chemical equation, write appropriate coefficients to make sure
that the number of atoms on both sides of the arrow are the same. Use the simplest
whole number ratio.

4. Apply the Law of Conservation of Mass to get the same number of atoms of every
element on each side of the equation. The equation is now balanced. They have the
same number of atoms on both sides.

Mini Glossary
chemical equation: a written form that tells the reactants, products, physical state, and
amounts of each substance in the reaction
chemical reaction: a process that produces chemical change
endothermic reaction: a reaction that absorbs heat energy
exothermic reaction: a reaction that releases heat energy
product: a substance that is formed in the reaction
reactant : a substance that is there before the reaction starts

After You Read

1. Read the key terms and definitions in the Mini Glossary above. In your own words,
describe how a reactant and a product are related.
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Activity 1. Recognizing the Type of Chemical Reaction

There are many different types of chemical reactions that occur every day, and one
method that could help us understand them is to categorize these chemical reactions
into a few, general types.
Answer the activity by strictly following the direction.

Directions: Classify the following unbalanced chemical equations according to the

different types of reactions. Use the given code below to classify each reaction.

Code: CR = Combination DR = Decomposition

SRR = Single Replacement DRR = Double Replacement
CoR = Combustion ABR = Acid-Base

1.O2 + N2 → NO2
2. HBr + NaOH → NaBr + H2O
3. MgI2 + Mn(SO3)2 → MgSO3 + MnI4
4. AgNO3 + Cu → CuNO3 + Ag
5. CaSO4 + Mg(OH)2 → Ca(OH)2 + MgSO4
6. FeBr3 + Na → NaBr + Fe
7. Li + F2 → LiF
8. KClO3 → KCl + O2
9. H2 O → H2 + O2
10. CaCO3 → CaO + CO2

Activity 2. Reaction on the Go

Balance each equation.

1. NO2(g)→ O2(g) + N2(g)

2. Pb(s) + FeSO4(aq) → PbSO4(s) + Fe(s)
3. CaCO3(s) → CaO(s) + CO2(g)
4. MgI2(aq) + Mn(SO3)2(s) → MgSO3(s) + MnI4(aq)
5. AgNO3(aq) + Cu(s) → Cu(NO3)2 (aq) + Ag(s)