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Elements of Power System - v2

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15 views28 pages

Elements of Power System - v2

Uploaded by

Wommbit
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1

Elements of Power
System
EPE 491
Electrical power system 2

A network of components designed


to transmit and distribute the energy
produced by generators to locations
where it is used.
 Required to generate and supply
electrical energy to consumers.
Electrical power system 3

The three main characteristics of electricity supply are as


follows:
 Electricity cannot be stored in bulk form.
 Thus, power must be generated continuously so that it
meets the demand at a specific voltage and
frequency.
 Increases in population, industrial expansion, housing
areas and etc lead to the continuous increase in
demand for power.
 Power station is located near to the resources
location.
4
National Grid 5
Energy Resources 6
Energy Resources - Coal 7

 Most common source


 Relatively cheap fuel
 Unfortunately, the most polluting
 Antipollution features have to be included
 Non-renewable
Energy Resources - Water 8

 The best source


 Non-polluting
 No cost for the ‘fuel’
Energy Resources - Natural gas 9

 Better and cleaner energy source than coal


 Principal disadvantage is hard to transport over long distance
 Non-renewable
Energy Resources - Oil 10

 A bit more polluting than natural gas but easy to transport over long
distance
 However, much more expensive
 Non-renewable
Energy Resources – Nuclear Energy 11

 Non-polluting
 Extremely expensive to build
 Require elaborate safety system and expensive training
 Once built, the cost of the ‘fuel’ is low
Energy Resources – Renewable 12

Energy
 Geo-Thermal
 Wind
 Wave
 Solar
 Bio-mass
 etc
Energy Resources – Renewable 13

Energy
Power System – 3 Component 14

Generation Transmission Distribution


Generation System 15

 Powers supplied by all power stations are based on power demand.


 They are usually generated at a voltage between 11kV and 25kV
 Total power depends on the time of the day and the daily activities
of the consumers
3-Types Power Stations 16

 Base-power station
 Intermediate-power station
 Peak-power station
Base-power station 17

 Base load is the minimum amount of power that a utility company


must make available to its customers.
 Deliver full power continuously i.e. 24 hours a day and 365 days a
year
 Most economical in terms of operating costs i.e. high efficiency
output & most reliable
 Nuclear & coal-fired stations are suitable for this purpose
3-Types Power Stations 18

 Base-power station
 Intermediate-power station
 Peak-power station
Intermediate-power station 19

 Can respond to changes in demand relatively quickly, usually by


adding or removing one or more generating units
 Operate mainly during day time to complement the base stations
 The most economical in terms of production costs, although
unreliable in terms of actual energy output
 Hydropower stations are suitable for this purpose
3-Types Power Stations 20

 Base-power station
 Intermediate-power station
 Peak-power station
Peak-power station 21

 Generally run only when there is a high demand, known as peak


demand
 Deliver power for short intervals during the day
 Able to respond very quickly because they can be started up in a
few minutes
 Have high operating cost due to their idling-time and unutilized
capital costs but necessary for optimal operation of power system
 Usually gas turbines are used for this purpose
Power System – 3 Component 22

Generation Transmission Distribution


Transmission System 23

Transmission system consists :


 transmission line
 substations
Transmission System - transmission 24

line
 Overhead lines
 Buried Cable
Transmission System - Overhead 25

lines
1. Consist of three conductors suspended by towers or poles.
2. Generally the lowest-cost method (since most of the insulation is
provided by air)
3. Classified according to the range of voltages:
 Low voltage: less than 1 kV (connection between residential or small
commercial customer & the utility)
 Medium voltage: between 1 kV to ~ 33 kV (distribution in urban & rural
areas)
 High voltage: between 33 kV to ~230 kV (for long distance transmission)
 Extra high voltage: over 230 kV up to ~ 800 kV (for long distance
transmission)
 Ultra high voltage: higher than 800 kV
Transmission System - Underground 26

lines
1. These lines are designed to be buried underground or under water
2. Compared to overhead lines, buried cables are:
 More expensive (cost of burying cables is higher)
 Harder to maintain and repair
 Cannot be used for very long distances due to capacitance problems
Transmission System - Substation 27

Substation is a subsidiary station of power system where voltage is transformed from


high to low or low to high using transformers.
There are three types of substation normally used:
1. Transmission substation
 Convert voltages to extremely high voltages for long distance transmission.
 Use high voltages in order to minimize losses and reduce cost

2. Distribution substation - Step down the voltages to distribution level

3. Interconnecting substation
 Used to connect different power systems (e.g. between Malaysia and Thailand)
 Enable power exchange and increase in stability of the overall network
Distribution System 28

 Distribute power to consumers by means of lower voltage networks


 The medium voltage distribution is at 33kV and below i.e. 11kV,
6.6kV or 3.3kV
 The final consumer utilizes 415V three phase and 240V single phase

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