Single-Phase Transformer

EPE 491
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cx4_7lIjoBA

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vh_aCAHThTQ
 Single Phase Transformer
A device that converts AC voltage from one level to another thru the action of
magnetic fie.
• Step-down transformer - convert higher voltage to lower voltage.
• Step-up transformer - convert lower voltage to higher voltage.
 Construction of Transformer
Consists of two or more windings placed on the same iron core.
Iron core
• Made up of laminated iron core having magnetic conducting quality (high permeability)
• Magnetic field produced tends to be confined to the paths defined by the structure if we
use high-permeability material
Windings
• Primary winding - connected to AC source (receive energy)
• Secondary winding - connected to load (discharge energy)
• When there is no load connected to the secondary winding, the transformer is said to be
on no-load or open circuit.
• If there is load connected, the transformer is said to be on load condition.
 Construction of Transformer
Two types of iron core construction
Core-type construction
• The windings are wound around two
legs of a rectangular magnetic core
Shell-type construction
• The windings are wound around the
centre leg of a three-legged core.
• Winding in this manner improves
transformer efficiency and conserves
energy.
 Voltage Induced in a Coil
• The flux alternates sinusoidally at freq f, reaching +ve and –ve
peaks Φmax
• The ac flux may come from ac current that flows in the cct, a
moving magnet or a nearby ac coil.
• · The alternating flux will induce a sinusoidal ac voltage in the coil
given by:-

Where Emf - Effective voltage induced (V)

f = Freq of the flux (Hz)
N =No of turns of the coil
Φmax = peak value of the flux (Wb)
4.44 = a constant [exact value = 2π/√2]
 Example 1
A coil, having 4000 turns, links an AC flux with a peak value of 2 mWb at a
frequency of 60 Hz.
• Calculate the rms value of the induced voltage and frequency of the induced
voltage.

𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖(𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟) = 4.44𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓∅𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 4.44 60 4000 2𝑚𝑚 =? ? ? ?

[2131 V, 60 Hz]
 Example 2
A coil having 90 turns is connected to a 120 V, 60 Hz source. If the effective
value of the magnetizing current is 4 A, calculate
• a) the peak value of the flux and the mmf
• b) find the inductive reactance and the inductance of the coil
𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖(𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟) 120
∅𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = = =? ? ?
4.44𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 4.44 60 90)
[5 mWb, 360 amp-turns, 30Ω, 79.6 mH] ℱ = 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 = 90 4 =? ? ?

120 30
𝑋𝑋𝐿𝐿 = = 30 Ω 𝑋𝑋𝐿𝐿 = 2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋 = 30 Ω 𝐿𝐿 = =? ? ?
4 2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋
 Ideal Transformer
An ideal transformer
• Has no core loss
• The core is infinitely permeable
• There is no flux leakage. All fluxes link all coils.
• The windings have no resistance. Therefore, there is no copper loss.
 Ideal Transformer
Principle of Operation
• Consider a transformer with two
coils of N1 and N2 turns with the
secondary winding on open circuit.
• When a sinusoidal voltage Eg is
applied to the primary winding,
current I1 will flow through the
primary winding.
Ideal Transformer
Ideal Transformer
 Example 3
A 200kVA 6600/415 V, 50Hz single phase transformer has a primary of 1500
turns. Calculate the number of turns on the secondary winding, the primary
winding current and the maximum value of the core flux.
𝐸𝐸1 𝑁𝑁1 𝐼𝐼2 𝐸𝐸1 𝑁𝑁1 1500
𝑎𝑎 = = = 𝑎𝑎 = =? ? 𝑎𝑎 = 𝑁𝑁2 =
𝐸𝐸2 𝑁𝑁2 𝐼𝐼1 𝐸𝐸2 𝑁𝑁2 𝑎𝑎

𝑆𝑆1 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖(𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟) 6600

𝑆𝑆1 = 𝑉𝑉1 𝐼𝐼1 𝐼𝐼1 = =? ? ∅𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = = =? ? ?
𝑉𝑉1 4.44𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 4.44 𝑓𝑓 (𝑁𝑁1 )
[ 94turns, 30.3A, 0.0198 Wb]
 Practical Transformers
In the real world, transformers are not ideal. In practical transformer,
• Iron core produces eddy-current losses and hysteresis losses which contribute to temperature rise of the transformer
• The core is not infinitely permeable
• There is flux leakage. The flux produced by the primary is not completely captured by the secondary.
• The windings have resistance. There is copper loss.

These losses appear in the form of heat

❖ Produces an increase in temperature
❖ Drop in efficiency
Equivalent Circuit of a Practical Transformer
Simplifying the Equivalent Circuit
Simplifying the Equivalent Circuit
 Transformer Tests
The values of resistances and reactances in the transformer can be
experimentally determined with 2 tests:
• open-circuit test
• short-circuit test
 open-circuit test
• In open-circuit test, the secondary winding is open
circuited and its primary winding is connected to a full-
rated line voltage.
• R1 and X1 are too small compared to RC and XM to
cause a significant voltage drop
• Essentially, all the input voltage is dropped across the
excitation branch
• The input voltage, input current, & input power to the
transformer are measured
• From those values, we can determine the power factor
of the input current and therefore, the magnitude &
the angle of the excitation impedance.

20
open-circuit test
 short-circuit test
• The input voltage is adjusted until the current in the
short-circuited winding is equal to its rated value.
• Since the input voltage is very low during short circuit
test current flow through excitation branch is
negligible.
• The entire voltage drop in the transformer can then be
attributed to the series elements in the circuit.
• The input voltage, input current, & input power to the
transformer are measured
• From those values, we can determine the power factor
of the input current and therefore, the magnitude &
the angle of the series impedance.
 Example 4
A transformer has the following details: 20kVA, 8000/240V, 60Hz. The open circuit
test and short circuit test were performed on the primary side of the transformer, and
the following data were taken:

Find the impedances of the approximate equivalent circuit referred to the primary side,
and sketch the circuit.
 Open circuit test
𝐼𝐼𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂
𝑃𝑃𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂 𝑌𝑌𝐸𝐸 = ∠ − 𝜃𝜃
𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 = cos 𝜃𝜃 = 𝑉𝑉𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂
𝑉𝑉𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂 𝐼𝐼𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂
400 𝑌𝑌𝐸𝐸 = (2.675 × 10−5 )∠ − 76.5°
cos 𝜃𝜃 = = 0.234
(8000)(0.214) 𝑌𝑌𝐸𝐸 = 6.245 × 10−6 − 𝑗𝑗 2.6 × 10−5
𝜃𝜃 = cos −1 0.234 = 76.5° 1 1
𝑌𝑌𝐸𝐸 = − 𝑗𝑗
𝑅𝑅𝑐𝑐 𝑋𝑋𝑀𝑀

1 1
𝑅𝑅𝐶𝐶 = =? ? ? Ω 𝑋𝑋𝑀𝑀 = =? ? ? Ω
6.245 × 10−6 2.6 × 10−5
 Short circuit test
𝑉𝑉𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆
𝑃𝑃𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑍𝑍𝐸𝐸 = ∠𝜃𝜃
𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 = cos 𝜃𝜃 = 𝐼𝐼𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆
𝑉𝑉𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝐼𝐼𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆
240 𝑍𝑍𝐸𝐸 = (195.6)∠78.7°
cos 𝜃𝜃 = = 0.196
(489)(2.5) 𝑌𝑌𝐸𝐸 = (38.3 + 𝑗𝑗192)Ω

𝜃𝜃 = cos −1 0.196 = 78.7° 𝑌𝑌𝐸𝐸 = 𝑅𝑅𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 + 𝑗𝑗𝑋𝑋𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒

𝑅𝑅𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 = 38.3 Ω
𝑋𝑋𝑀𝑀 = 192 Ω
Method 2
 Open circuit test
𝑉𝑉𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 2 80002
𝑅𝑅𝑐𝑐 = = = 160𝑘𝑘Ω
𝑃𝑃𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 400
𝑉𝑉𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 8000
𝐼𝐼𝑐𝑐 = = = 0.05𝐴𝐴
𝑅𝑅𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 160𝑘𝑘
𝐼𝐼𝑀𝑀 = 𝐼𝐼𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 2 − 𝐼𝐼𝑐𝑐 2 = 0.2142 − 0.052 = 0.208𝐴𝐴
𝑉𝑉𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 8000
𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑚𝑚 = = = 384.47 𝑘𝑘Ω
𝐼𝐼𝑀𝑀 0. 208
Short circuit test

𝑃𝑃𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = 𝐼𝐼𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 2 𝑅𝑅𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒

𝑃𝑃𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 240
𝑅𝑅𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 = 2= 2 = 38.4Ω
𝐼𝐼𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 2.5
𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 489
𝑍𝑍𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 = = = 195.6Ω
𝐼𝐼𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 2.5
𝑋𝑋𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 = 𝑍𝑍𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 2 − 𝑅𝑅𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 2 = 1842 − 38.42 = 191.8 Ω
 Voltage Regulation
• It is the difference in secondary terminal voltage between no-load and full
load conditions.
• It is expressed in percentage and is given by:-

• It is good practice to have VR as small as possible.

 Voltage Regulation
At full load
Equivalent circuit referred to primary
• In practical transformer, when a load is connected to the
transformer, the secondary voltage (i.e. load voltage)
changes because of voltage drop in the internal
impedance.
• If the load is assumed to be at its rated value at full load
condition, the primary voltage has to be adjusted
accordingly (to cater for the voltage drop).
• Thus,

• The adjusted value of primary voltage can be calculated

by using KVL
 Voltage Regulation

Equivalent circuit referred to primary Equivalent circuit referred to secondary

 Voltage Regulation
At no-load Equivalent circuit referred to primary
• There is no load connected to the
transformer. Therefore, there is no current
flow through the transformer and there will
be no voltage drops across the internal
impedance.
• The no-load secondary voltage is then equal
to the adjusted primary voltage
 Voltage Regulation
Equivalent circuit referred to primary Equivalent circuit referred to secondary
 Efficiency
• Equipment is desired to operate at a high efficiency.
• The efficiency is defined as follows: