Constructionstages Enu

Construction stages in SCIA Engineer
Construction stages, Prestressing, TDA

Contacts 7
Introduction 8
Brief introduction to construction stages 10
Brief introduction to prestressing 11
Brief introduction to TDA 12
Implementation of construction stages and TDA 13
Modulus of elasticity changing over time 14
The project must be of "Construction stages" type. 14
The E modulus option must be selected in the Construction stages Setup dialogue 14
The E modulus function(s) must be defined 14
Required materials must have the corresponding the E modulus function assigned 15
The Construction stages analysis must be run 15
Application in your design practice 16

References 17
Preparatory operations 18
Input of geometry and other data 18
Adjustment of parameters 18
Construction stages 19
Creating a Construction stages project 19
Construction stages setup 19
Load factors 19
Results 19
Construction stages manager 20
Creating a new construction stage 20
Parameters of a construction stage 20
Load case permanent or long-term 21
Prestressing 23
Gamma min Gamma max 23
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Variable load cases 24
Defining the changes to the structural scheme 24
Clearing the whole stage 25
Phased cross-section 25
Mesh size for beams with phased cross-section 26
Sectional characteristics of phased cross-section 27
Sectional characteristics for multi-material sections 27
Defining the introduction of a new phase of the cross-section 29
Running the calculation 30
Results of construction stages analysis 30
Nonlinear construction stages 31

Nonlinear construction stages 31
Project parameters 31
Tangent versus parallel connection of a new member 31
TDA – Time Dependent Analysis 31
Linear versus Non-linear construction stages 32
Linear construction stages 32
Non-linear construction stages 33
TDA (Time Dependent Analysis) 35

Input 35
TDA setup 35
Material setup 36
Mesh setup 36
Calculation setup 37
Local beam history 37
Time axis 39
Analysis 40
Finite Element formulation 40
Modelling of prestressing 40
Solution strategy 41
Mobile loads in TDA 43
Modelling of precast segmental cantilever construction method 44
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Chapter 0
Modelling of cast-in-place segmental cantilever construction method 46

Results 49
Standard results 49
Tendon stresses 49
Prestressing 54
Pre-tensioned prestressed concrete 54
Introduction to prestressing 54
Materials of Prestressing Tendons 54
Properties of pre-tensioned tendons 54
Types of Prestressing Units 58
Short-term losses 58
Stressing bed 60
2.1.1 Theory 62
2.1.2 Implementation in SCIA Engineer 63
3.1.1 Theory 65
3.1.2 Implementation in SCIA Engineer 65
Bore hole pattern 67
Graphical window 69
Definition of coordinate system 69
Input of regions and holes 69
Reference point 71
Sectional strand pattern 72
Graphical window 74
Info-table 74
Legend 74
Stand properties 74
View parameters 76
Debonding lengths 76
Ultimate limit state checks 76
Serviceability limit state checks 76
Ultimate limit state checks - using transmission length 76
Beam strand pattern 77
Graphical window 79
Info-table 79
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Bore hole information 79
Legend 79
Stand properties 79
Calculation of losses in selected strand 80
Strand geometry 80
View parameters 80
Debonding lengths 80
Template buttons 80
Results 81
Filtering the results 81
Post-tensioned prestressed concrete 86
Source geometry 86
Circle + tangent 88
Circle + radius 88
Symmetrical parabola + tangent 88
Parabola + tangent [begin] 89
Parabola + tangent [end] 90
Parabola + vertical axis 91
Group of points fitting 92
Toolbar 93
Input table for XZ plane 94
Input table for XY plane 94
Main control buttons 95
1.1 Type of projection 97
1.2 Limitations + constraints 100
2.1 Projection 101
2.2 Tendon entry 102
2.3 Setting for using Hanging nodes 102
Internal tendons 103
Select allocation 112
Edit tendon geometry 112
Table edit geometry 112
Tendon losses 112
Calculation info 112
Default values 112
-5-
Chapter 0
External tendons 113

Results 115
-6-
Contacts
SCIA nv SCIA Nederland B.V.
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05711-001 São Paulo United States
Brazil
SCIA France sarl Nemetschek Scia Swiss Branch Office

Centre d'Affaires, 29 Grand' Rue Dürenbergstrasse 24
59100 Roubaix 3212 Gurmels
France Switzerland
SCIA CZ s.r.o. Brno SCIA CZ s.r.o. Prague

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638 00 Brno 160 00 Praha 6
Czech Republic Czech Republic
SCIA SK, s.r.o.

Murgašova 1298/16
010 01 Žilina
Slovakia
Scia Datenservice Scia Software GmbH

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© Copyright 2016 SCIA nv. All rights reserved.
Document created: 18 / 02 / 2016

SCIA Engineer 15.3
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Chapter 1
Introduction
Modern civil engineering structures can achieve considerable economy in construction by combination of hybrid systems of
steel and concrete or precast and cast-in-place concrete. The design of such systems takes advantage of individual material
properties. The economy and speed of construction are increased also by the application of hybrid methods of construction.
The main load- bearing members, formed by suspension or stay cables, hangers, 1D members or arches, are very often
constructed in advance and are used as auxiliary systems for other parts of the structure to reduce overall construction time
and costs. The design of the structures combines both precast and cast- in- place techniques to obtain economy in con-
struction, and maintains a high standard of quality while reducing the time needed to complete the construction.
During the construction these structures pass through different static systems; boundary conditions change, new structural
members are assembled or cast, post- tensioning is applied and temporary support elements are removed. In many struc-
tures concrete structural elements of various ages are combined and the concrete is gradually loaded. Therefore, during
both construction and throughout the service life of concrete structures, account must be taken of the creep and shrinkage
of concrete. Rheological properties of concrete can influence the serviceability of the structure in decisive ways. The bearing
capacity of the structure can also be influenced by the redistribution of internal forces caused by creep. Therefore soph-
isticated methods are needed for the structural analysis.
Construction stages, Prestressing, and TDA are modules of SCIA Engineer designed for the analysis of prestressed con-
crete and composite structures with respect to step- by-step construction, change of boundary conditions, and rheological
effects of concrete. The modules allow for the structural analysis of both prestressed concrete and composite structures,
successive assembling or casting of structural elements, progressive construction of cross-sections, gradual application of
loads and prestressing, and removal of temporary structural elements. Special construction technologies can be modelled,
such as cantilever segmental construction with both precast and cast-in- place segments, launching, cable stayed struc-
tures, making simple 1D members continuous including successive casting of composite slab, or gradual construction of
multi-storey buildings.
The implementation of these modules is the first step towards the change of design and analysis of concrete structures in
SCIA Engineer. But the possibility to run the calculation in smooth sequence with respect to the step-by-step construction or
the introduction of time as new variable in the analysis are not the only two aspects of the issue. Also new material para-
meters - rheological properties of concrete – are taken into account in the calculation and a new feature of a real value is that
the program responds to modern concepts of the analysis of prestressing in theory of structures. The post- tensioned ten-
don is considered only as an external load at the moment of prestressing. This load is calculated as the load, which is equi-
valent to the effects of the tendon stressed just after short-term losses. The tendon becomes an integral part of the structure
after anchoring. Its stiffness is added into the stiffness matrix of the structure. Since that, all loads carried by the structure will
automatically cause the change of prestressing of that tendon. Both tendons and composite parts of cross-section are mod-
elled by eccentric finite elements. Full strain compatibility between eccentric elements connecting two nodes is ensured
along the whole length of elements. The TDA module in SCIA Engineer allows for a new structural model of so far unat-
tainable quality.
Note: Each of the three mentioned modules can be used separately (e.g. module
Prestressing in linear analysis, Construction stages for the analysis of 3D steel frame struc-
ture, etc.). However the user loses some of the features in such situation. Therefore, also
the descriptions of these three modules will contain frequent links to other modules from
this "little-family".
Use of post-tensioned tendons (including free tendons and cables of suspension bridges)
without construction stages
-8-
Introduction
When a linear calculation is performed, the stiffness of elements of post-tensioned tendons is not added to the stiffness mat-
rix for any analysed load case. The linear calculation does not make it possible to assemble two stiffness matrices of the struc-
ture for the solution of the system, i.e. to create two left-hand sides.
Consequently, it means that we assume as if all loads (load cases) were applied in the instant of prestressing when the
prestressing force is being introduced into the tendon. It means that, for example, a load case containing a uniformly dis-
tributed load applied to the main beam of a suspension bridge completely ignores the free tendons – the deck deforms and
the tendons remains unstressed – the force in the tendon in the corresponding combination is equal just to the prestressing
force.
The use of prestressing is thus limited to construction stages calculations and the simplification to a linear calculation may in
many projects result in incorrect results.
-9-
Chapter 2
Brief introduction to construction stages

Module Construction stages allows for general modelling of the construction process. In combination with the TDA module
the analysis also takes account of time as a new input variable. For the purpose of the time dependent calculation a global,
local and detailed time axis is introduced and individual time nodes are generated. The over-time development and changes
in the structure, cross-sections or loading, though, are modelled via individual "stages of construction", where each of these
stages is given a number, name and global time.
The responses (results) of the loading increments are saved into separate loading cases separately for the effect of the per-
manent loading increment, prestressing, and the sum of the rheology effects during the previous time interval.
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Brief introduction to prestressing
Brief introduction to prestressing

The module Prestressing allows for the analysis of pre-tensioned 1D members. Furthermore, it is possible to calculate and
show the short-term losses.
The data defining the location and shape of strands or wires are then used during the structural analysis for the automatic
generation of the finite elements of the structural model and the calculation of its equivalent load including the short- term
losses.
To sum up, the module Prestressing enables you to analyse the effects of prestressing for 2D. It can be used for the linear
analysis of the final stage of the structure. When combined with the module Construction stages it is also possible to model
the stepwise prestressing during the assembly of the structure. When also combined with the module TDA one can respect
the impact of the rheology of concrete.
However, the module TDA can solve 2D frame structures (project type Frame XZ) only.
- 11 -
Chapter 4
Brief introduction to TDA

Module TDA allows for the time dependent analysis of prestressed concrete, but also composite 2D frame structures, while
taking into account the defined stages of construction, creep, shrinkage, and ageing of concrete. The method used for the
time-dependent analysis is based on a step-by- step procedure in which the time domain is subdivided by time nodes. The
finite element analysis is performed in each time node. Linear ageing viscoelastic theory is applied for the creep analysis.
Due to symmetry of the long-term loads both the structure and the load can be adequately modelled in a vertical plane. On
that account the plane frame structural model is used. The finite elements on eccentricity represent e.g. the concrete box
girder (or separately concrete webs and layers of deck), prestressed tendons, diaphragms, piers, temporary anchoring
ties, non-prestressed reinforcement, etc. All operations in the construction are respected in the structural analysis according
to the real production schedule. The elements are installed or removed according to the way of construction. Various oper-
ations used in the construction such as addition or removal of segments and prestressed tendons, changes of boundary con-
ditions, loads and prescribed displacements may be modelled.
The prestressed tendons are assumed also as eccentric finite elements. When they are initially stressed, only load terms of
the tendons are included in the global equilibrium equations. After anchoring also the stiffness of the tendon is considered.
Both, the bonded and unbonded tendons may be modelled. The long-term losses are automatically included in the analysis.
If any element is removed or boundary condition is changed, the internal forces of the element and the appropriate reaction
are automatically added to the load vector increment.
The total strain of concrete at the time t is subdivided into three parts: es(t) is the stress-produced strain, es(t) the shrinkage
and eT(t) is the thermal expansion. Neither shrinkage nor thermal strains are stress-dependent. The shrinkage of structural
members is predicted through the mean properties of a given cross- section taking into account the average relative humid-
ity and member size. The stress-produced strain consists of elastic instantaneous strain ee(t) and creep strain ec(t) . The
development of modulus of elasticity over time due to ageing is respected. The creep prediction model is based on the
assumption of linearity between stresses and strains to assure the applicability of linear superposition. The numerical solu-
tion is based on the replacement of Stieltjes hereditary integral by a finite sum. The general creep problem is thus converted
to a series of elasticity problems. The creep calculation is also based on the mean properties of a given cross-section. The
creep, shrinkage and ageing effects may be taken into account according to design recommendations EUROCODE 2,
CSN 73 1201 and CSN 73 6207 (Czech codes). The method respects stress history, does not require any iteration in single
step and does not restrict the type of creep function.
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Implementation of construction stages and TDA
Implementation of construction stages and TDA

Time Dependent Analysis (TDA) is closely linked to the Analysis of Construction Stages ( ACS) in SCIA Engineer. The dif-
ference is that the rheological effects are not considered in ACS. On the other hand "the load-case" and "the combination of
load-cases" are the basic "building units" for both TDA and ACS. ACS in fact runs independently on time. It is only a matter
of form that each stage is linked to some time node.
The increments of dead load in each building stage (construction or service) and the results (the increments of internal
forces and deformations caused by this load) are stored in separate load-cases. This load is assumed to be present (applied
on the structure) until infinite time. The unloading must be modelled as a new load with opposite sign. For example - the total
internal forces in existing structural members caused by dead loads after third building stage are obtained as the results of
the combination of three appropriate load-cases. A load-case representing the life load can be added to this combination.
If any prestressing is applied in the building stage, additional permanent load- case must be applied. Then two permanent
load-cases are defined in one building stage – one for the dead load and one for prestressing. The user is not allowed to add
loads to prestressing load-case.
One additional (empty) load-case is generated automatically in each building stage in TDA analysis. These load-cases are
used for storing of the increments of internal forces and deformations caused by creep and shrinkage calculated during
passed time interval. They are marked as creep-loadcases in SCIA Engineer.
- 13 -
Chapter 6
Modulus of elasticity changing over time

SCIA Engineer enables the users to apply several approaches when analysing construction stages:
• Use the standard solver and calculate the construction stages without any effect of time. Only a sequence of individual mod-
els was analysed and the internal forces changed according to changing boundary conditions.
• Use TDA (Time Dependent Analysis) calculation in which the full process of aging is taken into account, including relaxation
of the reinforcement, creep and shrinkage of concrete.
• Use the standard solver, but consider the change of modulus of elasticity (E) over time, i.e. aging of material, through a dia-
gram that defines the changes of the modulus of elasticity over time (E-modulus diagram).
The latter can be equally applied to both frame and plate-wall structures.
In one project, the user may define several E- modulus diagrams. It is even possible that each material used in the project
has its own E-modulus diagram. The E-modulus diagrams can be assigned to all or just some materials used in the project.
The procedure to use E modulus functions in the calculation
There are several prerequisites that must be met to allow for the calculation with changing E modulus.
Note: The procedure listed below is not a complete tutorial. It just emphasises operations
that must be done in addition to standard steps that are done during the preparation and
analysis of a structure.
The project must be of "Construction stages" type.

1. Open function Project from the main tree menu.
2. Set item Model to Construction stages.
3. Confirm with [OK].
The E modulus option must be selected in the Construction stages Setup dia-
logue
1. Open service Construction stages.
2. Start function Setup.
3. Set the Type option to E modulus function.
The E modulus function(s) must be defined

1. Open E modulus function manager:
1. Use menu function Libraries > E modulus function,
2. Use tree menu function Library > E modulus function.
2. Click button [New] to input a new E modulus function.
3. Define individual points of the function.
- 14 -
Modulus of elasticity changing over time

5. If required, repeat for as many E modulus functions as needed.
6. Close the manager.
Required materials must have the corresponding the E modulus function

assigned
1. Open Material manager:
1. Use menu function Libraries >Materials,
2. Use tree menu function Library >Materials.
2. The list of material characteristics contains one additional item: E modulus function (Unless the option E modulus function
is adjusted in the Construction stages setup, this item is not available).
3. Select the required material.
4. Select the appropriate E modulus function.
5. Repeat for as many materials as required.
6. Close the Material manager.
The Construction stages analysis must be run

1. Open the FE analysis dialogue:
1. Use menu function Tree > Calculation, Mesh > calculation,
2. Use tree menu function Calculation, Mesh > calculation.
2. Select Construction stage analysis option.
3. Start the calculation with [OK].
Note: Make sure that Beam settings and global time adjustments in individual construction
stages correspond with the time used for the definition of the E modulus functions.
- 15 -
Chapter 7
Application in your design practice
Invitation: Modules Construction stages, Prestressing, and especially TDA are very power-
ful tools, regardless of whether used separately or combined together. They all require a
certain level of professional expertise and advanced experience with SCIA Engineer in gen-
eral. It is therefore recommended to arrange a specialised training with the technical sup-
port department in order to understand properly the general principles, main features,
overall capabilities and practical application of these modules. Please call your local dealer
to obtain more information.
- 16 -
References
References
[1] Navrátil J.: Time-dependent Analysis of Concrete Frame Structures (in Czech), Stavebnicky casopis, 7 (40), 1992, pp.
429-451
[2] CEB-FIP Model Code 1990, Final Draft 1991, BULLETIN D’INFORMATION No 203, Comite Euro-International Du
Beton, Lausane, 1990.
[3] Navrátil, J.: Predpjaté betonové konstrukce [Prestressed concrete structures] (in Czech), Akademické nakladatelství
CERM, s.r.o., Brno, 2004.
- 17 -
Chapter 9
Preparatory operations
Input of geometry and other data

Prior to input of data related directly to the Time Dependent Analysis or Analysis of Construction Stages, certain preparatory
operations have to be done. All structural members, prestressed members, boundary conditions and loads, which will ever
appear in the structure, must be defined in advance. After their definition, all elements, tendons, supports, etc. will be gradu-
ally "inserted" into the structure in the Construction stages module. The input of members, nodes, supports and loads is per-
formed in the standard SCIA Engineer environment.
Adjustment of parameters
It is necessary to input some specific data for a TDA analysis or ACS (Analysis of Construction Stages) analysis. These data
can be input in one setup dialogue. This dialogue contains item for both TDA and Construction stages analysis. In addition, a
few other parameters for mesh generation, calculation, materials, etc. must be set in a specific way.
Individual parameters are described in separate chapters dealing with:
l Construction stages setup,

l TDA setup,
l Mesh and calculation setup,
l Material setup.
Note: The TDA part of the setup dialogue is available ONLY if TDA module is available, i.e.
if e.g. the project is of Frame XZ type.
- 18 -
Construction stages
Construction stages
Creating a Construction stages project

If you want to perform an analysis of construction stages, you must make appropriate settings in the Project Setup dialogue
on the Basic data tab:
l Select Construction stages in the Model combo box,
Construction stages setup

The Setup dialogue for Construction stages enables you to input the default values of the parameters that appear in the
input dialogues for individual construction stages.
Load factors
Gamma min Gamma max are attached to permanent load cases of both types – load (gG ) and prestress
Permanent (gP). The load factors gGmin(<=1) , gGmax(>=1), gPmin(<=1), gPmax(>=1) are specified (for each load
(long-term) case) in each construction (or service) stage. If long-term variable load is selected in the combo box Per-
load case manent or long-term loads, only maximum factor gQmax is asked, because gQmin is automatically taken
as zero (when all variable load is removed). At the same time additional factor y<1 will appear.
Prestressed
See above.
load case
Long-term Factor y specifies the long-term part of the load. If the dead, prestressing or variable LC is applied in a con-
part of vari- struction stage, it can never be applied again (exclusivity), because the configuration of the structure could
able load be changed in next construction steps and the results would be different.
Results
Name of generated ultimate com- Specifies the mask for the automatic generation of names of maximal load case
bination (max) combinations.
Name of generated ultimate com- Specifies the mask for the automatic generation of names of minimal load case
bination (min) combinations.
Name of generated serviceability com- Specifies the mask for the automatic generation of names of serviceability load
bination case combinations.
Note: Concerning the generated names of load case combinations, the sequence {O} is
substituted with the appropriate number during the generation of the combinations. For
example, the combination name mask F{O}-MAX gives combinations named F1-MAX, F2-
MAX, F3-MAX, etc.
Note: This very same dialogue may also contain parameters for TDA. These TDA para-
meters are available only in a project that supports time dependent analysis. See also TDA
setup.
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Chapter 10
Procedure to adjust Construction stages parameters
1. Open the service Construction stages.

3. Input the required parameters.
5. Close the Setup dialogue.
Construction stages manager

The Construction stages manager enables you to input, review, copy, print and delete individual construction stages. It is a
standard SCIA Engineer database manager.
Procedure to open the Construction stages manager
1. The project must be of Construction stages type.

2. In the main tree menu open service Construction stages.
3. At the top part of the service dialogue click the "dot"-button.
4. The manager is opened on the screen.
5. The Construction stages manager opens automatically when you open the service for the first time.
Note: When a new construction stage is created, the parameters are set to values defined
in the Construction stages setup.
Creating a new construction stage

Procedure to create a new construction stage
Open the Construction stages manager.
Click button [New].
If no suitable load case is available, you are asked to create one.
A new construction stage is added to the list.
Click button [Edit] to open the editing dialogue.
Fill in the parameters (see below).
Confirm with [OK].
Close the Construction stages manager.
Parameters of a construction stage

Name
Defines the name of the stage.
- 20 -
Construction stages
Order of
stage (informative) Gives the sequence number of the stage.
Contains a short description of the construction stage. It is useful to say in a few words what happens in the
current construction stage. The comment helps the user to keep clear image of the construction process.
The name is also used in the generated names of result classes and generated load case combinations.
E.g. for combinations, this description is the only unambiguous identifier of the generated load case com-
Description
binations.
Note: It is highly recommended to use this field.
Global time in days. This time will be assigned to all actions of the current stage. The global time must be
Global time
greater than the global time of the previous stage and lower than the global time of the next stage.
The number of subintervals on the detail time axis. The subintervals following the first time subinterval are
Number of generated in log scale. This parameter has an impact on the accuracy of solution of concrete creep.
subintervals
See also Time axis.
Ambient
humidity Ambient moisture in percentages.
Defines, whether the current stage is the last construction stage. If ON, then the next construction stage is
the first service stage. The user cannot change the structure from that time, but he can add dead load and
variable load (no prestressing!). Therefore no changes in configuration of the structure (changes of cross-
Last con- section, prestressing, etc.) are possible in service stages.
struction
stage If a variable load is assigned to a construction stage before (including) the last construction stage, it is "con-
sumed" and cannot be used again in another construction stage. If a variable load is assigned to a service
stage (i.e. into a stage following after the last construction stage), it can be reused freely in another con-
struction stage.
Selects the load case that is assigned to the construction stage.
Load case
Note: Read the comment below the table.
Gamma
min, Load factors.
Gamma Note: Read the comment below the table.

max
Factor for variable load.
Psi
Note: Read the comment below the table.
Variable Allows for input of a variable load case into the construction stage.
load cases Note: Read the comment below the table.
Load case permanent or long-term

A load case of type permanent or self- weight must be defined and assigned to a construction stage. One load case of this
type must be exclusively assigned to each stage. The load case may be empty. As mentioned above, the load case applied in
a construction (or service) stage can be of two types: permanent or self-weight. The input of a permanent load is done by
standard way, but concerning the self-weight, there are two possibilities of the input.
(1) First possibility is via permanent loads. The self-weight of the 1D member is calculated by the user in advance and is spe-
cified as a uniform or trapezoidal load distributed along the length of the 1D member. This method can be used in
- 21 -
Chapter 10
combination with other permanent loads, e.g. the self-weight of diaphragms, surfacing, etc. The self-weight of the 1D mem-
ber can be applied in any construction stage (at any time) independently from the time of installation of this 1D member.
Therefore the input of the permanent load is not tied up with the 1D members or composite parts of 1D members added at
the current (active) construction stage.
(2) Second possibility of the input of own weight can be applied only on 1D members added at the current (active) con-
struction stage on added composite parts of 1D members. The appropriate load case must be of "self weight " type. No
input of other loads is possible in such a load case. Therefore, if the "self-weight" load case is specified in current con-
struction stage, only an increment of structural own weight is applied. The increment is defined as the self-weight of that part
of the structure (structural elements or their composite parts) that is installed in the current construction stage.
The two approaches will be demonstrated on a simple example.
Example: Introduction of self-weight into the model
Let’s assume a beam of a T-cross-section that is made in two phases: (i) core cross-section, (ii) composite slab.
The cross-section consists of two stages: 1 = the "core" beam, 2 = the composite slab.
We’ll describe three model situations, two of which employ the first approach (user-calculated permanent load) and one of
which uses the second one.
We do not say which situation is better and which one is worse, we just describe them here to explain the consequences of
different approaches. It is up to the user to decide which procedure of modelling best reflects the unique conditions of a par-
ticular project.
Situation A (user-calculated self-weight)

Stage Action Load case assigned to construction stage
1 casting the beam (phase 1 of the cross-section is
empty permanent-standard load case
introduced into the model)
casting the composite slab (phase 2 of the cross-

2 empty permanent-standard load case
section is introduced into the model)
permanent-standard load case with defined load that rep-
3 introduction of the manually calculated self weight
resents the self-weight of the 1D member
In this situation, the user is fully responsible for the introduction of the self-weight into the model. On the other hand, the pro-
cess is fully under his/her control. First, the "core" beam is produced. Then, the composite slab is cast. And only at the very
end, the self- weight is introduced in its full size. To sum up, until the composite beam is completed, it is not subject to any
load.
- 22 -
Construction stages
Situation B (user-calculated self-weight)

Stage Action Load case assigned to construction stage
1 casting the beam (phase 1 of the cross-section is
empty permanent-standard load case
introduced into the model)
permanent-standard load case with defined load that rep-

2 introduction of the manually calculated self weight
resents the self-weight of the 1D member
casting the composite slab (phase 2 of the cross-
3 empty permanent-standard load case
section is introduced into the model)
Once again, in this situation, the user is fully responsible for the introduction of the self- weight into the model. First, the
"core" beam is made and is subjected to no load. Then the self-weight is introduced in its full size. Finally, the composite slab
is cast. To sum up, the "core" beam is subjected to the self- weight of the whole cross-section before the composite slab is
made.
Situation C (automatically calculated self-weight)

Load case assigned to construction
Stage Action
stage
1 casting the beam (phase 1 of the cross-section is introduced into the
permanent-self-weight load case
model)
casting the composite slab (phase 2 of the cross-section is introduced into

2 permanent-self-weight load case
the model)
In this situation, the self-weight is introduced automatically and in parts. First, the core beam is cast and is automatically sub-
jected to the self-weight of the completed part of the cross- section, i.e. of the "core" beam. When the composite slab is
made, its self-weight is calculated and added to the existing self-weight of the "core" beam.
Conclusion
It is clearly seen from this very simple example that the calculation stages analysis allows for almost innumerable possibilities.
The user must therefore think in advance and must be aware of (i) what he/she wants to model and (ii) what he/she in fact
created.
Note: If the Construction stages module is combined with TDA module, other possibilities
open. E.g. it is possible to model casting on a formwork (so that even the situation C does
not result in the instant introduction of the self- weight), removal of the formwork in a spe-
cified time (and possible simultaneous introduction of the self-weight), etc.
Prestressing
One load case (type permanent - prestress) can be specified and assigned to the current stage. Each of the "permanent –
prestress" loadcases is again exclusively assigned to one construction stage.
Gamma min Gamma max

Load factors Gamma min Gamma max are attached to permanent load cases of both types – load (gG) and prestress (gP).
The load factors gGmin(<=1) , gGmax(>=1) , gPmin(<=1), gPmax(>=1) are specified (for each load case) in each con-
struction (or service) stage. If a long- term variable load is selected in the combo box Load case permanent or long-term,
only maximum factor gQmax is asked, because gQmin is automatically taken as zero (when all variable load is removed). At
- 23 -
Chapter 10
the same time additional factor y<1 appears. Factor y specifies the long-term part of the load. If a permanent, prestressing
or variable LC is applied in a construction stage, it can never be applied again (exclusivity), because the configuration of the
structure could be changed in next construction steps and the results would be different.
In fact, no load factors are applied in TDA calculation (creep analysis) itself. Therefore, the results of creep load cases that
are generated by TDA will also have no load factors included in themselves (better said load factor equals to 1.0). After the
calculation has been performed, both SLS and ULS combinations are generated automatically. For ULS combinations all
factors for dead load gG , prestressing gP, quasi-permanent gQ load, and creep gC are applied using both their maximum
(>=1) and minimum (<=1) values.
All combinations required by the codes (for EC2 persistent and transient, accidental, seismic, rare, frequent, quasi- per-
manent) must be defined manually as "envelope combinations".
Two types of variable load can be applied in service stages: short- term load case and long- term load case (quasi- per-
manent). This classification has no connection to types of load cases specified elsewhere in SCIA Engineer. Therefore, the
long-term variable load case is identified only by specifying the long-term part of the load (using coefficient 0 Ł y Ł 1). The
long-term part of the load is then used for creep analysis in TDA. Quasi- permanent load is applied together with other loads
at specified service stage in TDA. Once the long-term load case is applied, it can never be applied again, because the quasi-
permanent part (y) of the load will be applied in TDA and it will cause an additional creep of concrete. The quasi- permanent
part (y) of the load case is assumed to stay on the structure until the end of its service life. The results of long-term load cases
are also calculated by standard ESA and they are applied (by zero or full value) in all combinations generated for this and fol-
lowing service stages. It means, it is assumed that the quasi-permanent part of variable load can be removed from the struc-
ture (or variable load can be applied by its full value) for short time (with no influence on creep). The long-term load cases
cannot be applied in construction stages (only in service stages).
Variable load cases

Variable loads (instantaneous and short- term) can be added into current stage. It is possible to add an arbitrary amount of
load cases defined in advance. The load defined in this dialog is assumed to be temporary one and is not taken to TDA ana-
lysis. Once the variable load case is applied in construction stage, it must be copied into new load case before it can be used
in some other construction stage. We have to realize, that the results of the same load can be different for different con-
struction stages, because the configuration of the structure changes. Starting from first service stage the short- term load
case can be applied repeatedly, because the structure does not change during service, and the response (results) are
identical for all service stages. The short-term load cases are calculated by standard SCIA Engineer with no influence of age
of concrete, and with all materials at age of 28 days.
Defining the changes to the structural scheme

Before construction stages may be input, it is necessary to define all load- bearing elements, tendons, boundary conditions
and load cases that are relevant for the structure. Following the real progress of construction, all elements, tendons, sup-
ports etc. are then gradually included into the structure. If any element is removed or if any boundary condition is changed,
internal forces and corresponding reactions are automatically added to the load that the structure is subject to.
In each construction stage you may:
l add a new member to the structural scheme,

l remove the existing member from the structural scheme,
l add a new support into the structural scheme,
l remove the existing support from the structural scheme.
All these actions can be done in service Construction stages.
- 24 -
Construction stages
Procedure to add member

2. Select (or define) the required construction stage (at the bottom of the service tree dialogue.
3. Call function Members > Add member.
4. Select the defined members that should be added to the structural scheme in the current stage.
5. End the function and if required, close the service.
Procedure to remove member

3. Call function Members > Remove member.
4. Select the defined members that should be removed from the structural scheme in the current stage.
Procedure to add support

3. Call function Supports > Add support.
4. Select the defined supports that should be added to the structural scheme in the current stage.
Procedure to remove support

3. Call function Supports > Remove support.
4. Select the defined supports that should be removed from the structural scheme in the current stage.
Clearing the whole stage

If required, it is possible to delete the complete definition of the current construction stage. Use function Delete input data of
stage from the service Construction stages.
Phased cross-section
This chapter is related to the Analysis of construction stages and Time dependent analysis.
Modules Construction stages and TDA can use all types of database cross-sections in SCIA Engineer. A new feature called
"phased cross-section" has been introduced for those modules. Phased cross-sections consist of two or more parts, each of
which can be of different material. Phased cross-sections allow for modelling of composite structures. The cross-section is
built-up step-by-step starting by phase 1. Each phase of the cross- section is modelled by means of separate finite elements
- 25 -
Chapter 10
with eccentricity in the longitudinal direction. Therefore, stress redistribution between two different phases of cross- section
will appear in TDA analysis due to creep and shrinkage of concrete. If any phase consists of more separate parts (of the
same or different materials), only one finite element will be generated for that phase between two nodes of the FEM mesh.
Sectional characteristic of individual parts will be transformed to one material. The generated finite element will have trans-
formed cross-sectional characteristic. For that reason no stress redistribution can be expected in the analysis between indi-
vidual parts of one phase.
Phased cross-sections can be created as a General cross-section. General cross-section can be defined by means of a poly-
gon drawing or by conversion from other types of database cross- sections. Also some pre-defined bridge cross- sections
can be defined as phased. Up to ten phases can be defined for one cross-section.
Detailed information on general cross- section module is given in chapter Cross- sections > General cross- section. The
important limitation in SCIA Engineer is that only one phased cross-section can be defined for one 1D member! Therefore it
is not possible to use the phased cross- section in the arbitrary beam (i.e. the 1D member consisting of several sections
made of different cross-sections).
One important condition must be fulfilled when a phased general cross-section is created. The condition is clear from the fol-
lowing picture.
Example of a phased cross-section

The following picture shows a hollow core floor slab [phase 1] (400 mm high) with a 50 mm topping [phase 2].
Mesh size for beams with phased cross-section

A beam with phased cross- section requires rather fine (finite element) mesh. This fine mesh is necessary to produce good
and reliable results.
The size of finite elements for beams with a phased cross-section is determined by parameter Average size of cables, ten-
dons, elements on subsoil from the FE Mesh Setup Dialogue.
- 26 -
Construction stages
Sectional characteristics of phased cross-section

It is recommended to use FEM analysis for the calculation of sectional characteristics of a phased cross-section. This can be
done in the editing dialogue of a cross-section by ticking (selecting) the option FEM analysis. When this option is ON, the pro-
gram starts a special engine to calculate the sectional characteristics.
The result of the analysis is shown in a separate dialogue.
It is possible to view some results and also to select the way for the determination of shear- related parameters: Ay/A and
Az/A (see the note below).
Note: It is up to the user to review the shear-related values and select the correct (or most
correct) one manually.
Sectional characteristics for multi-material sections

The sectional characteristics are transformed to an ideal sectional characteristics.
For phased cross-sections from the program library, the characteristics are related to the material of the first phase of the
cross-section (i.e. the material of the part of the cross-section that forms the first phase).
For general cross-sections, the characteristics are related to the material of the first input part of the cross-section inde-
pendently on phases.
Compare the two images below. The same general cross-section consisting of a concrete rectangular section and steel I
section. In the first one, the rectangle was defined as the first part. In the second one, the I- section was defined as the first
part.
- 27 -
Chapter 10
- 28 -
Construction stages
Defining the introduction of a new phase of the cross-

section
Chapter Defining the changes to the structural scheme describes how to introduce a new member or a new support in a spe-
cific construction stage.
This chapter deals with the introduction of a new part of a phased cross-section, e.g. casting of composite slab, etc.
Procedure to install a new cross-section phase
1. Select the 1D member with the phased cross-section.

2. The property window displays the properties of the 1D member.
3. One of the property groups is named Construction stages.
4. Use item Add to define the stage in which the base part (phase one) of the cross-section is installed.
5. Use item Topping to define the stage in which the second part (phase two) of the cross-section is installed.
- 29 -
Chapter 10
Running the calculation

Both Analysis of Construction Stages and Time Dependent Analysis are run the same way.
Procedure to run ACS / TDA
1. Call menu function Calculation, Mesh > Calculation.

2. Select Construction stages analysis.
3. Click [OK] to start the calculation.
Note: When the Time Dependent Analysis is started, the program may issue a warning that
some solver and mesh parameters must be re- adjusted in order to meet the analysis
requirements. You may either select the automatic re-adjustment and continue with the cal-
culation, or cancel the calculation and make manual adjustment according to chapters
Mesh setup and Calculation setup.
Results of construction stages analysis

When the Construction Stages Analysis (sometimes abbreviated CSA in printed materials) has been performed, the results
can be review.
In general, you will be interested in two types or groups of results.
Results
As each construction stage is assigned one load case (and this load case is exclusive for that construction
for
stage, i.e. it is not used with any other construction stage), the results for load classes show the contribution of
load
the particular construction stage to the overall distribution of a given quantity.
cases
The program automatically generates result classes during the Construction Stages Analysis. Two result
Results
classes are generated for each stage: ULS class and SLS class. (ULS class takes into account load factors
for
gamma, SLS takes them equal to one (1)). The classes are numbered from 1 to the number of the last analysed
load
stage. The results in each class show the current overall state (condition) of the structure after the particular con-
classes
struction stage.
- 30 -
Nonlinear construction stages

The Analysis of Construction Stages (ACS) can be perform also as a nonlinear analysis. Everything that was explained for
linear Analysis of Construction Stages is valid also for this advanced type of calculation. There are a few differences.
Project parameters
In the Project setup > Functionality item Nonlinearity and sub item 2nd order – geometrical nonlinearity must be selected.
Tangent versus parallel connection of a new member

The setup dialogue for construction stages offers one more parameter.
This parameter defines the geometrical configuration used for the connection of a new member in a
new construction stage.
Connection of a tangent: the new member is attached to the "old" member in the direction of the tangent to the deform-
new member ation line of the "old" member
parallel: the new member is attached to the end of the deformed "old" member in the direction parallel
to the direction of the new member on an undeformed structure.
The picture demonstrates the two options. The left hand side of the picture shows the tangent option. The right hand side,
on the other hand, contains the second option.
TDA – Time Dependent Analysis

It is not possible to perform Time Dependent Analysis in combination with nonlinear analysis of construction stages.
- 31 -
Chapter 11

Procedure to run nonlinear ACS

2. Select Nonlinear stage analysis.
Linear versus Non-linear construction stages

Difference between Linear and Non-linear Construction Stages
Linear construction stages
The linear construction stages were developed mainly for the calculation of prestressed structures. It allows the user to
model the construction process and life cycle of the structure. Despite the original purpose to apply this module to concrete
structures, it can be in general used with any material. The user can add or remove supports, members and tendons. For
each construction stage, the safety factors can be set for the permanent and variable load cases including the prestress load
cases, thus resulting in a bandwidth of min/max stresses/forces/deformations/reactions. Additionally, the user is able to
model the segmentally constructed cross- sections by adding the newly cast (concrete) or installed (steel/timber/other)
materials during the construction stage.
- 32 -
The module of Linear construction stages is based on the superposition (linearization) of load cases. Therefore, the user
can easily verify results by adding and removing individual load cases.
Note: Module Time dependant analysis (TDA) cannot run without this module.
The drawback of this module is that 2D members can only be added to the structure and not removed. Also, Young’s mod-
ules cannot change and hinges can be neither added nor removed.
Non-linear construction stages

The non-linear construction stages were originally developed for the analysis of pipeline systems. In essence, it takes into
account the deformed structure of the previous stage, whilst calculating a new construction stage. Therefore, the term
"non-linear" is used. This module can work in collaboration with the non-linear conditions and physical and geometrical non-
linearity. The input of construction stages for this module follows the same principal and uses the same dialogues as for the
linear construction stages.
This module is based on the 2nd order-theory of Newton-Raphson method and requires a proper mesh and incrementing
of the load. It generates nonlinear combinations, each representing a construction stages. Safety factors are all equal to
1.0, i.e. there is no bandwidth of results (min/max).
- 33 -
Chapter 11
The drawback of this module is that it does not work for 2D members and TDA.
- 34 -
TDA (Time Dependent Analysis)
Input
TDA setup
These values must be set for the TDA.
Load factors
gamma- These parameters, that are common for all construction and service stages, can be specified for generated
creep creep load- cases. In fact, no load factors will be applied in TDA calculations. Therefore the results of creep
min(<=1); load-cases that are generated by TDA will also have no load factors included in themselves (better said load
gamma- factor = 1.0). After the calculation has been performed, both SLS and ULS combinations are generated. For
creep ULS combinations all factors (gamma min and gamma max) for dead load, prestressing, quasi- permanent
max(>=1) load, and creep will be applied using both their maximum and minimum values.
Generate
If this checkbox is ticked, a temporary output text-file is generated in the directory for analysis data and tem-
output
porary files.
text file
Time history
The number of subintervals on the detail time axis. The subintervals following the first time subinterval are
Number of generated in log scale. This parameter has an impact on the accuracy of solution of concrete creep.
subintervals
See also Time axis.
Ambient
Ambient moisture in percentages.
moisture
Beam history
Each member has it’s own history of in local time axis containing e.g. time of casting, end of curing, etc. All data set in the
setup dialog are related to local time axis of relevant 1D member. The origin of the local time axis (zero time) is set to the
time, when the appropriate stiffness of macro is introduced (added) into global stiffness matrix of the whole structure ("birth
of member"). The relevant member in highlighted in a special colour in the drawing in main graphic window. The origin of
local time axis is then located to global time of current construction stage.
Time of casting of concrete in days. It is possible to input negative value. In such case the stiffness of the
Time of casting elements between the time of casting and the birth of macro (zero local time) is not included into global
stiffness matrix. At the same time the age of concrete elements is correct.
Time of curing of concrete in days. In case of "phased cross- section" it is time of curing of concrete of
Time of curing
phase one in days.
Time of curing
Significant only in case of "phased cross- section". It is the time of curing of concrete of the second
of composite
phase (of composite parts) in days. This input value is in fact the duration of curing of concrete com-
parts of cross-
posite parts of the cross-section – it is related to the local time axis of the composite part.
section
Line support The age of concrete is respected when calculating its modulus of elasticity. At early stages the fresh
(formwork) concrete should be properly supported by formwork (centring). It is therefore possible to define line
- 35 -
Chapter 12
support of 1D member.
Time of releas-
ing of dis-
placements in X
direction,
Self-explanatory. X, Z are axes of global co-ordinate system.
Time of releas-
ing of dis-
placements in Z
direction
Procedure to adjust TDA parameters

3. Input the required parameters.
5. Close the Setup dialogue.
Note: The TDA part of the setup dialogue is available ONLY if TDA module is available, i.e.
if e.g. the project is of Frame XZ type.
Material setup
These values must be set for the Analysis of construction stages and TDA.
Standard materials available in SCIA Engineer material database can be used in TDA and ACS modules. The number of
material characteristics for concrete is increased and the influence of ageing (code dependent) is introduced. Also the data
of composition of concrete are added for TDA purposes to take into account creep and shrinkage of concrete. New pos-
sibility to define measured values of mean compressive strength of concrete is accessible for EC2 concrete.
On ticking the checkbox Measured values of mean compressive strength (influence of ageing) (in the material editing dia-
logue opened from the Material database manager) new edit- boxes become accessible. The user can input measured val-
ues of mean compressive strength of concrete at age of concrete t1 and t2 (t1<t2). One of the input values can be equal 28
days. This feature of the program could be used especially for rapid hardening concrete or in case of any arrangement
made to speed up the hardening of concrete (in prefab industry). Taking into account the input parameters, the modified
CEB FIP 1990 [2] functions for the development of strength and modulus of elasticity (ageing) are used.
Some data are code-dependent.
CSN
Water content Content of water in concrete.
EC2
Type of cement It can be either slow hardening, normal hardening, rapid hardening or rapid hardening, high strength.
Mesh setup
- 36 -
l Minimal distance between two points ł 0.001 m

l Average number of tiles of 1D element must be ł 2.
l The geometry of finite elements representing the prestressed tendons is generated from the real tendon geometry inclus-
ive of the curves at vertexes of basic (input) tendon polygon. The finite elements then make the polygon with the vertexes
at the distances equal to Average size of cables, tendons, elements on subsoil. After the definition of the element geo-
metry, the mesh is thickened according to the option Average number of tiles of 1D element, without backward influence
on the geometry of tendon elements. Therefore the option Average size of cables, tendons, elements on subsoil must be
chosen according to needed accuracy of modelling of tendon geometry.
l Generation of nodes under concentrated loads on beam elements = on.
For reasons of numerical stability of TDA solver it is recommended to adjust:
l Minimal length of beam element = 0.05 m.
Procedure to adjust mesh parameters
1. Start menu function Setup > Mesh.

2. Adjust the required parameters.
Calculation setup
l Number of sections on average member (element) = 1 (detail results of internal forces at intermediate sections can be
obtained by refining mesh).
Procedure to adjust solver parameters
1. Start menu function Setup > Solver.

2. Adjust the required parameters.
Local beam history

Each 1D member has its own history in local time axis containing e.g. time of casting, end of curing, etc. All data set in this dia-
log are related to local time axis of relevant member. The origin of the local time axis (zero time) is set to the moment, when
the appropriate stiffness of macro is installed (added) into the global stiffness matrix of the whole structure ("birth of 1D mem-
ber"). The appropriate 1D member becomes yellow in the drawing in main graphic window. The origin of the local time axis
is then located to the global time of the current construction stage.
Time of casting of concrete in days. It is possible to input negative value. In such case the stiffness of the
Time of casting elements between the time of casting and the birth of macro (zero local time) is not included into global
stiffness matrix. At the same time the age of concrete elements is correct.
Time adjusted (available only if hardening is sped up by heating or steam curing)
for time of cast-
ing Time of casting of concrete in days recalculated due to the effects of heating or steam curing.
Time of end of Time in days when curing of concrete is ended. The concrete does not shrink during the curing.
curing In case of "phased cross-section" it is time of curing of concrete of phase one in days.
- 37 -
Chapter 12
Time of curing
Significant only in case of "phased cross- section". It is the time of curing of concrete of the second
of composite
phase (of composite parts) in days. This input value is in fact the duration of curing of concrete com-
parts of cross-
posite parts of the cross-section – it is related to the local time axis of the composite part.
section
The age of concrete is respected when calculating its modulus of elasticity. At early stages the fresh
Line support
concrete should be properly supported by formwork (centring). It is therefore possible to define line
(formwork)
support of 1D member.
Time of install-
ation of form- (informative) The time is equal to the time of casting.
work
Time adjusted
for time of install- (available only if hardening is sped up by heating or steam curing)
ation of form- Like the item above but recalculated due to the effects of heating or steam curing.
work.
Time of releas-
ing of dis-
placements in X
direction,
Self-explanatory. X, Z are axes of global co-ordinate system.
Time of releas-
ing of dis-
placements in Z
direction
Time of releas-
(informative) The time is equal to greater of previous two values.
ing in rotation
Procedure to input beam local history

2. Start function Local history.
3. Fill in the required parameters.
5. Select the required member where the defined history should be assigned.
6. End the function.
The 1D members with defined local beam history are marked with symbol LBH.
Note: When a 1D member is added into the model using the Construction stages service, it
physically appears in the model and is added into the stiffness matrix. On the other hand,
- 38 -
Local beam history may specify that such a 1D member is e.g. a few days old and the con-
crete already partially or fully hardened.
Time axis
The time is a new quantity in TDA analysis. First of all, the user defines global time as one of the parameters of each con-
struction phase. This time is be assigned to the current stage. Additional time nodes are generated for TDA, see local history
of a 1D member. Therefore, number of time nodes is greater than the number of stages. Additional time nodes required for
proper accuracy of creep analysis can be generated in the dialog Time axis edit. Logarithmic scale is used for the time axis
drawing in the dialog Time axis edit.
First of all the user inputs the global time of the first construction stage, which is the first time node on the "Time axis of con-
struction stages". For example if we assume (local) time of casting of first macro –3 days, then it is recommended to input
time of the first stage +3 days (but it is not necessary). If we do so, the time of first construction stage in global time axis will be
still +3 days also after merger of the local axis to the time axis of construction stages. The origin of the time axis is always
moved to the time of casting of the first member! Now we have "Merge of local time axes" (time axis of stages + local time
axes): t0, t1, t2, …, ti, tj, … tn, and we need to generate detail time nodes ti+k, k=1,2, … until ti+k<tj (to ensure the required
accuracy of creep analysis). It is done automatically.
Time axis edit dialogue

The Time axis edit dialogue consists of three parts:
l graphical window,
l property window,
l input window.
Graphical window (of the Time axis edit dialogue)

The graphical window shows all the information related to the time axis:
l number of subintervals,
l stage node number,
l time axis of construction stages,
l merge of local time axis,
l detail time axis,
l number of all subintervals.
The graphical window supports standard features of SCIA Engineer graphical windows:
l pop-up menu with a set of zoom, print and export functions,

l [Ctrl] + [Shift] + right-click and drag to zoom in and out the drawing,
l [Shift] + right-click and drag to move the drawing.
For more information, refer also to the introductory text to this chapter and look at the procedure at the end of the chapter.
Property window (of the Time axis edit dialogue)
This window enables you to show or hide required information in the graphical window. It is also possible to adjust colours of
individual diagrams and set the scale of the text and the picture.
Please, read also the procedure at the end of this chapter.
Input window (of the Time axis edit dialogue)
- 39 -
Chapter 12
Here the number of subintervals can be input for the selected interval.
Procedure to edit time axis (change the number of subintervals)

2. Start function Time axis.
3. The Time axis edit dialogue is opened on the screen.
4. You may:
1. review the input data: to display or hide the required axis, just click the appropriate View checkbox in the property win-
dow of the dialogue. To change the colour of the required axis, click the colour box in the property window of the dia-
logue, a "three-dot-button" becomes enabled, press it and select the required colour.
2. change the number on subintervals: On the axis Number of subintervals select the interval you want to edit. The input
box in the bottom right corner of the dialogue becomes accessible and shows the currently defined number of subin-
tervals for the selected interval. You may change the number.
5. When ready, close the dialogue.
Note: A small number of subintervals is suitable for the first analysis and tuning of the
model. The accuracy is not perfect, but the calculation is fast and necessary re- calculations
do not take too much of your precious time. Once the model has been tuned, it is highly
recommended to increase the number of subintervals in order to obtain satisfactory accur-
acy of the results.
Analysis
Finite Element formulation
The method used for the time- dependent analysis is based on a step- by-step procedure in which the time domain is sub-
divided by time nodes. The finite element analysis is performed in each time node. Linear ageing viscoelastic theory is
applied for the creep analysis.
The cross- sections of the structural members usually consist of various materials, e.g. concrete girder or composite slab,
prestressed tendons or reinforcement that are modelled by individual elements. Therefore the centroidal axis of the ele-
ment is to be placed in an eccentricity, relating to the reference axis, which connects the nodes. Full compatibility at adjacent
surfaces of two eccentric elements must be ensured. That’s why the finite element with two external and one internal nodes
is used. The internal node is situated at the centre of the element. To fulfil the requirement for compatibility of two eccentric
elements fixed to common nodes, the axial and transverse displacements are approximated by the polynomial function of
order 2 and 3, respectively. All elements with different eccentricity, which connect identical nodes, create the substructure.
The static condensation of internal node parameters is used, thus the full compatibility between eccentric elements is ful-
filled.
The cross section of the element is constant along the length of element. It is assumed linear distribution of normal forces
and bending moments and constant distribution of shear forces along the length of the element. Relatively detailed sub-
division of the structural member on finite elements is therefore required.
Modelling of prestressing
The prestressing force is not constant along the length of the tendon and over time. It has to be considered at various sec-
tions and at various construction stages respecting the prestressing losses. Some of the losses are calculated in advance by
the "pre-processor". These are short-term losses and are marked "A" (in "a"dvance), see below. Since the tendons (or
- 40 -
groups of tendons) are modelled as individual eccentric elements, the calculation of the other losses will be included in the
"m"ethod (marked "M") for the structural analysis itself. The TDA solver calculates these types of losses automatically and
they are displayed in Results > Tendon stresses.
Losses during tensioning (before or during transfer of prestressing):
l Anchorage set loss, A
l Losses due to sequential prestressing (caused by the elastic deformation of concrete), M
l Losses due to deformation of stressing bed, A
l Losses due to elastic deformation of the joints of segmental structures sequentially prestressed, M (if the joints are
included in the structural model
l Losses due to steel relaxation, A
l Losses caused by the temperature differences between prestressing steel and the stressing bed, A
Note: Refer to chapter Short- term losses for the procedure how to calculate and display
these losses.
Losses after transfer of prestressing (long-term losses):

l Losses due to steel relaxation, M
l Losses due to shrinkage of concrete, M
l Losses due to creep of concrete, M
Note: Refer to chapter Tendon stresses for the procedure how to calculate and display
these losses.
Losses at service:
l Losses (changes of prestressing) caused by life load, M (calculated in standard SCIA Engineer solver)
The local time axis for prestressed elements includes two nodes. The time of stressing is identical with the time of the stage.
An additional time node is generated as the time of anchoring (installing of prestressed element into stiffness matrix). Time
increment to anchoring is a virtual time. The purpose of introducing this time is to distinguish the moment of equivalent load
application and the moment of installing the prestressed elements into stiffness matrix. These time nodes are identical for
pre-tensioned tendons and they have no links to the time information required for calculation of losses.
Strain equivalent to the relaxation to be passed in long-term is applied in several time nodes following the time of anchoring.
The increments of internal forces and deformations caused by the relaxation are added to the results of dead load cases of
construction or service stages, or they are added to "empty" load-cases generated automatically for creep and shrinkage
effects. The effects of creep, shrinkage, and relaxation are mixed together (they cannot be separated, because they inter-
act in the reality).
Solution strategy
Creep and shrinkage of structural members are predicted through the mean properties of a given cross-section, taking into
account the average relative humidity and member size. The creep, shrinkage and ageing effects may be taken into account
according to the design recommendations of EC2, CSN 73 1201 and CSN 73 6207 (the latter two being Czech standards).
The method used for creep analysis does not require any iteration in one step and does not restrict the type of creep func-
- 41 -
Chapter 12
tion. It is based upon the assumption of linearity between stresses and strains to assure the applicability of linear super-
position. The development of modulus of elasticity over time due to ageing is taken into account.
The method used for the time-dependent analysis is based on a step-by-step computer procedure in which the time domain
is subdivided by discrete time nodes ti (i = 1,2, ... n) into time intervals. The solution in the time node i is as follows:
1. The increments of strains, curvatures and shear strains caused by creep during the interval <ti-1,ti> are calculated. Cor-
respondingly the shrinkage strains are also calculated.
2. The load vector dFp is assembled as equivalent to the effects of generalised strains calculated in the step 1.
3. The stiffness matrices K of the elements are calculated for the time ti and the stiffness matrix of the whole structure Kg is
assembled.
4. The system of equation KgdDg= dFp is analysed. The vector of increments of nodal displacements dDg is added to the
vector of total nodal displacements Dg.
5. The elements are analysed in the central co-ordinate system (the coordinate system, in which x–axis is created by
centroids of cross- sections of the element). The increments of internal forces and increments of elastic strains are cal-
culated from the increments of displacements of the element nodes.
6. The changes of the structural configuration carried on in the time node ti are introduced.
7. The increments of generalised strains of the elements that are prestressed (or loaded by changes of temperature) in the
time node ti are calculated. The losses of the prestressing due to the deformation of the structure are automatically
included in the analysis through the increments of internal element forces.
8. The load vector dF z is assembled as equivalent to the effects of generalised strains calculated in the step 7. The incre-
ments of other types of the long-term load applied in the time node ti are added to the load vector dFz.
9. The system of equation KgdDg= dF z is analysed. The vector of increments of nodal displacements dDg is added to the
vector of total nodal displacements Dg.
10. The increments of internal forces and increments of elastic strains are calculated from the increments of displacements of
the element nodes.
11. The increments of internal forces calculated in the steps 5 and 10 are added to the total internal forces. The increments of
elastic strains calculated in the steps 5 and 10 are added together and saved to the history of elastic strains as the incre-
ments in the time node ti.
12. Go to the first step of the time node i+1.

Both Analysis of Construction Stages and Time Dependent Analysis are run the same way.
Procedure to run ACS / TDA

2. Select Construction stages analysis.
Note: When the Time Dependent Analysis is started, the program may issue a warning that
some solver and mesh parameters must be re- adjusted in order to meet the analysis
requirements. You may either select the automatic re-adjustment and continue with the cal-
culation, or cancel the calculation and make manual adjustment according to chapters
- 42 -
Calculation setupCalculation setup.
Mobile loads in TDA

Results from the TDA module can be combined with results from the Mobile load module. Even though this module is
described separately, we will present here briefly the input procedure.
1. Define the structure including the geometry, supports, cross- sections, tendons, all construction stages and at least one
load case.
2. Switch on the Mobile load functionality in the project settings.
3. Define the loading system itself in Libraries > Loads > Mobile loads systems.
4. Specify the track and, if required, modify the assigned unit load.
In the next step you can select one of the two possible ways for the evaluation of the mobile load.
a) Calculation of envelopes for internal forces resulting from the mobile loading system
positioned in the critical section:
5.a. In the tree branch Mobile loads > Setup for generated load cases define the rule for the generation of envelopes. It is
necessary to specify the unit load and loading system, the name for the generated load case and select the components for
which the envelopes should be generated. Unnecessary parameters may be disabled.
6.a. Run the linear calculation in order to produce the appropriate envelope load cases and feed them with results. The gen-
erated "envelope" load case can be included into the defined combinations.
7.a. The envelopes of the extreme values of internal forces (bending moments, shear forces, etc.) produces by the mobile
load can be reviewed in service Results.
Note: The results stored in these load cases after the linear calculation do not take into account possible construction stages.
Only the subsequent TDA or stages analysis will feed the load cases with correct values.
b) Calculation of the extreme values of internal forces due mobile load positioned in pre-
defined sections:
5.b. Mobile loads > Detailed analysis – perform what is termed utilisation of influence lines for the selected result type, i.e.
generate new load cases for specified sections and for the selected loading system, track and internal forces (the load gen-
erated into each load case can be reviewed).
6.b. It is possible to define new combinations with the generated load cases. Then the TDA calculation must be performed in
order to feed the load cases (to get the results for the load cases).
7.b. The distribution of the extremes of internal forces (bending moments, shear forces, etc.) produces by the mobile load
placed into the selected section can be reviewed in service Results.
a) + b) Insertion into the construction stages and execution of the TDA calculation:
8. Generated load cases can be added into the corresponding construction stage in the construction stages manager using
the action button Variable loads.
9. Run the TDA calculation.
10. In the dialogue Load cases, combinations > Combinations new "user combinations" containing both "TDA" and "mobile"
load cases can be added. The execution of the calculation of the combinations is then sufficient to update the newly input
combinations.
- 43 -
Chapter 12
Important note:
1. When the envelopes of internal forces due to mobile loading system placed into the critical section are calculated, no ten-
dons are placed into the structure (into the stiffness matrix) during the calculation and, therefore, the total resultants have no
meaning in the evaluation of the results. The calculated results are, in fact, the total resultants. Consequently, the option
"total resultant" is already marked and disabled for such combinations. As a result, no change of prestressing due to variable
load occurs in the tendons (Lmin, Lmax = 0).
2. The calculation of the extreme values of internal forces due to the mobile load placed in advanced into the specified sec-
tions takes into account the tendons located in the structure and, therefore, the total resultants are meaningful (particular
load cases are generated). As a result, the change of prestressing due to variable load is reflected in the tendons.
Modelling of precast segmental cantilever construction method
Precise levelling method - precast

Modelling of “precise levelling” method in precast segmental cantilever construction method is quite simple. Let’s assume
that segments are always cast 60 days before the attachment to the cantilever. Further let’s assume that a five- day
assembly cycle is used. It means that one segment will be installed in each five days. Individual steps are shown in colour in
Fig. 8 where just one cantilever is displayed, i.e. a half of the fixed beam. The time schedule of segmental construction (intro-
duction of the segment into the structure stiffness matrix) for individual segments can be seen in Table 1. The origin of the
closing joint in Fig. 8e is related to its introduction into the structure stiffness matrix and not to the casting itself.
Dead load of segments and also the equivalent load due to prestressing of segments is defined precisely in the time of install-
ation (attachment) of segments. Loads imposed by possible crane motion or prestressing device can be input as variable
loads in the given construction stage or as loads on a completed part of the structure. Dead load of the closing joint is,
- 44 -
according to Table 1, applied after 20 days and not in the time of casting, which is 15 days, when this load acts in reality. The
reason is that in fact the joint in the model does not exist between days 15 and 20 and therefore, it is not capable of trans-
ferring any load. The same applies to other construction approaches described below.
The deflections of a half of the symmetrical structure calculated after the installation of segment 4 made in 1000 days after
the two cantilevers have been made monolithic are given in Fig. 9. The deflection curve shows apparent breaks that are not
real in fact, but they result from the fact that the deflection of the free-end of the newly attached segment of the model is zero
in the time of attachment.
Tangent method - precast

This method requires that deflections of all finite element nodes be corrected during the calculation to reflect the current rota-
tion of cantilever end. Therefore, all the cantilever nodes must be connected by means of finite elements at the beginning of
construction. These may be formed by already made segments. That’s why segments 1 to 4 are installed at the very begin-
ning of construction (global time 0 (zero)), see Fig. 10. However, it follows from Table 2 that the dead load of the segments
is not introduced simultaneously with their installation. The dead load is applied gradually in compliance with the real time
schedule of the installation of segments. Consequently, the function for an automatic generation of dead load cannot be
employed, which is not a significant disadvantage considering the existence of cross-beams and pads in the real structure.
Fig. 11 shows the deflection of a half of the symmetrical structure calculated after the installation of segment 4 in 1000 days
after the two cantilevers have become monolithic in the joint. It is clear that the deflection curve is smooth except the break in
the point of attachment of the cantilever to the closing joint. The deflections calculated between the ends of the cantilevers
are not real. Correct values may be obtained (i) by interpolating between values in the ends of cantilevers or (ii) by pre-
venting the generation of finite elements nodes between the ends of cantilevers when defining the mesh parameters. Sin-
gular points in the deflection curve in the ends of the cantilevers occur not only in the model, but also in the real structure.
- 45 -
Chapter 12
Modelling of cast-in-place segmental cantilever construction method
Precise levelling method – cast-in-place

Also the modelling of “precise levelling” method in cast-in- place segmental cantilever construction method is quite simple.
Let’s assume that segments are always stresses 5 days after casting. To simplify the matter, let’s assume that a five- day
working cycle is used (transfer and rectification of casting carriage, casting, stressing). Individual construction stages are
graphically identical to the “precise levelling” method for precast segmental cantilever construction and are shown in colour
in Fig. 8. The time schedule of the step-by-step cast-in-place construction is presented in Table 3.
Dead load of segments is applied in the time of prestressing of the segments. Similarly to the dead load of closing joint, also
the dead load of segments acts in fact in the time of casting. However, the appropriate segments do not yet exist in terms of
stiffness in that time (neither in the model nor in the real structure) and are not capable of carrying any load. In the real struc-
ture, the load is transferred by the casting carriage to the previous segment as a point load. Considering the fact that a
“young” concrete is subject to loads, the demand of an engineer to take account of “correct” time moments of dead load
application is justified. This can be modelled by means of a set of point loads that will be input into the load case applied on
the existing structure (the previous segment) in the time when a new segment is being cast. In the time of prestressing (and
application of the dead load of the new segment) the set of point loads must be applied with the opposite sign in order to pre-
vent doubling of the dead load. Also the load from the casting carriage can be additionally input to this set and in case of e.g.
a bridge of a constant cross-section, both load sets (loading and unloading) can be moved along the structure together with
the casting of a new segment. If also the effect of this load on creep of concrete should to be taken into account, the set of
point loads must be defined in a permanent load case and not in a variable one.
- 46 -
Once again, apparent breaks can be observed in deflection curves in Fig. 12. These breaks result from the fact that the
deflection increments relate to the time of segment casting.
Tangent method – cast-in-place

Modelling of the “tangent” cast- in-place segmental cantilever construction is more difficult in terms of preparation of input
data. All cantilever nodes must be again connected by means of finite elements at the beginning of construction. This time
however, the nodes cannot be formed by segment elements because in the time of the first segment installation, other seg-
ments are not yet cast. Therefore, auxiliary elements must be defined and these must be installed at the very beginning of
construction (global time 0 (zero)), see Fig. 13a. The cross-section is thus transformed to a general cross- section, an ima-
ginary zero section-stage is defined that is formed by a steel element of minimal possible dimensions (in order not to affect
the sectional stiffness). Considering a different time of casting (stage 1 of cross-sections), number of section types must be
increased similarly to the project described in Fig. 13.
- 47 -
Chapter 12
In the second construction stage, casting of segment 1 is modelled by the change of appropriate cross-section from stage 0
to stage 1, see Fig. 13b. Similarly to “precise levelling”, the fresh concrete of the first segment cannot be subject to dead load
for the same reason. Therefore, the dead load of the first segment is applied only in the time of prestressing of the first seg-
ment, see Table 4. Once again, a set of point loads can be used to model the real dead load. Subsequent construction
stages can be seen in Fig. 13 and Table 14.
- 48 -
For better understanding, Fig. 14 shows the deflection of a half of the symmetrical structure calculated after segment 4 has
been stressed in the time of 1000 days after the two cantilevers have become monolithic in the joint. The deflection curve is
again smooth except the break in the point of attachment of the cantilever to the closing joint.
Results
Standard results
When the Time Dependent Analysis has been performed, you may review all the standard results as in case of a normal
static linear calculation: deformations, internal forces, stresses, reactions.
For more information, refer to sub-chapters in chapter Results.
Tendon stresses
Result diagrams in graphical window
Note: The principles for displaying of results are described in chapter Results.
Procedure to display tendon stresses
1. Open service Results.

2. Start function Tendon stresses.
3. Select the load for the display.
4. Adjust the style of result diagrams.
5. Select the 1D member strand patterns for which the results should be drawn.
6. Use filter to specify the tendons to be displayed (see below).
7. Press button [Refresh] to regenerate the drawing.
8. When ready, close service Results.
Filtering the results

Capabilities of filtering will be explained on a simple example.
- 49 -
Chapter 12
Imagine a two span continuous beam built in two construction stages: left span in the first stage (assigned load case 1),
second span in the second stage (assigned load case 2).
Both spans are prestressed and have a beam strand pattern defined. The left span contains 5 strands, the second one only
one.
Open service Results and start function Tendon stresses.

Set Selection to Standard and select no beam strand pattern.
Open combo box Tendons, it contains just one option: All by selection.
Now select the strand pattern in the left span and open the same combo box again. It offers All by selection plus the five
strands from the first beam.
Clear the selection, select the right hand span and look into the combo box. It offers All by selection plus the strand from the
second beam.
Select both strand patters and open the combo box once again. It offers All by selection, plus the five strands from the first
beam, plus the strand from the second beam.
This way you may select just one tendon and display the results on it. This option is convenient especially if there are multiple
strands in one beam. Compare the pictures below. The first one displays results on all strands in the beam, the second one
on just one strand.
- 50 -
Now, set Selection to All. Select All by selection in combo box Tendons.
Set Load to Load cases and select LC1. This load case is assigned to the first construction stage when only the left span
exists. When you press [Refresh], tendon stresses are displayed only on the left span.
Similarly, if you select LC2, only tendon stresses in the right span are shown.
- 51 -
Chapter 12
And finally, let Selection to All and keep All by selection in combo box Tendons.
Set Load to Classes and select Class 1. This class corresponds to the first construction stage when only the first span exists.
Press [Refresh], tendon stresses are displayed only on the left span.
Select Class 2 that corresponds to the second construction stage, when both spans exist. Press [Refresh] and tendon
stresses are displayed on both spans.
- 52 -
Detailed results
It is possible to display detailed results for a single beam strand pattern
Procedure to display detailed results

3. Click action button [Detailed].
4. Select one beam strand pattern.
5. A window with detailed results opens on the screen.
Preview in the Preview window

The results may be reviewed in tabular form in the preview window.
Procedure to view the preview

5. Select the beam strand patterns for which the results should be drawn.
7. Press button [Preview] to view the table of results.
Explanation of abbreviations
SAT
Stress after transfer.
Loss due to sequential prestressing + loss caused by the elastic deform-

LED
ation of concrete.
Loss due to creep and shrinkage of concrete + loss due to long- term
LCS
steel relaxation.
Lmin Loss (change of) prestressing caused by life load (min).
Lmax Loss (change of) prestressing caused by life load (max).
MinStress Minimal stress in phase.
MaxStress Maximal stress in phase.
- 53 -
Chapter 13
Prestressing
Pre-tensioned prestressed concrete

Introduction to prestressing
Module Prestressing makes it possible to define geometry, material and other properties of prestressed tendon. The ten-
don can be inserted into 1D members. It is possible to define pre-tensioned internal tendons.
The tendons are defined through strand patterns that are supposed to be symmetrical in a 1D member, thus only one (sym-
metrical) half of the strand along the 1D member must be defined. The input is made in three steps:
1. Bore hole pattern is defined, i.e. the location of holes in the "face-plate" is defined.
2. Sectional strand pattern is specified, i.e. which holes of the "face-plate" are "filled" with a strand/wire/bar.
3. Beam strand pattern is input, which means that the shape of the strands/wires/bars along the 1D member is defined (this
step is subject to certain limitations that will be explained later).
Note: It is not possible to import prestressing data from EPW system.
Materials of Prestressing Tendons

The system database contains all materials for prestressing tendons listed in EC2 Code, CSN 73 12 01 and CSN 73 62 07
(Czech standards). For instructions on how to select current material and how to work with the system, user and project
database, see chapter Database managers.
Considering the fact, that the material properties of prestressing tendons are dependent on diameter of prestressing unit
(i.e. strand/wire/bar), the materials are listed in the system database not only according to the type, but also according to the
diameter of the unit. The dialog and parameters are code and type dependent.
The relaxation table is defined in the system database for each prestressed material. Button Relaxation table can bring the
relaxation table on view. Also diagrams of the relaxation values (after pressing button Graph) can be displayed, if required.
The user may also edit the values in the relaxation table. To do so, it is necessary to check option User relaxation first. Only
then you can open the Relaxation table dialogue and edit the values in it.
Properties of pre-tensioned tendons

The dialog Concrete > Setup can be used to define general properties and type of stressing of pre-tensioned tendons.
Type of stressing
See the figure below the table.
Anchorage set
Anchorage set at stressed end of tendon.
Initial stress Specifies the initial stress at stressed end of tendon (before seating).
Stress during correcting Defines the stress at stressed end of tendon. The amount of relaxation can be
- 54 -
Prestressing
decreased by keeping the stress constant (so called correction of relaxation).

Duration of short-term relax- Specifies the time period between the end of correction of relaxation (if any) and time
ation of anchoring.
Duration of keeping stress The duration of keeping constant stress during correction of relaxation.
Anchorage length The length of development of bond between the concrete and pre-tensioned tendon.
Total length of wires or strands (between wedges); for pre- tensioned concrete it is
Length of prestressing units equal to the length of stressing bed plus the length of abutments, see Fig. Pre- ten-
sioned beam.
Distance between sections for
Defines sections where results are given.
output
self-explanatory
Length of stressing bed
Shortening of stressing bed

due to stressing of all prestress- self-explanatory
ing units
Coefficient of thermal expan-
self-explanatory
sion of stressing bed
Temperature of prestressing
units and stressing bed at stress- self-explanatory
ing
Temperature of prestressing
units at the time when bond self-explanatory
exists
Temperature of stressing bed at
self-explanatory
the time when bond exists
Pre-tensioned beam
Input of overhang
a) The user defines the real length of the tendon - this length includes also the overhang length (only prestressing losses are
calculated on this real length of the tendon).
- 55 -
Chapter 13
b) The user inputs the overhang-length on both ends. These overhang lengths are then subtracted from the total real
length of the tendon. The length of the tendon used in the FEM calculation equals to the real length of the tendon decreased
by the overhangs on both ends.
Example
Beam with length of 10.0m, tendon with length of 11.0m and overhangs 0,5m on each end. ==> The tendon length for cal-
culation of losses = 11.0m; tendon length for FEM calculation = 10.0m
- 56 -
Prestressing
Type of stressing
Type 1
Type 2
Type 3
Type 4
Type 5
- 57 -
Chapter 13
Types of Prestressing Units

Czech code CSN 73 12 01:
l Cold-drawn wires PD, PP, PH, PV, PN, PNV

l Strands LA, LB, LC, LD, LSA, LSB
Czech code CSN 73 62 07:
l Cold-drawn wires P
l Strands Lp, Ls
EC2:
l Cold-drawn wires w
l Indented wires w
l Strands s
l Plain round bars b
l Ribbed bars
Short-term losses
Short-term losses can be calculated in advance, before the solver is run:
l Anchorage set loss

l Losses due to deformation of stressing bed
l Losses due to steel relaxation
l Losses caused by the temperature differences in between prestressing steel and the stressing bed.
Besides of those losses, calculation of some other losses is included in the method for the structural analysis itself. Three
codes are supported for the calculation of losses in SCIA Engineer:
l EC2,
l CSN 73 6207,
l CSN 73 1201.
The losses are calculated according to assumptions given in these codes.

Note:
CSN 736207 art. 9.2.5 stipulates that a curved part of a duct with the radius larger than ratio mju/k is considered to be a
straight part the length of which is equal to the length of the curved part.
This condition is not taken into account in the algorithm in the program. Such configuration occurs only occasionally and
therefore is not handled separately. The problem can be simply sorted out by the users themselves – they may define such a
value of the friction coefficient in a curve so that mju*alpha=k*l.
The introduction of EN code is accompanied with the preparation of a general algorithm in which k*l is considered an unin-
tended change of tendon angle with l equal to the sum of lengths of straight and curved parts. This means that the described
problem is in the calculation according to EN automatically sorted out.
Anchorage set loss

There are two simplifications used in calculation of anchorage set loss:
- 58 -
Prestressing
1. EC2: we introduce effective cumulative angle g=a+kx over a distance x, where x is horizontal co-ordinate, a is intended
angle over a distance x, kx is unintended angle over a distance x.
2. CSN 73 1201 and CSN 73 6207: the exponential functions for friction calculations are approximated by first two members
of power function.
Relaxation
The losses of prestressing caused by steel relaxation are introduced at three levels.
At first level - the correction of relaxation is calculated, namely the relaxation which appears during keeping the stress con-
stant before anchoring. In fact, this is not a loss of prestressing. On the contrary the total relaxation considered in the struc-
tural analysis is decreased by this value. The relaxation at this level is applied for types 1, 2 and 3 of stressing sequence only
(see Properties of pre-tensioned tendons > Type of stressing).
At second level – the short-term relaxation loss is calculated. The calculation is performed according to procedure of stress-
ing and anchoring for types 1, 2 and 5 (see Properties of pre-tensioned tendons > Type of stressing).
At third level – the long-term relaxation loss is calculated for all five types of stressing sequence. This relaxation loss will occur
after anchoring. Therefore it has an impact on the long-term behaviour of building structure and it should be applied as one
of the loads in time-dependent analysis. In SCIA Engineer implementation the strain equivalent to relaxation to be passed in
long-term is applied in several time nodes following ttr (see Properties of pre-tensioned tendons > Type of stressing).
The calculation of all of the relaxation losses mentioned above is based on the following principles. The differences between
the procedures applied for different national codes are only in different definition of material characteristics. Firstly the final
relaxation loss is calculated, which depends on the level of stress at given section related to the characteristic tensile
strength. In the second step - the relative decrease of stress related to the final relaxation loss is calculated according to the
duration of time interval when the stress is applied. The only simplification is that there is no effect of the changes of steel
stress during the interval on the magnitude of relaxation in this time interval. For example - at third level – the losses of
prestressing due to creep and shrinkage of concrete do not influence the amount of steel relaxation (insignificant).
The final relaxation loss is not defined in EC2 (only the relaxation up to 1000 hours). Therefore the estimate of the relaxation
up to 30 years is used according to CEB FIP 1990 Model Code [2].
Running the losses

Having set all the input data described above, the losses can be calculated.
Procedure to calculate losses
1. Select the beam strand pattern for which the losses should be calculated.
2. The properties of the strand pattern are shown in the Property window.
3. Click button [Edit strand patterns].
4. The editing dialogue for the selected strand pattern is opened on the screen.
5. Select one strand which you are interested in.
6. Its properties are displayed in the bottom right corner of the dialogue.
7. Click action button Losses.
8. A preview window is displayed. The preview window is split into two parts. In first part some details of tendon parameters
are displayed together with the table of results. Using the toolbar at the top of the window, all the information can be expor-
ted to a file (HTML, TXT, PDF, RTF) or directly to printer. In the second part a diagram, the distribution of various losses
along the length of the tendon is shown. It is possible to change the scale of the diagram or the text. And the pop-up menu
(pressing right mouse button), offers some basic functions for the picture: zoom, print, copy to clipboard or save to an
external file.
- 59 -
Chapter 13
Stressing bed
Stressing bed manager

The Stressing bed manager is one of the standard SCIA Engineer database managers. It enables you to review, input, edit,
delete, print, export or import individual stressing beds.
Procedure to open Stressing bed manager
1. Open service Library.

2. Open branch Pretensioning special.
3. Start function Stressing beds.
4. The Stressing beds manager opens on the screen.
Defining a new stressing bed

Procedure to define a new stressing bed
1. Open the Stressing bed manager.

2. Click button [New].
3. A new stressing bed is added to the manager and can be edited directly in the manager dialogue.
4. Define the parameters.
Editing dialogue for stressing bed

Name
self-explanatory
Length of
prestressing self-explanatory
units
- 60 -
Prestressing
It indicates whether the loss caused by the temperature dif-

Temperature
ferences between the prestressing steel and the stressing bed will
loss
be calculated.
Length of stress-
ing bed self-explanatory
Coefficient of
thermal expan-
self-explanatory
sion of stress-
ing bed
Temperature of
prestressing
units and stress- self-explanatory
ing bed at stress-
ing
Temperature of
prestressing
units at the time self-explanatory
when bond
exists
Temperature of
stressing bed at
self-explanatory
the time when
bond exists
It indicates whether the loss caused by the shortening of stressing
Loss due to bed due to stressing of all prestressing units will be calculated. The
deformation of stressing bed is an auxiliary structure between abutments where
stressing bed the formwork is placed. It might be of a limited stiffness relating to
high forces applied during stressing.
Shortening of
stressing bed
due to stressing self-explanatory
of all prestress-
ing units
Editing the existing stressing bed

Procedure to edit the existing stressing bed
1. Open the Stressing bed manager.

2. Select the required stressing bed.
3. Click button [Edit].
4. The editing dialogue for a stressing bed opens on the screen.
5. Modify the required parameters.
- 61 -
Chapter 13

Speed-up of hardening by heating or steam curing

1 General
This chapter is related to production of precast concrete elements. The adding rules for precast concrete element and struc-
ture are described in EN1992-1-1 chapter 10 and annex B. This heating influences maturity of concrete and relaxation loss
of prestressing steel.
2 Speed-up of hardening by heating or steam curing
The user can select sped-up hardening in the Library of Stressing beds. If the user marks checkbox Speed-up of hardening
by heating or steam curing, two new checkboxes appear in this dialogue. There he can choose if heating influences Maturity
of concrete and Relaxation acceleration.
Fig. 1 Dialogue of stressing beds
2.1 Maturity of concrete
2.1.1 Theory
The effect of elevated or reduced temperatures within the range 0 – 80°C on the maturity of concrete may be taken into
account by adjusting the concrete age according to formula B.10 from EN 1992-1-1.
- 62 -
Prestressing
Where
is the temperature adjusted concrete age which replaces t in the cor-

t_T
responding equations
T(delta_
is the temperature in °C during the time period delta_ti
ti)
delta_ti is the number of days when a temperature T prevails
2.1.2 Implementation in SCIA Engineer

New checkbox Maturity of concrete was implemented in Stressing beds dialogue. If user turns ON this checkbox, he has an
opportunity to define the beginning of time interval (ti) where temperature (Tc(dti)) is acting by a three- dot button. The
lengths of the intervals (dti) are calculated from the difference of the user defined times (ti). The temperature should be
defined as an average value Tc(dti) in the defined time interval dti according to formula B.10.
Fig. 2 Time-temperature cycle
Fig. 3 New time-temperature interval
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Chapter 13
Fig. 4 Maturity of concrete table
There are concrete characteristics in the bottom part of the dialogue. These characteristics are informative for the user only
and the values depend on the selected class of concrete.
The program recalculates from these input values new adjusted time ti(adj) according to formula B.10. This adjusted time is
adapted to the time dependent construction stages analysis. The user has possibility to see it in the Beam settings in Local
time axis. The maturity of concrete of the beam for which Beam settings are defined will be adapted by adjusted time of cast-
ing.
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Prestressing
Fig. 5 Beam settings dialogue

3 Relaxation acceleration
3.1.1 Theory
For pre- tensioned members, the effect of increasing the temperature while curing the concrete on the relaxation losses is
considered. An equivalent time teq is added to the time after tensioning t in the relaxation time functions, given in 3.3.2(7), to
take into account the effects of the heat treatment on the prestress loss due to the relaxation of the prestressing steel. The
equivalent time can be estimated according to formula 10.2 from EN1992-1-1.
Where
t_eq is the equivalent time (in hours)

T(delta_ti) is the temperature (in °C) during the time interval delta_ti
T_max is the maximum temperature (in °C) during the heat treatment
3.1.2 Implementation in SCIA Engineer

New checkbox Relaxation acceleration was implemented in Stressing beds dialog. If user turns ON this checkbox, he has an
opportunity to define the beginning of time interval (ti in hours) where temperature (Tp(dti)) is acting by the three-dot but-
ton. The lengths of the intervals (dti) are calculated from the difference of the user defined times (ti). If the user turns on
checkbox Relaxation acceleration; he has an opportunity to influence relaxation acceleration in the new table.
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Chapter 13
Fig. 6 New time-temperature interval
Fig. 7 Maturity of concrete table

The values in the Relaxation acceleration table can be loaded from Maturity concrete table by button Load.
The time teq is used for calculation of duration of short-term relaxation of pretensioned strands and it is possible to view it in
Beam strand pattern dialogue using button Losses.
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Prestressing
Fig. 8 Short-term losses of pretensioned strand.
Bore hole pattern
Bore hole pattern

Before casting a pre-tensioned member, a steel plate is installed at the end of the stressing bed. This plate contains holes
that will define the position of strands in the end-section of the member. Not all the holes must be necessarily used (filled with
a strand) at every member. Some holes may remain empty. That is why SCIA Engineer distinguishes between bore hole
pattern and sectional strand pattern.
First, a bore hole pattern is defined and then it is used to define a sectional strand pattern. Both these "entities" define the loc-
ation of strands at the end-section of the prestressed member.
Note: More information about the technology used for the production of pre-tensioned 1D
members can be found in [3].
Bore hole patterns manager

The Bore hole pattern manager is one of the standard SCIA Engineer database managers. It enables you to review, input,
edit, delete, print, export or import individual bore hole patterns.
Procedure to open Bore hole pattern manager

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Chapter 13
3. Start function Bore hole patterns.

4. The Bore hole pattern manager opens on the screen.
Defining a new bore hole pattern

Procedure to define a new bore hole pattern
1. Open the Bore hole pattern manager.

3. The Cross-section database manager is opened on the screen.
4. Select the cross-section for which the new bore hole pattern should be defined.
5. Close the Cross-section database manager.
6. The editing dialogue for a bore hole pattern opens on the screen.
7. Define the bore hole pattern.
Editing dialogue for a bore hole pattern
The dialogue for the definition or editing of a bore hole pattern consists of the following parts:
l graphical window,
l definition of coordinate system,
l section of the input of regions and holes,
l definition of reference point.
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Prestressing
Graphical window
The graphical window displays the selected cross-section and the defined pattern of holes. It supports standard features of
SCIA Engineer graphical windows:

Definition of coordinate system

You may select the origin of the input- coordinate-system. The selected system is marked in the graphical window. For
example:
Input of regions and holes

The holes in the plate may be defined individually one-by-one or en-block in specified regions (even the region may contain
just one hole).
Regions
A region is always rectangular and is defined by its position in the cross-section and its size. The holes are always regularly
distributed across the region. You may specify either (i) the number of holes in the horizontal and vertical direction or (ii) the
position of the first hole in each direction and the distance between the holes in that direction.
Name
Specifies the name of the region.
Left bot-
tom y
Defines the coordinates of the bottom left the corner of region.
Left bot-
tom z
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Chapter 13
Width
Specifies the width of the region.
Height
Specifies the height of the region.
You may select the type of definition of the holes in the region:
Type Grid – you define the number of the holes in each direction
Increment - you define the position of the first hole in each direction and
the distance between the holes in that direction
No. of
holes y
Inputs the holes for type Grid.
No. of
holes z
First hole
y
Inputs the holes for type Increment. Defines the position of the first hole.
First hole
z
Dy Inputs the holes for type Increment. Specifies the distance between indi-
Dz vidual holes.
Hole dia-
meter Defines the hole diameter.
Holes
Holes may be input directly by their position in the cross-section.
(informative) Shows the number of the hole. The number are assigned
ID
automatically by the program.
Name
Specifies the name of the hole.
Y
The coordinates defining the position of the hole.
Z
Hole dia-
meter Defines the hole diameter.
Holes can be copied. In that case you specify if you make just a single copy or a multiple copy, input the distance between the
copies and, if required, also the number of copies. In order to copy a hole, simply use button [Copy] next to the list of holes
and fill in the copy-dialogue.
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Prestressing
Note: When you define the holes in regions, it may happen that some holes "fall" out of the
cross-section (especially if the cross-section is not rectrangular). These outside holes do
not have to be specially treated as they are automatically filtered when you define the sec-
tional strand pattern. That means that strands can be put only into real and proper holes.
Defined holes in the bore hole pattern
Available holes in the sectional strand pattern
Reference point
The reference point can be used to position the bore hole pattern in the cross-section of the 1D member when the sectional
strand pattern is created (you are asked to position the bore hole pattern on the cross-section). Normally, you may accept
the default setting. Only if you decide on a special configuration of the bore hole pattern, it may be convenient to "play" with
the reference point and use one bore hole pattern for different final location of strands in the 1D member.
Editing the existing bore hole pattern

Procedure to edit the existing bore hole pattern
1. Open the Bore hole pattern manager.

2. Select the required bore hole pattern.
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Chapter 13

4. The editing dialogue for a bore hole pattern opens on the screen.
5. Modify what necessary.
Note: For more information about the editing dialogue read chapter Defining a new bore
hole pattern.
Sectional strand pattern
Sectional strand pattern

Sectional strand pattern defines the position of strands at the end-section of a prestressed member. First, a bore hole pat-
tern must be created and later the sectional strand pattern may be defined for it.
Note: More information about the technology used for the production of pre-tensioned 1D
members can be found in [3].
Sectional strand pattern manager

The Sectional strand pattern manager is one of the standard SCIA Engineer database managers. It enables you to review,
input, edit, delete, print, export or import individual sectional strand patterns.
Procedure to open Sectional strand pattern manager

3. Start function Sectional strand pattern.
4. The Sectional strand pattern manager opens on the screen.
Defining a new sectional strand pattern

Procedure to define a new sectional strand pattern
1. Open the Sectional strand pattern manager.

3. The Cross-section database manager is opened on the screen.
4. Select the cross-section for which a new strand pattern should be defined.
5. Close the Cross-section database manager.
6. Select the bore hole pattern for which a new sectional strand pattern should be defined.
7. Close the Bore hole pattern manager.
8. A small positioning dialogue is opened on the screen.
9. Position the bore hole pattern in the cross-section (see the note below).
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Prestressing
10. The editing dialogue for a sectional strand pattern opens on the screen.
11. Define the new sectional strand pattern.
Note: This positioning of the bore hole pattern on the cross-section may become important
later when you decide to change the height of the cross- section. The position of strands is
related to the reference point and is not affected by the change of the dimension. You may
choose the reference point which most suits your needs.
Editing dialogue for sectional strand pattern
The dialogue for the definition or editing of a sectional strand pattern consists of the following parts:
l graphical window,
l info-table,
l legend,
l strand properties,
l view parameters button,
l debonding length button,
l control buttons.
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Chapter 13
Graphical window

Info-table
This table is located in the top left corner of the dialogue.
Name Specifies the name of the pattern.

Cross-section (informative) Informs about the cross- section used in the sec-
name tional pattern.
(informative) Informs about the bore hole used in the sectional
Bore hole
pattern.
Legend
The legend has two roles:
l (informative) it explains the symbols used in the graphical window (each type of strand uses a special graphical mark or
colour),
l (active) it is used for the input of individual strands into the bore holes.
Procedure to input a new strand
1. In the Legend select the required strand material and diameter.

2. In the graphical window click the holes where you want to have a strand.
3. If you need to combine more materials/diameters, simply repeat steps 1 and 2.
Procedure to delete the existing strand
1. In the Legend select item No Strand.

2. In the graphical window click the strand you want to remove.
Procedure to define debonded or fixed strand
1. In the Legend select the item Debonded or Fixed.

2. In the graphical window click the appropriate strand(s).
Alternatively, you may define these two properties in the property window of the required strand (see below).
Stand properties
Whenever a defined strand is selected in the graphical window, its properties are shown in the Properties window.
Name
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Prestressing
Specifies the name of the strand.

ID
Specifies the ID of the strand.
Group
(informative) The number of strand group.
Material
Selects the material and diameter.
Position in hole
It specifies the position of the tendon withing the hole (centre, top, bottom, left, right).
Fixed
Specifies if the strand is fixed. The fixed strand has fixed position in the section along the whole length of the 1D
member. It is straight.
Debonding length
Defines whether the strand is debonded at its end and if so, over which distance.
Also the debonded strand has fixed position in the section along the whole length of the 1D member. It is straight.
Stressing sequence
Defines the sequence in which the strands are stressed.
Type o stressing
See chapter Properties of pre-tensioned tendons.
Stress during correcting
Stress at stressed end of tendon; the amount of relaxation can be decreased by keeping the stress constant (so
called correction of relaxation)
Duration of keeping stress
Duration of keeping constant stress during correction of relaxation.
Initial stress
Initial stress at stressed end of tendon (before seating)
Anchorage set
Defines the slip at the stressed end of the strand.
Determine transmission length
This item says how the transmission length will be determined. It may be calculated by the program or input dir-
ectly by the user.
Transmission length
The length of development of bond between the concrete and pre-tensioned tendon.
Note: Read paragraph Transmission and anchorage length at the end of the topic.
Distance between sections for output
Specifies the distance for output.
Hook
This item defines the position of the hook.
Position Y, Z
(informative) Shows the position of the strand.
Note: In the property window you may use selection- by-property. Select one strand, in the
property window select the property you are interested in, click the "funnel" icon in the top
right corner of the property window and the program selects all the strands that have the
same property. The selected strands are highlighted in the graphical window. This feature
can be used for both active and informative properties.
Note: It is possible to make a multiple selection of strands in the graphical window. Press
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Chapter 13
[Ctrl] and click the left mouse button. When the multi- selection has been made, you can
change a required property to all the selected items at once.
View parameters
This button opens a dialogue with view parameters. Their meaning is more or less self-explanatory.
Debonding lengths
A set of various debonding lengths can be defined through this button. One debonding length can be then assigned to a
strand in the property window.
Transmission and anchorage length
For all codes except Eurocode, the transmission length is the only value (related to the development of bond) appearing in
the output document..
For EC-EN, in addition to the transmission length also term anchorage length is defined. The anchorage length is calculated
automatically by the program.
Transmission length l_pt is the length over which the initial prestressing force is transferred into concrete.
Anchorage length l_bpd is the length over which the limit prestressing force is transferred into concrete.
Ultimate limit state checks

The ultimate limit state checks include Check of response and Check of capacity. These two checks use the anchorage
length to verify the length for transfer of the prestressing.
Serviceability limit state checks

The serviceability limit state checks include Crack control and Allowable stress in concrete. These two checks use the trans-
mission length to verify the length for transfer of the prestressing.
Ultimate limit state checks - using transmission length

This group includes Allowable principle stress and Check of mechanical resistance of hollow core panels. These two checks
use the transmission length to verify the length for transfer of the prestressing.
Editing the existing sectional strand pattern

Procedure to edit the existing sectional strand pattern
1. Open the Sectional strand pattern manager.

2. Select the required strand pattern.
4. The editing dialogue for a sectional strand pattern opens on the screen.
5. Change the required parameters of the selected sectional strand pattern.
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Prestressing

Beam strand pattern
Beam strand pattern

When a sectional strand pattern has been defined (i.e. also a bore hole pattern must have been created), it is possible to
define the shape of prestressing tendons along the member. In SCIA Engineer this shape is defined by means of a beam
strand pattern. It is in fact a set of strand patterns defined for individual sections of the 1D member.
Both the 1D member and the prestressing reinforcement are assumed symmetrical, so just a half of the 1D member must
be defined.
It depends on the shape of the reinforcement how many sections must be created for each beam strand pattern. If the
strands do not change their position in the section, one section (the sectional strand pattern) is sufficient.
Defining a new beam strand pattern

Procedure to define a new beams strand pattern from bore hole pattern
1. Open service Concrete.

2. Start (double-click) function Pretensioning – beam strand pattern.
3. Select the 1D member where the beam strand pattern is to be inserted.
4. The Select template dialogue opens on the screen.
5. Select item Bore hole.
6. In case of arbitrary beam the Cross- section manager opens on the screen and you must select the required cross- sec-
tion.
7. The Bore hole pattern manager opens on the screen.
9. Position the bore hole pattern in the cross-section.
10. The editing dialogue for the beam strand pattern opens on the screen.
11. Define the required sections of the beam strand pattern. Also the selection (or input) of a prestressing load case may be
required during this. The load case is required for storage of results.
Procedure to define a new beams strand pattern from sectional strand pattern
1. Open service Concrete.

2. Start (double-click) function Pretensioning – beam strand pattern.
3. Select the 1D member where the beam strand pattern is to be inserted.
4. The Select template dialogue opens on the screen.
5. Select item Sectional strand pattern.
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Chapter 13
6. In case of arbitrary beam the Cross- section manager opens on the screen and you must select the required cross- sec-
tion.
7. The Sectional strand pattern manager opens on the screen.
9. Position the bore hole pattern in the cross-section.
10. The selection (or input) of a pre-stressing load case may be required during this. The load case is required for storage of
results.
11. The editing dialogue for the beam strand pattern opens on the screen.
Editing dialogue for the beam strand pattern
The dialogue for the definition or editing of a beam strand pattern consists of the following parts:
l tabs for individual sections with graphical window,

l tab for input of a new section,
l info-table,
l bore-hole information and button for its change,
l legend,
l strand properties,
l action button for calculation of losses in selected strand,
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Prestressing
l strand geometry,
l view parameters button,
l debonding length button,
l template buttons,
l control buttons.
Graphical window

Info-table
This table is located in the top left corner of the dialogue.
Name Specifies the name of the pattern.

Position (informative) Informs about the position of the section on the 1D member.
Bore hole information

This part of the dialogue shows the bore hole selected for the current strand pattern. The button [Change bore hole] can be
used to change the pattern.
Note: If the bore hole pattern is changed, all already defined strands are deleted.
Legend
The legend has two roles:
l (informative) it explains the symbols used in the graphical window (each type of strand uses a special graphical mark or
colour),
l (active) it is used for the input of individual strands into the bore holes.
The procedures for input and removal of strands and for adjustment of special properties are described in chapter Defining
a new sectional strand pattern.
Stand properties
Whenever a defined strand is selected in the graphical window, its properties are shown in the Properties window. The
meaning of the properties is described in chapter Defining a new sectional strand pattern.
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Chapter 13
Calculation of losses in selected strand

Using the action button in the bottom part of the property dialogue you may calculate losses for the selected strand. The but-
ton opens a dialogue with a table and diagram of calculated short-term losses.
Note: See also chapter Short-term losses.
Strand geometry
Yp; Zp coordinate of the centre of gravity of entire strand pattern
Yp, deb; Zp,
coordinate of the centre of gravity of all debonded strands
deb
Yp, drap; Zp,
coordinate of the centre of gravity of all draped strands
drap
n total amount of strands in strand pattern
Ap total area of entire strand pattern
Ac total cross-sectional concrete area without the area of strands
Ap, deb total area of all debonded strands
Ap, drap total area of all draped strands
coordinate of the centre of gravity of the combined cross-section -
Y; Z
concrete plus pre-stressing steel
moment of inertia for z/y- axis of combined cross- section. (z- axis
Iz; Iy
being strong axis)
moment of inertia for z/y-axis of combined cross- section without the
Iz,c; Iy, c
strands (z-axis being strong axis)
Wy, top; Wy, section modulus for z/y-axis of combined cross- section at top of sec-
bottom tion
View parameters
This button opens a dialogue with view parameters. Their meaning is more or less self-explanatory.
Debonding lengths
A set of various debonding lengths can be defined here. One debonding length can be then assigned to a strand in the prop-
erty window.
Template buttons
[Create template] A new template is saved to the project.
[Create from template] The strand pattern is loaded from an existing template.
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Prestressing
Editing the existing beam strand pattern

Procedure to edit the existing beams strand pattern from bore hole pattern
1. Select the beam strand pattern for which the losses should be calculated.
2. The properties of the strand pattern are shown in the Property window.
3. Click button [Edit strand patterns].
4. The editing dialogue for the selected strand pattern is opened on the screen.
5. Make necessary changes.
Results
Tendon stresses
Result diagrams in graphical window
Note: The principles for displaying of results are described in chapter Results.
Procedure to display tendon stresses

5. Select the 1D member strand patterns for which the results should be drawn.
7. Press button [Refresh] to regenerate the drawing.
8. When ready, close service Results.
Filtering the results

Capabilities of filtering will be explained on a simple example.
Imagine a two span continuous beam built in two construction stages: left span in the first stage (assigned load case 1),
second span in the second stage (assigned load case 2).
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Chapter 13
Both spans are prestressed and have a beam strand pattern defined. The left span contains 5 strands, the second one only
one.
Open service Results and start function Tendon stresses.

Set Selection to Standard and select no beam strand pattern.
Open combo box Tendons, it contains just one option: All by selection.
Now select the strand pattern in the left span and open the same combo box again. It offers All by selection plus the five
strands from the first beam.
Clear the selection, select the right hand span and look into the combo box. It offers All by selection plus the strand from the
second beam.
Select both strand patters and open the combo box once again. It offers All by selection, plus the five strands from the first
beam, plus the strand from the second beam.
This way you may select just one tendon and display the results on it. This option is convenient especially if there are multiple
strands in one beam. Compare the pictures below. The first one displays results on all strands in the beam, the second one
on just one strand.
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Prestressing
Now, set Selection to All. Select All by selection in combo box Tendons.
Set Load to Load cases and select LC1. This load case is assigned to the first construction stage when only the left span
exists. When you press [Refresh], tendon stresses are displayed only on the left span.
Similarly, if you select LC2, only tendon stresses in the right span are shown.
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Chapter 13
And finally, let Selection to All and keep All by selection in combo box Tendons.
Set Load to Classes and select Class 1. This class corresponds to the first construction stage when only the first span exists.
Press [Refresh], tendon stresses are displayed only on the left span.
Select Class 2 that corresponds to the second construction stage, when both spans exist. Press [Refresh] and tendon
stresses are displayed on both spans.
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Prestressing
Detailed results
It is possible to display detailed results for a single beam strand pattern
Procedure to display detailed results

3. Click action button [Detailed].
4. Select one beam strand pattern.
5. A window with detailed results opens on the screen.
Preview in the Preview window

The results may be reviewed in tabular form in the preview window.
Procedure to view the preview

5. Select the beam strand patterns for which the results should be drawn.
7. Press button [Preview] to view the table of results.
Explanation of abbreviations
SAT
Stress after transfer.
Loss due to sequential prestressing + loss caused by the elastic deform-

LED
ation of concrete.
Loss due to creep and shrinkage of concrete + loss due to long- term
LCS
steel relaxation.
Lmin Loss (change of) prestressing caused by life load (min).
Lmax Loss (change of) prestressing caused by life load (max).
MinStress Minimal stress in phase.
MaxStress Maximal stress in phase.
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Chapter 13
Post-tensioned prestressed concrete

Source geometry
Tendon source geometry

When the shape (geometry) of a tendon is defined, it is possible to use what is termed Source geometry. The source geo-
metry is in fact an independently prepared shape (geometry) of the tendon without any link to a particular structural entity
that is to be reinforced. The advantage is clear. The user may prepare the shape of the tendon just once and later assign it
to numerous 1D members, for example. Moreover, the source geometry is created as if intended for a straight 1D member.
But, at the end it may be assigned even to a curved 1D member. The x-axis (longitudinal axis) of the source geometry simply
follows the x-axis of the 1D member regardless of the possible winding character of the 1D member axis. This feature sig-
nificantly simplifies the input of tendons into curved 1D members.
Tendon source geometry manager

Source geometry for tendons is managed through a standard SCIA Engineer database manager. It means that all the input
source geometries are stored in a separate database and, for example, individual items can be exported from one project to
another.
The Tendon source geometry manager slightly differs from the standard database manager in that the graphical window is
split in two, in order to show both the side-view and plan-view of the source geometry.
The procedure to open the Tendon source geometry manager
Either:
Use tree menu function Library > Post-tensioning > Tendon source geometry.
Or:
When the property table of a tendon is displayed during its input or editing, click the three-dot button [...] in item Source geo-
metry.
Defining a new source geometry for tendon

A new source geometry can be input from scratch or by importing another already defined source geometry. Alternatively,
the two ways can be combined. It means that the source geometry can consist of several parts merged together in one
"longer" source geometry.
Procedure to define a new source geometry
1. Open the Tendon source geometry manager.

3. The Edit geometry dialogue is opened on the screen.
4. Input the source geometry.
6. Close the Tendon source geometry manager.
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Prestressing
Edit geometry dialogue

The Edit dialogue provides for the numerical input of the shape of the tendon. The user must input individual vertices and
types of curve in each vertex.
Note: The proportions of individual parts of the edit dialogue were deliberately distorted in
order to fit the picture into one printed page.
Type of input
In general, there are two type of input:
(i) the tendon "passes" the individual vertices following the input type of curve, i.e. the tendon does not directly goes through
the vertex,
(ii) the tendon goes directly through the vertices – this is called "points fitting".
For the first input type, the following options are available.
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Chapter 13
Circle + tangent
Circle; parameter is the distance between vertex and tangent point, see Fig. 1 – Circle - types 0 and 1.
Circle + radius
Circle; parameter is the radius of circle, see Fig. 1 – Circle - types 0 and 1. Radius and two tangents determine the circle.
Length of tangents is calculated automatically.
Symmetrical parabola + tangent

Parabola; parameter is the distance between vertex and tangent point (beginning or end of parabola), see Fig. 2 – Para-
bola – type 2. The length of tangent & axis of symmetry of parabola determine the parabola.
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Prestressing
Parabola + tangent [begin]

Parabolic segment with the crown of parabola at the beginning of the curve; parameter is the distance between the begin-
ning of the curve (tangent point at axis of symmetry of parabola) and the vertex of polygon that is considered, see Fig. 3 –
Parabola – type 3.
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Chapter 13
Parabola + tangent [end]

Parabolic segment with the crown of parabola at the end of the curve. Parameter is the distance between the end of the
curve (tangent point at axis of symmetry of parabola) and the vertex of polygon that is considered, see Fig. 4 – Parabola –
type 4.
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Prestressing
Parabola + vertical axis

Parabola with vertical axis with respect to macro coordinate system. Parameter is the length of projection of tangent into
horizontal direction, see Fig. 5 – Parabola – type 5.
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Chapter 13
For the second input type, there is just one option
Group of points fitting

The points defined in the tables of co-ordinates are the points, which the curve of the tendon must fit. The parameters are
the tangents of the curve at those points.
If you define the parameter equal to 100, then the tendon is oriented directly to the following point. If the parameter equals to
–100, then the tendon is oriented back to the previous point. Therefore the pair of values 100 and –100 defines a straight
part of the tendon between two points.
If the parameter equals to 1000, then the tangent is assumed unknown (arbitrary) and the program will calculate the tan-
gent automatically.
As a result you can determine the limits - 1.0 and +1.0 (angles 45°) for the parameters of reasonable tendon profile. For
example the parameter equal 0.0 is the input for a horizontal tangent.
The principles of the algorithm is:
1. The user defined tangents are respected.

2. Three consecutive points with the identical y (z) co-ordinate will be fitted by a horizontal straight line.
3. The angles of tangent at anchors and at consecutive points are calculated (if they were not defined by the user). If pos-
sible, the whole first and last segment will be fitted by a straight line. If not, the straight line will be inserted into the half of
the length of first and last segment.
4. If the distance of two consecutive points is significantly shorter than the distances of the other points, a straight line will be
inserted into this segment.
5. The difference between radii of two consecutive curves is minimised.
6. The curved segment of opposite curvature is prohibited in connecting part between straight line and the curve.
7. If two tangents intersect in the half of the length of projection of the curve, a parabola with a vertical axis is applied.
8. In other cases two parabolas with vertical axis are applied.
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Prestressing
Layout and controls of the Edit geometry dialogue
Note: The proportions of individual parts of the edit dialogue were deliberately distorted in
order to fit the picture into one printed page.
Toolbar
Import from file Imports the source geometry from an external TXT or XML file.
Export to file Exports the source geometry into the external TXT or XML file.
Opens the Tendon source geometry manager and allows you to
Import from lib-
import another tendon source geometry to the currently edited
rary
one.
Vertical scale Changes the vertical scale in the graphical preview windows.
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Chapter 13
Switches ON/OFF the labels in the graphical preview window for

Draw vertex
plane XZ. No labels are drawn in the graphical preview window
label
for plane XY.
Draw number of
If the labels are ON, the numbers of vertices are printed.
vertex in label
Draw vertex
If the labels are ON, the numbers of coordinates of the vertices
coordinates in
are printed.
labels
Zoom icons
The set of five standard zoom functions.
Show/hide dot
grid Shows/hides the dot grid.
Dot grid settings Enables you to adjust the dot grid so that it meets the needs of the
current project.
Input table for XZ plane

Icon[Delete allnodes]
This command deletes all the nodes in the table for plane XZ.
Icon [Group of points fittings]

Switches the input mode – see paragraph Type of input above.
Input table
Coord X X-coordinate of the vertex of the source geometry.
Coord Z Z-coordinate of the vertex of the source geometry.
Curve type Type of curve "in" the vertex - see paragraph Type of input above.
Curve para- The parameter of the curve selected in the item above - see para-
meter graph Type of input above.
Graphical preview window

This graphical window shows the side-view the defined tendon shape.
You can use the combination "Press-and- hold keys Ctrl+Shift" + "Press-and-hold the mouse right button" and zoom-in or
zoom-out the drawing, or the combination "Press-and-hold key Shift" + "Press-and-hold the mouse right button" and move
the drawing around the graphical window of the dialogue.
Input table for XY plane

Icon [Delete all nodes]
This command deletes all the nodes in the table for plane XY.
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Prestressing
Icon [Group of points fittings]

Switches the input mode – see paragraph Type of input above.
Input table
Coord X X-coordinate of the vertex of the source geometry.
Coord Y Y-coordinate of the vertex of the source geometry.
Curve type Type of curve "in" the vertex - see paragraph Type of input above.
Curve parameter The parameter of the curve selected in the item above - see paragraph Type of input above.
Graphical preview window

This graphical window shows the plan-view the defined tendon shape.
You can use the combination "Press-and- hold keys Ctrl+Shift" + "Press-and-hold the mouse right button" and zoom-in or
zoom-out the drawing, or the combination "Press-and-hold key Shift" + "Press-and-hold the mouse right button" and move
the drawing around the graphical window of the dialogue.
Main control buttons

The [OK] button confirms the input/changes made in the dialogue and closes it.
The [Cancel] button abandons the input/changes made in the dialogue and closes it.
Note: It is not allowed to input three successive points in one line. In other words, the dir-
ection of the tendon must change in each input vertex.
Editing the existing source geometry of tendon

Editing the tendon source geometry in the Tendon source geometry manager
The existing source geometry can be edited from the Tendon source geometry manager opened through the tree menu.
Procedure to edit the tendon source geometry through the tree menu
1. Open tree menu branch Library >Post-tensioning.

2. Start function Tendon source geometry.
3. The Tendon source geometry manager opens on the screen.
4. Select the source geometry that is to be edited.
7. Modify the shape of the tendon.
8. Confirm the changes with [OK].
Alternatively, the source geometry can be also edited through the property table of an existing tendon.
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Chapter 13
Editing the tendon source geometry from the property table of the post-tensioned internal tendon
Procedure to edit the tendon source geometry through the property table
1. Select the tendon whose source geometry is to be edited (in fact you may select any tendon).
2. The properties of the selected tendon are displayed in the property table in the property window.
3. Click the three-dot button in item Source geometry.
4. The Tendon source geometry manager opens on the screen.
5. The source geometry of the selected tendon is highlighted in the list of all available source geometries.
8. Modify the shape of the tendon.
9. Confirm the changes with [OK].
Note: It is important to keep in mind that the tendon that is input in a 1D member through
the source geometry, remembers that it was created this way. Moreover, the tendon keeps
the link to its source geometry. Consequently, once the source geometry is edited in the
Edit geometry dialogue and the changes are confirmed, the shape of all (repeat: All) ten-
dons based on this source geometry that have been already input into the model of the
structure change their shape accordingly.
Hanging nodes
1 HANGING NODES FOR INTERNAL POST-TENSIONED TENDONS ON 1D MEMBERS
Prior to the introduction of hanging nodes, the projection normal (perpendicular) to the structural member was observed as
insufficient due to the problems with recalculation of strain load of tendon to structural member in some cases. These cases
you can see on following figures.
fig.1 Normal force from prestressing in curved bridge
- 96 -
Prestressing
fig.2 Normal force - arch

That’s why concept of hanging nodes was proposed. Hanging nodes is term used in finite element method describing inter-
pretation of the element on the mesh. The mesh of the tendon and attached elements (1D beam or rib) is independent. The
tendons are modelled as 1D memebr on eccentricity in case without using hanging nodes. When the hanging nodes are
used then stiffness of the tendon is added to the closest mesh element according to type of projection.
fig.3 Real and FEM tendon in perpendicular projection

General idea is that user doesn’t want to build the model via inserted lines and macros. The way of tendon allocation to 1D
members. Therefore a concept of “hanging nodes” was proposed. The stiffness of the tendon (and its load) is distributed
into the individual nodes of 1D or 2D member. Similar concept would consistently be accepted for 3D volume.
1.1 Type of projection

Two possibilities of tendon projection to the structural member are available:
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Chapter 13
fig.4 Two types of projection in 1D

1. Perpendicular projection to the structural member
fig.5 Perpendicular projection

2. Proportional projection in proportion of lengths of tendon and element 1D (or selected elements). Internal (hanging)
nodes of tendon finite elements are also generated proportionally.
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Prestressing
fig.6 Proportional projection

That is to say the links between internal points of the tendon and element 1D will also be proportional. Therefore additional
functionality and input data were required in for the allocation:
a. The selection of structural members, to which the tendon is allocated, must be done with respect to their order
fig.7 Allocation of member
- 99 -
Chapter 13
b. The possibility to fix selected point of the tendon to selected point of the element 1D. Then it is necessary to define the
point on first 1D element (e.g. by distance from the beginning) to which the beginning of the tendon is fixed, and the point on
last 1D element to which the end of the tendon is fixed.
Projection of intermediate points – this option is relevant only in case of Hanging nodes
• Proportionally – user defines the length where the tendon effects are projected on
o Way of location – begin
§First node – the beginning of projected tendon effects to the beam is from the first node of the allocated beam
§Location – distance from the beginning of the beam
o Way of location – end

§Last node – the beginning of projected tendon effects to the beam is to the last node of the allocated beam
§Location – distance from the end of the beam
• Perpendicularly – tendon is projected directly in perpendiculars to the beams
1.2 Limitations + constraints

1 Existing way of modelling (with respect to the mesh, …) is kept for TDA, and external (free) unbonded post-tensioned ten-
dons.
2 Optionally the possibility of modelling with respect to the mesh is available also for standard FEM solver.
3 All types of presentation of the results and prestressed concrete checks are not affected.
4 New way of the modelling is fully compatible with standard construction stages, and mobile load analysis, but not available
for TDA calculation
1.3 Setting for using Hanging nodes
The using hanging node for 1D member is possible to set in Mesh setup
- 100 -
Prestressing
fig.8 Settings for hanging nodes

2 HANGING NODES FOR INTERNAL POST-TENSIONED TENDONS ON 2D MEMBERS
This functionality enables to user attach internal post-tensioned tendons directly to 2D slab and shell elements. No dummy
beam 1D (rib) is necessary. The mesh of internal post-tensioned tendon and attached 2D elements can be independent.
fig.9 Tendon defined on slab
2.1 Projection
For tendons allocated on 1D members (beams) is possible to projection the tendon perpendicularly on beam or pro-
portionally. For tendons allocated on 2D members (slabs) is perpendicularly projection only.
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Chapter 13
fig.10 Proportional projection for 2D members only
2.2 Tendon entry

Tendons can be allocated either on beams or on slabs. The tendon geometry on 1D members: source geometry (SG), dir-
ect input (DI), reference line with SG (RLSG). The tendon geometry on 2D members: DI or RLSG.
• (SG) is possible to entry tendon only on the 1D member (beam) –> the selective filter.
• (DI) – after geometry entry of the tendon follows the allocation on the members. In allocation list are:
o only 1D members = OK
o only 2D macro = OK + 2D macros must be in the same plane – the verification is done
o both from user (1D, 2D) = warning “In allocation can be either 1D members or 2D members”
The converting of the tendon geometry from DI to SG isn’t possible, if the tendon is on 2D macros.
2.3 Setting for using Hanging nodes

The using hanging node for 2D member is possible to set in Mesh setup
- 102 -
Prestressing
fig.11 Settings for hanging nodes.
Internal tendons
Parameters of the post-tensioned internal tendon

General
Name
Specifies the name of the tendon.
Description This item allows the user to add a short description, if required.
Number
Defines the number of the tendon.
(informative value)
Type
Shows the type of the tendon (internal / external).
Selects the layer of the tendon. Each layer can be assigned to a dif-
Layer
ferent layer, if necessary.
Geometry
Selects the type of the geometry input.
Geometry Source geometry

input For this type of geometry, the user must define the shape of the tendon
geometry in advance. The predefined tendon is then allocated to the 1D
- 103 -
Chapter 13
member and, if necessary, modified in its shape to follow the shape of the
1D member. The tendon is not stretched to fit the length of the 1D mem-
ber. But, it may be curved to follow the real shape of the 1D member. The
latter may be used to simplify the input of tendons in curved 1D members.
The tendon is defined by its "projection" into plane. Then, it is allocated to
the curved 1D member. The shape of the tendon is modified, so that the
local x-axis of the tendon follows precisely the local x-axis of the 1D mem-
ber.
Direct input
For this type of geometry input, the user defines directly the shape of the
tendon in the graphical screen where the 1D member to-be-reinforced is
displayed. In order to define exactly the shape that is required, an addi-
tional toolbar is added to the top of the command line. This added toolbar
allows for the input of circular and parabolic intervals.
Reference line with source geometry
This possibility is a kind of combination of the two previous options. For
more information read a separate paragraph at the end of this chapter.
Note: The same toolbar is displayed when e.g. a new 1D member is

input.
Specifies the way in which the local coordinate system of the tendon (y-
LCS
and z- axis) is defined.
(This item is available only if the G eometry input is set to Source
geometry)
Source
geometry Here, the user must select the required source geometry for the tendon.
It is also possible to invoke the Tendon source geometry manager and
input a new source geometry.
(This item is available only if the Geometry input is set to Source
geometry)
It is necessary to define where the origin of the source geometry is to be
Origin of
put in the model. In other words, the user must position his/her tendon
source
into the 3D space.
geometry
The position is defined by (i) the offset from the origin of the coordinate
the local coordinate system of the allocated 1D member or (ii) in the
global coordinates.
(This item is available only if the Geometry input is set to Source
geometry)
Coord.X,
Y, Z These three values define the position of the tendon source geometry ori-
gin. The exact meaning depends on the adjustment made in the item
above.
Material
Material
Specifies the material of the tendon.
- 104 -
Prestressing
Number of
tendon ele-
Defines the number of wires or strands in tendon.
ments in
tendon
Number of Specifies the number of identical tendons (e.g. in walls of single or multi
tendons in box section, etc.) which create a group. For details see the picture
group below the table.
(informative value)
Area
Shows the sectional area of the tendon.
Diameter of Defines the diameter of the tendon duct. The parameter is used for the
duct test of tendon geometry only.
This item opens an extra dialogue where the user can select which 1D
members are allocated to the tendon. In general, more than one 1D
Allocation member can be allocated to one tendon, as e.g. in the case of several
shorter 1D members running one after another that are reinforced by
one long tendon.
The user must select a load case from a list. The list contains only the
load cases the Load type of which is set to Prestress.
Load case
The effects of the prestressing of the tendon will be stored in this load
case.
Picture: Tendon groups
Stressing
Type of stress- The type of stressing is analogous to pre-tensioned tendons.
- 105 -
Chapter 13
ing
The program offers four options. Simultaneous anchoring of both
Prestressing ends is neither economic nor practically feasible.
from
The options offered in the list are self-explanatory.
Coefficient of
friction in
Friction coefficient for curved part of tendon.
curved part of
tendon
Coefficient of
friction in (only for CSN / STN standard)
straight part Friction coefficient for the straight part of tendon.
of tendon
Unintentional (only for EC2, NEN)
angular dis-
placement The unintended angular displacement of the tendon.
Anchorage set
Defines the anchorage set at the beginning of the tendon.
Stress during
Defines the anchorage set at the end of the tendon.
correcting
Duration of Specifies the duration of keeping constant stress during the cor-
keeping stress rection of relaxation.
Initial stress –
begin Initial stress at the beginning of tendon (before seating).
Defines the part of the tendon at its beginning which is taken into
Overhang of account when calculating the losses, but not when creating the struc-
tendon not tural model. This is useful in the case that the 1D member (and ten-
included in don) protrudes beyond the theoretical support and the user does
structural not want to include this part of the structure into the model, but
model - begin wants to have proper losses and tendon geometry for the export
into CAD.
Overhang of
tendon not
included in Analogous to the previous item.
structural
model – end
Distance
between sec-
Defines sections where results are presented.
tions for out-
put
Arc
(These items are available only if the Geometry input is set to Direct input)
Curve type Circle + tangent
- 106 -
Prestressing
Circle: the parameter is the distance between the vertex and the tangent
point, see picture below.
Circle + radius
Circle: the parameter is the radius of the circle, see picture below. The
radius and two tangents determine the circle. The length of the tangents
is calculated automatically.
Symmetrical parabola + tangent
Parabola: the parameter is the distance between the vertex and the tan-
gent point (beginning or end of parabola), see picture below. The length
of the tangent and the axis of symmetry of the parabola determine the
parabola.
Curve para-
Here the corresponding curve parameter can be input.
meter
Picture: Circle + tangent; Cicle + radius
Picture: Symmetric parabola + tangent
- 107 -
Chapter 13
Reference line with source geometry

The user-defined source geometry is winded on the user defined reference line. The reference line is a curve that defines x
coordinates of the local coordinate system of the tendon. The source geometry is related to this curve. The centreline of the
beam was the reference line for the tendons in version SCIA Engineer 2008. In version SCIA Engineer 2008.1 it is possible
to select any user-defined curve as the reference line.
The following rules apply:
• IF the source geometry of the tendon is longer than the reference line, then the geometry of the tendon continues from the
end of the reference line up to the length of the source geometry; the direction of the tendon from the end of the reference
line is taken from the direction of the last point of the reference line
• IF the source geometry is shorter than the reference line, then the source geometry is winded on the reference line only up
to the length of the source geometry.
The example of the use of the new definition of the tendon geometry is a tendon of a spiral shape allocated on a cylindrical
shell. The reference line is defined as the circle in the base of the cylinder. The source geometry is defined as a line in vertical
and horizontal projection. The elevation of the spiral is provided by the elevation of the Source geometry in the vertical pro-
jection.
- 108 -
Prestressing
Stru-
ctur-
e
- 109 -
Chapter 13
Ref-
ere-
nce
Lin-
e
Ten-
don
Sou-
rce
Ge-
om-
etry
Dia-
log-
ue
- 110 -
Prestressing
Fin-
al
Ge-
om-
etry
Defining a new post-tensioned internal tendon

Procedure to input a post-tensioned internal tendon
1. Open service Structure.

2. Open branch Tendons.
3. Start function Post-tensioned internal tendon.
6. Depending on the selected type of geometry input, (i) either define the allocation of the source geometry, or (ii) input dir-
ectly the geometry of the tendon.
Editing the existing internal tendon

When the internal tendon is already defined and there is a need to change any of its properties, the following procedure can
be applied:
- 111 -
Chapter 13
Procedure to edit a post-tensioned internal tendon
1. Select the tendon to be edited.

2. The property window displays its properties.
3. Change any parameter that needs to be modified.
4. If required, invoke any of the Action buttons at the bottom of the property window to carry out other possible alterations
(available actions are listed below).
5. When ready, deselect the tendon.
Action buttons available during the editing of a post-tensioned internal tendon
Select allocation
The allocation of the tendon to particular 1D member(s) can be made through item Allocation in the property table of the ten-
don (which is displayed in the property window during the editing). This option (in the property table) allocates the 1D mem-
ber in a simple table.
On the other hand, action button Select allocation starts an interactive function that enables the user to select the allocated
members directly in the graphical window.
Edit tendon geometry

This action button starts editing of the shape of the tendon directly in the graphical window.
Table edit geometry

This button opens a dialogue on the screen. The dialogue shows the table with all the vertices of the tendon. The coordin-
ates and arc types including their parameters can be modified here.
Tendon losses
This action is not strictly an editing one, but it is useful during the design of the tendon as well. This action button starts the cal-
culation of prestressing losses and shows the results in a separate dialogue. For more read chapter Prestressing losses in
an internal tendon.
Calculation info
This button opens a report summarising the parameters of the tendon necessary for the calculation.
Default values
This action button sets all the tendon parameters to the default values (i.e. the values pre-adjusted by the manufacturer of
the program).
- 112 -
Prestressing
Prestressing losses in an internal tendon

The procedure to calculate the losses

3. Click Action button [Tendon losses] at the bottom of the property window.
4. Review the results in a separate preview window – see below.
5. Close the dialogue.
6. Deselect the tendon.
Preview window with calculated tendon losses

The preview window is split into two parts. In first part some details of tendon parameters are displayed together with the
table of results. Using the toolbar at the top of the window, all the information can be exported to a file (HTML, TXT, PDF,
RTF) or directly to printer. In the second part a diagram is shown the distribution of various losses along the length of the ten-
don. It is possible to change the scale of the diagram or the text. And the pop-up menu (pressing right mouse button), offers
some basic functions for the picture: zoom, print, copy to clipboard or save to an external file.
External tendons
Parameters of the post-tensioned external tendon

General
Name
Specifies the name of the tendon.
Description This item allows the user to add a short description, if required.
Number
Defines the number of the tendon.
(informative value)
Type
Shows the type of the tendon (internal / external).
Selects the layer of the tendon. Each layer can be assigned to a dif-
Layer
ferent layer, if necessary.
Material
Material Specifies the material of the tendon.
- 113 -
Chapter 13
Number of ten-
don elements in Defines the number of wires or strands in tendon.
tendon
Specifies the number of identical tendons (e.g. in walls of single or
Number of ten-
multi box section, etc.) which create a group. For details see the
dons in group
picture below the table.
(informative value)
Area
Shows the sectional area of the tendon.
The user must select a load case from a list. The list contains only
the load cases the Load type of which is set to Prestress.
Load case
The effects of the prestressing of the tendon will be stored in this
load case.
Stressing
Stress after anchoring
The stress in the tendon after anchoring.
Defining a new post-tensioned external tendon

Procedure to input a post-tensioned (free) internal tendon
1. Open service Structure.

2. Open branch Tendons.
3. Start function Post-tensionedfreetendon.
6. Input the geometry of the tendon.
Editing the existing external tendon

When the external tendon has been already defined and there is a need to change any of its properties, the following pro-
cedure can be applied:
Procedure to edit a post-tensioned external tendon

3. Change any parameter that needs to be modified.
4. When ready, deselect the tendon.
- 114 -
Prestressing
Note: There are Action buttons for this type of tendon.
Changing the geometry of a post-tensioned external tendon

When you need to alter the shape (geometry) of an external tendon, follow the rules for the modification of a 1D member. In
terms of geometry, the external tendon is in fact a 1D member. It has end nodes, possible intermediate nodes and the
"body" connecting them. Therefore, you may simply edit the coordinates of the nodes, drag-and-drop the tendon or invoke
any function for geometric manipulation.
Results
Results for post-tensioned tendons

The results for post-tensioned tendons can be displayed the same way as for pre-tensioned tendons. Read chapter Pre-ten-
sioned prestressed concrete > Results > Tendon stresses.
- 115 -

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Construction stages in SCIA Engineer

Construction stages, Prestressing, TDA

Application in your design practice 16

Nonlinear construction stages 31

TDA (Time Dependent Analysis) 35

Modelling of cast-in-place segmental cantilever construction method 46

External tendons 113

Nemetschek do Brasil Nemetschek Scia North America

SCIA France sarl Nemetschek Scia Swiss Branch Office

SCIA CZ s.r.o. Brno SCIA CZ s.r.o. Prague

SCIA SK, s.r.o.

Scia Datenservice Scia Software GmbH

Document created: 18 / 02 / 2016

Brief introduction to construction stages

Brief introduction to prestressing

Brief introduction to TDA

Implementation of construction stages and TDA

Modulus of elasticity changing over time

The project must be of "Construction stages" type.

The E modulus function(s) must be defined

4. Confirm with [OK].

Required materials must have the corresponding the E modulus function

The Construction stages analysis must be run

Application in your design practice

Input of geometry and other data

l Construction stages setup,

Creating a Construction stages project

l Select Construction stages in the Model combo box,

Construction stages setup

Procedure to adjust Construction stages parameters

1. Open the service Construction stages.

Construction stages manager

1. The project must be of Construction stages type.

Creating a new construction stage

Parameters of a construction stage

Note: It is highly recommended to use this field.

Gamma Note: Read the comment below the table.

load cases Note: Read the comment below the table.

Load case permanent or long-term

Situation A (user-calculated self-weight)

casting the composite slab (phase 2 of the cross-

Situation B (user-calculated self-weight)

permanent-standard load case with defined load that rep-

Situation C (automatically calculated self-weight)

casting the composite slab (phase 2 of the cross-section is introduced into

Gamma min Gamma max

Variable load cases

Defining the changes to the structural scheme

l add a new member to the structural scheme,

All these actions can be done in service Construction stages.

Procedure to add member

1. Open service Construction stages.

Procedure to remove member

1. Open service Construction stages.

Procedure to add support

1. Open service Construction stages.

Procedure to remove support

1. Open service Construction stages.

Clearing the whole stage