Serial no. CONTENT Page no.

1. Geography
2. Polity
3. Economics
4. History
5. Discovery & Innovation
6. First in India
7. Important Days
8. Dance Forms India
9. Festival of India

GEOGRAPHY
Mass : 5.976 x 1024 kg
Mean Density : 5.518 kg/liters
Shape: An oblate spheroid or a geoid
Area : Total surface area 5,097,000,000 sq. km; Land are about
148,400,000 km (about 29% of the total area); Water area
about 361,300,000 sq. km (about 71% of the total surface
area)
Motions:
I. Rotation (Spinning motion on polar Axis), once every 23 hours
56 minutes and 4.09 seconds.
II. Revolution (Around the Sun), once every 365 days, 6 hours, 9
minutes and 9.54 seconds.
Surface features: Highest points on land – Mt Everest 8,848 m above the sea
level, lowest area on land-shore of dead sea (399 m below sea
level) mean height of land 756 m.
Ocean Depth : Deepest area – Mariana in Pacific Ocean South – West of Guam
(11,033 m below the sea- surface). Average depth of Oceans
3,730 m.
Temperature : 14o c, Highest temperature 58o c at Al-Aziziyah, Libya and the
lowest temperature – 89.60 c at Vostok Station in Antarctica
The maximum distance at the time of aphelion between July 2 and 5 is about
152 million km and the minimum distance at perihelion between January 2 and
5 is about 147 million km.

EARTH
The Earth is divided into lithosphere, asthenosphere and centrosphere.

 Earth is lying between the Venus and Mars. It is the third planet of
the solar system. It ranks fifth in size with a mean radius of 6371
kilometers. The shape of the earth is oblate spheroid.
 Longest day (Shortest Night) in the northern hemisphere is June 21
and Shortest Day (Longest Night) is December 2. Longest Day is
the southern hemisphere is December 22 and Shortest Day is June
21.
 Equators is an imaginary line passing round the earth midway
between the north and south poles dividing the earth into two equal
halves.
 Latitude is the angular distance in degrees on the earth’s surface
measured north and south of the equator. The latitude of any point
on the earth is most preciously expressed in degrees minutes and
seconds.
 A meridian is an imaginary line extending from the north pole to
the south pole at right angles to the equator.
 Longitudes are equal distance lines drawn east and west of the
Greenwich meridian. They denote the angular distances of a place
due east or west of the Greenwich meridians. There are 360
meridians of longitude.

VOLCANOES
 A volcanoes is formed when the molten magma in the earth’s
interior escapes through thee crust by vents and fissures
accompanied by steam gases (hydrogen sulphide, sulphur dioxide,
hydrogen chloride, carbon dioxide, etc., ) and pyro clastic materials
  There are three types of volcanoes – Active, Dormant and
Occasionally.
 An Active volcano crupts occasionally
Example : Mount Stromboli in Italy, Barren Island in India
(The only active volcano in India)
Mt. Etna is Sicily and Cotopaxi in Ecuador
 Mt. Stromboli whose frequent eruption that resulted in more like a
summit glow, have earned it a crown title “ Light house of the
Mediterranean” .
 A dormant volcano has not been seen to erupt, but it shows
evidence of recent activity.
 An extinct volcano shows no signs of life
Example: Mt. Kilimanjaro
 The pacific belt is known as the right of fire because of the largest
number of active volcanoes along the coasts of America and Asia
on the ocean.
EARTH QUAKES
 An earthquakes (also known as a quake, tremor or tremblor) is the
result of sudden release of energy in the earth’s crust.
 Seismology is the study of earth quakes and their impact, there are
two cores ponding measures of their severity of an earthquake
Intensity and magnitude.
 The Kutch earthquake (1819),
 The Assam earthquake (1897),
 The Kangra earthquake(1905),
 The Bihar earthquake (1934),
 The Lathur, Maharashtra earthquake (1993)
 And the Gujrat (Kutch) earthquake (2001) are the well known
examples of earthquakes in India.
TSUNAMI
 Tsunamis (tidal waves) are long – wave length, long – period sea waves
produced by the sudden or abrupt movement of large volumes of water.
THE ATMOSPHERE
I. Atmosphere is defined as an envelope of gaseous mixtures covering
the earth held to it by gravitational forces. Atmosphere is essential
for the life on earth.
II. Oxygen is the most important component among atmospheric gases.
III. Nitrogen which is an important constituent of all organic compounds
is relatively inert.
IV. The principal constituents of the lower atmosphere is are:
 Nitrogen (78.08 % by volume)
Oxygen (20.94%)
Argon (0.93%)
Carbon dioxide (0.033%)
Ozone (O3) consisting of three oxygen atoms chemically
linked in another variable constituent of the atmosphere.
In the lowest layers, the proportion of Ozone is very low
(less than 0.00005 by volume of atmosphere).
STRUCTURE OF ATMOSPHERE
The atmosphere is divided into layers according to major changes
in temperature 99% of the total mass of the atmosphere is below 32 kilometers.
Atmosphere can be classified in five main layers troposphere, stratosphere,
mesosphere, thermosphere (Lonosphere) and the Magnetosphere. Troposphere
(0 – 12 km), Stratosphere (12 – 50 km), Mesosphere (50 – 80 km),
Thermosphere (80 km and up) Thermosphere contains Lonosphere and
exosphere.

GEOGRAPHY
RIVERS :
  The Nile (6670 km) which is the longest river in the world drains into
the Mediterranean Sea.
 The Amazon, flowing into the south Atlantic, is the largest river in term
of the size and volume of water discharged. It is 6437 km long.
 The only river that crosses the equator twice is river Congo.
DESERT :
 Antarctic Desert, Arctic Sahara (Africa), Arabian Desert (Middle East),
Gobi Desert (Asia), Kalahari Desert (Africa), Patagonian desert (south
America), Great Victoria Desert. (Australia), Syrian Desert (Middle
east), Great Basin Desert (North America) are the ten largest deserts in
the world.
 The Takla Makan 32,000 sq. km is the largest desert in China; Gobi
(Mongolia) is the coldest desert in the world largest desert in India is
Thar Desert.
 Camel is known as the Ship of the Desert.
 Hottest place – Danakil Depression Ethiopia , 34.40 c
ISLAND :
 Green land (Kalaallit Nunaat) which is the largest Island in the world.
 The second largest Island is New Guinea.
LAKES :
 Lake superior (North America) is the largest fresh water lake in the
world.
 The Caspian sea is the largest salt water lake.
 Lake Baikal (Russia) is the deepest fresh water lake (depth 1620 m).
 The saltiest lake in the world : Lake Van (Turkey).
NATURAL VEGETATION :
 Natural Vegetation refers to a plant community that has been left
undisturbed over long time.
 Flora denotes the plants of a particular country or region.
 Fauna denotes the Animal Kingdom found in a particular geographical
region.
 Wettest place – Mawsynram India – 1187 cm.
INDIAN GEOGRAPHY
PHYSIOGRAPHY :
  India is the largest country in the Indian subcontinent lying entirely in the
Northern hemisphere.
 India stretches 3,214 km from north to south and 2,933 km from east to
west.
 The total length of the mainland coastline is nearly 6,100 km and that of
the land frontier is about 15,200 km. The total length of the coastline
including that the Islands is about 7500 km.
 With an area of about 32,87,263 sq.km, India is the seventh largest
country in the world.
 The northern most point of the country lies in the state of Jammu and
Kashmir and it is known as Indira Col.
 Now, the Indian Union consists of 28 states 9 union territories and on
National capital territory (Delhi).
NEIGHBOURS OF INDIA :
 India shares her borders with China, Nepal and Bhutan, Pakistan and
Afghanistan and Myanmar
 The boundary between India (Arunachal Pradesh) and China is known as
Mc Mohan Line.
 The boundary line between the imperial Pakistan and Afghanistan is known
as Durand Line.
 The boundary line between India and Pakistan known as Radcliff Line.
MOUNTAINS
The Himalayas are the most prominent ranges
The Himalayas:
 It is one of the youngest mountain systems in the world.
 The Himalayas consist of three parallel ranges.
I. The southernmost range, called the Siwalik is the lowest.
II. The ranges lying north of the Siwalik, known the Himachal or
Middle Himalaya
III. The northern most ranges of the Himalayas, known as the
Himadri or the greatest Himalaya.
 Mt. Everest (8848 m) in Nepal is the world highest peak.
 Kanchenjunga is Sikkim is the highest peak of the Himalayas in India
(8598 m)
 Highest mountain peak in India is K2 (8611 m).
 It is in Pak Occupied Kashmir.
  The Himalayas are regionally divided into Punjab, Himalayas, Kumaon
Himalayas, Nepal Himalayas, Assam Himalayas.
Name Location
Punjab Himalaya Between Indus and Satluj
Kumaon Himalaya Between Satluj and Kali
Nepal Himalaya Between Kali and Teesta
Assam Himalaya Between Teesta and Dihang

IMPORTANT PASSES OF HIMALAYAS

 Nilgiris is known as the ‘Blue Mountains’.
 The southern most tip of eastern Ghats is called Cardamom hills
 The Aravalli are the one of the oldest fold mountains in the world.
The highest peak of Aravalli range is Guru Shikhar near Mt. Abu
(1220 m) in Rajasthan.
ISLANDS
 India has two groups if Islands namely the Andaman and Nicobar Islands
in the Bay of Bengal and the Lakshadweep Island in the Arabian sea.
 Port Blair is the capital of Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
 The southern most tip of India, Indira point is in Great Nicobar islands
which is the biggest island in Nicobar group.
 The Lakshadweep in the Arabian sea comprises of a group of 36 islands.
 Kavaratti is the capital of Lakshadweep.
RIVERS OF INDIA
The River system of the country can be classified on the basis of their origin
into two categories.
I. The Himalayan Rivers
II. The Peninsular Rivers.
The Himalayan Rivers:
The Himalayan Rivers has three principal systems.
I. The Indus system
II. The Ganga system and
III. The Brahma Putra system
 The Indus system:
 River Indus rises from Kailas Range in the Tibetan Plateau region and is
joined by a number of tributaries in Jammu and Kashmir.
 Chenab is the largest amongst the tributaries of Indus.
 The Ravi is the smallest river of Punjab and is well known as the
‘River of Lahore’.
 The Jhelum, an important tributary of the Indus flowing through
the state of Jammu and Kashmir.
 The Ganga system :
 It is the largest drainage system of India.
 The river Ganga is the longest river (2640km) in India. Its source
is at Gangotri Glacier in the Himalayas.
 Ganga, the main stream, is constituted by two major head streams,
the Alaknanda and Bhagirathi. These two head streams of the
Ganga join at Devprayag.
 The Ganga is joined by the Yamuna near Allahabad.
 Ganga flows through Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal and
Bangladesh and finally enters into the Bay of Bengal.
 Ganga is known by the name ‘Padma’ in Bangladesh.
 The river has been declared as India’s National River.
 The Brahma Putra system :
 Brahma Putra is the third major antecedent river of India.
 2900 km Brahmaputra is longer than the Ganges, but only one
third of the river passes through India.
 Brahmaputra originates from the mana Sarovar lake in western
Tibet.
 When it enters Bangladesh it is named as Meghna.
 Mahanadi system :
 It drains a large part of Orissa
 The Mahanadi is one of the major rivers of Peninsular plateau
region following into Bay of Bengal.
 Godavari system :
 Godavari is the largest among the rivers of the peninsular India.
The source of the river lies in the Nasik district of Maharashtra.
 It is also known as the Ganga of South.
 Kaveri system :
 The river Kaveri is the most southerly among the major river of
the Peninsular region following into the Bay of Bengal.

LAKES
 The largest fresh water lake in India is Wullar
 The largest salt water lake : Lake Chilika (Orissa)
 The second largest salt water lake is sambhar in Rajasthan. It is
the largest Inland salt lake in India.

IMPORTANT LAKES IN INDIA

Chilika Orissa
Sambhar Rajasthan
Puli cat Andhra Pradesh
Vembanad Kerala
Wullar Jammu and Kashmir
Dal Jammu and Kashmir
Uday Sagar Rajasthan
Pushkar Rajasthan
Loktak Manipur Hills
Bhimtal Nainital
Roop kund Uttaranchal

Osman Sagar Andhra

MULTI – PURPOSE PROJECT

 PROJECT RIVER STATE PURPOSE
Bhakra Sutlej (A Joint venture Irrigation,
Nangal tributary of of Punjab, hydroelectricity
multipurpose Indus) Haryana and
project Rajasthan
Bhakra dam :
One of the
highest
gravity dam
in the world
Gobind
Sagar lake
(H.P) is a
reservoir
Dul hasti Chenab (a Jammu and Part of the
project tributary of Kashmir program of
Indus) cascade
development
for irrigation
Salal project Chenab (a Jammu and Irrigation
tributary of Kashmir
Indus)
Beas project Beas (a Joint venture Hydro
tributary of of Punjab, electricity
Indus) Haryana and
Rajasthan
Sharda Ghagra (left Uttar irrigation
Sahayak bank Pradesh
project tributary of
Ganga)
Tungabhadra Tungabhadra Joint venture Irrigation,
Multipurpose (A tributary of Andhra hydro
project of Krishna) Pradesh and electricity
Karnataka
Ghat Prabha Ghat Prabha Andhra Irrigation,
 project (a tributary Pradesh and hydro
of Krishna) Karnataka electricity
Mettur Cauvery Tamil Nadu Hydroelectricity
project
Shiva Cauvery Karnataka Hydroelectricity
samudhiram
Scheme
Chambal Chambal (A Rajasthan, Irrigation,
project tributary of Madhya hydroelectricity
(Gandhi Yamuna) Pradesh
Sagar dam
M.P Rana
Pratap Sagar
and Jawahar
Sagar Dam
or Kota Dam
)
Kakra par Tapi Gujarat Irrigation
project
Ukai project Tapi Gujarat Irrigation

Sardar Narmada Gujarat, MP, Irrigation,

Sarovar Rajasthan, hydroelectricity
project Maharashtra
Tawa project Tawa (a Madhya Irrigation
tributary of Pradesh
Narmada)
Mahi project Mahi Gujarat Irrigation
(Jamnalal
Bajaj Sagar )
Matatila Betwa Uttar Irrigation,
project Pradesh, hydroelectricity
Madhya
Pradesh
 INDIAN CLIMATE
The nation has four seasons
 Winter (January and February)
 Summer (March to May)
 Monsoon (Rainy season) (June to September)
 Post monsoon period (October to December)
 The trans – Himalayan and greater –
Himalayan regions, Drass and Kargil of
Ladakh region are the coldest region in the
country.
 Mawsynram in Meghalaya (1141 cm) is the
rainiest place in the world.
 Jaisalmer in western Rajasthan is the driest
place in India which receives the lowest
rainfall.

SOILS IN INDIA
ALLUVIAL SOIL:
 Alluvial soil contributing the largest share, is formed by the
deposition of sediments by rivers in the interior parts of India
and by the sea waves in the coastal areas of the country.
 Alluvial soil is the best agricultural soil
 Alluvial soils are devoted to the cultivation of wheat, rice,
pulses, sugarcane, jute, oil – seeds, fodder etc.
BLACK SOIL :
 Black soil is found largely in the Deccan plateau.
 Black soil is suitable for the cultivation of cotton.
RED SOIL :
 Red soil is formed by the weathering of ancient
metamorphic and crystalline rocks.
 Red soil is suitable for the cultivation of pulses and course
grains.
 They are more suitable for the cultivation rice, ragi,
tobacco and vegetable.
 Mainly found in the Peninsular India and hilly states of
North east India.
 LATERITE SOIL :
 Laterite soil are formed by the weathering of laterite
rocks. Laterite soils are deficient in nitrogen. They are
found in Karnataka, Orissa and Malabar areas.
FOREST SOIL :
 Forest soils are formed by the deposition of organic
matter derived from forests. They are rich in organic
matter and humus. They are formed mainly in Punjab,
Karnataka, Manipur and Jammu & Kashmir.
 These soils are used for plantations of tea, coffee, spices
and fruits.
NATURAL VEGETATION (FORESTS) :
 Some major types of vegetation found in India are
evergreen forests, Deciduous forests, dry forests, hill
forests and Tidal forests.
 Nearly, 21.54% of the total land area in India is
under forest.
 Madhya Pradesh has the largest area under forest
among the Indian states.
 Haryana has the largest area under forest.
 World environment day June 5
 Out of a total of 593 districts, 187 have been
identified as tribal districts. The tribal districts
account for about 59.8 % of total forests cover of the
country.
INDIA’S WILD LIFE
 Total number of national parks in India = 103
 Total number of tiger reserves in India = 50
 Total number of elephant reserves in India = 32
 Total number of wild life sanctuaries in India = 543
Important policies on wild life which led to the establishment of national
parks of India.
1. National forest policy – 1952, 1988
2. Project tiger – 1973
3. Project elephant – 1992.
LIST OF NATIONAL PARK IN INDIA
 Kazi Ranga national park,
Manas national park,
Assam Orang national park,
Dibru Saikhow national
park
Bihar Valmiki national park
Chhattisgarh Kan ger valley national
park
Gujarat Black buck national park,
Marine national park, Gulf
of Kutch
Karnataka Nagar hole national park
(Rajiv Gandhi national
park)
Madhya Pradesh Kangha national park,
Madhav national park,
Madla plant fossils
national park, Satpura
national park, Van Vihar
national park, Kuno
national park
Maharashtra Sanjay Gandhi national
park
Manipur Keibul lamjao national
park
Rajasthan Sari ska national park,
Ranthambore national
park
Sikkim Khangchendzonga
national park
Tamil Nadu Mukurthi national park,
Indira Gandhi national
Park, Gulf of Manner
Marine national park
Tripura Bison national park,
Cluded Leopard national
 park
Uttarakhand Rajaji national park, Jim
Corbett national park,
Gangotri national park,
Nanda Devi national park
West Bengal Sundarbans wildlife
sanctuary, Jaldapar
national park
Andaman and Niccobar Mahatma Gandhi Marine
(Wan door) national park,
Middle button Island
national park, Mount
Harriet national park,
Campbell Bay national
park.

AGRICULTURE OF INDIA
 Crops season in India can be classified into three such as
Kharif, Rabi and Zaid.
 Kharif (rainy crops) are shown in June/ July and
harvested in September / October. Rice, Jowar, bajra,
ragi, maize cotton and jute are important kharif crops.
 Rabi (winter crops) are shown in October/ December
and harvested in April/May. Wheat, barley, peas, rape
seed, mustard and grams are the important rabi crops.
 Zaid (summer crops) are grown in the short periods
after the harvest of the kharif and rabi crops shown in
April, May and June produces are mostly fruits and
vegetables.

GREEN REVOLUTION:
 To increase yield per hectare government of India introduced
a program called green revolution.
 The green revolution (first) was launched in 1967 – 68
 Father of green revolution – Dr. Norman Borlaug.
 Father of green revolution in India Dr. M.S. Swaminathan
 STATES FIRST IN PRODUCTION
Saffron Jammu and
Kashmir
Tea Andhra Pradesh
Spices Garden Kerala

Coffee Karnataka
Sandal wood Karnataka
Cotton Gujarat
Tobacco Andhra Pradesh
Plantain Maharashtra

Wheat Uttar Pradesh

Sugar cane Uttar Pradesh

Paddy crop (rice) West Bengal &

Andhra.
Coriander Rajasthan

IMPORTANT REVOLUTION IN INDIA

Green revolution High yielding variety of goods

Silver fiber revolution Cotton

Silver revolution Egg and poultry

White revolution Milk & Dairy products

Yellow revolution Edible oil

 Golden revolution Honey

Pink revolution Prawns

Blue revolution Fisheries

Brown revolution Cocoa

Golden fiber revolution Jute

MINERAL RESOURCES
 India’s major mineral resources (third largest reserves in the world)
 India ranks 3rd in production of coal and lignite, 2nd in barites, 4th
iron ore, 5th in bauxite and crude steel, 7th in magnesium ore and 8th
in Aluminum
Iron ore is the back bone of modern civilization varieties of iron
ore :
 Magnetite : the best quality of iron ore and contains 72 % pure
iron.
 Hematite : contains 60 – 70% pure iron.
 Limonite : contains 40 – 60 % pure iron.
 Jharkhand has the largest reserves accounting for about 25% of the
total reserves of iron ore in India.
 India has the world’s largest reserves of iron.
 India is the largest producers of mica in the world.
 Marble is found largely in Rajasthan.
 Chhota Nagpur plateau is the richest mineral belt of India.
 There are mainly three gold fields of India.
 Kolar gold field in Karnataka
 Hutti gold field in Karnataka
 Ram Giri gold field in Ananta
 Dig boy in Assam is the oldest oil well of India

WORLD GEOGRAPHY
Asia :
 Occupying about one – third of the land area of the world. It is
the largest continent
 Lake Baikal, the deepest lake of the world is located in Siberia.
 Mt. Everest (highest peak of the world) and K2 (second highest
peak of the world) belong to the Himalayas and the Karakoram
ranges respectively.
 Penang Island (Malaysia) is known as Singapore of the future.
 Thailand is known as the rice bowl of South east Asia and land
of white elephants.

SOME IMPORTANT COUNTRIES AND THEIR STATES

Mongolia Ulaanbaatar

Nepal Kathmandu

Oman Muscat

Pakistan Islamabad

Qatar Doha

Saudi Arabia Riyadh

Philippines Manila

Sri Lanka Colombo

Syria Damascus

Taiwan Taipei

Tajikistan Dushanbe

Thailand Bangkok

Turkey Ankara
 United Arab emirates Abu Dhabi

Uzbekistan Tashkent

Vietnam Hanoi

 Turkey is known as the sick man of the Europe

AFRICA:
 Africa is the world’s second largest and second most populous
continent, after Asia.
 Khartoum, the administrative center and the largest town known
as key of Sudan.
 Nigeria, a country of low lands and plateau also known as land
of palm oil.
 The largest diamond mine in Kimberly is considered to be the
biggest man made hole in the earth.
 Lake Victoria, the largest lake in Africa, is also the source of
river Nile, which is the longest river in the world.
 Sahara, the largest desert in the world is located in northern part
of Africa.

Algeria Algiers
Burkino Faso Ouagadougou
Burundi Bujumbura
Cameroon Yaoundé
Congo Brazzaville
Egypt Cairo
Equatorial Guinea Malabo
Eritrea Asmara
Gabon Libreville
 Gambia Banjul
Guinea Conakry
Kenya Nairobi
Liberia Monrovia
Libya Tripoli
Mali Bamako
Nigeria Abuja

Rwanda Kigali
South Africa Pretoria
Sud am Khartoum

Tanzania Dodoma
 Ostrich a large, fast running bird is found in Kalahari desert
 Johannes burg is the largest city of South Africa.
EUROPE
 Europe ranks sixth. Its bound arises are the Arctic ocean in the west
and the Mediterranean sea in the south. In the east, it is separated
from Asia by the Ural mountains and the Caspian sea.

Iceland Reykjavik
EUROPE
Denmark Copenhagen STATES
Norway Oslo AND
CAPITAL
Finland Helsinki
Sweden Stockholm
Spain Madrid
Portugal Lisbon
France Paris
Italy Rome
Germany Berlin
Switzerland Berne
Poland Warsaw
Belgium Brussels
Netherlands Amsterdam
UK London
Ukraine Kier
Austria Vienna
Bulgaria Sofia
Gech republic Prague
Greece Athens
Hungary Budapest
Ireland Dublin
Romania Bucharest
Yugoslavia Belgrade
 Reykjavik is also known as the Smoking Bay.
 Finland is known as the land of forests and lakes.
 The capital and the largest city of Finland, Helsinki, is known as the
white city of the north.
 Milan (Italy) is known as the Manchester of Italy.
 Rome is known as the city of seven hills.
 Largest lake loladoga, Russia.
 Largest river – Volga
 The highest mountain peak of Europe, Mt. Elbrus is the Caucasus.
NORTH AMERICA
 Third largest continent in the world.
 Hamilton is known as the Pittsburg of Canada.
NORTH AMERICA STATES AND CAPITALS
Antiglia & Barbuda St. John’s
Belize Belmopan

Dominica Roseau

Bhamas Nassau
Barbados Bridgetown
Canada Ottawa
Cuba Havana
Haiti Port – au – prince

Jamaica Kingston

Grenada St. George’s

Mexico Mexico city

Punama Punama city

 USA Washington D.C

 World largest oil refinery located on Sarnia, Canada

 Largest post in pacific, also known as city of golden gate : San
Francisco, USA.
 The headquarters of the united nations is located in New York.
 Highest point – north America
Mt. MC. Kinley, Alaska, USA
 Lowest point – death valley, California
 Largest lake – l. superior, Canada / USA
 Lake superior – world second largest lake after Caspian sea.
SOUTH AMERICA
 Largest country (both area and population) : Brazil
 World’s highest capital : Lapa 2, Bolivia
SOUTH AMERICA STATES AND CAPITALS
Argentina Buenas Aires

Bolivia Lapuz, Sucre

Brazil Brasilia

Chile Santiago

Colombia Bogota

Venezuela Caracas

IMPORTANT RIVERS OF SOUTH AMERICA

PARANA
 World’s largest waterfall (volume) lguazo located
AUSTRALIA
 Australia is the smallest continent
 Australia is the only country in the world that covers the
entire continent.
 It is also known as the Island continent.
 Highest point – Mt. Kosciusko, Australia
  Lowest point – Lake Eyre, Australia
 Largest point – lake Eyre
 Australia is the largest producer of bauxite in the world.
ANTARCTICA
 It is the fifth largest continent in area after Asia, Africa, north
America and south America
 About 98% of Antarctica is covered by ice.
 Highest point – Vinson Massif 4,897m
 Lowest point – Bentley subglacial trench 2555m
 Longest river – onyx river 25km.

SEVEN NEW WONDERS OF WORLD

I. The great wall of China :
The great wall of China, a memorable landmark is the most
popular tourist attraction in China. There were three main Chinese
Dynastic the contributed to the construction of the great wall :First
the Qin from 221 – 27 B.C. then the Han from 206 B.C – 220 A.D.
and the Ming from 1368 – 1644 AD. Their common purpose was
to stop the “Barbaric” Huns in the north from invading the Chinese
borders. The Great wall length measures about 6700 km long.
Heigh wise, it is 4.5 m to 9m. the existing wall today was
constructed by the Mind Dynasty over 600 years ago. During that
time the original wall was in ruins.
II. Petra :
Petra is a site in the Arabian desert, Jordan that was
discovered by a Swiss explorer called Johann Ludwig Burckhardt
in 1812 Petra represents the ancient world’s heritage culture. It is
now said to be one of the seventh wonder of the world and it
belongs to the UNESCO world heritage site. Petra mainly is
admired because of its picture perfect Architecture its complex
structure, quality and the non- mentionable mere size.
III. Taj Mahal in Agra:
Taj Mahal is a tomb situated in Agra, India. The Taj Mahal
was built by the Mughal emperor, Shal Jahan in the memory of his
beloved wife, Mumtaj Mughal. The Taj Mahal is one of the seven
wonders of the world and is said to be one of the finest art of the
Mughal architecture. The Taj became a part of the UNESCO,
world heritage site.
 IV. Chechen Itza in Yucatan :
Peninsula :
Chechen was founded by the Mayan civilization in 400 AD
and it is located in the North central, north of xcatan peninsula
now called Mexico Chechen has a history that is 1500 years old.
V. Colosseum of Rome :
Colosseum is one of the greatest architecture ever built in the
history of Rome. The Colosseum was originally known as the
Flavian Amphitheatre to have ever been built in the Roman
empire. It construction began sometime between 70 and 72 AD
and was completed in 80 AD when Titus was the ruling emperor.
VI. Christ the Redeemer Statue on Corcovado Mountain:
Christ the Redeemer is a Statue of Jesus Christ in role de
Janeiro Brazil. The statue is 120ft tall and has a weight of the new
seven wonders of the world. It is located in the Corcovado
mountain which is at a peak of 700m i.e., 2300 feet in the Tijuca
forest national park overlooking the city.
VII. Machu Picchu in Peru :
Machu Picchu is the pre Columbian, Inca empire site that is
located almost 8000 feet above the sea level. The site is located on
a mountain ridge above the valley of Urubamba in Peru. The city
is also called the “Lost city of Incas”. Machu Picchu was built in
146 AD.
 INDIAN POLITY AND CONSTITUTION
The term political science is intimately related to the word “Politics”.
Which itself is derived from the Greek word “Polis” that means a city – state the
general form of political organization in ancient Greece.
REPUBLIC OF INDIA :
India, a union of states, is a sovereign socialist secular democratic republic
with a parliamentary system of government. The republic is governed in terms
of the constitution, which was adopted by constitution assembly on November
26, 1949 and came into force on January 26, 1950.
CONSTITUTION :
Constitution is the fundamental law of a country which ordains the
fundamental principles on which the government of that country is based. India
also possesses an elaborate written constitution which was enacted by a
constituent assembly specifically set up for the purpose.
The constitution as originally adopted had 22 parts 395 articles and 8
schedules.
 THE COMPANY ADMINISTRATION
 REGULATING ACT – 1773 :
 Government of the east India company was put under
British parliamentary control
 The post of the “Governor” was now made ‘Governor
general’
 Warren hasting as the first governor general of Bengal.
 A supreme court was established in Calcutta, sir Elijah
Impey was the chief justice.
 PITTS INDIA ACT OF 1784 :
 Created another body – ‘Board of control’ to manage
political affairs in India and
 ‘Court of Directors’ kept on managing commercial affairs
though.
 CHARTER ACT – 1793 :
 Provided for the payment of salaries of the members of the
board of controllers from India an revenue.
 Courts were given the power to interpret rules and
regulation.
 CHARTER ACT OF 1813 :
 Trade monopoly of the east India company came to an end.
 The Christian missionaries were allowed to spread there
religion in India.
 Local autonomous bodies were empowered to levy taxes.
 CHARTER ACT OF 1833 :
 Created the post of Governor General of India in place of
Governor general of Bengal.
 William Bentick was the first governor general of India.
 This acct completely ended the commercial activities of the
company.
 CHARTER ACT OF 1853 :
 Established a separate governor general’s legislative council.
 Recruitment of the company’s employees was to be done
through competitive exams.
 Satyendra Nath Tagore became the first Indian to qualify the
civil services exam in 18633.
 Father of civil services in India Lord Charles cornwallis.
 THE CROWN ADMINISTRATION
1. GOVERNMENT OF INDIA ACT OF 1858 :
 Also known as act for good government of India.
 Abolished the British East India company.
 Abolished the governor general’s post and created a new post
viceroy.
 Lord canning becoming the first viceroy of India.
 Created a new office secretary of state for India.
 The secretary of state was ultimately responsible to the
British parliament.
 The country was divided into provinces headed by a
governor or lieutenant governor aided by his executive
council.
2. INDIAN COUNCIL ACT 1861 :
 Expanded the viceroy’s executive council made provisions
for him to nominate some Indians as non official members.
 New legislative councils for Bengal (1862), north western
frontier province (1866) and Punjab (1897) were established.
 By this act, the powers of the crown were to be exercised by
the secretary of state for India.
3. INDIAN COUNCIL ACT 1892 :
 Power of discussing the budget was given to the legislative
council in India.
 Expanded the councils and some members could be
nominated to both central as well as provincial legislative
councils.
4. INDIAN COUNCIL ACT 1909 :
 Also known as Morley – Minto reforms.
 Number of members in the central legislative council was
increased from 16 to 60.
 Satyendra Prasad Sinha became the first Indian to be
nominated as a law member to the viceroy’s executive
council.
 It provided, for the first time, for separate representation of
the Muslim community.
 Minto is also referred to as ‘Father of communal
electorate’.
5. GOVERNMENT OF INDIA ACT 1919 :
  Also called as Montague Chelmsford and it came into effect
in 1921.
 Responsible government in the provinces was to be
introduced, without impairing the responsibility of the
governor for the administration of the province by resorting
to device known as ‘Diarchy’ or dual government.
 The subject of administration were to be divided into two
categories central and provincial.
 Provincial budget was separated from the central budget.
 The central legislature retained power to legislate for the
whole country on any subject.
 The Indian legislature was made more representative and
for the first time ‘bi- Cameral’.
6. GOVERNMENT OF INDIA ACT 1935:
 Provided for the establishment of an all India Federation
with provinces and princely states as units. The federation
never came into bring as princely states did not join it.
 Abolished diarchy in the provinces and introduced
‘provincial autonomy’ in its place but it center it introduced
diarchy, however that never came into being.
 Introduced bicameralism in provinces as well as extended
separate electorates to depressed classes as well.
 Established RBI and a federal court at the center.
 The governor general had independent powers of
legislation, concurrently with those of the legislature.
 The governor was required to act with the device of
Ministers responsible to the legislature.
CRIPPS MISSION
In march 1942, sir Stafford Cripps came with a draft
declaration on the proposals of the British government.
ACCORDING TO THE PROPOSALS :
 The constitution of India was to formed by an elected
constituent assembly by the Indian people.
 The constitution should give India dominion state.
 There should be on Indian union comprising all the provinces
and Indian states.

CABINED MISSION PLAN

 In March 1946, Lord Climate Attlee sent a cabinet mission to
India, consisting of three cabinet ministers.

 The object of the mission was to help India achieve it’s

independence as early as possible and to set up a constituent
assembly.
 The cabinet mission rejected the claim for a separation
constituent assembly and a separate state for Muslim.
THE MOUNT BATTEN PLAN
 The plan for transfer of power to the Indians and partition of the
country was laid down in the Mountbatten plan.
 It was given a formal shape by a statement made by the British
government on 3rd June 1947.
THE INDIAN INDEPENDENCE ACT 1947 OF THE BRITISH
PARLIAMENT
 In pursuance of this act the government of India act 1935,
was amended by the adaption orders both in India and
Pakistan for setting up an internal constituent of the country.
 From 15 August 1947, India ceased to be a dependency.
 The office of the secretary of state for India was abolished.
 The central legislature of India, composed of the legislative
assembly and the council of states ceased to exist on August
14, 1947.
 The constituent assembly itself was to function also as the
central legislature with complete soverignity.

CONSTITUENT ASSEMBY AND MAKING OF THE

CONSTITUTION
 The cabinet mission envisaged the establishment of a
constituent assembly to frame a constitution for the country.
 Members of the constituent assembly were elected by the
provincial legislative assemblies.
 Each province and each Indian state were allotted seats in
proportion of its population, roughly in the ration of one to a
million.
 The seats were distributed among the main communities
recognized were Sikh, Muslim and general.
 The total number of members of the constituent assembly
was 389, of whom 93 were representatives. From the Indian
states and 292 from the provinces (British India) and four
member from chief presidency.
 After the partition of India number of members of the
constituent assembly came to 299.
 284 members were actually present on the 26th November
1949, and signed on the finally approved constitution of
India.
 The constituent assembly, which had been elected for
undivided India, held its first meeting on December 9, 1946
and was attended by 211 members.
 It took two years, eleven months and eighteen days for the
constituent assembly to final the constitution.
 Dr. Sacchidananda Sinha became the temporary president
of the assembly following the French practice.
 On 11th December 1946, Dr. Rajendra Prasad and H.C.
Mukherji were elected as president and vice president
respectively.
 Sir B.N. Rao was appointed as the constitutional advisor to
the assembly.
 On 13th December 1946, Pt. Nehru the objectives resolution
which later went on to become the preamble of the
constitution in slightly modified form.
 The resolution was unanimously adopted on 22nd January
1947.
 The constituent assembly ratified India’s membership of the
common wealth in May, 1949.
 It adopted the national flag on 22nd July 1947.
 It adopted national song and national anthem on 24th
January 1950.
 The assembly had is women members which were reduced
to after partition.
 The third and final reading of the draft was completed on
November 26, 1949. On this date, the signature of the
 president of the assembly was appended to it and the
constitution was declared as passed and finally constitution
came into force on 26th January 1950.
DIFFERENT SOURCES OF THE INDIAN
CONSTITUTION
1. GOVERNMENT OF INDIA ACT 1935 :
 The act formed the basic premise or the basis or ‘Blueprint’ of
the constitution of India with the features of federal system,
office of governor, emergency powers etc.,
2. CONSTITUTION OF BRITAIN :
 Law making procedures, rule of law, single citizenship, bi
cameral parliamentary system, office of CAG.
3. CONSTITUTION OF USA :
 Independence of Judiciary, judicial review, fundamental rights,
removal of supreme court and high court judges, preamble and
functions of president and vice president.
4. CONSTITUTION OF CANADA :
 Federation with strong center.

 To provide residuary powers to the center.

 Supreme court’s advisory jurisdiction.
5. CONSTITUTION OF IRELAND :
 Directive principles of state policy.
 Method of presidential elections.
 The nomination of members to Rajya Sabha by the president
6. WEIMAR CONSTITUTION OF GERMANY :
 Provisions concerning the suspension of fundamental rights
during emergency.
7. CONSTITUTION OF AUSTRALIA :
 Idea of the concurrent list
 Trade and commerce provisions
8. CONSTITUTION OF SOUTH AFRICA :
 Amendment with 2/3rd majority in parliament election of the
members of Rajya Sabha on basis of proportional
representation.
9. CONSTITUTION OF FRANCE :
 Republican system
 Principles of liberty
 Equality and fraternity
10.CONSTITUTION OF FORMER USSR :
 Fundamental duties
 Ideals of justice in preamble.
IMPORTANT PARTS, ARTICLES OF THE CONSTITUTION
OF INDIA
PARTS ARTICLES SUBJECT
I 1–4 The union and its territory
II 5 – 11 Citizenship
III 12 – 33 Fundamental rights
12 Definition
13 Laws inconsistent with or in derogation
of the fundamental rights
Right to equality
14 Equality before law.

15 Prohibition of discrimination of
grounds of religion, race, caste, sex or
birth.

16 Equality of opportunity in matters of

public employment.

17 Abolition of untouchability

18 Abolition of titles
Right to freedom
19 Protection of certain rights regarding
freedom of speech, etc.
 20 Protection in respect of conviction for
offences.

21 Protection of life and personal liberty.

21 – A Right to education

22 Protection against arrest and detention

in certain cases.

Right against
exploitation
23 Prohibition of traffic in human beings
and forced labour.

24 Prohibition of employment of children

in factories, etc.

Right to freedom
of religion
25 Freedom of conscience and for
profession practice and propagation of
religion.

26 Freedom to manage religious affairs

27 Freedom as to payment of taxes for

promotion of any particular religion

28 Freedom as to attendance at religious

instruction or religious worship in
certain educational institutions
Cultural and
educational rights
29 Protection of interests of minorities

30 Right of minorities to establish and

administer educational institutions.
Saving of certain
laws
31A Saving of laws providing for
acquisition of estates etc.
 31 B Validation of certain acts and regulation

31 C Saving of law giving effect to certain

directive principles.

Rights to
constitutional
remedies
32 Remedies for enforcement of rights
compressed by this part.
33 Power of parliament to modify the
rights conferred by this part in their
application to forces etc.

34 Restriction on rights conferred this part

while marital law is in force in any area

35 Legislation to give effect to the

provisions of this part.
IV 36 – 51 Directive principles of state policy
36 Definition
37 Application of the principles contained
in this part.
38 State to secure a social order for the
promotion of welfare of the people
39 Certain principle of policy to be
followed by the state
39A Equal justice and free legal aid
40 Organization of village panchayats
41 Right to work, to education and to
public assistance in certain cases
42 Provision for just and humane
conditions of work and maternity relief
43 Living wage, etc. for workers
44 Uniform civil code for the citizens
45 Provision for early childhood care and
education to children below the age of
six years.
 46 Promotion of educational and economic
interest of scheduled castes, scheduled
tribes and other weaker sections.
48 Organization of agriculture and animal
husbandry
48 A Protection and improvement of
environment and safeguarding of
forests and wild life.
49 Protection of monuments and places
and objects of national importance.
50 Separation of judiciary from executive
51 Promotion of international place and
security
51A Fundamental duties
52 - 151 The Union
52 – 76 The Executive
79 - 122 Parliament
123 Legislative powers of the president
124 - 144 The Union judiciary
148 – 149 Comptroller and auditor General India
VI 152 - 237 The states
VII 238 The states in part B of the first schedule
VIII 239 - 241 The Union Territories
IX 243 – 234 - 0 The Panchayats
IX- A 243P – 243ZG The Municipalities
X 244 – 244 A The Scheduled and Tribal areas
XI 245 - 263 Relation between the Union and the
States
Finance, property, contracts and suits,
264 – 300 Distribution of revenue between union
and states, finance commission.

XII 268 Taxes are levied and collected by the

center but distributed between the
center and the states
 300A Right to property

XIII 301 - 307 Trade, commerce, and inter course

within India
XIV 307 - 323 Service under the union and the states
XIV A 323A – 323B Tribunals
XV 324 – 329 Elections
XVI 330 – 342 Special provisions for certain classes
XVII 343 – 351 Official languages
XVIII 352 – 360 Emergency provisions
XIX 361A – 365 Miscellaneous
XX 368 Amendment of the constitution
XXI 369 – 392 Temporary, transitional and special
provisions special status of states
XXII 393 – 395 Short title, commencement,
authoritative text in Hindi and repeals
Part 22 Articles 395

SCHEDULES OF THE INDIAN CONSTITUTIONS

The constitution of India at the time of its adoption had only eight
schedules to which four more were added during the succeeding
sixty five years.
1st schedule :
 Names of the states and their territorial jurisdiction
 Names of the Union territories and their extent.
2nd schedule :
 Provisions relating to the enrolments, allowances, privilege etc.
3rd schedule :
 Forms of oath and affirmations of members of legislature, ministers and
judges.
4th schedule :
  Allocation of seats to states and union territories in the Rajya Sabha.
5th schedule :
 Administration and control of scheduled area and STs.
6th schedule :
 Provisions as to the administration of tribal areas in the states of Assam,
Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram.
7th schedule :
 Distribution of power between the union and the states government.
8th schedule :
 Description of 22 languages recognized by the constitution.
9th schedule :
 Validation of certain acts and regulations.
10th schedule :
 Disqualification of the members of parliament and state legislature on the
ground of defection.
 Added by the 52nd amendment act of 1985 also known as Anti defection
law.
11th schedule :
 Specifies the powers authority and responsibilities of panchayats
 This schedule was added by the 73rd amendment.
 It has 29 matters.
12th schedule :
 Specifies the powers authority and responsibilities of municipalities.
 This schedule was added by the 74th amendment act of 1992.
 It has 18 matters.
SOME SPECIAL FEATURES OF THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION
 The constitution of India is the lengthiest and the most comprehensive of
all the written constitutions of the world.
 Originally the constitution of India consists of 395 articles divided into 22
parts and 8 schedules.
 The Indian constitution provides for matters of administrative detail.
 Under the constitution the people of India are the ultimate soverign.
 The constitution of India establishes a parliamentary form of government
both at the center and in the states.
 The Indian constitution, though written is sufficiently flexible.
 The constitution declares certain fundamental rights of the individual.
 A unique feature of the Indian constitution that it makes the citizens
duties a part of the basic law of the land.
 There are provisions in the constitution to ensure independence of
judiciary.
 The Indian constitution is that being a federal constitution it acquires a
unitary character during the time of emergency.
 Under the Indian constitution every adult above 18 years of age has been
given the right to elect representatives for the legislature.
 It provides for the establishment of a secular state.
 The Indian constitution has special reservation of seats for the scheduled
caste and tribes in public appointment and in educational institution.
FEDERAL AND UNITARY FEATURE OF THE INDIAN UNION
 India is different from the United states of America because in United
states the federation is based on an agreement between different states
and the states have the right to secede from the Union.
 The Indian constitution has the features both of a feral and unitary forms
of government.
 In federal features distribution of power between union and the states has
been made as per the three lists.
 In the unitary features of the Indian constitution people enjoy dual
citizenship that of the central and of the state to which they belong.
 But the Indian constitution provides every Indian with single citizenship.

THE PREAMBLE
 The term “Preamble” refer to the introduction or preface to the
constitution.
 The American constitution was the first to begin with a preamble.
 The preamble has been amended only once so far, that is by 42nd
amendment act of 1976.
 Three words were added by that amendment
SOCIALIST, SECULAR, INTEGRITY
The preamble reveals four ingredients or components
 Source of authority of the constitution : the Preamble states that the
constitution derives its authority from the people of India.
 Nature of Indian state : it declares India as a soverign, socialist, secular,
democratic and republican polity.
 Objective of the constitution : to provide justice liberty, equality and
fraternity to the citizens of India.
 Date of adoption of the constitution : 26th November 1949.
 Berubari union case (1960) – the supreme court said that the preamble
isn’t a part of the constitution.
 Kesavananda Bharti case (1973) – the supreme court rejected the earlier
opinion and held that preamble is a part of the constitution.

THE UNION AND ITS TERRITORY

 Article 1 to 4 under part 1 of the constitution deal with the union and its
territory.
 Article 1 – India, that is Bharat as a Union of states
 Article 2 grants two powers to the parliament.
 The power to admit into the union of India new states
 The power to establish new states.
 Article 3 deals with the internal readjustment of the territories of the
constituent states of the union of India.
 Some committees that were important in the reorganization of states in
the Indian union Dhar commission, JVP committee, Fazi Ali commission
and state reorganization commission.
 The states and their territories are specified in the first schedule to the
constitution. The constitution empowers the parliament for the admission
or establishment of new states.

THE CITIZENSHIP
 Part 2 and covers article 5 – 11
nd

 The first modes of acquisition of citizenship as per the citizenship

act are
 By birth
 By registration
 By naturalization
 By acquisition of any other territory into the Indian union.
 Citizenship of India may be lost by :
 Renunciation of citizenship
 Termination of citizenship, if a citizen of India voluntarily
acquires the citizenship of another country.
 Deprivation of citizenship by the government of India.
  India provides for single citizenship.
FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS (ARTICLE 12 – 35)
 Described as the Magna carta of India
 Six fundamental rights have been provided by the constitutions
 Right to equality
 Right to liberty
 Right against exploitation
 Right to freedom of religion
 Cultural and educational right for minority
 Right to constitutional remedies.

Right to Equality
 Equality before law and equal protection of law
 Prohibition of discrimination on ground of religion, race, caste,
sex or place of birth
 Equality of opportunity in matters of public employment
 Abolition of untouchability and prohibition of its practice
 Abolition of Tiles except military and academic.
Right to liberty
 protection of six right regarding freedom
 speech and expression
 Assembly
 Association
 Movement
 Residence
 Profession
 Protection in respect of conviction for Offences (Art 20)
 Protection of life and personal liberty ( Art 21)
 Right to elementary education (Art 21A)
 protection against arrest and detention in certain cases
(Art 22)
Right Against exploitation (Article 23-24)
 Prohibition of traffic in human beings and forced labour (Art 23)
 Prohibition of employment of children in factories, etc. (Art 24)
Right to freedom of religion (Article 25 - 28)
 Freedom of conscience and for profession, practice and
propagation of religion (Article 25)
 Freedom to manage religious affairs (Article 26)
  Freedom from payment of taxes for promotion of any religion
(Article 27)
 Freedom from attending religious instruction or worship in certain
education institutions (Article 28).
Cultural and educational rights (Article 29 - 30)
 Protection of language, script and culture of minorities (Article
29)
 Right of minorities to establish and administer educational
institution (Article 30)
Right to constitutional remedies (Article 32)
 Heart and soul of the constitution.
DIRECTIVE PRINCIPLES OF STATE POLICY
 Called as novel features of the constitution
 The directive principles are contained in part IV of the
constitution.
 There are three types of Directive principles aimed at providing
social and economic justice and ushering in a welfare state.
Socio – economic principles:
 To provide adequate means of livelihood to all citizens
 To secure equal pay for equal work of men as well as women.
 To ensure a decent standard of living and leisure for all workers
 To provide necessary opportunities and facilities to children and
youth to prevent there exploitation.
Gandhian principles :
 The establishment of village panchayats to function as units of
self government.
 The promotion of educational and economic interest of weaker
section of society.
 The promotion of cottage industry.
Liberal principles :
 A uniform civil code for the country.
 Free and compulsory education for all children up to the age of 14
years.
 Separation of the judiciary and executive
  Organization of agriculture and animal husbandry along scientific
lines.
 Safeguarding the forests and wildlife of the country.
THE WRITS
 The power to issue these writs for the enforcement of the
fundamental rights is given by the constitution to the supreme
court (Article 32) and high court (Article 226).
 Supreme court has the power to issue writs only for the
purpose of enforcement of the fundamental rights whereas
under Article 226 a high court can issue writs for the purpose
of enforcement of fundamental rights.
 There are five types of writs
 Habeas corpus
 Quo warranto
 Mandamus
 Certiorari
 Prohibition.
HABEAS CORPUS :
 A writ of habeas corpus calls upon the person who has
detained, whether in prison or in private custody, before a
court and to release him if such detention is found illegal.
QUO WARRANTO :
 The word Quo- warranto literally means, “by what
warrants ?” or what is your authority.
 It is a writ issued with a view to restrain a person from
holding a public office to which he is not entitled.
 High court may issue a writ of quo-warranto if a person holds
an office beyond his retirement age.
MANDAMUS
 Mandamus is an order from the supreme court or high court
to a lower court or tribunal or public authority to perform a
public or statutory duty.
 This writ of command is issued when any government court
corporation or any public authority has to do a public duty
but falls to do so.
CERTIORARI
  The writ of certiorari can be issued by the supreme court or
any high court for quashing the order already passed by an
inferior court tribunal or quasi Judicial authority.
PROHIBITION
 This writ is issued when a lower court or a body tries to
transgress the limits or powers wasted in it . The writ of
prohibition is issued by any high court or the supreme court
to any inferior court.
RIGHT TO INFORMATION
Right to Information has been granted to every citizen of India under right to
information act, 2005 which came into force on 12th October, 2005.
The fundamental Duties are eleven in number, incorporated in Article S1 A[Part
IV A], which has been incorporated by the 42nd Amendment Act, 1976.
Under this article, it is the duty of every citizen of India.

1. To abide by the constitution and respect its deals and institutions, the
national flag and the national anthem.
2. To cherish and follow noble ideals, which inspired our national struggles
for freedom.
3. To uphold and protection the sovereignty, utility and integrity of India.
4. To defend the country and render national service when called upon to do
so.
5. To promote harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood amongst all
people of India transcending religious, linguistic and regional or sectional
diversities; to renounce practices derogatory to the dignity of women.
6. To value and preserve the rich heritage of our composite culture.
7. To protect and improve the natural environment, including forests, lakes,
rivers and wildlife, and to have compassion for living creatures.
8. To develop scientific temper, humanism and the spirit of inquiry and
reform.
9. To safeguard public property and to abjure violence
10.To strive towards excellence in all spheres of individual and collective
activity so that the nation constantly rises to higher levels of endeavor and
achievement.
11.Who is a parent or guardian to provide opportunities for education to his
child or, as the case may be, ward between the age of six and fourteen.
Note:-
The 11th Fundamental Duty was added by the 86th Constitutional Amendment
Act, 2002.

THE PRESIDENT:
 President is the Supreme Commander of the Defense Forces in India.
 President is the Head of the Union Executive (Act 77).
Election of the President: (Article 54)
 The President shall be elected by the members of an electoral college
consisting of:
 The ELECTED MPs
 The ELECTED MLAs of the states
 The ELECTED MLAs of the National Capital territory of Delhi
 The President of India is indirectly elected by an electoral college, in
accordance with the system of proportional representation by means of
the single transferable vote
 Qualification for election as President are (Act 58)
 Be a citizen of India
 Have completed the age of 35 years
 Be qualified for election as a member of the house of the people
 Shouldn’t hold office of profit
 POWERS OF PRESIDENT
 Executive Powers
 Legislative Powers
 Judicial powers
 Emergency powers (National emergency Act 352 , President’s Rule Act
356, Financial Emergency Act 360)
 Veto Powers
 Ordinance Making powers
 Pardoning power of the President
 Discretionary powers of the President
IMPEACHMENT OF THE PRESIDENT (ARTICLE 61):
 He is impeached for the ‘Violation’ of the constitution.
 The charges can be preferred by either house of the parliament
 A 14 days notice shall be served to the President before the acceptance of
such a resolution
 After the acceptance of that bill in that house, that impeachment bill must
be passed by the majority of 2/3rd of the Total membership of that house
OATH OF THE PRESIDENT (ARTICLE 60):
 Oath administered by the Chief Justice of India or in his absence the
senior most judge of the supreme court available
SOME IMPORTANT POINT:
 Only one president, that is Neelam Sanjiva Reddy has been elected
unopposed so far.
 Dr. Rajendra Prasad is the only President do have been elected
twice.
 Two presidents Dr. Zakir Hussain and Fakruddin Ali Ahmed have
died in the office
THE VICE PRESIDENT (ARTICLE 63)
 Vice President is indirectly elected by means of single transferable vote
 State Legislatures do not take part in the election of Vice President
 The electoral college for Vice President consists of the members of both
houses of Parliament
 To be elected as Vice President of India a person must be:
 A citizen of India
 Over 35 years of Age
 Shouldn’t hold office of profit
  Qualified for election as a member of the Rajya Sabha
 The Vice President gets the Salary, Allowance and remuneration, etc. as
the chairperson of the Rajya Sabha
 Term is of five years from the date on which he enters upon his office
 May be removed from his office by a resolution of the council of states
passed by a majority of all then members of the council and agreed to by
the house of the people but no resolution for the purpose of this clause
shall be moved unless at least fourteen days notice has been given of the
intention to move the resolution (Article 67B)
PRIME MINISTERS OF INDIA
S. No Name Tenure
1. Jawaharlal Nehru 1947 – 1964 (Died)
2. Gulzari Lal Nanda 1964 – 1964 (Acting)
3. Lal Bahadur Shastri 1964 – 1966 (Died)
4. Gulzari Lal Nanda 1966 – 1966 (Acting)
5. Indira Gandhi 1966 – 1977
6. Morarji Desai 1977 – 1979
7. Charan Singh 1979 – 1980
8. Indira Gandhi 1980 – 1984
9. Rajiv Gandhi 1984 – 1989
10. Vishwanath Pratap Singh 1989 – 1990
11. Chandra Shekar 1990 – 1991
12. P.V. Narsimha Rao 1991 – 1996
13. Atal Bihari Vajpayee 1996 – 1996 (for 16
days)
14. H.D. Deve Gowda 1996 – 1997
15. I.K. Gujral 1997 – 1998
16. Atal Bihari Vajpayee 1998 – 1999
17. Atal Bihari Vajpayee 1999 – 2004
18. Dr. Manmohan Singh 2004 – 2009
19. Dr. Manmohan Singh 2009 – 2014
20. Narendra Modi 2014 – till date

PRESIDENTS OF INDIA
S. No. Name Period
1. Rajendra Prasad 26 Jan 1950 to 13 May 1963
2. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan 13 May 1962 to 13 May 1967
3. Zakir Hussain 13 May 1967 to 3 May 1969
4. Varanagiri Venkata Giri 3 May 1969 to 20 July 1969
 5. Muhammed Hidayathullah 20 July 1969 to 24 Aug 1969
6. Varanagiri Venkata Giri 24 Aug 1969 to 24 Aug 1974
7. Fakruddin Ali Ahmed 24 Aug 1974 to 11 Feb 1977
8. Basappa Danappa Jatti 11 Feb 1977 to 25 July 1977
9. Neelam Sanjiva Reddy 25 July 1977 to 25 July 1982
10. Criani Zail Singh 25 July 1982 to 25 July 1987
11. Ramaswamy Venkataraman 25 July 1987 to 25 July 1992
12. Shankar Dayal Sharma 25 July 1992 to 25 July 1997
13. Kocheril Raman Narayanan 25 July 1997 to 25 July 2002
14. A.P.J Abdul Kalam 25 July 2002 to 25 July 2007
15. Pratibha Patil 25 July 2007 to 25 July 2012
16. Pranab Mukherjee 25 July 2012 to 17 July 2017
17. Ram Nath Kovind 25 July 2017 to till date

 Dr. S. Radhakrishnan was the first Vice President of India

 The Vice Presidents who went on to become the presidents
Dr. S. Radhakrishnan, Zakir Hussain, V.V. Giri, R. Venkataraman, S.D.
Sharma, A.R. Narayana
 Because of the limited powers and functions of the Vice President of
India is also at times termed as “HIS SUPERFLOUS HIGHNESS’’
THE PRIME MINISTER & THE COUNCIL OF MINISTERS
 The Prime Minister is the real executive authority or the defector head in
the Indian form of Parliamentary Governance.
 Prime Minister is appointed by the President (article 75)
 The Prime Minister may be a member of any of the two houses of
Parliament
 If a person isn’t an MP, he still can be appointed as the PM however he
can remain so only for a period of six consecutive months
 The oath to the PM is administered by the President and the holds office
during the pleasure of the president
 Prime Minister is the chairman of the planning commission NDC,
National Integration Council, Inter State Council and National Water
Resource Council
 The Prime Ministers, defeated by vote of no confidence are
 Vice President in 1990
 Atal Bihari Vajpayee in 1996 (defeated by only one vote)
 H.D. Deve Gowda in 1997
 The three Prime Ministers died in office were:
 Jawaharlal Nehru in May 1964
 Lal Bahadur Shastri in January 1966
  Mrs. Indira Gandhi on 31st October, 1984
 Sardar Vallabh bhai Patel was the first Deputy Prime Minister of India
 Jawaharlal Nehru had the longest tenure as the Prime Minister
(16 years, 9 months, 12 days)
 Atal Bihari Vajpayee was the Prime Minister for the shortest period of 13
days
 Vice President Singh was the first Prime Minister to loose confidence of
the house
 Jagjivan Ram has the record in his credit to remain in central cabinet for
the longest period (32 years)
The Central Council of Ministers:
 Article 74 Council of Ministers to aid and advise the President. The
advice shall not be enquired into any court and the president may require
the advice to be reconsidered, however he shall act as per the reconsider
advice.
 Article 75 other provisions as to the Ministers.
 The P.M. shall be appointed by the President and other Ministers shall be
appointed by the President on the advice of the Prime Ministers.
 The Maximum strength of the Ministers, including the Prime Ministers in
the council of ministers should not be more than 15% of the total number
of members of the house of the people. This was added by 91st AA, 2003.
 A member who stands disqualified as per the provisions of 10th schedule
shall also cease to be a Minister.
 The Minister shall hold office during the pleasure of the President and
they shall be collectively responsible to the Lok Sabha
 A Minister can continue using a Minister without being a member of
either house of Parliament for a Consecutive period of six months only.
 The Phrase “Council of Ministers” is mentioned in article 74 members
whereas the word among the Ministers.
 The P.M. is the channel of communication between the council of
Ministers and the President
 Ministers of state are not members of the cabinet and they can attend a
cabinet meeting only if invited to attend any particular meeting.
THE ATTORNEY – GENERAL FOR INDIA (ARTICLE 76)
 Titled as the highest law officer in the country
 Appointed by the president
 An AGI is one who is qualified to be appointed a judge of the supreme
court.
 Term is not fixed and he holds office during the pleasure of the president.
 The first and the longest serving AGI of India was Motilal Chamanlal
Setalvad
THE PARLIAMENT (ARTICLE 79 - 122)
 The parliament consists of the president, the Lok Sabha and the Rajya
Sabha.
THE COMPOSITION OF RAJYA SABHA :
 The maximum strength of the Rajya Sabha is fixed at 250, out of which
238 are to be the representative of the states and Union territories.
 12 members are nominated by the president
 The fourth schedule of the constitution deals with the allocation of seats
in the Rajya Sabha to the states and union territories.
 The representative of the states in the Rajya Sabha are elected by the
elected members of the state legislative assemblies.
 The seats are allocated to the state in the Rajya Sabha on the basis of
population.
THE COMPOSITION OF LOKSABHA :
 The maximum strength of the Lok Sabha is fixed at 552.
 Out of this 530 members are to be the representative of the states.
 2 members are to be the representative of the union territories.
 2 members may be nominated by the president from the Anglo Indian
Community.
 The representative of states in the Lok Sabha are directly elected by the
people from their respective constituencies.
 The voting age was reduced from 21 to 18 years by the 61st constitutional
amendment act 1988.
DURATION OF THE TWO HOUSES OF PARLIAMENT :
 The Rajya Sabha is a permanent body and not subject to dissolution.
 One – third of Rajya Sabha members retire every second year.
 The Lok Sabha is not a continue chamber. It’s normal term is five years
from the date of its first meeting after the general elections.
QUALIFICATION TO BE AN M.P AND DISQUALIFICATION TO BE
AN M.P
 Citizen of India
 Minimum age 30 years in Rajya Sabha and 25 years in Lok Sabha
 A person cannot be a member of both houses of parliament at the same
time. For being disqualified for being elected as an M.P.
 If he hold any office of profit under the union or state government.
 If he is of unsound mind and stands so declared by a court.
 If he is an un- discharged insolvent.
 If he is so qualified under any law made by parliament.
THE SPEAKER OF THE LOK SABHA :
 The speaker is elected by the Lok Sabha from among its members.
 The date of election of the speaker is fixed by the president.
 The speaker offers his resignation to the Deputy speaker and he can be
removed by a resolution passed by a majority of members of Lok Sabha.
 He presides over a joint setting of the houses of parliament.
 He decides whether a bill is a money or bill or not.
 G. V. Mavlankar was the first speaker of Lok Sabha.
 The longest serving speaker of Lok Sabha so far has been Balram Jakhar.
THE DEPUTY SPEAKER OF THE LOK SABHA :
 Like the speaker, the deputy speaker is also elected by the Lok Sabha
itself from amongst its members.
 The date of election of the deputy speaker is fixed by the speaker.
 The deputy speaker offers his resignation to the speaker of the Lok
Sabha.
 Madabhushi Ananthasayanam Aiyengar was the first deputy speaker of
Lok Sabha.
 He presides over the joint sitting in case of absence of the speaker.
SESSION OF PARLIAMENT :
 There are actually three sessions :
 The budget session is the longest and winter is the shortest session
 The budget session (February to May)
 The monsoon session (July to September)
 The winter session (November to December)
CHAIRMAN AND DEPUTY CHAIRMAN OF THE RAJYA SABHA :
 Vice president of India is ex – officio chair man of the Rajya Sabha and
functions as the presiding officer of that house so long as he does not
officiate as the president.
 When the chairman acts as the president of India, the duties of the
chairman are performed by the deputy chairman.
 The chairman may be removed from his office only he is removed from
the office of the vice president
 Dr. Sarvepalli Radha Krishnan was the 1st chair man of Rajya Sabha.
 S. V. Krishnamoorthy Rao was the 1st deputy chairman of Rajya Sabha.
IMPORTANT PARLIAMENTARY TERMS, POINTS, MOTIONS,
BILLS QUESTIONS AND COMMITTEES
 The maximum gap between two sessions of parliament cannot be more
than six months.
 The president summons and prorogues the two houses of parliament.
 Quorum is the minimum number of members required to be present in the
house before transaction of any business.
 It is one - tenth of the total number of members in each house.
 Lame – duck session refers to the last session of the existing Lok Sabha,
after a new Lok Sabha has been elected.
 Question hour is the first hour of every parliamentary sitting.
 A starred question requires an oral answer and hence supplementary
question can follow.
 An unstarred question on the other hand, requires a written answer and
hence, supplementary question can follow.
 The zero hour starts immediately after the question hour and lasts until
the agenda for the day is taken up.
 Adjournment motion it is introduced in the parliament to draw attention
of the house to a definite matter of urgent public importance.
 No confidence motion article 75 of the constitution says that the council
of minsters shall be collectively responsible to the Lok Sabha.
 A bill is a proposal for legislation and it becomes an act or law when duly
enacted.
 Bills can ordinary money or financial and constitutional amendment bills.
 Money matters which are specifically mentioned in article 110.
 Financial bill are also concerned with such matters through with slight
differences and are mention in article 117.
 The Rajya Sabha cannot reject or amend a money bill.
 It must return the bill to the Lok Sabha within 14 days, with or without
recommendation.
 The term ‘Budget’ has now here been used in the constitution. It has
been dealt with in article 112 of the constitution.
PUBLIC ACCOUNTS COMMITTEE :
 It consist of 22 members (15 from Lok Sabha and 7 from the Rajya
Sabha)
 Term of members 1 year. A minister cannot be elected as a member of
the committee.
 The chairman of the committee is appointed by the speaker from amongst
members.
ESTIMATES COMMITTEE :
 The largest committee of the parliament
 Present number of members is 30. All the thirty members are from Lok
Sabha only.
 The term of office is one year.
 The chairman of the committee is appointed by the speaker.
COMMITTEE ON PUBLIC UNDERTAKING :
 Present number of member is 22 (15 from the Lok Sabha and 7 from the
Rajya Sabha)
 The term of office of the members is one year.
 The chairman of the committee is appointed by the speaker.
ELECTION
 Every person who is a election of India and not less than 18 years of age
is entitled to vote at the election.
 Election to parliament can be called in question only by an election
petition in the high court, with appeal to the supreme court (Article 329)
 The exclusive forum for adjudicating disputes relating to the election of
the president and vice president is the supreme court (Article 71)
ELECTION COMMISSION :
 Article 324 of the constitution mentions about the election
commission mentioned in part XV
 Election commission consists of the chief election commissioner and
two other election commissioners appointed by the president.
 They hold office for a term of six years. The age of retirement is 65
years, which ever comes earlier.
 The first election commissioner of the India was Sukumar Sen.
UNION PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION :
 Mentioned under articles 315 to 323 in part XIV of the
constitution.
 Article 315 mentions about the public service commission for the
union and the states.
  The UPSC consists of chairman and other members appointed by
the president of India.
 Term is of six years or the retirement age is 65 years.
 The chairman of UPSC is not eligible for further employment in
the government of India or a state.
STATE PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION :
 A state public service commission consists of a chairman and
other members appointed by the governor of the state.
 The term of office is 6 years or the retirement age is 62 years.
 The chairman and members can be removed only by the
president.
FINANCE COMMISSION :
 Article 280 of the constitution of India provides for a
Finance commission.
 It is constituted by the president of India every fifth year.
 The finance commission consist of a chairman and four
other members to be appointed by the president.
 The chairman of the first finance commission was
K. C. Neogi
COMPTROLLER AND AUDITOR GENERAL OF INDIA :
 The constitution of India (Article 148) provides for an
independent office of the comptroller and auditor general
of India (CAG).
 He is the head of the Indian audit and accounts
department.
 The CAG is appointed by the president of India by a
warrant under his hand and seal.
 He holds office for a period of six years or up to the age
of 65 years.
ADVOCATE GENERAL OF THE STATE :
 The constitution (Article 165) has provided for the office
of the advocate general for the states.
 He is appointed by the governor of the state and holds
office during the pleasure of the governor.
 He is the highest law officer in the state.
SOME IMPORTANT NON – CONSTITUTIONAL BODIES :
  NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT COUNCIL :
 The national development council was established in August
1952.
 NATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS COMMISSION :
 The NHRC is a statutory body. It was established in 1993.
 The chairman should be a retired chief justice of India.
 The chairman and members hold office for a term of five year
or until they attain the age of 70 years.
 CENTRAL INFORMATION COMMISSION:
 The CIC was established by the central government in 2005.

THE SUPREME COURT

 Article 124 of the constitution has the provision of establishment and
constitution of supreme court.
 There are currently 33 judges (including the chief justice of India) against
a maximum possible strength of 34.
 The Judges of supreme court are appointed by the president.
QUALIFICATION :
 He should be a citizen of India.
 He should have been a judge of a high court for five years.
 He should have been an advocate of a high court for ten years.
 He should be a distinguished jurist in the opinion of the president.
OATH :
 The oath to the judges and CJI is administered by the president or any
other person appointed by him for this purpose.
TENURE OF JUDGES :
 He holds office until he attains the age of 64 years.
 He can resign his office by writing to the president.
 He can be removed from his office by the president on the
recommendation of the parliament.
REMOVAL OF JUDGES :
 A motion addressed to the president signed by at least 100 members of
the Lok Sabha or 50 members of the Rajya Sabha is delivered to the
speaker.
 If the motion is passed in each house by majority of the total membership
of the house and by a majority of not less than two – thirds of the
members of that house present and voting.
 The judge is removal after the president gives his order for removal on
such address.
 NOTE :-
 The removal process of both the supreme court and high courts are same.
 The jurisdiction and powers of the supreme court can be classified into
original jurisdiction, writ jurisdiction, appellate jurisdiction, advisory
jurisdiction. A court of record and so on.
ORIGINAL JURISDICTION :
 When the case is involved between center and states, two or more states
or center and two or more states being anti.
 The first such instance came in west Bengal us the centre.
THE HIGH COURTS
 The high court is the head of the judiciary in thee state.
 There are 25 high court in the country three having control over nore than
one state.
 Delhi is the only union territory that has a high court of its own.
APPOINTMENT OF JUDGES :
 The judges of a high court are appointed by the president
 The chief justice of the high court is appointed by the president after
consultation with the chief justice of India and the governor of the state
concerned.
QUALIFICATIONS OF JUDGES :
 He should be a citizen of India.
 He should have held a judicial office in the territory of India for ten years.
 He should have been an advocate of a high court for ten years.
OATH :
 Oath to the judge is administered by the governor of the state or some
person appointed by him for this purpose.
TENURE OF JUDGES :
 He holds office until he attains the age of 62 years.
 He can resign his office by writing to the president.
 He can be removed from his office by the president on the
recommendation of the parliament.
Guwahati high 1948 Assam, Guwahati
court Nagaland, (Bench at
Mizoram and Itanagar, Aizawl
Arunachal and Kohima)
Pradesh
Gujarat high 1960 Gujarat Ahmedabad
court
Himachal 1971 Himachal Shimla
Pradesh high Pradesh
 court
Jammu & 1928 Jammu and Srinagar and
Kashmir high Kashmir Jammu
court
Jharkhand high 2000 Jharkhand Ranchi
court
Karnataka high 1884 Karnataka Bengaluru
court (Benches at
Dharwad and
Kalburgi)
Kerala high 1956 Kerala and Ernakulam
court Lakshadweep
Madhya Pradesh 1956 Madhya Pradesh Jabalpur
high court (benches at
Gwalior and
Indore)
Madras high 1862 Tamil Nadu Chennai (Bench
court at Madurai )
Puducherry
Manipur high 2013 Manipur Imphal
court
Meghalaya high 2014 Meghalaya Shillong
court
Orissa high 1948 Odisha Cuttack
court
Patna high court 1916 Bihar Patna
Punjab and 1975 Punjab Haryana Chandigarh
Haryana high and Chandigarh
court
Rajasthan high 1949 Rajasthan Jodhpur (Bench
court of Tripura)
Sikkim high 1975 Sikkim Gangtok
court
Tripura high 2013 Tripura Agartala
court
Uttarakhand 2000 Uttarakhand Nainital
high court

NITI AAYOG
 On the 1st January 2015 by resolution government of India constituted a
NITI Aayog (NITI stand for national institution for transforming India )
  The prime minister of India is the chair person and chief minister of all
the states and it governor of Andaman and Nicobar are the members of
NITI Aayog.
 Arvind Panagariya is the first vice chairman of the NITI Aayog
 (first chairman .Mr. Narendra Modi )
THE STATES
THE GOVERNOR :
 The governor is the De Jure Executive head at the state level
 The governor is appointed by the president.
 To be appointed as the governor of any state or two or more states
as person.
 should be a citizen of India
 and should have attained 35 years of age.
 He should not hold any office of profit as well.
THE OATH :
 Oath is administered by the chief justice of the corresponding state high
court and in case he’s absent.
 A governor holds office for a term of five years
 He appoints the advocate general of a state and determines his
remuneration.
 He appoints the state election commissioner.
 He appoints the chair man and members of the state public service
commission.
 He nominates one – sixth of the members of the state legislative council.
 He can nominate one member to the state legislature assembly from the
Anglo Indian community.
 The governor can with hold the absent to bills, return the bills for
reconsideration and even reserve the bills for consideration by the
president.
 Money bills can be introduced in the state legislature only with his prior
recommendation.
 He is consulted by the president while appointing the judges of the
concerned state high court.
IMPORTANT ARTICLES
 153 – Governors of states
 154 – Executive power of states.
 155 – Appointment of governor.
  156 – Term of office of governor.
 157 – Qualifications for the appointment as the governor.
 158 – Conditions of the governor’s office.
 159 – Governor’s oath or affirmation.
 161 – Power of the governor to grant pardons and others
 165 – Advocate general for the state.
 200 – Assent to bills
 213 – Governor’s power to promulgate ordinances
 217 – consultation of governor by the president in the matter of the
appointment of the judges of the high courts.
THE CHIEF MINISTER AND THE STATE COUNCIL OF MINISTERS :
 Chief minister is the real executive authority, he is the head of the
government.
 The total strength of the number of minsters. Including the CM in the
states CM should not exceed is percent of the total strength of the
legislative assembly of the state.
 The number of minister in a state should also not be less than 12. This
provision was added by the 91st amendment act of 2003.
THE STATE LEGISLATURE :
 Most of the states in India have a unicameral legislature.
 Six states have bicameral legislature
 Telangana
 Andhra Pradesh
 Maharashtra
 Bihar
 Uttar Pradesh
 Karnataka
 The legislative council is the upper house (Vidhan Parisa) while the
legislative assembly (Vidhan Sabha) is the lower house.
 Delhi and Puducherry are the only three UTs that have a legislative
assembly (Jammu – Kashmir is added)
COMPOSITION OF THE STATE LEGISLATURE :
 The legislative assembly consist of representative directly elected by
the people on the basis of universal adult franchise.
 Its maximum strength is fixed at 500 and minimum strength at 60
depending on the population size of the state.
 The members of the legislative council are indirectly elected.
  Maximum strength of the legislative council is fixed at 1/3rd of the
total strength of the corresponding assembly and the minimum
strength is fixed at 40.
DURATION OF THE TWO HOUSES :
 Analogous to the Lok Sabha, the legislative assembly is also not a
permanent chamber.
 Term of the legislative assembly is five years.
 The legislative council is a continuing chamber. But one – third of its
members retire on the expiration of every second year.
MEMBERSHIP OF THE STATE LEGISLATURE :
 Citizen of India.
 He must be not less than 30 years of age in the case of the legislative
council and not less than 25 years of age in the case of the legislative
assembly.
 He should not have been found guilty as per the provision of RPA,
1951.
 He should not be of unsound mind, he should not hold any office of
profit.

PRESIDING OFFICERS OF STATE LEGISLATURE :

 The speaker is elected by the assembly itself from amongst its members.
 Like the speaker, the deputy speaker is also elected by the assembly itself
from amongst its members.
 He is elected after the election of the speaker has taken place.
 The chairman is elected by the council itself from amongst its members.
 The speaker decides whether a bill is a money bill or not his decision on
this question is final.

IMPORTANT POINTS RELATED TO THE STATE LEGISLATURE :

 The maximum gap between the two sessions of the state legislature
cannot be more than six months.
  Quorum is the minimum number of members required to be present in the
house before it can transact any business. Either its 10 or 1/10th of the
total number of member in that particular house.
 A money bill cannot be introduced in the legislative council. It can be
introduced in the legislative assembly.

THE PANCHAYATI RAJ INSTITUTIONS

THE PANCHAYATS :
 They were constitutionalized by 73rd and 74th constitutional amendment
acts 1992 respectively.
 In January 1957, the government of India appointed a committee to
examine the working of the community development programme (1952)
and the national extension service (1953) and to suggest measures for
their better working .
 The chairman of this committee was Balwant Rai G. Menta
 Rajasthan was the first state to establish Panchayati Raj
 The scheme was inaugurated by the prime minister on October 2 1959 in
Nagour district.
 In December 1977, the Janata government appointed a committee on
Panchayati Raj institution under the chairmanship of Ashok Mehta.
 The 73rd constitutional amendment act 1992 has added a new part IX to
the constitution of India titled ‘THE PANCHAYATS’ and consists of
provisions from article 243 to 243O
 The 73rd (AA provides for three tire system of PRIs in every state village,
intermediate and district levels)
 The members of the panchayat shall be directly elected by the people.
 Normal term of the panchayat at every level shall be five years.
 The minimum age to contest elections at the panchayat level is 21 years.
THE MUNICIPALITIES
 The system of urban government was constitutionalized, through the 74th
constitutional amendment act of 1992.
 In 1687 – 88, the first municipal corporation in India was set up at
Madras.
 In 1726, the municipal corporation were set up in Bombay and Calcutta.
 Lord Ripon is regarded as the father of local – self government in India.
 ECONOMICS
INDIAN ECONOMY
 Father of the micro economy – Adam Smith
 Father of macro economy – J. M. Keynes.
 An economy refers to an organization through which people earn their
living.
 An economy system refers to those norms and rules or institutions which
direct an economy.
 The economy is self – driven through an invisible hand or through the
free play of the force of market demand and market supply.
 Freedom of the people to use their private property subject to the love of
the land.
 All means of production, namely, machines, tool, lands, mines etc., are
owned privately.
 Price mechanism helps productors to decide what to produce and how
much to produce, how to produce and for whom to produce.
 Labour as a commodity labour is bought and sold the factor market like
any other commodity.
TYPES OF ECONOMIC SYSTEM :
THERE ARE 4 TYPES
 Traditional economic system
 Command economic system – controlled by centralized
power.
 Market economic system
 Mixed economic system – Dual economy.
CHARACTERISTICS OF INDIAN ECONOMY :
1. AGRARIAN ECONOMY :
Agriculture – 47.49 % of the population is engaged in agriculture.
2. MIXED ECONOMY :
 Indian economy is a unique blend of public and private sector.
3. DEVELOPING ECONOMY :
 Indian economy is a developing economy.
DEMAND AND SUPPLY :
LAW OF DEMAND :
 It is given by Alfred marshal P to D
 It shows relationship between price and its demand.
 It says that if price of a prudent increase then its demand decreased and
vice – versa with all other factors remains constant and it is known as
1
Seterius Priebus [ p x d ]
LAW OF DEMAND CURVE
 It always downward sloping from left to right. It may carry or a straight
line.

LAW OF SUPPLY
 It is form a supplier point of view.
 It states that as a price of a product increased, quantity supplied for that
product also increased (because the supplier wants to earn maximum
profit) & vice – versa [P S ]
 Graph of law of supply is always upward slopping from left to right.

CONSUMER EQUILIBRIUM :
 It is a position where buyer is satisfied with seller.
 It arises when demand is equal to supply.

ELASTICITY OF DEMAND
% ∆∈ D
ED = ( % ∆∈P )
Responsibleness change in demand with respect to price.
PERFECTLY ELASTIC :
 When very minor change in price leads infinite change in demand
 Ed = ꝏ
 It is an imaginary condition

PERFECTLY INELASTIC DEMAND

 When change in price leads to no change in demand.
 Ed = ꝏ
 It is and imaginary condition

RELATIVE ELASTIC DEMAND :

  When percentage change in demand is greater than the
percentage change in price.
 Ed > 1
 Example : luxury items like car any item of particular brand
like Amul milk fruit etc.

RELATIVELY INELASTIC DEMAND :

 When % change in price greater than % change in demand
 Ed <1.
 Example: Basic needs like medicine. Salt, milk, etc.

 %ΔP > % Δ D
UNITARY ELASTIC :
 When percentage change in price is equal to % change in demand
 Ed = 1
 It is again imaginary condition
TYPES OF DEMAND
GTEFEN GOODS
 From income demand point of view, it is also known as inferior
goods.
 It is also considered as exception to low of demand. It state that if
price of a product increases then demand also increases & vice-
versa.
 Graph of Giffen goods is always upward slapping. Ex. Bread, rice
and wheat.
 The products demand for a factor of production is governed. by the
marginal productivity of the factor.
 The economy of India is the Seventh largest in the world by
nominal GDP and the third largest by purchasing power purity
(PPP).
 Dadabhoy Naeroji is known as the father of Indian politics and
economics. He is also known as grand old man of India
 Economic Drain Theory is given by Dadabhoy Naeroji.
BASIC FEATURES OF INDIAN ECONOMY :
 Low per Capital income.
 Inequalities in income distribution.
 Predominance of agriculture.
 Rapidly growing population.
 Chronic unemployment
 low rate of capital formation.
 Dualistic nature of economy (Modern + traditional)
 Mixed economy.
 Follows labour intensive techniques.
SECTORIAL DISTRIBUTION OF INDIAN ECONOMY :
 Primary Sector - Agriculture, forestry, dairy, quarrying etc.. (13.9%
Contribution).
 Secondary Sector - Manufacturing sector, construction, power,,
generation etc. (27.1%) contribution
 Tertiary Sector / Service Sector & Banking insurance, tele
communication, information technology, trading, ware housing etc.
-(59% contribution)
AGRICULUTRE
 Contribute nearly 14.4% of GDP of India.
 49% population is dependent on Agriculture
 In America and England it contribution only 17. Of national
income.

India's Ranking in the world. in Agriculture →

Crop India’s rank
Banana 1
Jute 1
Mango 1
Cardamon 1
Milk 2
Rice 2
Tomato 2
Potato 2
Cashew apple 2
Apple 5
Soya been 6
Coffee 6
Pine apple 6

Serial no. Agricultural development Year of beginning

programme
1. Intensive agriculture development 1960
program IADP to provide loan,
seeds, tools
2. Intensive agriculture area program 1964
(IAAP) to develop special harvest
3. High yielding variety program 1966
HYVP food grains
4. Green revolution food grain 1966
 production
5. Nationalization of 14 banks loan 1969
6. Marginal farmer and agriculture 1973
labour agency (MFALA)
7. Small farmer development agency 1974
(SFDA)
8. Farmer agriculture service centers 1983
(FASC)
9. Comprehensive crop insurance 1985
scheme
10. Agricultural and rural debit relief 1990
scheme (ARDRS)
11. Intensive cotton development 2000
program (ICDP)
12. National oil seeds and vegetable 1984
oils development board (NOVOD)
NEW AGRICULTURAL STRATEGY INITIATIVES :
 Kisan Credit Card :
This scheme was introduced in August, 1988 to provide
lean facility to formers.
 Rastriya Krishi Vikas Yagona (RKVY) :
This scheme came into force in August 2007 with 18550
crore amount to increase public investment in Agriculture,
technology, and to Provide flexibility.
 National food Security Mission (NFEM) :
The Central Government had launched NFSM in 2007-08
to increase production through area expansion and productivity
enhancement
 Land Reforms Programmes in India.
Betterments of farmers:
o Regulation of tax
o Security for the rights of farmers.
o Right of land ownership fix the farmers
o land Celling
o Chak bandi
NATIONAL BANK FOR AGRICULTURE AND RURAL
DEVELOPMENT (NABARD)
 NABARD is the apex institution of rural credit. Its establishment
is based on the recommendations of shiv Raman Committee.
  Its purpose in Development assistance and Poverty reduction in
rural areas in India Established on 12th July 1982 Headquarter –
Mumbai
 Recording to NABARD it's capital rise to 36100 crore in 2017

NATIONAL INCOME
National Income:
 The rational income is the sum t of the value of all the final
produced and services of the residents of the Country in an
accounting you. and it also includes the net earned foreign income.
 In India, a systematic.. measurement of national Income was first
attempted in 1949.
 The base of year at present is 2017-18.
CONCEPT OF NATIONAL INCOME
 GROSS DOMESTICE PRODUCT (GDP) :
GDP is the total money value of all final goods and
services produced with in a country’s boarder in a specific period of time.
GDP = GNP - net income from abroad (export - import)
 GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT (GNP) :
GNP is the aggregate final output of citizens and business
of an economy in a year
GNP = GDP + net factor income Abroad (NFIA)
 NET NATIONAL PRODUCT (NNP) :
NNP is obtained by subtracting depreciation value i.e.,
(capital stock consumption) from GNP.
o NNP =GNP – depreciation
o NNP is known as National Income.
MARKET
 COST
COST – VALUE OF MONEY
 REVENUE
o Revenue = income from business activities or sales turnover
o Total revenue TR = total product X total tax
o Average revenue AR = revenue from per unit product.

o DISGUISED – where marginal productivity ratio is zero.

o STRUCTURAL UNEMPLOYMENT – it is a feature of backward
country.
o OPEN UNEMPLOYMENT – it is a feature of backward country.
o CYCLICAL UNEMPLOYMENT – it is a feature of development
economy
o It is due to change in demand structure
o FRACTIONAL UNEMPLOYMENT – due to change in technology.
 ECONOMIC PLANNING OF INDIA
o The planning commission was constituted in India in 1950 with
Jawaharlal Nehru as its first chair man
o On 1st January 2015, the newly formed NITI AAYOG has replace the
planning commission.
o In India, 12th five year plans have been implemented so far.
o Last five year plan of India is 2012 – 17
Five Period Target Achievements
year growth rate In (%)
plans of GDP (%)
First 1951 - 2.1 3.60 For agricultural
plan 56 development
(Harrod – Dorma
model )
Second 1956 – 4.5 4.21 For industrial
plan 61 development
(Prof- P.C.
Mohalanobis
model )
Third 1961 - 5.6 2.72 Failed due to
plan 66 conflict with Pok
Sukh Moy
Chakraborty and
Prof. Saddy
Fourth 1969 - 5.7 2.05 Failed (due to
 plan 74 Indo – Pok war)
(Ashok Rudra &
Alon S. Manney )
Fifth 1974 - 4.4 4.83 “Garib Hatao”
plan 79 Self sufficiency in
food grains
Sixth 1980 – 5.2 5.54 Elimination of
plan 85 unemployment
and poverty.
Seventh 1985 – 5.0 6.02 To eliminate
plan 90 poverty and
unemployment( Pr
anab Mukherjee )
Eighth 1992 – 5.6 6.68 Priority poverty
plan 97 sector John. W.
miller model
Ninth 1997 – 6.5 5.5 To achieve growth
plan 02 with equality (By
Planning
commission)
Tenth 2002 – 8.0 7.7 To increases the
plan 2007 rate of growth of
national income
and per capital
income.
Eleventh 2007 – 9.0 8.2 Towards Paster
plan 12 and more
inclusive growth
(by Prof .
Rangarajan.
Twelfth 2012 - 8.2 Faster sustainable
plan 17 and more
Inclusive growth
(By Planning
Commission.

 7th Economic Census (EC) 2019 start from fully 2019

LOAN:
 A loan is a specified sum of money provide by the lender usually a
financial institution (FI) to a borrower on condition that it is repaid either
in installments or all at once on agreed dates and at an agreed rate of
interest.
 In most cases FI require same from of a security for leans
NEW ECONOMIC POLICY (NEP)
 The new economic liberalization policy was launched in India July 1991
 3 main objectives of new economic policy
 Liberalization
 Privatization
 Globalization

Liberalization
o Liberalization is the process by which government control
is relaxed or abolished . In this process privatization is also
included
Globalization
o This process is the process of amalgamation of an economy
with world economy is called globalization
Privatization
o To increase participation of private sector in the public
sector companies by capital investment.
Economy Reforms
o Disinvestment means to decrease the share of government
in the industries.
o Government has given complete autonomy to Novara
companies to rise at world level
o Main aim of second phase of economic reforms
programmer is to eradicate poverty and development rate 7
to 8 %
Reason of Need for NEP
1. Fiscal deficit
2. Increase in unfavorable bl of payment
3. Gulf crisis
 FDI
o Foreign Direct investment is when a foreign company takes
controlling ownership in a business entity in other country
MONEY AND BANKING
MONEY
FUNCTION OF MONEY
o Medium of exchange unit of account standard of deferred payment
store of value Basis of credit creation Basis of distribution of national
income etc.
INDIAN CURRENCY
o RBI manage the currency of India while the responsibility of coinage
vests with the finance ministry under the government of India
o Presently Indian currency system is based on the minimum Reserve
system
BANKING
o The first commercial bank was established in1770 by Alexender &
company.
o It was named Hindustan Bank
PRESIDENCY BANK
o Bank of Bengal (1806) in Calcutta
o Bank of madras (1843) at madras
o Bank of Bombay (1840)
o Imperial Bank of India was established on 27 January
1921
o On 1st July 1955 state bank was established by managing
imperial bank
o Punjab national bank was established in 1894 with the
help of Lala Lajpat rai in 1894 (first Indian Bank by the
Indian only).
RESERVE BANK OF INDIA
o RBI - Central bank & Supreme monetary authority of India
o Established - April 1935 under RBI Act 1934
o Central office – Calcutta
 o Head quarters – Mumbai
o RBI was established with 5 crore as its capital
o RBI was nationalized on 1st January 1949
FUNCTION OF RBI
 Central Bank of India
 It acts as banker to the central and state government
 It announces the annual policy statement
 It act as an advisor to the government
 Controller of money supply and credit
 It manage foreign exchange
 It issued currency
 Indian Rupees system is based on decimal system (1=100
paise)
 RBI issue 2 Rs to 2000 Rs note &It is signed by RBI
Governor
 Rs 1 note issued by finance ministry (Government of India
and signed by finance Secretory
 Coins also issued by finance ministry
PRINTING OF SECURITIES IN INDIA
 Indian Security press Nasik
 Security Paper Mill Hashangabad
 Bank Note Press Devas (M.P).
 currency Note press Nasik
 Security Printing press Hyderabad
 Modernized Currency Note Press Mysore
MINTING OF COINS & MEDALS
 Coin Minting- Mumbai, Kolkata, Hyderabad, Noida
 Government Medals Minting: Kolkata, Noida
o Monetary policy – 45 days – Reports
 It is related with supply of money in market.
 Issued by RBI
o Fiscal policy -Annual Basis Report
 It is related with Government Income, Loan, Tax,
expenditure, Interest etc.,
 Issued by Finance ministry
1
 Bank Rate α money flow
  Bank Rate – is a interest rate which is paid by banks to RBI (5.40%)
 Repo Rate – It is also interest rate for short term loan repurchasing offer
rate( 5.15%)
1
 Repo Rate α money flow
 Reverse Repo Rate – It is also an interest rate which is paid by RBI to the
banks (4.90%) (short term -7 days)
 Cash Reverse Ratio (CPR) – It is minimum deposit of banks to RBI it is
depend upon daily deposit of banks. Present CPR =4%
 Stationary Liquidity Ratio (SLR)-It is minimum deposit of banks to their
our accounts
Present SLR=18.50%
Present base Rate =8.95%-9.40%
 Open market operation means sale purchase of security papers by RBI
 Open market operation means sale purchase of security paper by RBI
 Oldest public sector bank in India – Allahabad bank
 First nationalization of bank in India on a July 1969
 Regional Rural Bank (RRB)-The RRBs were set up under the RRB Act
of 1976 By M. Narasimhan
IDBI Industrial Development Bank of India
 Established =in 1989
 Head office =Lucknow
SBI (State Bank of India)
 Established =1st July 1955
 Head quarter -Mumbai
 Chairperson -Rajnish Kumar
 SBI bank has max branches in foreign
 World’ s largest Bank – Bank of China
 India’s largest Bank - SBI
 Money Market - Regulated by RBI
Short -term investment (maturity up to a year )

Organized unorganized
Sector Sector

 Bill -Bill is a security

Treasury Bill
 Treasury Bill are the short -term liability of the central government
 Maturity period – 91 days, 182 days or 364 days.
 It can have a minimum amount of face value of 1 lakh and there after in
multiples of it.
 The rate of interest is market – determined.
 Treasury bills are issued to raise significant amount of found by us
treasury.
Bill of exchange :
It is a private security paper. Example : cheque, draft, challan.
Certificate of deposit (CD) :
Issued by commercial bank rate of certificate of deposit are mostly
negotiated between bank and COD buyers
Maturity period – 7 days – 1year /364 days.
Commercial paper CP :
  Issued by larger private companies.
 Maturity period = 7 days to 1 year/ 364 days.
Capital market :
Long term investment (more than 1 year)
Capital market regulated by SEBI.
SEBI :
 Security and exchange board of India.
 Established in 1988 and given legal power on 30 January 1992 (SEBI act
1992).
 Head quarter – Mumbai
 Chairman – Ajay Tyagi at present.
 Founded – 12th April 1992
 First chairman – S. A. Deva
Gill – edge security bill :
 It is a long term government security bill

 Presently only two exchanges in India – NSE and BSE trading in future
and options.
 Asia’s first stock exchange BSE
 New York stock exchange (NYSC 1792) – world largest stock exchange.
BSE – Bombay stock exchange
Established – 9th July 1875
World’s 10th largest stock exchange.
Location – Mumbai.
No. of total listing companies – 54.39
BSE’s equality index – The SENSEX
NSE – national stock exchange :
 Founded – 1992
 Location – Mumbai.
 Total listing companies – 1952.
 Leading stock exchange of India.
 NES’s index – NIFTY
 Mutual fund is a professional managed investment fund that pools
money from money investors to purchase securities.
 Governed by SEBI regulations.

Institutions Head quarters Chairman

IFCI New Delhi Emandi Sankara Rao
UTI Mumbai Leo puri
IDBI Mumbai Hemant Bhargava
NABARD Mumbai Harsh Kumar
Bhanwala
SIDBI Lucknow Mohammad Mustafa
EXIM Mumbai Venkat Subramanian
NHB New Delhi N. V. Verma
LIC Mumbai M. R. Kumar
GIC Mumbai Alice Vaidya
RRBs India
HDFC Mumbai Deepak Parekh

IMPORTANT FINANCIAL INSTITUTION OF INDIA

Institutions Year
IFCI (industrial finance 1948
corporation of India)
UTI (unit trust of India) 1964
NABARD (national bank for 1982
agriculture and rural development)
SIDBI (small industries 1990
development bank India)
IDBI (industrial development bank 1964
of India)
EXIM (export – import bank of 1982
India)
NHB (national housing bank) 1988
GIC (General insurance 1972
corporation)
LIC (life insurance corporation) 1956
 RRBs (Reginal rural banks) 1975
HDFC (housing & development 1977
finance corporation ltd)

Important committees :
 Ghosh committee – Bank frauds
 Goiporia committee – Bank customer services
 Goswami committee – Industrial sickness and cooperative Re-
structuring loan system
 Jilani committee – loan system
 Janaki Raman committee – securities transactions of the banks and
financial institution
 Malhotra committee – insurance sector reforms
 Dr. Mehta committee – integrated rural development program
 Nadkarni committee – to evolve an improved procedure for
conducting transactions in public
sector bonds and mutual funds
st
 1 Narasimhan committee – banking sector reforms
 2nd Narasimhan committee – banking sector reforms
 Insurance development and regulatory authority (IRDA) is the
regulatory authority in the insurance sector under the IRDA act
1992.
 RBI regulates foreign exchange under the foreign exchange
management etc.
 SEBI is the regulatory authority for capital markets in India.
 Stock market provides financing by shares or stock insurance and
by store trading.
 Banks face several risks such as the liquidity risk, interest credit
risk and operational risk.
 Credit card = a card that may be used repeatedly to borrow money
or buy products and services on credit.
 Debit card = a card which allows customers to access their funds
immediately electronically.
 Stock exchange = an exchange on which shares of stock and
common stock equivalents risk of life and property.
 Insurance = a social device to reduce or eliminate risk of life and
property.
 Inflations – inflation is a sustained rise in price level over a period
of time.
 Deflations = deflation is a fall in the overall level of prices.
  Causes of inflations = increase in public spending hording, tax
reductions, price rise in international market.
Types of inflations:
o Demand – pull inflation (imbalance in supply and demand)
o Cost push inflation – example : increase in cost of raw material
o Hyperinflation
o GDP deflation
INDIAN TAXATION SYSTEM

 Indian government receives highest income from corporation tax

 According to budget 2017 – 18, the largest share of government’s income
is corporation tax (19%), income tax (16%) and excise duty (14%)
 Custom duty is imposed on imported and exported goods.
 VAT is levied on the every stage of production.
Surcharge :
 It is used by central government (Article 271 )
 It is firstly implemented in 2013 – 14 budget on income tax
Income tax:
 First time implemented in 1860
Corporate tax :
 Implemented on profit of companies.
Wealth tax :
 House, gold, silver.
 Gift tax :
 Receiving person paid gift tax
FBT :
 Presently not working
MAT :
 Minimum alternative tax
 It is implemented on zero profit company which is related with
backward area.
CGT :
 Capital gain tax
 Implemented on gaining of capital
Custom duty :
 It is implemented on import/ export of goods
VAT :
 Value added tax
 Place of sales tax
Service tax :
 Implement for 3 services.
o Telephone
o Share brokerage
o General insurance
Stamp duty :
 Purchase of property / assets
Advertisement tax :
 Tv, Radio, newspaper.
Educational Cess :
 For specific purpose
3 main types of taxes :
 Property tax
  A proportional tax impose the same percentage of
taxation tax rate is constant the average tax rate is
constant regardless of income.
 Regressive tax :
 It imposes a higher percentage rate of taxation on low
incomes than on high incomes
 Progressive tax :
 Progressive taxes use a marginal tax rate that increases at
the amount of taxable income increases.
GST :
 Goods and service tax (indirect tax imposed on the supply
of goods and services).
 India has since launching the GST on July 1, 2017
implemented five different tax rates.
 Four basic rate structure 5%,12%,18% & 28%.
Tax rates Goods/ item
0% Foods, books, newspapers, homes,
cotton cloth, and hotel services
under Rs. 1000
0.25% Rough industrial diamonds
5% Apparel below Rs. 1000 purchased
food item footwear under Rs. 500
etc.
12% Apparel over Rs. 1000 frozen
meats
18% Luxury item like makeup, pastries,
swimming pools footwear coasting
more than Rs. 500
28% On so luxury products and sun
screen, ceramic, tiles, bidis
(cigarettes), cars motorcycles etc.
 India has chosen the Canadian model of dual GST.
There are 3 types of taxes :
 State GST (SGST)/ Union Territory GST (UTGST)
 Central GST (CGST)
 Integrated GST (IGST)
 Pan is mandatory to apply for GST registration
Types of accounts:
 o Savings account
o Current account
o Recuring account
o Fixed deposit account
o DEMAT account
o NRI account
 Assam is the first state ratify (legal approval) GST bill.
 GST removes cascading effect of economy.
 Stagflation :
o It is a situation where inflation, recession &
unemployment altogether exist in economy.
SOCIO – ECONOMIC INDICATORS
Poverty :
 Poverty is where in a section of society is unable to fulfill even its basic
necessities of life.
Types of poverty:
 Absolute poverty is lack of shelter, water and food.
 Relative poverty refers to the economic status of a family whose income
is insufficient to meet its society’s average standard of living.
 Measurement of poverty in India :
 In India poverty line is drawn on the basis of per capita
(adult) daily intake of 240 calories for the rural and 2100
calories for the urban areas.
 Human development report (HDR) :
 India ranks 130 out of 189 countries on 2018 human
development index, released by the united development
program (UNDP)
INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATION
 WORLD BANK:
o Established = 27th December 1945
o Head quarters = Washington D.C
o Started with 44 members countries
o Now has 189 members countries.
 IMF :
 o International monetary fund
o Recommendation of Bretton woods meeting 1945
o Established – 27th December 1945
o Head quarters – Washington D.C
o Main objective of IMF is economical development
 World trade organization (WTO):
o Established – 1st January 1985
o It replaces GATT
 Credit rating agencies in India
o CRISIL
o CARE
o ICRA
o ONICRA

SCHEMES LAUNCHED BY NARENDRA MODI GOVERNMENT

 SCHEMES STARTING MAIN PURPOSE
Budget Rs. 75,000 crores. Aim to
PM Kisan supplement the financial needs of
(Pradhan 1st February the SMFs having lands up to 2
Samman Nidhi hectors benefit around 14.5 crores
Scheme) farmers
To address the problems of form
sector distress has approved Modi
2.0 cabinet has approved a
Pradhan Mantri proposal to provide small and
Kisan Pension marginal farmers with a minimum
Yojana Rs. 3000 per month fixed pension,
costing Rs. 10,774. 5crore per
annum to the exchequer.
Mega pension 2019 The scheme guarantees a
scheme minimum assured pension of Rs. 3
crore small traders, self employed
pensions, and shopkeepers, once
they attain 60 years of age.
New Jal Shakti 31st may It aim at providing piped water
ministry 2014 connection to every Indian house
held by the year 2024
Jan Dhan 28th August The scheme ensures access to a
yojana 2014 range of financial services like
availability of basic savings bank
account access to need based
credit remittees facility, insurance
and pension.
Skill India 28th August The mission has been developed to
mission 2014 create convergence across sectors
and states in terms of skill training
activities.
Make in India 28th The facilitate investment program,
September faster innovation enhance skill
2014 development, protect, intellectual
property is build best in class
manufacturing infrastructure.
Swachh Bharat 2nd October The campaign aims to achieve the
mission 2014 vision of the ‘clean India’ by 2nd
October 2019.
Sansad Adarsh 15th Rural development program
Gram Yojana February Social development cultural
2019 development and spread
motivation among the people on
social mobilization of the village
community.
Bandhan 15th Pension scheme by Piyush Goyal
Mantri Sharm February Rs. 3000/- per month after
Yogi Mandan 2019 attaining the age of 60 years
(PM -SYM) If the subscriber dies the spouse of
the beneficiary shall be entitled to
receive 50% of the pension
 INDIAN HISTORY
 The study of the past is called history.
 The English word history is derived from the Greek word ‘Historia’
meaning research, inquiry or investigation.
A SYSTEM OF DATING
B.C – B.C is the acronym of before Christ. This is an English
phrase meaning before the birth of Jesus Christ.
Example : Goutam Buddha was born in 563 B.C and died in 483
B.C
A.D – A.D is the acronym of ammo domini, this is a Latin phrase
meaning in the era of the lord.
Example : Jesus Christ was crucified in 30 A.D
 Hasrat Mohammad was born in 570 A.D and died in 632 A.D.
LATIN AGE OR THE STONE AGE (30,00,000BC – 1000 BC)
 Ancient India can be studied under other heads like paleolithic,
Mesolithic, neolithic and chalcolithic period.
Name of the Time period Life style Implements
period (tools &
weapons)
Paleolithic 30,00,000 BC Hunters and Chopper,
to 10,000 BC food gathers chopping,
hand axe,
cleaver, flake
tools, blade
tools
Mesolithic 9000 BC to Hunters and Microlith
4000 BC Herders implements
Neolithic 7000 BC to Food Polished
1000 BC producers implements
 HARAPPAN AGE/ INDUS CIVILIZATION
2500 BC – 1750 BC
 Three names are proposed for the civilization of Harappan age –
Harappan civilization, Indus civilization & Indus Saraswati
civilization
 Harappan civilization was the civilization of copper age.
 Harappan sites was discovered by Dayaram Sahni in 1921.

REGIONAL EXTENSION OF HARAPPAN CIVILISATION

Region / state Archeological sites
Afghanistan 1) shot Hughey
2) Mundigate
Pakistan Mehargarh, Killinghall Muhammad,
Rana Gundy, Debarked, Belo Kott,
Sutkangendor
Punjab (Pakistan) Harappa, Jalalpur, Sangha Wala,
Dera war, Ganeri Wala, Sarai Kola
Sindh (Pakistan) Mohenjo-Daro, Amari, Kath dizi,
Chanhudaro, Ali Murad, Jangar.
Jammu Kashmir Manda
Haryana Vana Walia, Rakhi Gargi
Rajasthan Kali Banga, Gnaneshwar,
Hanumangarh, Mithal, Chhupar
Uttar Pradesh Alamgir Pur, Manpur, Bargaon,
Sanawil
Gujarat Dholaira,
Lothal,Surkotda,Bhagatrva,rangpur
Maharashtra Daimabad

POST HARAPPAN AGE – 2000 B.C. – 1000 B.C.

 After 2000 B.C. in the different origin of Indian so be continent the

various regional cultures come into existence
 These cultures were not urban culture like Indus Civilization but rural
cultures
 Mohenjo-Daro was excavated in 1922 by R.D. Banerjee
IMPORTANT CITIES:
City River Archaeological Importance
Harappa Ravi Mother goddess, figurines, A row of
6 Granaries
Mohenjo-Daro Indus Great granary, Great bath, Image of
Pasupathi, Mahadeva Image of
Bearded mom and bronze image of
a women dancer
Lothal Bhogova Port city, Double burial, Terra-cotta,
horse fingurines
Chanhudaro Indus City without a capital
Dholaira Indus City divided into 3 parts
Kalibangan Gagger

COMMON FEATURES OF MAJOR CITIES:

 Systematic town planning on the lines of ‘grid system’

 Use of burnt bricks in constructions
 Underground drainage system
 Exception Chanpudaro
 Surkotada (Gujarat) : the only Indus site where the remains of a
horse have actually been found
 Main crops : wheat & Barley; evidence of cultivation of rice in
Lothal and Rangpur (Gujarat) only.
 Indus people were the first to produce cotton in the world
 Lion was not known to Indus people.
 There was extensive inland & foreign trade.
 Foreign trade with Mesopotamia or Sumerians
 A very interesting features of this civilization was that iron was not
known to the people
 Lothal was an ancient part of Indus civilization
 The Indus civilization was primarily urban.
 The most commonly found figure is not that of mother goddess.
 The chief male deity was the “Pasupathi Mahadeva” i.e., the lord
of animals
 Humpless bull is represented in most of the Indus seals
 The origin of the ‘Swastika’ symbol can be traced to the Indus
Civilization.
 Contemporary civilization of Indus civilization Mesopotamia,
Egypt and China.
  Steatite was mainly used in the manufacture of seals.
VEDIC CULTURE (1500 B.C – 600 B.C)
o The Aryans are supposed to have migrated from central Asia into
the Indian Subcontinent in several stages or waves during 2000
B.C – 1500 B.C,
o Bog Haz Kai inscription, which mentions 4 Vedic gods Indra,
Varuna, Mitra and Nasatyas
o The group that came to India first settled in the Present frontier
province and the Punjab - then called Sapta Sindhu i.e., region of
seven rivers
Vedic literature comprises of four literary production-
o The Sam hitas on Vedas
o The Brahmas
o The Aranyaka’s
o The Upanishads
 The most important of Vedic literature are Vedas.
 Vedas are called Apyrase i.e., not created by mom but God-
gifted and Nitya i.e., existing in all eternity.
There are four Vedas: -
Rig Veda, Yajur Veda, Samaveda, Atharva Veda
 Rigveda & the oldest text in the world. The Rigveda contains
Luz hymns and 10560 Verses, divided into to Mandals
 The hymns of Rig Veda Loere recited by Hatri
 Also contains the famous gayatri Mantra
The Yajur Veda a ritual Veda
 It is divided into two parts. Kristina Yajur Veda and Shukla Yajur
Veda
Rituals of Yajnas
The Sama Veda: had 1549 Verses.
 This Veda is important for Indian Music
 Book for chants
The Atharva Veda:
 It contains corms and spells to word off evils and diseases
 Mantras ten magic spells
The Upanishads-
 The Upanishads are philosophical texts.
 They are generally called Vedanta
  There are 108 Upanishads
 Vrihadaranyaka is the oldest Upanishad
Vedangas :
o There are Aix Vedangas
 Shiksha
 Klapa sutras
 Vyakarana
 Nirukta
 Chanda
 Jyoti Sha
Maha kavyas: -
There are mainly two Maha kavyas.
o The Ramayana
o The Mahabharata
The purana :
o The purana means "the old"
o There are 18 famous 'Puranas’
o The Masya purana is the oldest puranic text
o The important Puranas are the Bhagavata, The Vishnu, The
Vega and the Brahmana
Shad- darshans
o There are 6 schools of Indian philosophy known. as the
Shad- darshans.
RIG VEDIC (1500 B.C – 1000 B.C)
 Rig Vedic is the only source of knowledge for this period
 Rig Vedic people, who called themselves Aryans wore confined in the are
which came to be known as Sapta Sindu i.e., land the seven rivers.
 According to Rigveda, the famous Dass Anjan was the interane war of the
Aryans.
 The Rigveda speaks of assemblies such was the Sabha Samiti, Vidath,
Gama
 Rigvedic society comprised four varnas, namely:- Brahmana, Kshatriya,
Vaishya and Shudra
 Teacher and priests were called Brahmas, Rules and administrators were
called Kshatriyas and artisans and laburses were reckoned or Shudras
 Child marriage cool not in Vogue
 Milk and its product-card, butter and ghee formed on important part of
the diet.
 The cow was already deemed Agnaya i.e., not to be killed
 Alcoholic drinks, Sura and some were also consumed.
 Indra, Agni and Varuna were the most were the popular duties of
Rigvedic Aryan
 The Aryans crossed the nomadic stage. yet, great importance was
attached to herds of cattle Various animals were domesticated
 Tiger was not known but the wild animals like- lion, elephant and boar
were known to them.
Later Vedic period 1000 BC-600 BC
 During the later Vedic period the Aryan Settlements covered virtually the
whole Northern India- Aryavarta
 The center of culture now shifted from Saraswati to Ganges
 The expansion of people towards the east in Indicate in a legend of
Satapatha Brahmana
 Large Kingdoms and stately cities made their Appearances in the later
Vedic period
 In Taittariya Brahmas we notice the theory of the divine Origin of
kingship.
 The military officials of the Rig Vedic times the Senanj and the Gramine.
 The Sthopati being entrusted with the duty of administering.
 Adhikrita Joss the village officials The popular control over the affairs of
the kingdom Joss exercised through Sabha and Samiti.
 The earliest reference to the 4 Ashrams: Brahmacharya, Grihastha,
Vanaprastha and Sannyasa is found in the Jobala Upanishad
 The Ashrama system was formed to attain 4 purusharthas Dharma, Artha,
Kama and Moksha
 Woman were prohibited to attend the political Assemblies
 The earlier divinities Indra and Agni were relegated into the background
while Prajapati Vishnu and Rudra
 Prajapati became Supreme Good.
 Land had became more valuable then cows
 Rice, barley, beams, Sesame and wheat were cultivated
 Production of goods advanced as Indicated by new occupations like
fisherman, washerman, dyers, door- Keepers and footmen
Serial no. Mahajan padas Capital Modern location
1. Anga Champa Munger and
Bhagalpur
 2. Magadh Rajagriha Gaya and Patna
3. Kasi Kasi Banaras
4. Vatsa Kausambhi Allahabad
5. Kosala Sravasti Eastern Uttar
Pradesh
6. Surasena Mathura Mathura
7. Panchala Ahichchatra Western Uttar
and Kampala Pradesh
8. Kuru Indra Prasath Meerut & SE
Haryana
9. Masya Virat Nagar Jaipur
10. Chedi Sothivati/Banda Buddhadeb
11. Avanti Lujan / Madhya Pradesh
Mahismati & Malwa
12. Gandhar Taxila Rawalpindi
13. Kamboj Pooncha Rajouri & Hujra
(Kashmir)
14. Assaka Pratishtha/ Pai Bank of
than Godavari
15. Vajji Vaishali Vaishali
16. Malla Kusinara Deroia & UP
Rise of Magadha
 The political history of India from 6th century BC on words the
history of struggle between four states:- Magadh, Kosala, Vatsa and
Avanti for Supremacy
 The Kingdom of Magadha emerged to be the most Powerful one
and succeeded in founding an empire.
Hanya Naka Dynasty: 544 B.C-412 B.C
 Bimbi Sara (Shronika): 544 B.C - 492 B.C
 He was the founder of Haryana dynasty.
 Magadha came into prominence under the leadership of Bimbi
sara.
 He was a contemporary of Gautama Buddha.
 He married the princess of Kosala and Madra.
Sects of Buddhism:-
Hin Yana
 Its follows believed in the original teaching of Buddha
 They favored poli language.
Mahayana
 Its followers believed in the heavenliness of Buddha.
  They favored Sanskrit language.

Vajrayana
 It's followers believed that salvation could be best obtained by
requiring the Magical power, which they called Vajra.

Jainism (599 BC - 527BC)

 According to Jain tradition there were 24 Thirth Ankara The first
being Rishabhadevo / Adinath & last being
 The Vishnu Purana and the Bhagavat purana describe Rishabha as
an incarnation of Narayana.
 Purshwanath's four main teachings (Chaturthi)
o Animsa
o Satya
o Asteya
o Apanignota
 Mahavira adopted all those four teaching and added
one more that is Brahmacharya to it
Name Symbol
Rishabha Bull
Ajit Nath Elephant
Purshwanath Serpent
Mahavira Lion
 The principles of Jainism as preached by Mahavira:
o Rejected the authority of the Vedas and Vedic rituals
o Did not believe in the existence of God.
o Believed in Karma and the transmigration of soul
o Laid great emphasis on equality
Jain Year Venue Chair man Patron Result
council
18th 300 Patli Sthulabhodra Chandr Compilation
BC Putra a Gupta of 12 Angas
Maurya
2nd 512 Vallabhi Devardhikshm Final
AD Asrama compilations
of 12 Angas
and 12
upangas
Sects of Jainism :
 There are two sects
 Svetambara : those who put on white robes
 Digambaras : those who were stark naked
Example of Jain architectural :
 Gump has i.e., caves example Hathigumpha, Baghagumpha etc.
 Dilawar temples example: Vimala Vasahi temple, Tej apala temple Mount
Abu
 Temples – Garner & Pauli tana (Gujarat)
 Pava puri temple, Rajagriha temple Bihar
 Statue of Gometeshwar / Bahubali – Shravan Gola (Karnataka)
Mahavira’s life :
 Mahavira was born in 540 BC in a village Kund grama was Vaishali in
Bihar.
 His father’s name is Siddhartha
 His mother’s name is Trishana was the sister of Chetaka, the king of
Vaishali
 Mahavira was married to Yashoda and a produced a daughter Anuja
Priya Darshini whose husband Jamali became the first disciple of
Mahavira
 At the age of 30, after the death of his father he renounced his family
became an ascetic and proceeded in search of truth.
 Mahavira delivered his first sermon at Pava to his disciples, later, he
founded a Jain Sangha at Pava
 At the age of 72 in 468 BC, he passed away at Pava puri near Bihar
Sharif in Bihar.
Triratna i.e., three gems of Jainism:
 Sam yak Shradha/ Vis was (right faith): it is the belief in Tirthankaras
 Sam yak Jnana : it is the knowledge of the Jain creed
 Sam yak Karma : it is the practice of the 5 vows of Jainism
Panchal mahavartas i.e., five vows of Jainism :
 Ahimsa
 Satya
 Asteya
 Aparigraha
 Brahmcharya
Types of knowledge :
 There are five types of knowledge
o Mati jhana
o Shurat jhana
o Avadhi jhana
o Manahparyaya jhana
o Kevel jhana
MAURYA PERIOD (322 BC – 185 BC)
Sources for Maurya history:
Literacy sources :
Kautilya’s arthasastra:
It is a treatise on government and polity
It gives a clear and methodological analysis of political and
economic conditions
Megasthenese’s Indica :
 Megasthenese was the ambassador of selecus Niko tar in
the court of Chandra Gupta Maurya
Vishaka Datta’s Mudra Rakshasa:
 It was written during Gupta period
Buddhist literature:
 Indian Buddhist text Jatakas reveal a general picture of
socio economic condition of Mauryan period
 Ceylonese Buddhist chronicles Dipavamsa and
Mahavamsa describe the park played by Ashoka in
spreading Buddhism to Sri Lanka.
Archaeological sources:
 There are rock edicts, pillar edicts and cave inscription
located at several places in Indian subcontinent their
importance came to be appreciated only after their
description by James prince in 1837 and also the
identification of Ashoka as the authors of these edicts in
the beginning of the 20th century
Origin of the Maurya’s:
 Mud rakshasa of vishakhadatta uses the terms Vrishal
Kulina
  The Junagarh rock inscription of Rudra Daman has some
indirect evidence.
 Maurya’s belonged to the Moriya tribe and were
certainly of a low caste.
Chandra Gupta Maurya (322 BC – 298 BC):
o Chandra Gupta dethroned that last Nanda rulers Dhan Anand and
occupied Patli Putra in 322 BC with the help of Kautilya
o In 305 BC Chandra Gupta Maurya defeated selecus Nicator, who
surrendered a vast territory including Asia, God Rosia and Parapan
Sada (Kabul) in return for 500 elephants.
o Megasthenese was the Greek ambassador sent to the court of
Chandra Gupta Maurya by selecus nicator
o Chandra Gupta became a Jain and went to Sravanbvgola
(Karnataka) with Bhadra bahu where he died by slow starvation.
o Trade flourished agriculture was regulated, weights and measures
were standardized and money came into use.
Bindusara : 298 BC – 273 BC :
o Chandra Gupta Maurya was succeeded by his son Bindu sara.
o Bindusara known to the Greeks as Amitro chats i.e., slayers of
foes.
o Bindusara asked Antilochus of Syria to send some sweet wine
dried figs and a sophist. Antiochus I sent wine and figs but
policy replied that Greek philosophers are not for sale
o Bindusara patronized Ajvikas.
Ashoka 273 BC – 232 BC:
 According to Buddhist tradition Ashoka usurped the throne after
killing his 99 brothers and spared Tissa the youngest one.
 Under Ashoka, the Mauryan empire reached its climax for the first
time the whole of the sub continent leaving out the extreme south,
was under imperial control
 Ashoka fought the Kalinga war in 261 BC in 9th years of his
coronations.
 The king was moved by the massacre in this war and therefore
abandoned the policy of physical occupation in favor of the policy
 Ashoka sent missionaries to the kingdom of the cholas & the
Pandya’s and five states ruled by Greek kings.
  He sent missionaries to Ceylon (Sri Lanka) & Bruna.
Ashoka’s dhamma :
 After the Kalinga war, Ashoka propagated Dhamma or moral low across
his empire.
 Dhamma was a way of life, a set of principles and a code of conduct that
is to be adopted.
Later Maurya’s 323 BC – 185 BC :
 After Ashoka’s death in 232 BC there were 7 kings with in a span of
50 years.
 After him the Mauryan empire was divided into two parts western
and eastern
 The western part come to be ruled by Kunal.
 The eastern part come to be ruled by Dasharatha.
 The last Mauryan king Birhatratha, was associated by puhyamitra
Sunga, his commander in chief.
Mauryan administration:
 Central administration :
 The Mauryan government was a centralized bureaucracy of which the
nucleus was the king
 According to Kautilya there are 7 elements of states :
o Raja (The King)
o Amartya (The Secretaries)
o Jhana pada (Territory)
o Drug (Fort)
o Kosha (The treasure)
o Senna (Army)
o Mitra (friend)
The Mantri Parishad :
 The king was assisted by Mantri Parishad whose member included :
o The Yuvaraja (the crown price)
o The purchita (the chief priest)
o The Senapati (the commander in chief)
 Mauryan administration was the maintenance of a huge army.
 Army was carried by a board of 30 officers divided into 6 committee.
 Tax collected from peasants varied from ¼ to 1/6 of the produce.
  The state also provided irrigation facilities and charged water tax.
 Sohgoura copper plate inscription and mahasthana inscription deal with
the relief measures to be adopted during a famine.
Society :
o Kautilya’s arthasastra looked upon the shudras as on Aryan
community which distinguished from malechha or non Aryan
community.
o Through Megasthenese stated that there were no slavery in India.
o Woman occupied a high position and freedom in the Mauryan
society.
Agriculture :
o The chief of agriculture department was known as Sita Daksha
o Then there was separate irrigations department as well which
looked after a network of canals.
Post Mauryan India :
o After the successors of Ashoka failed to keep the empire
intact various small kingdoms emerged in the face of Indian
subcontinent
o The Mauryan dynasty was soon replaced by the Sunga
dynasty.
The Sunga dynasty (185 BC – 73 BC):
 The founder of Sunga dynasty was Pushya Mitra Sunga
 He had assassinated the last Mauryan rule, Birhatratha to capture the
throne.
 The southern parts were under the Satvahans.
 The northern western areas were facing Bactrian Greek invasions
 Pushya Mitra was as supporter of Brahmanical traditions
 He received the practice of Ashwa Medha Yajna
 He also contributed in construction of the Buddhist stupa at Bar hut.
 After the death of pushya Mitra, his son Agni Mitra became ruler.
 The last ruler of Sunga dynasty was their 9th rulers Devabhuti. He was
murdered by his minister Vasudeva kanva,
 Patanjali author of the ‘Mahabasya’.
Kanva dynasty (73 BC – 28 BC):
  It was founded by Vasudeva Kanva. This dynasty was brahmin in
caste.
 The kingdom at the time of Vasudeva Kanva was much reduced in
this extant.
 The last king of Kanva was Sukarman.
The Satvahans dynasty (60 BC – 225 BC):
 Gautami Putra Satakarhi was the greatest of the Satvahans rulers
 He extended the Satvahans rule by defeating the shaka rulers nana
Pana of western India.
 The Satvahans capital was situated at pratisthana
 Sumukha was the founder of the Satvahans dynasty.
 Pula Mavi III its 30th ruler, was the last Satvahans rulers
 Satvahans started the practice of donating land
 He sent a royal physician jivaka to Ujjain when avanti king pradyota
was suffered by jaundice
 He built the city of new Rajagriha
Agat Shatru (Kuinka) 492 BC – 460 BC
 Bimbi Sara was succeeded by his son Agat Shatru
 Agat Shatru killed his father is seized the throne.
 The Vajji confederation was Agat Shatru target of attack
 He built the fort of Rajagriha and a watch fort (Jala Durga)
Uday in 460 BC – 440 BC
 Ajatashatru was succeeded by his son Uday in
 He laid the foundations of the city Patli Putra and shifted the capital from
Rajagriha to Patli Putra
 Uday in was succeeded by Anu Radha, Munda and Naga doxas
Shisunaga dynasty 412 BC – 344 BC
Nag Dasak : Nag Dasak was unworthy rule so the people got disgusted and
elected Shisunaga as the king
 Shisunaga was the destruction of the pradyota dynasty of avanti
 Shisunaga was succeeded by Kal Ashoka
 His region is important because he convened the second Buddhist
council in Vaishali 383 BC
Nanda dynasty 344 BC – 323 BC :
 The Shisunaga dynasty was overthrown by mahapadma who established
a new line of kings known as the Nanda’s.
 Mahapadma is known as sarvakshatrantak.
 The puranas call mahapadma Erka i.e. the Sule monarch
 Mahapadma was succeeded by his eight sons. Dhan Anda was the last
one.
 It was during the rule of Dhan Anda that the invasion of Alexander took
place in north west in 326 BC
Foreign invasions:
 Iranian / Persian invasion Darvis invasions 518 BC
 The Achaemenian ruler Darvis/ Penetrated into north west India
in 518 BC and annexed Punjab, west of India and Sindh.
 This province was the most fertile area of the Iranian empire.
 The Indo Iranian contact lasted for about 200 years.
 It gave an impetus to Indo Iranian trade & commerce.
 Macedonia invasion – Alexander invasion 326 BC
 Alexander the great was a great king and general who conquered
the Persian empire.
 Alexander succeeded his father Philip to the throne of Macedonia
he was the only 20 years of age.
 The rulers of Taxila and Abhisard submitted but pours refused to
do so.
 Alexander then crossed the Jhelum by a trick pours was defeated in
the battle that followed but alexander treated him very generously
for his bravery (Battle of Vitasta i.e. modern Jhelum Greek
hydaspes 326BC)
 Alexander had to return from this place as his soldiers refused to
go any further.
 The battle of Jhelum and Sakala had opened their eyes and they
were afraid of the great Magadha empire across the Beas.
 Alexander reached Babylon in 323 BC where he died at the age
of 33.

RELIGIOUS MOVEMENT (600BC – 400BQ)

Buddhism : (563BC- 483B.C)

Buddha ‘s Life
 Gautama Buddha founder of Buddhis was born in 563BC on the
Vaisakha Purnima day at Lumbini Vana / Nepal in the Sakhya
 Kshatriya clan
 His father suddnodhana was the republic on king of kapilvastu
and Mother Mahamaya was a Princess of Kollia Republic
 After his Mother‘s early death he was bought up by his step mother
and sunt Mahaprajapati Gautami
 His father married him at an early age to Yashodhara (Shankya
dynasty ) from whom he had a son Rahul

 At the age of 29 he renounced home this was his mahabhinish

Kramana
His first teach was Alara Kalama
Buddhist council :
Buddhist council held in India.
Buddhist Patron Venue Chair Year
council man
First Ajatashatru Rajagriha Moha 483 BC
Kash
yapa
Second Kal Ashoka Vaishali Sab 383 BC
akami
Third Ashoka Patli Putra Mohali 250BC
Putra
Fourth Kanishka Kund Vasu 72AD
Alban(Kashmir) Mitra

Buddhist literature :
Pali texts :
Tripitakan :
Vinay Pitaka : monastic code
Sutta Pitaka : Buddha ‘ s sayings
Abhidhamma Pitaka – religious discourse of Buddha
Milindapanho : question of Milinda
 Dipavamsa and Mahavamsa the great chronicles of Sri
Lanka
Sanskrit texts :
 Buddha Charita, Saundra Nanda, Sutra Lanker, sari Putra,
Prakaran and Vajra Suchi Ashwagosha
  Mahavirbhasha sastra Vasu Mitra, Modha Mitra, Karika and
Prajna Pari Mitra Karika Nagarjuna etc.
The chedis/ Chetas of Kalinga (1st century BC)
 Kalinga rose to power under the king Khera vela
 He was a Jain as mentioned in his inscriptions.
 He made various conquests known a
 Hathigumpha inscription, located in the Uday Giri hills near
Bhuvneshwar, Orissa

The Bactrian Indo-Greeks (2nd Century BC)

 After death of Alexander in 323 BC, Various Greeks Settled on the north-
western boarder of India
 The rulers of Bacteria are called the Bactrian-Greeks, because they were
Hellenistic (laneck) in their Ancestry
 During the time of pushya Mitra Sunga the invaders were ruled by
Demetrius.
 The most revered Indo-Greek ruled by Demetrius
 He has been referred to as king Milinda who finds mention in the famous
 Buddhist text Milindapanho in which philosophical Questions asked by
Milinda to Nagasena.
The Sakas Dynasty 1st century BC - 4th century AD)
 There were two distinct groups of Sakas- Northern Satraps
 Who ruled from Taxila, and the western Satraps who ruled over
Maharashtra
 The founder the Saka rule in India in the 1sr century BC was Moves and
his successor Azeri, is considered to be founder of the 'Vika Rama Era'
 The most famous of the Shakra rulers was Randradaman He is known to
have undertook the repairs the Sudarshana lake, which was Originally
built during the reign of Chandra Gupta Maurya.
The Parthians: (1st Century BC – 1st Century AD)
 The Parthians was Iranians in Origin
 Gon dop hernes / Gonophore’s as a Parthian ruler. He is believed to have
taken up Christianity by association with St Thomas
The Kushans (1st Century AD - 3rd Century AD)
 There were two successive dynasties in the Kushans
  The first dynasty was founded by kadphises
 This had two kings, Kadphises I and II or Vima kadphises
 Kanishka was the greatest Kushan king who spread his kingdom beyond
the western Himalayas also. He Popularized Buddhism, in Tibet, China &
Central Asia

Sangam Age (1st-3rd Century)

 The first Sangam, is believed to be held at Madurai, attended by gods &
Legen Darry sages.
 The Second Sangam was held at Kapadapuram, only Tholkapiyam
Survives from this.
 The third Sangam at Madurai, was founded by Mudathiru Maran
 During the Sangam Age, It was ruled by three dynasties the Cherans,
chollas & Pandya’s
Cherans
 The capital of Cheras was Vonji, and their Important seaports were Torndi
& Musri
 They had the palmyra flowers are their garland. The Insignia of Cheras is
the bow hy6yand Arrow
 The pugillare inscription of the 1st century AD has reference to three
generations of Chera rulers
 The important ruler of Cheras was Senguttuvan who belonged to 2nd
century AD
Cholas
 Their capital was firstly at Uraiyur & later shifted to Puhar (Tanjore)
 King Karikalan was a famous king of the Sangam cholas
 The insignia of cholas was "tiger"
 Pattin appalai portrayers his life & military conquests
 Many Sangam poems mention the Battle of Vennie where he defeated the
confederacy of Cheras, Pandya & eleven minor chieftains
Pandya
 Their capital wat Madurai
 Their In sign was the carp (Fish)
 King Nedun Cheliyan also known as Aryappadal Kadantha Nedun
Cheliyan.
  He ordered the execution of Kavalan The curse of Kovalan's wife -
Kannaki burnt and destroyed
Sangam Literature:
 The Sangam literature includes Tholkapiyam, Ettuthogai Pathu paattu,
Pathinenkilkanakku , and two epics names Silappathigaram &
Manimegalai.
Sangam polity & administration:
 The king was assisted by a wide body of officials who Wore categorized
into five councils.
 They were ministers (Amai char), priests (Athanor), envoys (thuthar),
military commanders (Senapati), & Spies (oyrur).
Economy of the Sangam Age:-
 Agriculture was the chief occupation where rice was the mast Common
crop
 The handicraft included weaving, metal works and carpentry, ship
building & making of ornaments using beads, stones & Ivory.
 These were in great demand of all above products in the internal &
External trade as this was at its peak churning the Sangam period
 The port city of Puhar become an Important place of foreign trade as big
ships Entered this port containing precious goods
Gupta Empire /Dynasty (319 AD-540AD)
 The Gupta period is popularly known as the “Golden Age of India"
 The Gupta Empire was founded by Shi Gupta. He was then succeeded by
Ghatotkacha.
Chandragupta
 Chandragupta (326-330A D) powerful Gupta ruler who had waged many
battles to attain this title had Maharaj Diroja (king of kings)
 The Mehrauli iron pillar inscriptions has mention of his extensive
conquests.
 He married a Licchavi princess
 He is considered the founder of the Gupta Era
Samudra Gupta (330-380AD)
 He is also known as “Indian Napoleon"
  He is also performed Ashwemedha sacrifices after his Military victories.
This is known by the coins issued by him as the “Restoner of
Ashwemedha”
 Samudra Gupta was called by different names, me of them was "Kavi
Raja” because of his ability to compose verses. Certain coins show him
with a Veena
 He patronized poets & Scholars like Harisenia
 Samudra Gupta was a follower of Vaishnavism

Chandra Gupta Vikram Aditya of Gupta Dynasty (380-415 AD)

 He is also known as Vikram Aditya.
 His capital city was Patli Putra
 He married his daughter Prabha Vati to a Vakataka Prince, who ruled the
strategic lands of deccan.
 Chandragupta II, conquered the western Malwa & Gujarat
 This earned him the title of "Sakari & Vikram Aditya
 Ujjain became the commercial capital of the kingdom. Thereafter
 In his reign, the Chinese pilgrim fa - Hian visited India
 Chandragupta II also patronized art and literature. He has Poets like
Kalidasa in his court
 He also issued silver coins, the Gupta ruler to do so.
Kumara Gupta (415 – 455AD)
 He succeeded Chandragupta II
 He laid the foundation of Nalanda University which later grew to became
on International center of learning
 Kumara Gupta was a worshipper of Kartikeya
 The coins of his time tell that he took titles like:
Mahendra Aditya, Ashwa Medha, Mahendra
Skanda Gupta (455-467 AD)
 He was last great ruler of Gupta dynasty
 He saved the empire from Hum invasion coming from Central Asia
 After the death of Skanda Gupta, there were other ruler of the Gupta
dynasty like Puro Gupta, Narasimha Gupta, Buddha Gupta
Literature Developments in Gupta Period:
 Chandragupta it’s court was adorned by the celebrated "Navratnas'
including Kalidasa
  Kalidas wrote Sanskrit dramas Maivikag Mitra, Vikromovarshiyam and
Abijanan Shakuntalam (features among the hundred best books of the
world").
 His wrote two well- Known epis Raghuvamsa and Kumara vamsabhava
(Shiva Parvati union & birth of Kartikeya) Ritusamhara and Meghaduda
are his two lyrics (kavya).
 Visha Kadatta was the Author of two Sanskrit Plays/Dinamas. Mudra
rakshasa and Devi Chandra Gupta
 Sudhraka was a renowned poet who wrote Michchakatika (Little clay
cart).
 Bharavi - Kritanjuniya is story of conflict between Arjuna & Shiva. It is
known for its complexity of Sanskrit
 Vishnu Sarma composed the Panchatantra stories during the Gupta
period.
 Amarasimha was a Buddhist author who compiled a lexicon, Amara
Kosa.
Science developments in Gupta period:
 Arya Bhatta, the great Mathematician and astronomer who wrote the
book Arya Bhatta.
 He was the first to declare that the earth was spherical in shape and
rotates on its own axis
 Varahmihira composed Pancha Siddha tika.
 In the field of medicine, Vana Bhatta lived during Gupta Period. He was
the last of the great medical trio of ancient India after Charaka and
Sushrut who lived before the Gupta age. Vagbhata was the author
Asthangasamgraha.
Architecture Developments in Gupta period:-
 During the Gupta period both the Nagara and Dravidian style of
architecture.
 The Dashavatara temple at Deogarh is an Example of Gupta Architecture.
 Shiva Temple of Bhumara.
 Vishnu temple of Tigawa Jabalpur.
 Parvati Temple of Nachria Kathuria.
 Lakshmana temple of Raipur.
 Mukund Darra temple of Kata
 Shiva temple of Koh.
 Bhitari temple of Ghazipur.
  The Ajanta paintings primarily belong to the first to seventh century. AD
yet most of these were produced during the Gupta Period- period between

Harsha Vardhan’s Reign (550 AD-647AD) Or post Gupta period

Sources for study of Harsha Vardhan's Reign:-
 Harsha Charita written by Bana Bhatta, his court poet, other important
sources are dramas written by Harsha himself: Ratnabali, Nag Ananda,
Priyadarshi Ka
 Madhuben plate inscription.
 Son pat Inscription.
 Bans Khera inscription has Harsha's signature.
Pushya Bhuti Dynasty:-
 Its founder was Pushya Bhuti. Their capital was Thanes war, to the north
of Delhi.
 An Important king of Vardhan Dynasty was Prabha Kara - Vardhan.
 After his death, his elder son Rajya Vardhan assumed the throne. He was
treacherously murdered by Sasanka, the ruler of Bengal.
 There after, Harshavardhan succeeded his brother.
Extent of Harshavardhan's Empire.
 Harsha defeated the ruler of Kanauji and made Kanauji his new capital.
 Most important battle fought by Harshavardhan was against Chalukyan
ruler Pulkeshin 1 with the Ambition to extend his empire beyond
Narmada
 Ai hole inscription of Pulkeshin mentions that Harsha was defeated.
Administration in Harshavardhan's Reign:
 The Administration was more feudal and decentralized during Harsh's
reign as compared to that of the Guptas
 Taxation was light and forced labour was also rare
 One-Sixth of the crop produce was collected as land-tax.
 Harsha Vardhan’s Army consisted of four-Division:
foot, Chariot, horse and elephant.
 Harsha Vardhan’s had diplomatic relations with China.
Economy and Society during Harsha's Rule:-
  There was fourfold Varma System in place comprising- Brahmins,
Kshatriyas, Vysya and Sudra.
 Brahmins received land grants from the king, Kshatriyas Were the ruling
class, Vysya were involved in and Sudras practiced agriculture trading
 No men lost the privileges of Swayam Varam, Widow remarriage was not
permitted. The practice of Dowry and Sati became prevalent.
 Dead were disposed either by cremation, water burial or exposure in the
woods.
Development In Art and Culture during Harshavardhan's Reign:-
 Huian Tsang refers to a 8 feet tall copper Buddha statue a brick temple of
Lakshman is surviving example of Architecture during Harsha's period
 Harshavardhan authored three plays-
Ratnabali, Priyadarsi ka, Nag Ananda.
 Harsha's biographer was Bana Bhatta, who wrote Harsha Charita and
Kadambari.
Religion during Harsha's Reign:-
 Harshavardhan was a Shaiva follower in the beginning but gradually
embraced Buddhism.
 Huian Tsang converted him to Mahayana Buddhism
 He conducted a gathering of representatives of all religions once in every
five years.
Kanauji Assembly-
 It was presided over by Huian Tsang.
 20 kings, 1000 scholars of Nalanda University, 3000 Brahmins and Jains
attended this assembly at Kanauji
States of the Deccan and South India
Chalukyan Dynasty (5.43 AD-755 AD):
 Pulkeshin I was the founder of the Chalukyan dynasty.
 Pulkeshin 1 established a small kingdom in Western Deccan with Vatapi
on Badami as it's capital (located in present day Bijapur distinct of
Karnataka)
Pulkeshin II (60g-642 AD)
 The Ai hole inscription composed in Sanskrit by his court Poet Ravi Kriti
has praises of Pulkeshin II
  Pulkeshin II defeated Harshavardhan's army at Narmada checking his
advance in Deccan.
 In his second battle with Pallava king Narsimha Varman II, he was
defeated near Kanchi,
 Narsimha Varman II captured the Chalukyan capital Vatapi.
 During the reign of Pulkeshin II, Chinese scholar Huian Tsang Visited the
Chalukya kingdom.

Vikram Aditya II :
 He overran the Pallava capital Kanchi thrice and completely defeated the
Pallava dynasty.
 Kirti Varman was the last Chalukyan ruler.
 He was defeated by Dantidurga, the founder of Rashtrakutas dynasty.
 The Chalukya Administration and art of Architecture.
 They developed Vesara style, reached its peak under Rashtrakutas and
Hoy Salas. Structural temple at Ai hole, Badami, Pattadakal Cave temple
architecture is exemplified in Ajanta, Ellora, Nasik.
 Huchimalligudi temple.
 Jain temple / Jainendra at Meguti by Ravi Kirti.
 Lath khan temple (Surya temple ) with low, flat roof with pillared temple
hall.
 Mukteeswara temple and Melagulti Sivalaya. These are four rock-cut
temples at Badami.
Pallava (575 AD-897 AD)
Simhavishnu.-
 Real founder of Pallava dynasty. He was a great ruler.) who defeated
Kalabhras, cholas to extend territory till Kaveri
Bharav (Sanskrit Scholar in time of Simhavishnu),
Mahendra Varman 1 (600-630 A.D.) :
 He was a Jain follower but convened to Saivism, after being influences of
Saiva Saint, Thirunavukkarasu) Appar
 He introduced rock cut temples, Man da gappattu, Mahendra- vadi,
Mamandur, Dalavanur, Tiruchirappalli.
 He is considered a builder of cave temples, built temples for Brahma,
Vishnu & Shiva.
 Mahendra Varman I wrote Mattavillasa Praha Sanam.
Narasimha Varman I (630-668 A·D)
 Also known as Mamalla which means 'great Wrestle'. Defeated Pulkeshin
II of Western Chalukyan in Battle of Manimanglam near Kanchi.
 He then Assumed the title ‘Vatapikonda’. He led a Navla expedition to Sri
Lanka
 During his reign, Huian Tsang Visited Kanchipuram.
 Monolithic rathas of Mamallapuram/Mahabalipuram under Narsimha
Varman I.
 There are five rathas or 5 pagodas also known as Panchapandava rathas
with mandapas covered with beautiful sculptures on it Walls
Narsimha Varman II (695-722 A.D)
 His rule was peaceful and offered ample opportunities for development of
Arts. Shone temple at Mamallapuram and Kailashnath at Kanchipuram
 Dan din was a court poet of Narsimha Varman 11.
Parameswara Varman II and Nandi Varman 11
 Were the successors of him.
 Pallava mule lasted till 9th century AD. Aparajita was the last Pallava
ruler was defeated by Aditya 1 of chola dynasty.
Gupta ‘n’ post Gupta Dynasties and their founders
Dynasty Founder
The Chalukyas of Vatapi Jayasimha
The Ganges of Talakad Konak Varma
The Guptas of Magadha Shri Gupta
The Kutambas of Vanavasi Mayurathrman
The kingdom of Thanes war Shashmba
The later Guptas of Magadha Malwa Pushya but
The Maitrakas of Vallabhi Krishna Gupta, Bhat tarka
The Mau Khari of Kanntauj Yajna Varman
The Pallavas of Kanchi Simha Varman
The Pandya’s of Madurai Kodungoan
The Vilkalakas Vincibartka

MEDIEVAL INDIA
Early Medieval Period in India,
  After Harshavardhan, new kingdoms and dynasties emerged. They were
big land lords and warrior chiefs who emerged. Close to 7th century.
 "Tripartite struggle" between the Rashtrakutas, Pallas and Gurjana –
Prati hara fought to control Kanauji, towards the end of 8th century AD.
This struggle for supremacy among the Pallas, Prati hara and
Rashtrakutas was significant event in these Centuries.
The Pallas (750-1150)
 The Pallas dynasty was founded by Gopala he was succeeded by his son
Dharmapala who revived Nalanda University.
 He also founded the Vikram Sila University.
 He built the famous the Mahabodhi temple at Bodh Gaya
 They were the followers of Mahayana and Vajrayana
Schools of Buddhism.
 The Pallas were succeeded by Senna dynasty of Bengal.
 In the court of Lakshman Senna the Author of Gita- Govind, Jaya deva
was the court poet.
The Prati haras (730-1036 AD)
 Also known as Gurjana Prati hara because that probably Originated from
Gujarat region.
 Mihir Bhoja was the most important ruler of this dynasty.
 Kanauji became their capital for a while.
 The Gurjana -Prati hara empire included parts eastern Punjab, Awadh,
Agra, Gwalior and Rajasthan
The Rashtrakutas (752-973)
 Dantidurga was the founder of the Rashtrakutas dynasty.
 The Rashtrakutas dynasty with his capital at Malkhand in present day
Gulbarga distinct in Karnataka.
 The Rashtrakutas built the famous Kailasa Temple at Ellora which is
remarkable rock-cut architecture.
Other important Rulers:
Prithvi raja III (1118-92):-
 He ruled Delhi & Agra. His capital was located at Ajay Meru (modem
Ajmer).
 First Battle of Tarain, 1191 between fames at Prithvi raj Chauhan and
Mohammad Ghori in which the latter defeated
  Prithvi raja's defeat in 1192 in the second battle of Tarain.
Tai Chand Godhwai / Rathore:
 He was the last Rajputana king who was also defeated and killed by
Mohammad Ghori In the Battle of Chanda war (1194).
 Rana kumbha- Kumbha Karna (r-133-1468 CE), popularly known as
Rana kumbha, was the ruler of Mewar belonging to the Sisodia
 Kumbha was a great warrior, musician, poet and a builder. He defeated
Mohammad Khilji and erected the tower of Victory Vijay Stambha in
Chittoor.
 His successors Rana Sangram Singh and Rana Pratap were also great
kings of Mewar state.
II South India (cholas & others)
The Chola Empire :(850-1279 AD):-
 After Sangam, the Chola became feudatories of Unciyur
 The founder of the Chola dynasty was Vijay Alaya
 Vijay Alaya built Thanjavur town with temple for Nishumbhsudhin'
(Goddess Durga)
 The greatest Chola rulers were Raja Raja and his son Rajendra I.
 Raja Raj built Brihadeshwara temple/ Rajrajeshwara temple at Tanjore.
 The last ruler of chola dynasty was Rajendra III.

Sultanate period (120 6-1526 AD)

MAD BIN BASIM MOHAMMAD BIN QASIM

 He was first one to attack on India.

 He was nephew of King of Iraq."
 He attached on Sindh in 712 A.D. at that time.
 King of Sindh was DAHIR.
 Second Turk Invasion Mohammad Ghori's Invasion (1175-1206AD)
Slave Dynasty (1206-1240)
 Slave dynasty was also called Laborie dynasty, Yamini Dynasty on
Mamluk Dynasty.
 Qutub-ud-din Aibak was a slave of Muhammed Ghori and he founded the
Slave Dynasty in 1206 A.D.
 Aibak was the first Muslim ruler of India.
 The capital of Qutub-ud-din Aibak was at Lahore.
 He was known as ‘Lakh Baksh’ or ‘giver of lakhs’ or 'giver of favors for
the magnanimity.
 Qutub-ud-din Aibak started the construction of Qutub Minar in 1199 in
Delhi in memory of the Sufi- Saint Quoja Qutub-ud-din Bhaktian kaki
 Its construction was completed by Iltutmish.
 It is a five storied building.
 Qutub-ud-din Aibak died 1210 by falling from horse back while playing
polo.
 After the death of Qutub – ud - din. Aram Shah Ascended the throne but
he was deposed by Iltutmish and crowned himself the Sultan.
 During the period of Iltutmish (1210-1236) chengizkhan, the Mongole
conqueror attached India (1221).
 Iltutmish is considered as the real founder of Delhi Sultanate.
 Iltutmish was the first Sultan of Delhi to get recognition of the khalif of
Baghdad.
 Iltutmish was also the first Sultan to make Delhi his capital.
 He issue a purely Arabic coinage of silver and was the first do so. coins
Introduced by Iltutmish. ‘Silver Thanka' and ‘copper Jitai' were the two
basic coins of the Sultanate Period
 He Organized the Chalise on the famous Turkish forty to help him in the
administration.
 Iltutmish completed the construction of Qutub Minar The revenue System
of the Sultanate '1qta System". was introduced by Iltutmish
 Iltutmish was succeeded by his son Ruknuddin Finoz Shah. But he was
later executed and Razia became the Sultan (daughter of Iltutmish)
 Sultana Razia, the only women ruler of the Sultanate came to power in
1236 and reigned till 1240. Sultana Razia rejected the Pardah, the
adorned the male dress and had open courts.
 In October 14.1240 both Razia & Altunia who earlier raised arms against
Razia but later formed with her wore, beheaded at Kaithal.
 After Razia Behran Shah (240-12) Allaud-din - Masudahan (1242-46)
and Naziruddin Muhammad (1246-1266) ruled and Balban, the founder
of the second Ubon dynasty, became the Sultan.
 Ghia Uddin Balban A Slave water career, hunts man, noble, statesman
became the Sultan of Delhi in 1266 and Continued in power till 1686 AD.
 Balban is considered as the founder of second libary Dynasty.
 Balban described himself as 'Shadow of God’ or the ‘Viceregent of God
on Earth'. (2/1-1-llahi).
  Balban because of his autocratic rule is considered as a typical Oriental
Disport’
 The Chalise on forty established by Iltutmish was abolished by Balban.
 His politics are considered to be ‘Draconian’
 He started the Iranian system of Sajad and Piabos.
 He was a patron of men of letters and showed special favor to the poet
Amir Khusrau.
 After Boban's death In 1286, Kayqubad (1287-40) became the Sultan.
 Madhava Chariya of the Diwata philosophy got help from Balban
 Balban 's Tomb is situated in Delhi.
 It was constructed by Balban himself, Kayqubad was the last slave Sultan
(Kayumars who ruled for a term of three months was actually the last
Slave Sultan. He was killed by Jalaluddin Khilji). and founded the Khilji
Dynasty.
Khilji Dynasty (1290-1320 AD)-
 Khilji dynasty was founded by Malik Firoz In 1290 and Assumed the title
Jalaluddin Khilji (1290-96)
 in 1292 the Mongols under Abdulla accepted defeat from Jalaluddin
Khilji.
 Allaudin Khilji, the nephew of Jalaluddin Khilji, Killed him after his
victory on Deva Giri in 1296
 Allaudin Khilji's early name was All Gurus hap.
 He became the Sultan in 1296A-D. and ruled till 1316 A.D.
 In 1303 Allaudin Khilji attached Chittoor, the capital of Mewar, to marry
Padmini the wife of Chittoor King Ratna Singh.
 But Padmini and other Rajput woman committed Juhar (Juhar is a mass
suicide by jumping into fine, committed by Rajput women to escape from
being polluted by others)
 Padmavat is a historical Kavya about Padmini) episode Written by Malik
Muhammad Jayasi
 Malik Mohammad Jayasi was the court poet Shersha Suri
 Allaudin Khilji was the first Muslim ruler to at- Jack South India.
 Malik Kafur was Allaudin Khilji's commander who attacked south India.
 Allaudin Khilji was the most famous ruler of the Khilji Dynasty.
 Allaudin was the Sultan of Delhi who banned the use of liquor.
 Allaudin had a dream of a world Conquest so he assumed the 'Sikandar -
I-Sani' or second Alexander
 Demetrius a Bactrian ruler is popularly known as Second Alexander.
  Demetrius a Bactrian ruler is popularly known ab Second Alexander
Allaudin abolished the Zamindari system and imposed tax on cattle.
 He was the first Muslim ruler of Delhi to Introduce Measurement of land
for tax Assessment. his market regulations were to get goods at controlled
Rice to the people of Delhi.
 Allaudin Khilji was the first Sultan of Delhi who -separated Meligiem
from politics
 He was also the first to proclaim “I am the Khalifa".
 Allaudin constructed Alai Darwaja the gate way Qutub Minar.
 He built the city of Siri, the second of the seven cities of Delhi, near
Qutub Minar
 The first Marriage between a Muslim ruler and a Hind princess was
between Allaudin and kamala Devi, the widow of the ruler of Gujarat
 Allaudin Khilji was killed by his commander Malik, Kafur by poisoning.
 Amir Khusrau is known as the "Parrot of India".
 He is considered as the father of Urdu language and the inventor of Sitar
 Allaudin Khilji was the first Sultan to maintain a Permanent standing
Army.
 Allaudin Khilji was responsible for the Introduction of postal system in
medieval India
 Mubarak Shah Khilji was the last ruler of the Khilji Dynasty. Khilji
dynasty came to an end when the Mubarak Shah Khilji was killed by
Khusrau Khan.
 Some historians consider Khusrau khan was the last Khilji’s Sultan
Tughlaq dynasty (1320-1414 AD):-
 Ghiyasud-din Tughlaq- He was the first ruler & the founder of the
Tughlaq dynasty.
 He Murdered Khurso khan, and turned into the Sutton He re-established
the food laws of Ala-ud-din
 Mohammad-bin-Tughlaq - Mohammad -bin-Tughlaq was born in Kotla in
Multan.
 He was intellectual of reasoning, philosophy, Astronomy, mathematics,
calligraphy and physical sciences.
Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq's Reforms :-
 1335 - Mudurai became Independent. (Jalaluddin Ahsan Shah).
 1336-founder of Vijayanagar (Harihar and Bukka), Warangal became
Independent (Kanhaiya).
  1341-47 - Revolts of Sada Amir’s and Foundation of Bahamani in 1347
(Hasan Gangu).
 He died in Thatta while campaigning in Sindh Against Taghi, a Turkish
Slave.
Firoz Shah Tughlaq (1351-1388):
 He was a cousin of Mohammad bin - Tughlaq. After his death the nobles
and the theologians the court selected Firoz Shah as the next Sultan
 Established of Diwan-I- Khairat (department for poor and needy people)
and Diwan-I- Bundagan (department of slaves).
 Making Iatadari system hereditary.
 Construction of canals for irrigation from Yamuna to the city of Hissar.
 From the Sutlej to the Ghaggar. From the Ghaggar to Firozabad
 From Mandvi and Sirmour Hills to Hansi in Haryana.
 Establishment of four new towns, Firozabad, Fateh Abad, Jaunpur and
Hissar
Sayyid dynasty (1414-1450 A-D).
KHIZR KHAN:-
 He was the first of the Sayyid dynasty which ruled Over Delhi.
MUBARAK SHAH:-
 He succeeded Khizr at the throne after his successful expeditions against,
Mewatis, Katehars and the Gangetic Doab area.
MUHAMMAD SHAH:-
 The nobles put Muhammad Shah on the throne, but could not survive the
infighting among the nobles in the court.
 He was authorized to rule a meagre area around 30 miles and rest of the
Sultanate was ruled by the nobles.
ALAM SHAH:
 The last Sayyid king descended in favor of Bahlol Lodhi and he retired.
Thus began the Lodhi dynasty which confined to Delhi and a few
surrounding area
The Lodhi dynasty (151-1526)
Bahlol Lodhi
  Bahlol Lodhi was one of the Afghan sardars who established himself in
Punjab after invasion of Timur.
 He founded the Lodhi dynasty. He founded the rule of the Lodhi dynasty
by usurping the throne from the last the Sayyid rulers.
Sikandar Lodhi:-
 Sikandar Lodhi was the son of Bahlol Lodhi who conquered Bihar and
Western Bengal.
 He shifted his capital from Delhi to Agra, a city founded by him
 Sikandar was a fanatical Muslim and the he broke the sacred images of
the Jwalamukhi 4 Temple at Naga kot and ordered the temples of
Mathura to be destroyed
 He took a keen intend to the development of Agriculture He introduced
the Graz-1- Sikandari (Sikandar's yard) of 32 digits for measuring
cultivated fields.
Ibrahim Lodhi :-
 He was the last king of Lodhi dynasty and the last Sultan of Delhi.
 He was the son of Sikandar Lodhi.
 The Afghan nobility was brave and freedom-loving people but it was
because of its fissiparous and individualistic tendencies that the Afghan
monarchy was weekend.
 Moreover, Ibrahim Lodhi Ascertained the absolute power of the Sultan.
Vijayanagar Empire (1336-1565 AD)
 The Vijayanagar empire was established by Harihar and Bukka in
1336AD.
 When they set up this principality, Muhammad bin Tughlaq was the
Sultan in Delhi.
 The Vijayanagar period is divided into four different dynastics -
Sangama, Saluva, Tuluva and Aravidu.
Sangam Dynasty (1336-1985):-
 The greatest ruler of Sangama dynasty was Deva Raya II.
 The conflict between Vijay nagara and Bahmani Kingdoms was a long
lasting one.
 The bone of contention was the Raichur Doab, between river Krishna and
Tunga Bhadra and Krisha - Godavari delta.
Tuluva Dynasty (1505-15 70 AD):
  The Son of Narsa Nayaka, Vira Narsimha was the founder of Tuluva
Dynasty.
 He was succeeded by his half brother, Krishna deva Raya in 1509 AD
Krishna deva Raya
 Krishana deva Raya Won the Gajapati kingdom in Present day Orissa and
Extended that region as Well
 Krisha deva Raya defeated the Deccan Sultans in the battle of Diwani. He
then invaded Raichur Daub
 confronting Sultan of Bijapur, Ismail Adil Shah.
 Portuguese travelers Domingo Paes and Duarte Barbosa Visited his court
 Krishna deva Raya was a contemporary at Babur.
 He is also known as ‘Andhra Bhoja', for his Patronage of art and
literature
 He wrote the Telugu work amuktamalyada and a Sanskrit play, Jambha
Vati kalyana
 In his court, eight eminent scholars known as 'Astadiggajas".
 He built Vijaya Mahal, Hazara Ramaswamy temple and Vithal Swami
temple at Vijayanagar.
 The Battle of Talikota (1565), also known as Battle of Rakshasa -
Tangadi
Aravidu Dynasty (1570-1650A-D.)
 Tirumala Raya ruled in name of Sadashiva Raya. the failed to repopulate
Vijayanagar and shifted to new capitalat Penugonda and then to
Chandragiri- The last ruler of Vijayanagar was Sri Ranga III.
Foreign Visitors of Vijay nagara kingdom
 Ibn Bututa, Nicolo Conte, Abdur Razzaq, Duarte Barbosa, Domingo Paes
 The kingdom was divided into provinces known as Mandalam, headed by
Mandaleshwar in was further divided into Nadu, Sthala and grams.
 Land revenue was fixed at 1/6th of the produce.
Mughal Period (1526-40 And 1555-1857).
Babur (1526-30):
 Babur was the founder of Mughal Empire. He defeated Ibrahim Lodhi in
the first Battle of Panipat In 1526 and established Mughal rule in India.
 He defeated Rana Sanga of Mewar in Battle of Khanua in 1527 near Agra
 Babur memories his Memories in Tuzuk-i- Baburi in Turki language
 Humayun (1530-1510 AD and 1555-56AD)
 He was the eldest son of Babur and Ascended the throne in 1530
 He fought two battles against Sher-Shah, the Afghan leader at Chausa and
Kanauji, where he was completely defeated
Sher shah Suri (1540-1555 A.D.)
 He began the system of local responsibility for local crimes land was
measured and tax was collected to about 1/3rd of the produce.
 He built purana-Qila in Delhi. He Introduced new coins called as ' dams'
which remained in Circulation till 1835.
 Sher Shah built roads to strengthen communication, mainly 4 important
highways, from Sonargaon to Sind, from Agra to Berhampur, from
Jodhpur to Chittoor and from Lahore to Multan.
 After Sher-Shah, his successors ruled till Humayun invaded in 1555.
 Humayu's tomb was built by his widow Haji Begum.
 Humayunama, his biography, was written by his Sister, bud Badan
Begum.
 Humayun conquered his lost empire back from Afghans. But he died in
six months after failing from stairs of his library.

Akbar (1556-1665A.D.)
 The Afghans marched on Delhi soon after he assumed throne under
Hemu.
 In 2nd Battle of Panipat Hemu was defeated and Mughals won for initial
five. years, Bairam khan consolidated the empire for him. He married the
daughter of Raja Bharmal
 In 1576, Rana Pratap & the Mughal army led by Mam Singh fought the
Battle of Haldighati where Akbar's army defeated Rana Pratap.
 Akbar proclaimed his own religion Din-1-llahi. you He ordered, the land
revenue system construction f-Ibaadat Khana (House of worship) at his
capital Fatehpur Sikri.
 Under Akbar, the land revenue system was established known as Zabi/
Bandobast System This system was further improved by Raja - Todarmal.
 Akbar also Introduced the Mansabdari System.
 Boland Darwaja formed the main entrance to Fatehpur Sikri.
Navratnas of Akbar
 Birbal
  Abul Fazl
 Faizy
 Raja Jodar Mal
 Raja Man Singh
 Tansen
 Abdul Rahim khan
 Fakir Aziao Din
 Mullo-Do-Piyaza.
Jahangir (1605-1625 AD)
 His name was Salim, Jahangir's rule was full of rebellions
 Captain William Hawkins of East India company came to Jahangir's
court.
 Sir Thomas Roe, a representative of King James of England also come to
his court seeking permission of establish trading port at Surat
 He Sentenced 5th Sikh Guru Anjum Singh To death.
 Jahangir built Moti Masjid.
Shahjahan (1628-58 AD)
 Shahjahan built the Taj Mahal in memory of his life. Mumtaj Mahal at
Agra
 He promoted art & culture during his reign.. The Red fort, Jama Masjid at
Delhi were built under his rule.
 In 1658, his son. Aurangzeb imprisoned him
Aurangzeb (1658-1707 AD)
 He assumed the title of Alamgir.
 He also executed the 9th Sikh Guru-Guru Teg Bahadur when he refused
to convert to Islam.
 Only monument associated with Aurangzeb is Bibi Ha Makbara
 He annexed Bijapur & Golkonda. He had reintroduced Jaziya and pilgrim
tax.
 After Aurangzeb, the Mughal Empire began to decline rapidly under
Bahadur Shah, the Mughal empire came to a formal end.
Maratha Empire (1674-1720AD)
 The Marathas rose to power under Shivaji. He was born at Shivner fort in
1627.
 His father was Shahji Bhosie and mother was Jijabai.
  The Bijapur Sultan sent Afzal khan against Shivaji. but he was married by
Shivaji in 1659.
 Raja jai Singh of Amer was sent by Aurangzeb to Put down Shivaji in
1665.
 The treaty of Purandhar was signed in 1665, according to which, Shivaji
had to surrender 23 forts out of 35 forts held by him to Mughals.
The ministers in Shivaji's council of Ministers:
 Sum ant (Dabi): Master of Ceremonies.
 Nyaya Dhish: Justice.
 Pandit Rao (Sardar): Religious administration.
 Peshwa Initially finance and general administration. Later became Prime
Minister.
 San - I - Nau bat of Senapati : Military commander.
 Majumdar (Amartya): Revenue & Accounts.
 Chauth & Sardesh Mukhi well collected in neighboring territories of
Mughal Empire, Not in Maratha Empire
The Peshwas:
Balaji Vishwanath (1713-1720AD)
o He was the first Peshwa Balaji Vishwanath gained captain rights from
then Mughal Emperor. Farukh Siyar
Balaji Rao (1720-1740 AD)
o He was the eldest son of Balaji Vishwanath. The Maratha power reached
its zenith under him. He started the confederacy among Maratha chiefs.
Balaji Baji Rao (1740-1761 AD)
o Balaji Baji Rao Succeeded his father as Peshwa Baji Rail.
o He entered to an agreement with the Mughal Emperor Ahmed Shah in
1752, according to which, the Peshwas would protect the Mughal Empire
from external & internal threats
o when Ahmad Shah Abdali invaded India, Marathas fought Third Battle of
Panipat in 1761.
o Through Marathas fought bravely, they were defeated. This marks the
decline of Maratha Power in India.
ANGLO MARATHA WARS
First Anglo-Maratha Wan (1775-1782).
 o The British fought in favor of Peshwa ship to Raghunath Rao
o They had to sign the convention of Widgeons In 1779
o The English later signed the Treaty of Saibai in 1782.
Second Anglo- Maratha war (1803-1806):
o The Maratha Peshwa Baji Raoll signed the Subsidiary Allianco Treaty of
Bassein in 1802.
Third Anglo Maratha was (1817-1818)
o It is also known as Pindhari war Lord Hastings was determined to
proclaim British paramountcy in India.
The Marathas was defeated
THE ADVENT OF THE EUROPEANS
European company Headquarter in India Founded in year
name
Portuguese east India Head quarter in India 1498
company
English east India Surat (1st), later Bombay 1600
company maulipattnam, later
Madras & finally in
Calcutta
Dutch east India Puli cut, later 1602
company Nagapattinam Hugli
Danish east India Tronquebar, later Seram 1616
company pore in Bengal
French east India Surat, later Pondicherry 1664
company

EAST INDIA COMPANY RULE IN INDIA

Methods followed by British to expand their Empire:
 By Wars & Conquests.
 By Subsidiary Alliance System.
 By annexation through adaption of doctrine of lapse.
British Annexation ion of Bengal:
Sirajddaula (1756-57):
 He seized the English factory at Kashim bazar
  On 20th June in 1756, fort William surrendered but Robert Clive
managed to recover Calcutta
o Treaty of Ali Nagar: was signed on and Jam 1757, in which Siraj
conceded his demands and British managed to capture Chandra
Nagore. which was occupied by French till now.
o Battle of Plassey: was fought on 23 June in 1757 between Sirajddaula
of Bengal and British company forces. Owing to the conspiracy let by
Min Jafar, Nawab was defeated
Battle of Buxar (1764):-
o Min Basim, Shuyaddala and Shah Allam 11 were defeated by farces of
Munro.
o It was the most decisive battle in Indian History and it established the
British family in Bengal, Bihar and Orissa
o In 1765, dual Government began in Bengal
o In 1772, Warren Hastings ended this dual system of government
Land Revenue System of British in India :-
Permanent Settlement (zamindari System):-
o Roughly 14% of total coven under British rule.
o It was introduced in Bengal, Orissa, Bihar and districts of Benares by lord
in Cornwallis in 1793.
Ryotwari System:
o Covered about 51% of the area under British rule it was introduced in
Bombay, Madras, Assam and Berar, Sir Thomas Munna introduced it in
Madras. It was during the term of Lord Hastings.
Mahal Wari System:
o Covered 30% of area under British rule. In 1833, the Mahal Wari
System was introduced under William Bentinck.
FREEDOM STRUGLE
The Revolt of 1857:-
o It is occurred during the Governor general of Lords canning
Causes of the Revolt:-
 o The Revolt of 1857 was a combination of political, economic, socio
Religious & military causes.
Immediate course:
o The Introduction of Enfield rifles whose cartridges’ were said to have
greased cover made of berf and pork sparked off the revolt.
The beginning & Spread of the Revolt:-
o On March 29, 1857, Mangal Pandey, killed two British officers Huge son
& Baugh on Parade at Barrackpore
o The Mutiny really started at Meerut on 10th May 1857.
o The soldiers along with other groups of civilians, went on a rampage
shouting "Margo Firangi ko'.
NOTE:-
o Bahadur Shah I was deported to Rangoon, where he died in 1862
o Sir huge Rose describe Laxmi Bai as The best and bravest military leader
of the rebel.
o Other Important leader Khan Bahadur Khan, Maulavi medulla. Azim
Ullah khan, Devi Singh.
o English Authority Re-established in India during July-Dec 1858
cause of failure :
 Disunity of Indians and Pear organization.
 lack of complete nationalism - Scindias, Holkar, Nizam and other actively
helped the British.
 Many had different motives for participating in the revolt
Important leader Associated with the Revolt of 1857:
Center Indian leaders
Delhi Bahadur shah II “Zafar & Bakht
Khan“
Kanpur Nana Sahib and Tantya Tope
Lucknow Begum Hasrat mahal
Jhansi Rani Laxmi Bhai
Allahabad Liyagat Ali
Jagdish Pur Kver Singh & Amar Singh

Impact of the Revolt of 1857

  In August 1858, the British parliament passed on act which put and end of
the rule of the company.
 The British Governor General of India was now also given the title of
victory.
 After the revolt, the British pursued the policy of ‘Divide and rule’
Indian National congress (INC): Bombay 1885 AD. Hume
 The Indian National union was formed in 1884 by A.D. Hume
 The first session of the Indian National congress was held at GT college
in Bombay, under the President ship of W.C.
Extremist phase (1905-17):-
The partition of Bengal (1905) and
Boycott and Swadeshi Movement (1905-08):-
 The partition of Bengal come into effect on Oct 16, 1905
 The Government Explained that it was done to stimulate growth of order
developed Eastern region of the Bengal But, actually the main objectives
was to Divide and Rule the Most advanced region of the country at that
time.
 The Boycott and Swadeshi Movement had its genesis in the anti partition
Movement which was started to oppose the British decision to divide
Bengal.
 On August 7,1905, a Resolution to boycott British goods were adopted at
a meeting of the INC held in Calcutta.
Muslim League (1906):-
 In December 1906, All India Muslim League was set up by Nawab Sali
Mulla of Dhaka.
Surat Split (1907) :-
 The INC split into two groups the extremists and the Moderates.
 The extremists were led by Tilak, Lajpat Rai and Bipin Chandra pal.
 The Moderates were led by Gopal Krishna Gokhale.
Manley-Minto Reforms (1900):-
 Mosley-Minto reforms were introduced in 1909 during the period when
Lord into was the victory of India.
 The reforms envisaged a separate electorate for Muslims besides other
constitutional measures.
Home Rule Movement (1915-16):-

 B.G. Tilak founded Indian home rule league at Pune on 28 April 1916
 Annie Besant inspired by the Irish rebellion, started Home rule movement
in India in September 1916.
 All India home rule league changed its name to "Swarajya Sabha”.
The Gandhian Era (1917-47)
The Champaran Satyagraha (1917):-
 Champaran campaign to redress grievances of Cultivators opposed by
Indigo Planters of Bihar. The
The Kheda Satyagraha (1918):-
 Gandhi involved launched the struggle in Ahmedabad which Industrial
workers.
 Hunger strike as a weapon was used for the last time by Gandhi during
Ahmedabad Struggle.
 Gandhi worked for peasants of Kheda in Gujarat who were facing
difficulties.
Rowlett Act (1919):-
 During the Viceroyalty of Lord Chelmsford, a sedition committee was
appointed by the Government in 1918 with Justice Rowlett.
 The Rowlett Act 1919, gave unbridled powers to the government to
arrest and imprison suspects, without trial.
 Gandhiji decided to fight against this Act and he gave a call for
Satyagraha on April, 6,1819
Jallianwala Bagh Massacre (April 13,1919)
o The Arrest of Dr. Saifuddin Kitschy and Dr. Satypal on April 10, 1919,
under the Rowlett Act in connection with Satyagraha caused serious
unrest in Punjab.
o A public meeting was held on April, 13, 1919 in a Park called Jallianwala
Bagh in Amritsar.
o Before the meeting could start General Reginald Reward Harry Dyes
ordered indiscriminate heavy firing on the crowd.
o As a result hundreds of men, women and children were killed and more
than 1200 people wounded.
Khilafat Movement (1920-22):-
o Ghandhi leads the Non-cooperation and khilafat Movement
o Gandhi calls of Movement after the Violent incident at Chauri - Chaura
on February 5, 1922.
o The Attack on a local police station by angry peasants at Chauri - Chaura
on February 5.
Swaraj Party (1923):-
o Gandhi's decision to call off the agitation caused frustration among
Masses.
o His decision came in for severe criticism from his colleague like Motilal
Nehru, C.R. Das and N.C Kelkar, was organized the Swaraj Party.
o 1924: Belgium Session of INC for the first and last time Gandhi was
elected the president of the congress.
Simon Commission (1927):-
o The British government appointed the Simon commission in Nov. 1927
for the task.
o All members of this commission were Europeans Indian political leaders
felt insulted and decided to boycott the commission.
o It was while leading a demonstration against the Simon commission in
Lahore that a fatal Lathi - below was dealt to Lala Lajpat Rai.
o It was his death Bhagat Singh and his comrades were seeking to average
when they killed a white police officials, Saunders, in Dec 1928.
Nehru Committee Report (1928):-
o The committee was set-up under the chairmanship of Motilal Nehru.
o The recommendation evoked a lively debate concerning
o The goal of India - Dominion status or complete Independence.
Dandi March/Salt Satyagraha (1930):-
o To achieve the goal of complete Independence' Gandhi launched another
civil disobedience Movement
o Along with is followers, Gandhi started his famous. March from
Sabarmati Ashram on March 12, 1930 for the small village Dand i to
break the salt low.
o Gandhiji was arrested on May 5, 1930
The first Round table conference (1930):-
 o It was held in London on Nov-12,1930, to discuss the Simon commission
Gandhi-Irwin Pact (March 5,1931):-
o Early in 1931 two moderate statesman, Sopru and Jayakar, initiated
efforts to bring about rapprochement between Gandhi and the
government.
The Second Round Table conference (1939):-
o It was held on London during the viceroyalty of Lord willing dan during
Sep - Dec - 1931
o Gandhiji Attended it on behalf of Indian National congress.
Poona Pact (1932):-
o Poona pact was an agreement upon a joint electorate between the
untouchables and the Hindus which the Poona pact took place at
Yerawada jail in Pune on 24 September 1932.
The third Round table conference:-
o It was held in 1932 but again proved fruitless since the national leaders
were in prison.
The Government of India Act 1935:-
Provided for a federal type of Government. Thus the act:-
o Introduced provincial Autonomy.
o Abolished dyarchy in provinces.
o Made ministers responsible to the legislative and federation at the center.
o The Government of India Act 1935.
o JL. Nehru remarks It was a new of bondage.

Cripps Mission (1943):-

 The British Government in its continued effort to secure Indian
cooperation sent Sir Strafford Cripps to India an 23 March 1942.
 This is known as Cripps Mission.
 Gandhi called Cripps proposals as a "Post dated cheque"

Quit India Movement (1942):-

  The Quit India Movement, also called the August Movement launched on
8th August 1992
 Is It was a result of Gandhi's Protest against the return of Sir Stafford
Cripps.
 Famous Slogan was given here Do or die
 On 9th August leaders of the congress Like Abdul kalam Azad,
Vallabhbhai Patel, Mahatma Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru were arrested
The Movement can be divided into four phases:-
 In the first phase of the Quit India movement, there were processions,
strikes and demonstration
 The second phase of the Movement Saw rides on the government
buildings and Municipal houses. Along with this post offices, Railway
stations were set on fire.
 The third phase of Quit India Movement began in September 1942 Mobs
bombed police in places like Bombay, UP and M.P
 gradually, the Movement gained back its peaceful formed continued till
Mahatma Gandhi was released. on May, 1944.
The Cabinet Mission (1946):-
 The members of the British cabinet – Pathik
 Lawrence, Sir Stafford Cripps and A.V. Alexander were sent to India 15
March 1946. Under a historic announcement in which the right to Self
determination and the framing of a constitution for India were conceded.
 This is known as the Cabinet Mission.
Formation of constituent Assembly:-
 The constituent Assembly met on Dec, 9, 1946, and Dr. Rajendra Prasad
was elected its president.
 On feb.1947, British Prime Minister Attlee Announces that the British
would withdraw from India by June 30, 1948.
Mount batten plan:-
 He announced his plan on June 3,1447.
 Mount batten's formula was to divide India but retain Maximum unity.
 It's acceptance by the congress and the Muslim league resulted in the
birth of Pakistan.
Governor General Time Period Significant Events
Warren Hastings 1773 – 1785 Regulating act 1773, Pitt’s India act
1784, first Maratha war (1775 - 1782),
 second Mysore war (1780 - 1784).
Lord Cornwallis 1786 – 1793 Third Mysore war (1790 - 92),
permanent settlement of Bengal 1793.
Lord Wellesley 1798 – 1805 Introduction of subsidiary alliances
system 1798, fourth Mysore war 1799,
second Maratha war (1803 - 1805)
Lord Minto I 1807 – 1813 Treaty of Amritsar with Ranjit Singh
1809.
Lord Hastings 1813 – 1823 Third Maratha war 1817 – 1819,
establishment of Ryotwari system by
Thomas Munro, government of
Madras (1820).
Lord William 1828 – 35 Abolition of Sati(1829), Charter Act of
Bentick 1833, introduction of English as the
official language.
Lord Metcalfe 1835 – 36 New press law removing restrictions
on the press.
Lord Hardinge I 1844 – 48 First Anglo Sikh war (1845 – 46),
abolition of female infanticide and
human sacrifice
Lord Dalhousie 1848 – 56 Second Anglo Sikh war (1848 - 49),
introduction of Doctrine of Lapse,
wood’s educational dispatch, laying
down of first rail way line connecting
Bombay and Thane in 1853, Widow
Remarriage act 1856.
Lord canning 1856 – 57 Establishment of three universities of
Calcutta, Bombay, and Madras revolt
1857.
Lord canning 1858 – 62 Transfer of control from east India
company to the crown government of
India act 1858, Indian councils act
1861.
Lord john Lawrence 1849 – 69 High courts at Calcutta, Bombay &
Madras were set up.
Lord mayo 1869 – 72 Establishment of statistical survey of
India, department of Agriculture and
commerce.
Lord Lytton 1876 – 1880 Famine of 1876 – 78, royal titles act
1878, the vernacular press act 1878,
the arms act 1878, the second Afghan
war (1878 - 1880)
 Lord Dufferin 1884 – 88 Establishment of Indian national
congress.
Lord Ripon 1880 – 84 Repeal of the Vernacular press act
1882, appointment of education
commission under Sir William Hunter
1882, the libert – bill controversy 1883
– 84.
Lord Curzon 1899 – 1905 Partition of Bengal Indian universities
act 1904, Calcutta corporation act
1999, police commission under
Andrew Frazer.
Lord Minto II 1905 – 1910 Split in the congress in the annual
session of 1907, establishment of
Muslim league by Agha Khan 1906.
Lord Hardinge II 1910 – 16 Transfer of capital from Calcutta to
Delhi 1911, coronation Durbar of king
George V in Delhi 1911
Lord Chelmsford 1916 – 21 Formation of home rule league by
Annie Beasant and Tilak (1916),
Lucknow Pact, GOI act 1919, Rowlett
act 1919, Jallianwala Bagh Massacre
1919, Death of tilak August 1, 1920.
Launch of non cooperation and
Khilafat movement.
Lord Readind 1921 – 1926 Chauri Chaura incident Kerala
Mophala rebellions repeal of Rowlett
act 1919, establishment of Swarajya
party by C. R. Das and Motilal Nehru
1922, Kakori train robbery holding of
simultaneous examinations for ICS
both in Delhi and London from 1923.
Lord Irwin 1926 – 1931 Simon commission arrival to India,
murder of Sundries the assistant
superintendent of police of Lahore,
Dandhi March 1930, Gandhi Irurin
pact 1931, 1st round table conference
2nd – 3rd round table conference,
announcement of communal award
Lord Willingdon 1931 – 36 1932, Burma separated from India
1935.
First general elections 1936 – 37,
formation of forward Bloc – 1939,
August offer 1940 by the viceroy,
Lord Linlithgow 1936 - 44 Cripps proposals, Quit India
Movement
C. Raja Gopala Chari formula, cabinet
Lord Wavell 1944 – 47 mission 1946, announcement of end of
British rule in India by dement Atlee
on February 20, 1947.
June third plan, Cyril Radcliffe
Lord Mountbatten 1947 – 48 commission, India independence bill in
the house of commons

IMPORTANT INVENTIONS OF DISCOVERIES

1. Anemometer Battista
2. Ammeter Friedrich Drexler
3. Barometer Evangelista Torricelli
4. Telescope Hans Lipperhey
5. Microscope Hans Lipperhey, Zachariah
Janssen
6. Gravity Sir Issac Newton
7. Mercury thermometer Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit
8. Electrons J.J. Thomson
9. Neutrons James Chadwick
10. Protons Ernest Rutherford
11. Dynamite Alfred Nobel
12. Bacteria Antony Xan Leeuwen hook
13. X - ray W. C. Rontgen
14. Vitamin Cesium Fount
15. World Wide Web Tin Berners Lee, Robert Cailliau
IBM
16. Smart phone IBM
17. Java computing language James Gosling
18. Email Ray Tomlinson
19. C Programming Dennis Ritchie
20. Electric bulb Thomas Edison
21. Airplane The Wright Brother
22. Telephone Alexander Graham Bell
23. Radio Gagliano Marconi
24. Calculator Blaise Pascal
 25. Television John Logie Baird
26. Electricity Benjamin Franklin
27. Telegraph Pavel schilling
28. Automobiles Ferdinand Herbiest
29. Battery Alessandro Volta
30. Steam engine James Batt
31. Diesel engine Rudolf Diesel
32. Helicopter Paul Cornu
33. Google Larry page
34. Facebook Mark Zukerberg
35. Microsoft Bill Gates & Paul Alun
36. Internet Tim Berners Lee
37. Email Shiva Ayyadurai
38. Apple computer Steve jobs
39. Computer Charles Babbage
40. Camera Steven sarson
41. Jet engine Frank Whittle
42. Optical fiber Narinder Singh Kapany
43. Radar Heinrich hertz
44. Fountain pen Water man

Previous year
1. Who invented bicycle ?
a) Benjamin franklin b) John Dunlop
c) Alessandro Volta d) Pierrelallement
2. Who invented radio ?
a) Alexander Graham Bell b) J. L. Baired
c) G. Marconi d) Benjamin Franklin
3. Who invented the “ Dynamite “?
a) Alfred Nobel b) Issac Newton
c) Einstein d) none
4. _____ has invented the mechanical calculator for adding numbers ?
a) Charles Babbage b) Issac Newton
c) Pascal d) Pearo
5. Who invented electric battery ?
a) Andre – Marie Ampere b) George ohm
 c) Alessandro Volta d Michal Fan Adey
6. Who invented penicillin ?
a) Alexander b) Louis c) Dress d) Edward Jenner
7. Who invented vaccination for small pox ?
a) sir Frederick Grant b) Sir Alexander Fler
c) Edward Jenner d) Louis Pasteur
8. The micro chip was invented by ?
a) INSDOC b) BARC c) IBM d) Intel
9. Which of the following invented algebra ?
a) Meghatithi b) Bhaskar
c) Apastamb d) Arya Bhatta
10.Who was the inventor of revolver?
a) Edward Hebbel b) Albert Einstein
c) Samuel Calt d) Avtomat Kalshnilcovs

STATIC GK: FIRST IN INDIA

Serial no. First person Names

1. The first Indian to join the ICS Satyendra Nath

Tagore
2. The first man who introduced Johannes Guten Berg
printing press in India (Bengal Gazette)
3. First field marshal of India S.H.F., Manik Shaw
(1914 - 2008)
4. First Indian to receive Bharat Dr. Radha Krishna
Radha award
5. First person to get Nobel prize in C.V. Raman
physics form India

6. First prime minister of India Charan Singh

who did not face the parliament
7. First Muslim president of India Dr Zakir Husain
Republic

8. First president of India Who Dr. Zakir Hussain

died in office
9. First chief of firm staff Gen. Maharaj
 Rajendra Singh
10. First Indian commander in chief General Cariappa
of India
11. First prime minster of India who Maraj Desai
resigned with out completing the
full term
12. First governor general of free Lord Mountbatten
India
13. First and the last Indian to be C. Raj Gopala Chari
governor general of free India
14. First British Viceroy of India Lord Canning

15. First British governor general of Lord warren hasting

Bengal (1774 - 1885)
16. First Indian to win Noble prize Rabindranath Tagore

17. First president of Indian national W.C. Banerjee

congress
18. First Muslim president of India Dr. Zakir Hussain

19. First Muslim president of Badruddin Tyabji

national congress
20. First British governor general of Lord William
India Bentinck (1833 –
1835)
21. First Prime minster of free India Pt. Jawahar Lal Nehru

22. First president of Indian republic Dr. Rajendra Prasad

(1950 - 1962)
23. First education minister Maulana Abdul
Kalam Azad
24. First home minster of India Sardar Valla Bhai
Patel
25. First chief election Sukumar Sen
commissioner
26. First vice president of India Dr. Radha Krishnan

27. First speaker of Lok Sabha Ganesh Vasudeva

Mavlankar
28. First India air Marshal S. Mukherjee

29. First Indian Naval chief Vice Admiral R.D.

Katara
 30. First Indian judge of Dr. Nagendra Singh
international court of justice
31. First person to reach Mt. Everest Sherpa ang Dereje
without oxygen
32. First person to receive Acharya Vino Bhava
Magsaysay award
33. First Chinese traveler to visit Farheen
India
34. First person of India origin to Har Govind Khurana
receive Nobel Prize in Medicine
35. First chief justice of supreme Justice Hiralal J.
court Kania
36. First person to receive Nobel Amartya Sen
Prize in Economics
37. First Indian pilot J.R.D. Tata (1929)

38. First person to receive to resign Shyama Prasad

from the central Cabinet Mukherjee

FIRST PERSON FEMALE

Serial no. First person Name
1. First Indian woman president Mrs. Vijaya Laxmi
of United Nations General Pandit
Assembly
2. First Indian woman president Mrs. Sarojini Naidu
of Indian National congress
3. First woman president of Mrs. Annie Besant
Indian National congress
4. First Indian woman to climb Santhosh Yadav
mount Everest twice
5. First Indian woman to climb Bachhendri Pal
mount Everest
6. First Indian woman minister Rajkumari Amrit Kaur
in government
7. First Indian woman Olympic Karanam Malleswari
medal water 2000
8. First Indian woman to win Kamaljit Sandhu
gold medal in Asian games
9. First Indian woman lawyer Cornelia Sorabjee
10. First woman chief minister Mrs. Sucheta Kriplani
of an Indian state
11. First Indian woman to Mother Teresa
receive Nobel prize
12. First Indian woman chief Mrs. Leela Seth
justice of high court (Himachal Pradesh high
court)
13. First woman judge of India Anna Chandy (she
became the judge in as
district court in 1937)
14. First Indian woman chairman Rose Millian Bethrew
of Union public service
commission
15. First Indian woman IPS Mrs. Kiran Bedi
officer
16. First Indian woman to Nirja Bhanot
receive Ashoka receive
chakra
17. First Indian and last Muslim Razia Sultan
woman ruler of India
18. First Indian woman to Mrs. Indira Gandhi
receive Bharat Ratna
19. India’s first test tube baby “Durga” (Kanu Priya
Agarwal)
20. First Indian woman speaker Shannu Devi
of a state assembly
21. First Indian woman governor Mrs. Sarojini Naidu
of a state in free India
22. First woman ambassador Mrs. C.B. Muthamma
from India
23. First Indian woman judge in Mrs. Meera Sahib
supreme court Fatima Bibi
24. First Indian woman Prime Mrs. Indira Gandhi
Minister (Sworn on January 24,
1966)
25. First Indian woman to Rita Faria
become miss world
 LIST OF IMPORTANT DAYS
JANUARY
Dates Day
th
9 January NRI day / Pravasi Bhartiya Divas
10th January World Hindi Day
12th January National Youth Day
15th January Army Day
25th January National Voters day
26th January Republic Day

FEBRUARY
Dates Day
th
4 February World Cancer day
13th February World Radio day
22nd February World Thinking day
28th February National Science day

MARCH
Dates Day
rd
3 March World wildlife day & world
hearing day
8th March International women’s day
21st March World poetry day
22nd March World Water day

APRIL
Dates Day
7th April World health day
10th April World homeopathy day
18th April World heritage day
22nd April World earth day
 30th April Ayushman Bharat Divas

MAY
Dates Day
1st May International labour day
11th May National technology day
12th May International Nurses day
31st May Anti – Tobacco day

JUNE
Dates Day
3rd June World bicycle day
5th June World environmental day
8th June World oceans day
12th June World day against child labour
14th June World blood donors day
21st June International day of Yoga

JULY
Dates Day
1st July National doctor’s day
11th July World population day

AUGUST
Dates Day
st
21 August World senior citizen day

SEPTEMBER
Dates Day
th
8 September World literacy day
29th September World heart day
 OCTOBER
Dates Day
th
5 October World teachers day
16th October World food day
24th October United national day
31st October Rastriya Ekta Divas (National
unity day)

NOVEMBER
Dates Day
th
7 November National cancer awareness day
14th November Children’s day & Diabetes day
21st November World television day

DECEMBER
Dates Day
st
1 December World AIDS day
4th December Indian navy day
16th December Vijay Divas
22nd December National mathematics day
23rd December Kishon Divas (Farmer’s day
INDIA)
 DANCE FORMS OF INDIA
MAJOR CLASSICAL DANCE FORMS IN INDIA
DANCE STATE
Bharatnatyam Tamil Nadu
Kathakali Kerala
Manipuri Manipur
Kathak Uttar Pradesh
Kuchipudi Andhra Pradesh
Mohini Aattam Kerala
Chattriya Assam
Odissi Odisha

MAJOR FOLK DANCES OF ALL INDIAN STATES

States Folk dance
Andhra Pradesh & Telangana Kuchipudi, Ottam Thedal, Siddhi,
Madhuri, Mohini Aatam
Assam Bich Hua, Naga dance, Nat Puja
Bihar Jada – Jatin
Chhattisgarh Gaudi, Jumar
Goa Jager, Khal
Gujarat Dandiya Ras, Garba
Haryana Daph, Gogga, Jumar, Phag Dance
Karnataka Hut tar, Karga, Lambi
Maharashtra Gouri Cha, Lavani, Tamasha
Kerala Kali Aattam, Kathakali, Mohini
Aatam, Tappatikali
Madhya Pradesh Matki, Ganga Puri
Manipur Manipuri, Rakhal
Rajasthan Gangor, Ghumar
 Meghalaya Baale
Sikkim Chu faat
Odisha Odissi
Tamil Nadu Bharatnatyam, Kola Aattam
Uttar Pradesh Chapelle, Kajari
Uttara Khand Kajari, Kumauni

LIST OF FESTIVAL IN INDIA

Madhya Pradesh Lok rang festival
Haryana Gogga Navami – Snake – worship
Suraj Kund Mela, Baisakhi
Jammu and Kashmir Bahu Mela – it is a biannual
festival held at the Kali Temple in
Banu fort.
Chhatri
Manipur Yaa Shang
Odisha Rath Yathra (Oola Yathra)
Raja Parva
Rajasthan Gan gaur festival
Teej, Pushkar fair
Uttar Pradesh Navaratri
Ram Navami
Uttaranchal Gan ga Dusshera
Purana Kumbha mela
Tripura Khar chi puja
Punjab Lahir
Baisakhi
Tamil Nadu Pongal
Sikkim Losar
Saga Dawe
Jharkhand Karan festival
Maharashtra Guddi Padua
Kerala Onam
Pooram
Chhattisgarh Baster Dussehra
 Andhra Pradesh Brahmotsavam
Himachal Pradesh Go chi festival
Rakhathumni
Arunachal Pradesh Losar festival
Chalo Loke, Ponto
Gujarat Navaratri, Kutch Ran Utsav
Assam Bohag Bihu – the spring festival of
Bohag Bihu or rangoli Bihu usher
in the new year in the state of
assam
Magh or Bhogali Bihu
Goa Carnival three day non stop
extravaganza of fun, song, music
and dance
Shigmo mela
Sunburn festival
Bihar Chhath puja
Meghalaya Nongreen dance festival
Khajuraho dance festival
Karnataka Ugadi
Mahamastakabhisheka
Nagaland Horn bill festival
Sekrehyi
Mizoram Chapcharkut festival
Telangana Bonalu