ROBOTICS

HISTORY

THE TERM "ROBOT" WAS FIRST USED IN 1920 IN A PLAY CALLED

"R.U.R." OR "ROSSUM'S UNIVERSAL ROBOTS" BY THE CZECH WRITER
KURD CUPOK
➤ THE WORD "ROBOT"COMES FROM THE WORD "ROBOR", MEANING,IN
CZECH", FORCED LABOUR, DRUDGERY.
 ROBOTICS TERMINOLOGY

➤ ROBOT - MECHANICAL DEVICE THAT PERFORMS HUMAN TASKS, EITHER

AUTOMATICALLY OR BY REMOTE CONTROL.
➤ ROBOTICS - STUDY AND APPLICATION OF ROBOT TECHNOLOGY.
➤TELEROBOTICS - ROBOT THAT IS OPERATED REMOTELY
 WHAT IS THE DEFINITION OF ROBOT ?
➤ A REPROGRAMMABLE MULTIFUNCTIONAL MANIPULATOR
DESIGNED TO MOVE MATERIAL, PARTS, TOOLS OR SPECIALIZED
DEVICES THROUGH VARIOUS PROGRAM MOTIONS PERFORMANCE OF
A VARIETY OF TASK.
 LAWS OF ROBOTICS
➤ ASIMOV PROPOSED THREE "LAWS OF ROBOTICS"
➤ LAW 1: A ROBOT MAY NOT INJURE A HUMAN BEING OR THROUGH INACTION, ALLOW A HUMAN BEING TO
COME TO HARM.
➤LAW 2: A ROBOT MUST OBEY ORDERS GIVEN TO IT BY HUMAN BEINGS, EXCEPT WHERE SUCH ORDERS
WOULD CONFLICT WITH THE FIRST LAW.
➤ LAW 3: A ROBOT MUST PROTECT ITS OWN EXISTENCE AS LONG AS SUCH PROTECTION DOES NOT
CONFLICT WITH THE FIRST LAW.
 THE ROBOT CONTROL LOOP
SPEECH, VISION
ACCELERATION, TASK PLANNING
TEMPERATURE
PLAN CLASSIFICATION
POSITION DISTANCE
LEARN
TOUCH, FORCE
MAGNETIC,FIELD, LIGHT PROCESS DATA
SOUND, PATH PLANNING
POSITION SENSE MOTION PLANNING
OUTPUT INFORMATION MOVE, SPEECH TEXT, VISUALS WHEELS LEGS
ARMS TRACKS
 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IS THE INTELLIGENCE EXHIBITED BY MACHINES OR

SOFTWARE, AND THE BRANCH OF COMPUTER SCIENCE THAT DEVELOPS MACHINES AND
SOFTWARE WITH INTELLIGENCE. MAJOR AL RESEARCHERS AND TEXTBOOKS DEFINE THE
FIELD AS "THE STUDY AND DESIGN OF INTELLIGENT AGENTS", WHERE AN
INTELLIGENT AGENT IS A SYSTEM THAT PERCEIVES ITS ENVIRONMENT AND TAKES
ACTIONS THAT MAXIMIZE ITS CHANCES OF SUCCESS, JOHN MCCARTHY, WHO COINED
THE TERM IN 1955, DEFINES IT AS "THE SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING OF MAKING
INTELLIGENT MACHINES.
 HOW DO ROBOTS WORK?
A ROBOT IS ANY MOVING MACHINE THAT CAN BE PROGRAMMED TO PERFORM TASKS AND
GATHER INFORMATION FROM ITS SURROUNDINGS. ROBOTS WORK FROM A CENTRAL
MICROPROCESSOR THAT CONTROLS THEIR MOVEMENTS, THEY ALSO HAVE SENSORS FOR
EXAMINING THE ENVIRONMENT AND POWER SOURCES.
 TYPES OF ROBOTS
➤INDUSTRIAL ROBOTS-
-MATERIALS HANDLING
-WELDING
-INSPECTION
-IMPROVING PRODUCTIVITY
-LABORATORY APPLICATIONS
 TYPES OF ROBOTS
➤MOBILE ROBOTS-
-ROBOTS THAT MOVE AROUND ON LEGS, TRACKS OR WHEELS.
EG-
IN 1979 A NUCLEAR ACCIDENT IN THE USA CAUSED A LEAK
OF RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL WHICH LED TO PRODUCTION OF
SPECIAL ROBOT-WHICH CAN HANDLE THE RADIOACTIVE
MATERIALS.
 ROBOT COMPONENTS
➤ 1. MANIPULATOR OR ROVER: MAIN BODY OF ROBOT (LINKS, JOINTS, OTHER STRUCTURAL
ELEMENT OF THE ROBOT)
2. END EFFECTER: THE PART THAT IS CONNECTED TO THE LAST JOINT HAND) OF A
MANIPULATOR.
3. ACTUATORS: MUSCLES OF THE MANIPULATORS (SERVOMOTOR, STEPPER MOTOR, PNEUMATIC AND
HYDRAULIC CYLINDER).
➤4. SENSORS: TO COLLECT INFORMATION ABOUT THE INTERNAL STATE OF THE ROBOT OR TO
COMMUNICATE WITH THE OUTSIDE ENVIRONMENT.
 ROBOT COMPONENTS...
➤5. CONTROLLER: SIMILAR TO CEREBELLUM. IT CONTROLS AND COORDINATES
THE MOTION OF THE ACTUATORS.
➤6. PROCESSOR: THE BRAIN OF THE ROBOT. IT CALCULATES THE MOTIONS AND
THE VELOCITY OF THE ROBOT'S JOINTS, ETC.
➤7. SOFTWARE: OPERATING SYSTEM, ROBOTIC SOFTWARE AND THE COLLECTION
OF ROUTINES.
 SENSORS

SENSORS PROVIDE AWARENESS OF THE ENVIRONMENT BY SENSING THINGS. SENSORS ARE THE
CORE OF ROBOTS. IT IS THE SYSTEM THAT ALERTS THE ROBOTS..
➤ SENSING CAN BE IN DIFFERENT FORMS LIKE-

LIGHT
SOUND
HEAT
CHEMICALS
FORCE
OBJECT PROXIMITY
PHYSICAL ORIENTATION/POSITION
MAGNETIC & ELECTRIC FIELDS
RESISTANCE
 ACTUATORS
➤ LOCOMOTION
➤ MANIPULATION
 ACTUATORS...
➤ LOCOMOTION-
• LEGS
• WHEELS
• OTHER EXOTIC MEANS
 ACTUATORS...
➤ MANIPULATIONS-
DEGREES OF FREEDOM-INDEPENDENTLY CONTROLLABLE COMPONENTS OF MOTION
ARMS
-CONVENIENT METHOD TO ALLOW FULL MOVEMENT IN 3D
-MORE OFTEN USED IN FIXED ROBOTS DUE TO POWER & WEIGHT EVEN MORE DIFFICULT TO CONTROL!
⚫ DUE TO EXTRA DEGREES OF FREEDOM
GRIPPERS
MAY BE VERY SIMPLE (TWO RIGID ARMS) TO PICK UP OBJECTS
MAY BE COMPLEX DEVICE WITH FINGERS ON END OF AN ARM
PROBABLY NEED FEEDBACK TO CONTROL GRIP FORCE
 END EFFECTORS
➤IN ROBOTICS, AN END EFFECTORS IS THE DEVICE AT THE END OF
A ROBOTIC ARM, DESIGNED TO INTERACT WITH THE ENVIRONMENT.
➤ END EFFECTORS MAY CONSIST OF A GRIPPER OR A TOOL. THE
GRIPPER CAN BE OF TWO FINGERS, THREE FINGERS OR EVEN FIVE
FINGERS.
 DEGREES OF FREEDOM
EACH PLANE IN WHICH A ROBOT CAN MANEUVER.
• ROTATE BASE OF ARM
• PIVOT BASE OF ARM
BEND ELBOW
• WRIST UP AND DOWN
WRIST LEFT AND RIGHT
ROTATE WRIST
 THE PURPOSE OF ROBOTS
➤ ROBOTS ARE ALSO USED FOR THE FOLLOWING TASKS:
• DIRTY TASKS
• REPETITIVE TASKS
• DANGEROUS TASKS
• IMPOSSIBLE TASKS
• ROBOTS ASSISTING THE HANDICAPPED
• CAN OPERATE EQUIPMENTS AT MUCH HIGHER PRECISION THAN HUMANS.
• CHEAPER ON A LONG TERM BASIS.
 ROBOTIC APPLICATIONS
➤ EXPLORATION-
- SPACE MISSIONS
ROBOTS IN THE ANTARCTIC
EXPLORING VOLCANOES
UNDERWATER EXPLORATION
➤ MEDICAL SCIENCE
- SURGICAL ASSISTANT
➤ ASSEMBLY-FACTORIES PARTS-
- HANDLING
ASSEMBLY
- PAINTING
SURVEILLANCE
-SECURITY (BOMB DISPOSAL, ETC)
- HOME HELP (GRASS CUTTING, NURSING)
 ADVANTAGES.
GOING TO FAR AWAY PLANETS.
GOING FAR DOWN INTO THE UNKNOWN WATERS AND MINES WHERE HUMANS
WOULD BE CRUSHED
GIVING US INFORMATION THAT HUMANS CAN'T GET
■ WORKING AT PLACES 24/7 WITHOUT ANY SALARY AND FOOD. PLUS THEY
DON'T GET BORED
THEY CAN PERFORM TASKS FASTER THAN HUMANS AND MUCH MORE
CONSISTENTLY AND ACCURATELY
MOST OF THEM ARE AUTOMATIC SO THEY CAN GO AROUND BY THEMSELVES
WITHOUT ANY HUMAN INTERFERENCE.
 DISADVANTAGES..

■ PEOPLE CAN LOSE JOBS IN FACTORIES

■ IT NEEDS A SUPPLY OF POWER
IT NEEDS MAINTENANCE TO KEEP IT RUNNING.
IT COSTS MONEY TO MAKE OR BUY A ROBOT
 FUTURE PROSPECTS
SCIENTISTS SAY THAT IT IS POSSIBLE THAT A ROBOT BRAIN WILL EXIST BY 2019.
VERNOR VINGE HAS SUGGESTED THAT A MOMENT MAY COME WHEN COMPUTERS AND
ROBOTS ARE SMARTER THAN HUMANS.
IN 2009, SOME ROBOTS ACQUIRED VARIOUS FORMS OF SEMI-AUTONOMY, INCLUDING
BEING ABLE TO FIND POWER SOURCES ON THEIR OWN.
THE ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE HAS
RESEARCHED ON THIS PROBLEM.
THANK
YOU!