Surface Chemistry

SURFACE CHEMISTRY
CONTENTS
Particular Page No.
Theory 01 – 23
Exercise - 1 24 – 27
Part - I : Subjective Questions
Part - II : Only One Option Correct Type
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Part - III : Match the Columns
Exercise - 2 27 – 32
Part - I : Only One Option Correct Type
Part - II : Single or Double Digit Integer Type Questions
Part - III : One or More Than One Options Correct Type
Part – IV : Comprehensions
Answers 33 – 36
Additional Problems For Self Practice (APSP) 37 – 46
Part - I : PRACTICE TEST-1 (IIT-JEE (MAIN Pattern))
Part - II : NATIONAL STANDARD EXAMINATION IN CHEMISTRY (NSEC) STAGE-I
Part – III : HIGH LEVEL PROBLEMS (HLP)
Part – IV : PRACTICE TEST-2 (IIT-JEE (ADVANCED Pattern))
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APSP Answers 47
APSP Solutions 48 – 51
JEE(Advanced) Syllabus
Concepts : Elementary concepts of adsorption (excluding adsorption isotherms);
Colloids : Types, methods of preparation and general properties; Elementary ideas of emulsions,
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surfactants and micelles (only definitions and examples).
JEE(Main) Syllabus
Adsorption - Physisorption and chemisorption and their characteristics, factors affecting adsorption of
gases on solids - Freundlich and Langmuir adsorption isotherms, adsorption from solutions.
Catalysis - Homogeneous and heterogeneous, activity and selectivity of solid catalysts, enzyme catalysis
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and its mechanism.

Colloidal state-distinction among true solutions, colloids and suspensions, classification of colloids-
lyophilic, lyophobic; multi molecular, macromolecular and associated colloids (micelles), preparation and
properties of colloids Tyndall effect, Brownian movement, electrophoresis, dialysis, coagulation and
flocculation; Emulsions and their characteristics.
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Surface Chemistry
INTRODUCTION :
Surface chemistry is that branch of chemistry which deals with study of the phenomena occurring at the
surface or interface, i.e. at the boundary separating two bulk phases. In this chapter our main emphasis
will be on three important topics related to surface chemistry, viz., adsorption, colloids and emulsions.
Section (A) : Adsorption 
  Adsorption : The phenomenon of attracting and retaining the molecules of a substance on the
surface of a liquid or a solid resulting into a higher concentration of the molecules on the surface is
called adsorption. As a result of adsorption, there is a decrease of surface energy. The process of
removal of an adsorbed substance from the surface on which it is adsorbed is called desorption. It is
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the reverse of adsorption and can be brought about by heating or by reducing the pressure.
Adsorbent and adsorbate : The substance on the surface of which adsorption occurs is known
as adsorbent. The substances that get adsorbed on the solid surface due to intermolecular attractions
are called adsorbate. Charcoal, silica, gel, alumina gel are good adsorbents because they have highly
porous structures and have large surface area. Colloids on account of their extremely small dimensions
possess enoromous surface area per unit mass and are, therefore, also good adsorbents.
Examples of adsorption :
 Adsorption of a gas by charcoal : Finely divided activated charcoal has a tendency to adsorb a
number of gases like ammonia, sulphur dioxide, chlorine, phosgene, etc. In this case, charcoal acts as
an adsorbent while gas molecules act as adsorbate.
 Adsorption of a dye by charcoal : Animal charcoal is used for decolourising a number of organic
substances in the form of their solutions. The discharge of the colour is due to the fact that the coloured
component (generally an organic dye) gets adsorbed on the surface of the adsorbent (animal charcoal).
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Sorption : When both adsorption and absorption take place simultaneously.
Eg : Dyes get adsorbed as well as absorbed in the cotton fibre i.e. sorption takes place.
Difference between adsorption and absorption :
The important points of distinction between adsorption and absorption
Absorption Adsorption
It is the phenomenon in which the particles of gas
It is the phenomenon of higher concentration of gas
or liquid get uniformly distributed throughout the
or liquid on the surface than in the bulk of the solid.
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body of the solid.
The concentration on the surface of the adsorbent is
The concentration is the same throughout the
different (has higher concentration) from that in the
material.
bulk.
It is a bulk phenomenon. It is a surface phenomenon.
Adsorption is rapid in the beginning and its rate
Absorption occurs at uniform rate.
slowly decreases
It is a slow process It is a fast process
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 Thermodynamics of adsorption
1. Adsorption involves attracting molecules of adsorbate on surface of the adsorbent. Due to this
energy is released and thus heat of adsorption is negative i.e. adsorption is always exothemic
2. The molecules of adsorbate are held on surface of the solid adsorbent due to this entropy decreases
i.e. S is negative.
3. G = H – TS, Therefore adsorption will occur only when G is negative and this is possible only if
H| > |TS|
4. As adsorption proceeds H becomes less and less negative hence H becomes equal to TS and
G becomes zero. This is the state at which equilibrium is attained.
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Surface Chemistry
 Enthalpy of adsorption Hadsorption : It is the amount of the heat released when 1 mole of an
adsorbate gets adsorbed on a particular adsorbent at adsorption equilibrium. It depends upon the
nature of both the adsorbate as well as adsorbent.
Types of adsorption : The adsorption is classified into two types :
(i) Physical adsorption (i.e. physisorption) : When the particles of the adsorbate are held to the surface
of the adsorbent by the physical forces such as van der Waal’s forces, the adsorption is called physical
adsorption or vanderwaals adsorption.
(ii) Chemical adsorption (i.e. chemisorption) :
When the molecules of the adsorbate are held to the surface of the adsorbent by the chemical forces,
the adsorption is called chemical adsorption.
Differences between Physical and Chemical Adsorption
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Property physical Adsorption Chemical Adsorption
Nature of adsorption Weak Strong
Enthalpy of adsorption Low High
Reversibility of adsorption Reversible and occur rapidly Irreversible and occurs slowly
Temp. at which adsorption is
Low temp. High temp.
more pronounced
Effect of change in temp. Decreases with rise in temp. Increases with rise in temp.
Not specific, generally take Highly specific, take place on
Specificity of adsorption
place on all surface specific surface
Multi-layered (at high
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Nature of adsorbate layer Mono-layered
pressure)
Energy of activation Very low significantly high
Easy, since Vander-Waal's Not easy, since chemical forces are
Ease of desorption
forces are involved involved
x
m x
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Graph m
Temperature
Temperature
 Competitive adsorption : When an adsorbent is in contact with more than one species (adsorbate).
There will be competition among them to get adsorbed on to the surface of the adsorbent. The one that
is more strongly adsorbed gets deposited first in preference to the others. Further a strongly adsorbed
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substance may displace a weakly adsorbed substance.

Ex. NH3 can displace O2 or N2 from the surface of charcoal.
Adsorption of gases on solids :
The extent of adsorption of a gas on a solid surface is affected by the following factors:

 The nature of the gas (i.e. nature of the adsorbate). The easily liquefiable gases such as HCl, NH3,
Cl2 etc. are adsorbed more than the permanent gases such as H2, N2 and O2.
extent of adsorption  critical temperature of gas  ease of liquification
Gas H2 CH4 CO2 SO2
TC 33 190 K 304 K 330K


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Surface Chemistry
 Nature of adsorbent. The extent of adsorption of a gas depends upon the nature of adsorbent.
Activated charcoal (i.e. activated carbon), metal oxides (silica gel and aluminium oxide) and clay can
adsorb gases which are easily liquified. Gases such as H2, N2 and O2 are generally adsorbed on finely
divided transition metals Ni and Co.
Extent of adsorption  surface area of solid.

 Activation of adsorbent :
(a) Metallic adsorbents are activated by mechanical rubbing or by subjecting it to some chemical
reactions.
(b) To increase the adsorbing power of adsorbents, they are sub-divided into smaller pieces. As a
results, the surface area is increased and therefore, the adsorbing power increases.

 Effect of temperature : Mostly the process of adsorption is exothermic and the reverse process or
desorption is endothermic. If the above equilibrium is subjected to increase in temperature, then
according to Le-Chaterlier’s principle, with increase in temperature, the desorption will be favoured.
Physical adsorption decreases continuously with increase in temperature whereas chemisorption
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increases initially, shows a maximum in the curve and then it decreases continuously.
x x
m m
Temperature Temperature
The initial increase in chemisorption with increase in temperature is because of activation energy
required.
This is why the chemical adsorption is also known as “Activated adsorption”.
A graph between degree of adsorption (x/m) and temperature ‘t’ at a constant pressure of adsorbate
gas is known as adsorption isobar.

 Effect of pressure. The extent of adsorption of a gas per unit mass of
adsorbent depends upon the pressure of the gas. The variation of extent of
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adsorption expressed as x/m (where x is the mole of adsorbate and m is the
mass of the adsorbent) and the pressure is given as below. A graph between
the amount of adsorption and gas pressure keeping the temperature
constant is called an adsorption isotherm.
x
P
m
Where x = mass of adsorbate
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M = mass of adsorbent
It is clear from the figure-1 that extent of adsorption (x/m) increases with pressure and becomes
maximum corresponding to pressure Ps called saturation pressure.

Freundlich Adsorption isotherm

The variation of extent of adsorption (x/m) with pressure (P) was given mathematically by Freundlich.
Where n can take any whole number value which depends upon the nature of adsorbate and
adsorbent. The above relationship is also called Freundlich’s adsorption isotherm.
x
C
1/n
  = kp
m
Pressure Graph Relation
x
At low pressure straight line = kP
m
(x/m) = kp1/n
At intermediate pressure dependent on power of pressure 1
(0< <1)
n
x
At high pressure Independent of pressure =k
m
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Surface Chemistry
where, x = Amount of gas adsorbed, m = Mass of adsorbent, K and n

are adsorption constant, p is adsorption equilibrium pressure. Slope=(1/n)
The constant k and n can be determined as explained below : log(x/m)
Taking logarithms on both sides
Eq. (x/m) = kp1/n intercept = log k
we get log (x/m) = logk + (1/n) log p. log p
 One of the drawbacks of Freundlich isotherm is that it fails at high pressure of the gas.
  This equation applicable only when adsorbate substance form unimolecular layer on
adsorbent surface.
Langmuir Adsorption Isotherm :
Assumptions :
1. Gas is considered to behave ideally.
2. A solid surface is considered as homogenous but contains a fixed number of adsorption sites on surface.
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3. Each site adsorb a single molecule; means adsorption is monomolecular.
4. Rate of adsorption = Rate of desorption.
5. There is no lateral overlap between adsorbed molecules.
Derivation
Rate of adsorption  fraction of surface available for adsorption next line 
   Pressure of gas.
If  is covered fraction of surface covered. (1 – ) is the free surface area.
Rate of adsorption = KaP(1 –)
Rate of desorption = Kd
KaP(1 – ) = Kd
KaP – KaP = Kd
K aP KP K
= =  where K = a 
K aP  K d 1  KP Kd
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Amount of gas adsorbed ‘x’ by given mass of adsorbent ‘m’ is proportional to 
x
 
m
x KK a / K dP
= 
m 1  K a / K dP
x aP
 ....(a) 
m 1  bP
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Ka
a = Kb, b = where ‘a’ and ‘b’ are Langmuir parameter.
Kb
At very high pressure : x/m =a/b ..........(b)
At very low pressure : x/m = ap ........ (c)
For determination of the parameters ‘a’ and ‘b’, Eq. (a) may be written in its inverse form.
m 1  bp b 1
   ............ (d)
x ap a ap
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A plot of m/x against 1/p gives a straight line with slope and intercept equal to 1/a and b/a respectively.
At low pressure according to Eq. (c) x/m increases linearly with p. At high pressure according to Eq. (b)
x/m becomes constant i.e. the surface is fully covered and change in pressure has no effect and no
further adsorption takes place which is clear from the Figure-1.
Adsorption from solutions :
1. The extent of adsorption increases with increase in the surface area of adsorbent.
2. The extent of adsorption decreases with increase in temp.
3. The extent of adsorption is related to concentration of solution through this equation
Freundlich isotherm :
(x/m) = k(c)1/n (n  1) where c is the equilibrium concentration of the solute in solution.
Temperature dependence here also is similar to that for adsorption of gases and in place of equilibrium
pressure, we use equilibrium concentrations of the adsorbates in the solution.
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Surface Chemistry
Applications of adsorption :
1. In gas masks : Activated charcoal is generally used in gas masks to adsorb poisonous and toxic
gases from air. These masks are commonly used by the miners because there are poisonous gases
like CO, CH4 etc. in the atmosphere in coal mines.
2. In dyeing of cloths : Mordants such as alums are used in dyeing of cloths. They adsorb the dye
particles which, otherwise, do not stick to the cloths.
3. In dehumidizers : Silica gel is commonly used to adsorb humidity or moisture from air.
4. Removal of colouring matter : Many substances such as sugar, juice and vegetable oils are coloured
due to the presence of impurities. They can be decolourised by placing them in contact with adsorbents
like activated charcoal or fuller’s earth.
5. Heterogeneous catalysis : The phenomenon of adsorption is useful in the heterogeneous catalysis.
The metals such as Fe, Ni, Pt, Pd, etc. are used in the manufacturing processes such as Contact
process, Haber process and the hydrogenation of oils. Their use is based upon the phenomenon of
adsorption.
6. Refining Petroleum : Silica gel is used as adsorbent in petroleum refining.
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7. Chromatography : It is a method for separation of component and is based on preferential adsorption
column is very common device used.
8. Creating vacuum : High vacuum can be created by removing gas by adsorption.
9. Adsorption Indicators : In volumetric analysis, adsorption indicator is used Surface of certain
precipitates such as silver halide have the property of adsorbing some dye like eosin, fluorescein, etc In
the case of precipitation titration (AgNO3 vs NaCI) of the indicator is adsorbed at the end point
producing a characteristic colour on the precipitate.
10. In froth floatation process : (in metallurgy).
11. Softening of hard water : Ion exchange resins used for softening of hard water is based upon
selective and competive adsorption of ions on resins.
Na2Z + Ca+2  CaZ + 2 Na+
 The organic polymers containing groups like –COOH, –SO3H and –NH2 etc. possess the property of
selective adsorption of ions from solution. These are quite useful in the softening of water.
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Ex-1. A sample of charcoal weighing 6 g was brought into contact with a gas contained in a vessel of one litre
capacity at 27ºC. The pressure of the gas was found to fall from 700 to 400 mm. Calculate the volume
of the gas (reduced to STP) that is adsorbed per gram of the adsorbent under the condition of the
experiment (density of charcoal sample is 1.5 g cm3).
Sol. The adsorption is taking place in a closed vessel hence if pressure falls there is correspondingly
increase in volume constant, excess of the volume of the gas would be adsorbed.
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P1V1 = P2V2
V 1000
V2 = P1 1 = 700 × = 1750 mL.
P2 400
6.00
Actual volume of the flask = 1000 – volume of charcoal = 1000 – = 996 mL.
1.50
Volume of the gas adsorbed = 1750 – 996 = 754 mL.
 P V P V  125.67  400  273
Volume of the gas adsorbed per gram at STP  Using 1 1  2 2  = = 60.19 mL.
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 T1 T2  300  760
Section (B) : Catalysis 


 Catalysts : Berzillus in 1835 used the word catalyst first time for some substance which alter rate of
chemical reaction and themselves remain chemically and quantitatively unchanged after the reaction
and the phenomenon is known as catalysis.
Eg : Potassium chlorate when heated at 653K to 873K, it gives O2, When MnO2 is used in this reaction
the O2 is quickly released at the low temperature hence MnO2 is a catalyst
2KCIO3 2KCI + 3O2

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Surface Chemistry
 Homogeneous Catalysis : When catalysts and reactants are in same phase then the process is said
to be homogeneous catalysis and
NO(g)
Eg : (i) 2SO2 (g)  O2 (g)   2SO3 (g)
HCl(  )
(ii) CH3 COOCH3 ()  CH3 COOH(aq)
H2 SO4 (  )
(iii) C12H22 O11 (aq.)  H2 O( )   C6H12O6 (aq.)  C6H12 O6 (aq.)
Glucose Fructose
 Heterogenous Catalysis : When catalysts and reactants are in different phases, then process is know
as heterogenous catalysis and catalyst is called heterogeneous catalyst
Pt(s)
Eg : (i) 2SO3 (g)  O2 (g)   2SO3 (g)
Fe(s)
(ii) N2 (g)  3H2 (g)   2NH3 (g)
Pt(s)
(iii) 4NH3 (g)  5O2 (g)   4NO(g)  6H2O(g)
(iv) Vegetable oils ()  H2 (g) 
Ni(s)
 Vegetable ghee (s).
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 Types of Catalysis
Positive Negative Auto Induced
Substance which Substance which decrease the One of Product When one reaction
increase the rate of rate of chemical reaction behave as catalyst catalyses another
chemical reaction 2H2O2  H2O2
 2H2O+ for that reaction and reaction, then this
negative catalyse
2SO2 + O2 Pt
2SO3 increase the rate of phenomena is called
reaction, then this as induced catalysis
phenomena is called Na2SO3  Na2SO4
autocatalysis
CH3COOC2H5 + H2O

CH3COOH+C2H5OH
Promotors/Activators : Substance which are not catalyst themselves but its presence can increase
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the catalytic activity of catalyst. Promotors increase the number of active sites on the surface Eg :
Fe(catalyst)
(i) N2  3H2   2NH3
Mo(promotor )
Ni(catalyst)
(ii) Vegetable Oil + H2   Vegetable ghee.
Cu(promotor )
ZnO(catalyst)
(iii) CO  2H2 
 CH3 OH
Cr2O3 (promotor )
Catalytic Poisons/Anti catalysts : Substance which are not catalyst themselves but whose
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presence decrease the activity of the catalyst. Poisoning is due to preferential adsorption of poison on
the surface of the catalyst.
Fe(catalyst)
(i) N2  3H2   2NH3
CO / H2 S(catalytic poisons)
Platinised asbestos(catalyst )
(ii) 2SO2  O 2   2SO3
As2 S3 (catalytic poisons)
Pd(catalyst)
(iii) Rosenmund Reactions : RCOCl  H2   RCHO  HCI
BaSO 4 ( poisons catalytst)
 Characteristics of Catalysis :
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
(i) A Catalyst remains unchanged in mass and chemical compositions at the end of reactions.
However its physical state can be changed.
Eg : Granular MnO2 during decomposition of KClO3 is left as powder at the end of the reaction.
(ii) Highly efficient: Finely devided state of catalyst is more efficient for the reactions because
surface area increases and more adsorption take place.
(iii) A catalyst cannot initiate the reaction. But some times the activation energy is so large that
practically a reaction may not start until a catalyst lowers the activation energy significantly. For
example, mixture of hydrogen and oxygen do not react at room temperature but the reaction
occurs very rapid in presence of Pt black.
room temperature
H2 + O2   No reaction
Pt black
H2 + O2   H2O.
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(iv) Highly specific: Catalyst are generally specific in nature. A substance which act as a catalyst
in a particular reaction, fails to catalyse other reaction.
(v) Catalyst cannot change equilibrium state but it helps to attain equilibrium quickly.
(vi) A catalyst does not change the enthalpy, entropy and free energy of a reaction.
(vii) Highly active under optimum temperature: There is a particular temperature at which the
efficiency of a catalyst is maximum, this temperature is known as optimum temperature. On
either side of the optimum temperature, the activity of catalyst decreases. (Optimum range :
298 to 310 K).
(viii) Highly active under optimum pH: Range is pH 5 to 7.
(ix) Influence of Inhibitor or poison.
 Adsorption Theory of Heterogeneous Catalyst : This theory explains the mechanism of
heterogeneous catalyst. This theory is combination of two theory, intermediate compound formation
theory and the old adsorption theory, the catalytic activity is localised on the surface on the catalyst.
The mechanism involves 5 steps.
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(i) Diffusion of reactant to the surface of the catalyst of.
(ii) Adsorption of reactant molecules on the surface of the catalyst.
(iii) Formation of activated intermediate.
(iv) Formation of reactions product on the catalyst surface.
(v) Diffusion of reactions product from the catalyst surface or desorption.
Examples : Let us consider addition of H2 gas to ethlene in presence of Ni catalyst, the reaction takes
places as follows.
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 Factors Supporting Theory :
(i) This theory explains the role of active centre, more free valency which provides the more space
for more adsorption and concentration increases as a result of increase in rate of reaction.
(ii) Rough surface has more active centres and pores, there will be more free valency so more will
be rate of reaction.
more strain
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(iii) The theory explains the centre action of promoters which H H

occupied the interstial void as a result surface area for the
Ni Ni surface area increase
adsorption increases therefore rate of reaction increases.
. promoters
inhibitors
(iv) The theory explains the function of poisons or inhibitors. In
poisoning preferential adsorption of poisons takes place on the
catalyst, surface area for the adsorption on the catalyst
decreases hence rate of reaction decreases. catalyst
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Some Industrial Catalytic reactions

S.N. Process Catalyst
Finely divided iron,
Molybdenum as promoter.
Haber's Process for the manufacture of ammonia
1 Conditions: 200 atmospheric
N2 + 3H2  2NH3
pressure and 450-500ºC
temperature.
Ostwald's process for the manufacture of nitric acid.
Platinised asbestos
4NH3 + 5O2  4NO + 6H2O ;
2
2NO + O2  2NO2
Temperature 300ºC
4NO + 2H2O + O2  4HNO3.
Lead chamber process for the manufacture of sulphuric acid
3 2SO2 + O2  2SO3; Nitric oxide.
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SO3 + H2O  H2SO4.
Contact process for the manufacture of sulphuric acid Platinised asbestos or
4 2SO2 + O2  2SO3; vanadium pentoxide(V2O5).
SO3 + H2SO4  H2S2O7 Temperature 400–450ºC.

 Shape selective catalysis
Catalysis action depends upon.
1. Shape of the catalyst (Pore structure or cavities)
2. Size of reactant and product.
Zeolites
1. They are honey comb like structure i.e. shape selective catalysis.
2. They are microporous aluminium silicate with 3D silicate in which silicon atom are replaced by
aluminum atoms i.e. Al–O–Si
3. The pore size is generally in range 260-740 pm.
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4. General formula of zeolite is Nax/n[(AlO2)x(SiO2)y].zH2O
Use of Zeolite
1. It is used as catalyst in petrolium industries for cracking hydrocarbon and isomerism i. e. ZSM-5.
ZSM5
R – OH   gasoline
2. It convert alcohol directly into gasoline by dehydrating them to give a mixture of hydrocarbon.
Enzyme catalyst :
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Enzyme are complex nitrogenous organic compound which are produced by living plants and animal
the chracterstics of enzyme catalyst are.
1. Most highly efficient 2. Highly specific in nature
3. Highly active under optimum temperature 4. Highly active under optimum Ph.
5. Increase activity in presence of coenzyme 6. Influence of induce and poison
Section (C) : Classification and Preparation of Colloid 

 Colloid Solution :
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Colloid State : A substance is said to be in colloidal state when the size of the particle of disperse
phase is greater than particle of true solution and less than that of suspension solution particle, their
range of diameters lie between 1 and 1000 nm (10–9 to 10–6 m).
Colloid solution : It is a heterogeneous system consisting of 2 phase :
(1) Disperse Phase (D.P) : The phase which is dispersed through the medium is called dispersed
phase or discontinuous phase or internal phase.
(2) Dispersion Medium (D.M) : A medium in which colloidal particles are dispersed is called dispersion
medium. It is also known as continuous phase or outer phase or external phase.
Colloidal solution = D.P. + D.M.
Ex. In Gold sol, Gold is D.P and water is D.M.
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Differentiating point of colloids :

(1) A colloid is a heterogeneous system in which one substance is dispersed (dispersed phase) as
very fine particles in another substance called dispersion medium.
(2) The solution and colloid essentially differ from one another by particle size.
  * In a solution, the particles are ions or small molecules.
  * In a colloid, the dispersed phase may consist of particles of a single macromolecule (such as
protein or synthetic polymer) or an aggregate of many atoms, ions or molecules.
(3) Colloidal particles are larger than simple molecules but small enough to remain suspended. They
have a range of diameters between 1 and 1000 nm (10–9 to 10–6 m).
Classification of colloids :
1. On the basis of physical state of D.P. and D.M.
On the bases of physical state of D.P. and D.M. colloidal solution may be divided into eight system.
DP DM Type of colloid Examples
EX
Solid Solid Solid Sol Some coloured glasses, and gem stones
Solid Liquid Sol Paints, cell fluids
Solid Gas Aerosol Smoke, dust
Liquid Solid Gel Cheese, butter, jellies
Liquid Liquid Emulsion Milk, hair cream
Liquid Gas Liquid Aerosol Fog, mist, cloud, insecticide sprays
Gas Solid Solid Sol Pumice stone, foam rubber
Gas Liquid Foam Froth, whipped cream, soap lather.
* Solution of gas in gas is not a colloidal system because it forms homogeneous mixture.
2. On the basis of D.M. : Colloidal solution are classified as

D.M. Name of colloidal system
Water Hydro sol or aqua sol
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Alcohol Alco sols
Benzene Benzo sols
Air Aero sols
* Aquadag & oildag are colloidal solution of graphite in water & oil respectively.
* Colloidal solution are often termed as sol.
3. On the Basis of interaction of D.P. for D.M. : There are two types-
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 (i) Lyophilic colloids / liquid loving sols / intrinsic colloid. The colloidal solution in which the
particles of the dispersed phase have a great affinity (or love) for the dispersion medium, are called
lyophilic colloids. These solutions are easily formed and the lyophilic colloids are reversible in nature. In
case when water acts as the dispersion medium, the lyophilic colloid is called hydrophilic colloid. The
common examples of lyophilic colloids are glue, gelatin, starch, proteins, egg albumin, rubber, etc.
 (ii) Lyophobic colloids / solvent hating colloid / extrinsic colloid. The colloidal solutions in which
there is no affinity between particles of the dispersed phase and the dispersion medium are called
lyophobic colloids. Such solutions are formed with difficulty only by special methods. These sols are
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readily precipitated (or coagulated) upon addition of small amounts of electrolytes, by heating or by
shaking and hence are not stable. Further, once precipitated, they do not give back the colloidal sol by
simple addition of the dispersion medium. Hence these sols are also called irreversible sols. They need
stabilising agents for their preservation. In case the dispersion medium is water, the lyophobic sol is
called hydrophobic colloid. For example, the solution of metals like Ag and Au, hydroxides like Al (OH)3,
Fe(OH)3, metal sulphides like As2S3 etc.
* Lyophilic sols are more stable than lyophobic sols, the additional stability is due presence of an
envelope of the solvent layer (say water) around the colloidal particle, the process is known as
hydration, To coagulate a hydrophilic sols we have to add a dehydrating agent in addition to electrolyte.
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Surface Chemistry
DISTINCTION BETWEEN LYOPHILIC AND LYOPHOBIC COLLOIDS

S.No. Property Lyophilic colloids Lyophobic colloids
There are easily formed by direct These are formed only by special
1 Ease of preparation
mixing. methods
Reversible or
2 These are reversible in nature These are irreversible in nature.
irreversible nature
The particles of colloids are true The particles are aggregates of many
3 Particles nature
molecules but are big in size molecules
These are unstable and require traces
4 Stability These are very stable
of stabilizers
The addition of small amount of
Action of electrolytes causes precipitation
5 No effect
electrolytes (called coagulation) of colloidal
solution.
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The particles move in a specific
The particles do not carry any direction either towards anode or
6 Charge on particles
charge. cathode depending upon their charge
in an electric field
The particles of colloids are heavily
The particles of colloids are not
7 Hydration hydrated due to the attraction for
appreciably hydrated.
the solvent.
It is higher than that of dispersion It is nearly same as that of dispersion
8 Viscosity
medium medium
9 Tyndall effect They do not show tyndall effect They show tyndall effect.
It is nearly same as that of dispersion
10 Surface tension Lower than dispersion medium
medium
Coagulation of Precipitated by high concentration Precipitated by low concentration of
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11
precipitation of electrolyte electrolyte
Migration in electric May or may not migrate as they Migrate toward anode or cathode as
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field may not carry charge these particles carry charge
Mostly organic nature; Starch and Inorganic nature; Transition metal salt
13 Example
Gelatin in water, gold etc., Metal solution
4. On the basis of chemical composition :

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Inorganic Colloids
(i) Metal sols : Cu, Ag, Au, Pt Sols.
(ii) Non Metal sols : S, I2, Graphite
(iii) Sol of oxide and hydroxide : SnO2, TiO2, Fe2O3, Fe(OH)3, AI(OH)3, Cr(OH)3
(iv) Salt Sol - AgBr, AgI, As2 S3, etc.
Organic Colloids
(i) Homopolar sol - In this type of colloid, particles carry similar type of charge. eg. Sol of rubber in
benzene which contain - ve charge colloidal particle of latex.
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(ii) Hydroxy Sol- Starch sol

5. On the basis of charge on particles
(i) Positive Sol
(a) Metal Oxide & Hydroxide - SnO2, TiO2, Fe2O3, AI(OH)3, Fe(OH)3, Cr(OH)3.
(b) Basic Dyes Methylene blue, vismark brown.
(ii) Negative Sol
(a) Metal sol- Ag, Au, Pt, Cu (b) Acidic dye - congo red, eosin
(c) Sulphide sol- CdS, HgS, As2S3, Sb2S3.
(d) Natural sol- Blood, clay, charcoal, latex rubber, dust particle in water, starch carbon particle in
smoke, gum.
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Surface Chemistry
6. On the basis of type of particles of dispersed phase :

Multimolecular, macromolecular and associated colloids
 Multimolecular colloids : In this type, the particles consist of an aggregate of atoms or small
molecules size less than 1 nm. For example, sols of gold atoms and sulphur (S8) molecules. In these
colloids, the particles are held together by van der Waal’s forces.
 Macromolecular colloids: In this types, the particles of the dispersed phase are sufficiently big in size
(macro) to be of colloidal dimensions. These macromolecules forming the dispersed phase are
generally polymers having very high molecular masses. These colloids are quite stable and resemble
true solutions in many respects. Naturally occurring macromolecules are starch, cellulose, proteins,
enzymes, gelatin, etc.
 Associated colloids (Micelles): These are the substances which behave as normal strong electrolytes
at low concentration but behave as colloidal particles at higher concentration. These associated
particles are also called micelles. Ex. Soap.
EX
Micelles :
 Micelles are relatively small, spherical structures composed of any where for a few to few
thousand molecule that attract one another to reduce surface tension within a membrane of cell.
The formation of micelles takes place only at particular temp, that temperature is called Kraft
temperature.
The concentration above which micelle formation becomes appreciable is termed is critical micelles
concentration. Its value depend upon natures of D.P. and D.M. eg. Surface active agent (surfactants,
which decrease the surface tension) like soaps and detergents form micelle beyond CMC (~10–3
mol/litre for soaps).
* Usually longer the hydrophobic chain, smaller is its CMC.
* Also CMC increase with decreasing polarity of the D.M.
* The micelles ‘formation takes place only above a particular temperature called as Kraft Temperature
(Tk ).
*At CMC, the micelles are spherical in shape, but that start flattening with increase in concentration and
ultimately form sheet or film like structures which have a thickness of two molecules. These are called
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lamelar micelles or McBain Micelles.
Mechanism of micelle formation: Let us take the example of soap solutions. Soap is sodium salt of a
higher fatty acid and may be represented as RCOO–Na+ e.g., sodium stearate viz. CH3(CH2)16COO–
Na+ which is a major component of many bar soaps. When dissolved in water, it dissociates into
RCOO- and Na+ ions. The RCOO– ions, however, consist of two parts i.e., long hydrocarbon chain R
(also called non-polar 'tail') which is hydrophobic (water repelling) and the polar group COO– (also
called polar-ionic 'head') which is hydrophilic (water loving). The RCOO– ions are, therefore, present on
the surface with their COO– groups in water and the hydrocarbon chains R staying away from it, and
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remain at the surface, but at higher concentration these are pulled into the bulk of the solution and
aggregate in a spherical form with their hydrocarbon chains pointing towards the centre with COO– part
remaining outward on the surface. An aggregate thus formed is known as ‘Ionic micelle'. These
micelles may contain as many as upto 100 such ions.
Aggregation of RCOO– ions to form an ionic micelle.
Similarly, in case of detergents, e.g., sodium lauryl sulphate
viz. CH3(CH2)11SO4–Na+, the polar group is –SO4– along with
the long hydrocarbon chain. Hence, the mechanism of micelle
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formation is same as that of soaps.

Example of micelles :
(i) Sodium stearate C17H35COO–Na+(Soap).
(ii) Sodium lauryl sulphate CH3 [CH2]11 SO4– Na+ (Detergent).
(iii) Cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (Detergent). CH3(CH2)15N+(CH3)3Br–.
The Cleansing Action of Soaps: It has been mentioned earlier that a micelle consists of a
hydrophobic hydrocarbon like central core. The cleansing action of soap is due to these micelles,
because oil and grease can be solubilised in their hydrocarbon, like centres which are not otherwise
soluble in water. This is shown diagrammatically in Figure. The dirt goes out along with the soap
micelles.
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Surface Chemistry
Sodium stearate (C17H35COO– Na+) Hydrophobic tail

(a) (b)
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(c) (d) (e)
Fig. : The cleansing action of soap.
(a) A sodium stearate molecule
(b) The simplified representation of the molecule that shows a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail
(c) Grease (oily substance) is not soluble in water
(d) When soap is added to water, the non-polar tails of soap molecules dissolve in grease
(e) Finally, the grease is removed in the form of micelles containing grease.
 *Surfactants : They can be ionic as well as non-ionic. The ionic are soaps and detergent. The
surfactant gets adsorbed at the interface between the dispersed droplets and dispersion medium in the
form of mono molecular layer and lowers the interfacial tension between oil and water so as to facilitate
the mixing of two liquids.
Preparation of lyophobic colloidal sols :
[A] Condensation methods :
In these methods particles of atomic or molecular size are induced to combine to form aggregates
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having colloidal dimensions. For this purpose chemical as well as physical methods can be applied.
(a) Chemical methods. Colloidal solutions can be prepared by chemical reactions leading to formation
of molecules by double decomposition, oxidation, reduction or hydrolysis. These molecules then
aggregate leading to formation of sols.
(i) Double decomposition : When a hot aqueous dilute solution of arsenous oxide (As2O3) is mixed
with a saturated solution of H2S in water, a colloidal sol of arsenous sulphide (As2S3) is obtained.
Double decomposition
As2O3(in hot water) + 3H2S (saturated solution in H2O)  As2S3(sol) + 3H2O
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CH  OH COOK CH  OH COOK
| + 3H2S  | + Sb2S3 (orange sol) + 2H2O
CH  OH COO  SbO  CH  OH COOH
(ii) Oxidation : A colloidal sol of sulphur is obtained by passing H2S into a solution of sulphur dioxide.
SO2 + 2H2S(saturated solution in H2O)  Oxidation  3S(sol) + 2H2O

Sulphur sol can also be obtained when H2S is bubbled through Br2 water or nitric acid (oxidizing agent).
2H2S (aq.) + Br2 (aq.)  2HBr (aq.) + S (sol).
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or by bubbling O2 (g) through a solution of H2S : 2H2S (aq.) + O2 (g)  2H2O (l) + 2S (sol).
(iii) Reduction : Colloidal sol of metals like gold, silver solution are obtained by following method.
2 AuCl3 + 3 HCHO + 3H2O  2Au(sol) + 3HCOOH + 6HCl.
(purple of cassius)
Re duction
2 AuCl3  3 SnCl2   3 SnCl4  2Au(sol)
Re duction
AgNO3 + tannic acid   silver sol.
 NH2NH2 can also be used as reducing agent. *Sol of gold is also known as purple of cassius.
(iv) Hydrolysis : A colloidal sol of metal hydroxides like Al(OH)3 or Cr(OH)3 is obtained by boiling a
dilute solution of FeCl3 , AlCl3 or CrCl3 .
FeCl3 + 3H2O  Fe(OH)3 (sol) + 3HCl ; AlCl3 + 3H2O  Al(OH)3 (sol) + 3HCl
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Surface Chemistry
The colloidal sol of sillicic acid is also obtained by hydrolysis of dilute solution of sodium silicate with
hydrochloric acid. Na4SiO4 + 4HCl  Si(OH)4 (sol) + 4NaCl.
(b) Physical methods : The following physical methods are used to prepare the colloidal solutions.
(i) By Exchange of solvent : When a true solution is mixed with an excess of the other solvent in
which the solute is insoluble but solvent is miscible, a colloidal sol is obtained. For example,
 when a solution of sulphur in alcohol is poured in excess of water, a colloidal sol of sulphur is
obtained.
 when a solution of phenolphthalein in alcohol is poured in excess of water a white sol of
phenolphthalein is found.
Phenolphthalein, I2 , sulphur sol can be prepared by this methods.
(ii) Excessive cooling : Molecules of certain substance condense together on excess cooling to form
colloidal size particle. The colloidal sol of ice in an organic solvent such as CHCl3 or ether can be
obtained by freezing a solution of water in the solvent. The molecules of water which can no longer be
EX
held in solution separately combine to form particles of colloidal size.
(iii) By condensing vapours of a substance into solvent : Substance like sulphur and Hg in water
are prepared by passing their vapours in cold water containing small amount of stabilising agent like
ammonium nitrate.
[B] Dispersion Methods : In these methods large particles of the substance are broken into particles of
colloidal dimensions in the presence of dispersion medium. These are stabilized by adding some
suitable stabilizer. Some of the methods employed are given below :
(a) Mechanical dispersion (By colloidal mill):
Substance is first finely powdered. 

It is shaken with the D.M. to form a suspension.

This suspension is passed through a colloidal mill.

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The simplest type of colloidal mill is disc mill which
consists of two metal discs nearly touching each other
& rotating in opposite.

Direction at a high speed (7,000 revolutions per min.).

The suspended particles are broken to produce
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colloidal size particle.
* This method is used to prepare printing ink.
(b) Electrical disintegration or Bredig's Arc method : This
process involves dispersion as well as condensation. Colloidal
sols of less reactive metals such as gold, silver, platinum,
copper, lead etc., can be prepared by this method. In this
method, electric arc is struck between electrodes of the metal
immersed in the dispersion medium as shown in fig. The
intense heat produced vaporises the metal, which then
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condenses to form particles of colloidal size by surrounding

cooling mixture (ice).
*A slight trace of KOH is added in water to stabilized colloidal solutions.
(c) Ultrasonic dispersion : Ultrasonic vibration (having frequency larger than audible range) can bring
about the transformation of coarse suspension or liquids like oil, mercury etc. into colloidal range.
*This is the latest method for preparation of metal oxides and metal sulphide sols from their coarse
suspension.
*It is a suitable technique for oils also. This method also comprises both dispersion and condensation.
(d) Peptization: The term has originated from the digestion of proteins by the enzyme pepsin.
Peptization may be defined as (the process of converting a precipitate into colloidal sol by shaking it
with dispersion medium in the presence of a small amount of electrolyte).
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Surface Chemistry
The electrolyte used for this purpose is called peptizing agent. This method is applied, generally, to
convert a freshly prepared precipitate into a colloidal sol. During peptization, the precipitate adsorbs
one of the ions of the electrolyte on its surface.
The ion adsorbed on the surface is common either with
the anion or cation of the electrolyte. This causes the
development of positive or negative charge on
precipitates which ultimately break up into smaller
particles having the dimensions of colloids.
For example :
(i) When freshly precipitated Fe(OH)3 is shaken with aqueous solution of FeCl3 (peptizing agent) it
adsorbs Fe3+ ions and thereby breaks up into small-sized particles.
FeCl3  Fe3+ + 3Cl– ; Fe(OH)3 + Fe3+  Fe(OH)3 | Fe3+
+3 +3
+3
+3 +3 +3 +3
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+3
+3
+3 +3 +3
3+
+3
+ Fe +3 +3
+3 +3 +3
Peptizing agent +3
+3 +3 +3 +3 +3 +3
ppt of Fe (OH)3 +3
+3 +3
+3 +3
+3 +3 +3 +3
+3 +3
Charge Colloidal particals of Fe (OH)3

(ii) Freshly prepared stannic oxide on treatment with a small amount of dilute hydrochloric acid forms a
stable colloidal sol of stannic oxide, SnO2 ; Sn4+ .
SnO2 + 4HCl  Sn4+ + 2H2O + 4Cl– ; SnO2 + Sn4+  SnO2 / Sn4+ .
(iii) Freshly precipitated silver chloride can be converted into a colloidal sol by adding a small amount of
hydrochloric acid, AgCl : Cl– .
(iv) Cadmium sulphide can be peptised with the help of hydrogen sulphide, CdS : S2– .
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Section (D) : Purification and Properties of Colloid
Purification of Colloidal Sols : The colloidal sols obtained by various methods are impure and
contain impurities of electrolytes and other soluble substances. These impurities may destabilise the
sol. Hence, they have to be removed. A very important method of removal of soluble impurities from
sols by a semipermeable membrane is known as dialysis.
A. Dialysis : It is a process of removing a dissolved substance from a colloidal solution by means
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diffusion through suitable membrane. Since particles in true solution (ions or smaller molecules) can
pass through animal membrane or parchment paper or cellophane sheet but colloidal particle do not,
the appratus used for this purpose is called Dialyser.
A bag of suitable membrane containing the colloidal solutions is suspended in a vessel through which
fresh water continously flow. The molecules and ions (crystalloids) diffuse through membrane into the
outer water & pure colloidal solution is left behind.
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Movement of ions across the membrane can be expedited by applying electric potential through two
electrodes as shown in fig.
This method is faster than simple dialysis and is known as
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Surface Chemistry
Electrodialysis.
*The most important applications of dialysis is in the purification of blood in the artificial kidney machine.
In case of kidney failure, blood cannot be purified. Under such condition, the blood is separated from
dissolved toxic impurities by dialysis and re-introduced in the bloods stream.
*Dialysis is not applicable for non-electrolytes like glucose, sugar, etc.
B. Ultra Filtration : In this method, colloidal sols are purified by carrying out filtration through special
type of graded filters called ultra-filters. These filter papers allow only the electrolytes to pass through.
These filter papers are made of particular pore size by impregnating with colloidal solution and
subsequently hardened by soaking in formaldehyde collodion. In order to accelerate the filtration
through such filter papers, increased pressure or suction is employed.
Ex-2. When SO2 is bubbled into H2S gas, colloidal sol is formed. What type of colloidal sol is it ?
Sol. 2H2S + SO2  2H2O + 3S (colloidal).
EX
Lyophobic colloidal sol of sulphur is formed.
Ex-3. A reddish brown positively charged sol is obtained by adding small quantity of FeCl3 solution to freshly
prepared and well washed Fe(OH)3 precipitate. How does it take place ?
Sol. It is due to adsorptions of Fe3+ ions on the surface of Fe(OH)3 which gives colloidal sol.
Fe(OH)3 (ppt.) + Fe3+ (ions adsorbed)  [Fe(OH)3]Fe3+ (colloidal sol).
Ex-4. Suppose we have a cube of 1.00 cm length. It is cut in all three directions, so as to produce eight
cubes, each 0.50 cm on edge length. Then suppose these 0.50 cm cubes are each subdivided into
eight cubes 0.25 cm on edge length, and so on. How many of these successive subdivisions are
required before the cubes are reduced in size to colloidal dimensions of 100 nm.
Sol. We find that every division in two equal halves also reduces the size of edge lengths to one half.
1
In first subdivision 1 cm is reduceds to 0.5 cm = cm.
2
2
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1  1
In second subdivision 0.5 cm is reduced to 0.25 cm = cm =   cm
4  2
n
 1
In n subdivision 1 cm is reduced to   . Size of colloidal particles lies between 1 to 1000 mm.
 2
Thus to make n subdivision required particle size may be attained.
n
 1 –9 –7
  = 100 nm = 100 × 10 m = 100 × 10 cm.
 2
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 n log 2 = 5
n × 0.3010 = 5.
5
n= = 16.61 = 17 subdivisions are required for dimension of 100 nm.
0.3010
Important properties of colloidal sols :

  Heterogeneous character :
Colloidal sols are heterogeneous in character as they consist of two phases.
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(a) dispersed phase and (b) dispersion medium. 

  Visibility : Due to scattering caused by the colloidal particles, it will appear as a bright spot moving
randomly.

 Filterability : Colloidal particles pass through an ordinary filter paper. However, the particle do not
pass through other fine membranes.

  Colligative Properties : Colloidal sols show the colligative properties viz. relative lowering of
vapour pressure, elevation in boiling point, depression in freezing point and osmotic pressure. However,
due to high average molecular masses of colloidal particles, mole fraction of the dispersed phase is
very low. Hence, the values of the colligative properties observed experimentally are very small. Only
osmotic pressure measurements are used in determining the molecular mass of polymers.
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Surface Chemistry
Optical Properties-Tyndall effect : Tyndall, in 1869, observed that if a strong beam of light is
passed through a colloidal sol placed in a dark place, the path of the beam gets illuminated. This
phenomenon is called Tyndall effect, which is due to the scattering of light by the colloidal particles. The
illuminated path of beam is called Tyndall cone. This phenomenon is due to scattering of light from the
surface of colloidal particles. In a true solution there are no particles of sufficiently large diameter to
scatter light & hence the beam is invisible.
Eye
microscope
Tyndall cone
EX
Light source
Scattered light
True solution Colloidal solution

*The intensity of scattered light depends on the difference between the refractive indice of the D.P and
D.M., In lyophobic colloids, this difference is appreciable and therefore the tyndal effect is quite well
defined but in lyophilic sols the difference is very small and the tyndal effect is very weak. Thus in sols
of silicic acid, blood serum, albumin, etc. there is little or no tyndal effect.
Example of Tyndall Effect
 Blue colour of sky and sea water.
 Visibility of tail of comets.
 Light thrown from a projector in cinema hall.
 Appearance of dust particle in a semi darked room.
 Application of Tyndall Effect :
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(i) In making ultramicroscopes.
(ii) In finding heterogenity of solution.
Ex-5. Under what conditions is Tyndal effect observed ?

Sol. Tydalls effect is applicable when :
(a) The diameter of the dispersed particles is not much smaller than the wavelength of the light used.
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(b) The refractive indices of the dispersed phase and the dispersion medium must differ greatly in
magnitude.
Ex-6. In the lower layer of the atmosphere, there is a great deal of dust. When the weather is fine, it is
possible to see the magnificent red colour of the setting sun. What have these observation to do with
colloids ?
Sol. Dust in the atmosphere is often colloidal. When the sun is low down on the horizon, light from it has to
pass through a great deal of dust to reach your eyes. The blue part of the light is scattered away from
your eyes. You see the red part of the spectrum, which remains. Red sunsets are the Tyndall effect on
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a large scale.
 Mechanical Properties :
Brownian movement: Robert Brown, a botanist, discovered in 1827 that
pollen grains placed in water do not remain at rest but move about
continuously and randomly. Later on, this phenomenon was observed in
case of colloidal particles when they were seen under an ultramicroscope.
The particles were seen to be in constant zig-zag motion as shown in fig.
This zig-zag motion is called Brownian movement.
Brownian movement arises because of the impact of the molecules of the
dispersion medium with the colloidal particles.
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Surface Chemistry
Dependence :
1
(i) Size of colloidal particles : Mobility 
Size of the particle
1
(ii) Viscosity of solution : Mobility 
Viscosity
(iii) Temperature : Mobility  Temperature
 Factors Affecting Brownian Movement :
(i) If particles is large then brownian movement becomes less.
(ii) Brownian movement increases with increasing temperature.
(iii) The brownian movement does not change with time & remains same for months or even for a year.
 Important :
(i) In confirmation of kinetic energy.
(ii) Determination of Avogadro numbers.
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(iii) Stability of colloidal solution: Brownian movement does not allow the colloidal particles to settle
down to gravity & thus is responsible for their stability.
 Electrical Properties (Electrophoresis) :
The existence of charge on colloidal particles is confirmed by electrophoresis experiment. When electric
potential is applied across two platinum electrodes dipping in a colloidal solution, the colloidal particles
move towards one or the other electrode. The movement of colloidal particles under on applied electric
potential is called electrophoresis.
Positively charged particles move towards the cathode while negatively charged particles move towards
the anode. Depending upon the direction a movement of particles towards cathode or anode
electrophoresis can be called ’cataphoresis‘ or ‘Anaphoresis’
Arsenious sulphide, gold, silver and platinum particles in their respective colloidal sole are negatively
charged while particles of Fe(OH)3, Al(OH)3 are positively charged.
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(Fig. : A set up for electrophoresis.)
The colloidal solution is placed in a U-tube fitted with platinum electrodes. On passing an electric
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current, the charged colloidal particles move towards the oppositely charged electrode. Thus, if arsenic
sulphide sol is taken in the U-tube, in which negatively charge particle of arsenic sulphide move
towards the anode.
*Earlier this process was called cataphoresis because most of the colloidal sols studied at that time
were positively charged and moved towards cathode.
 Electro osmosis: When movement of colloidal particles is prevented by some suitable means (porous
diaphragm or semi permeable membranes), it is observed that the D.M. begins to move in an electric
field. This phenomenon is termed electrosmosis.
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 Sedimentation potential or Dorn potential : When the charged colloidal particles are made to settle
down under centrifugal field, there occurs a charge separation and a potential difference is developed.
This effect is called Dorn effect and the potential difference thus developed is called Dorn potential or
sedimentation potential. This process is reverse of electrophoresis.
 Isoelectric point : The H+ concentration at which the colloidal particles have no charge is known as the
isoelectric point. At this point stability of colloidal particles becomes very less & do not move under
influence of electric field.
 Streaming potential : A potential difference is developed across a porous partition when the
dispersion medium of a charged colloid is forced through it. This is called Streaming potential. This
process is reverse of electro-osmosis.
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Surface Chemistry
 Charge on colloidal particles : Colloidal particles are either positively charged or negatively
charged. This charge is due to preferential adsorption of either positive or negative ions on their
surface. There is adsorption of common ion present in excess.
Fe(OH)3 sol prepared by the hydrolysis of FeCl3 solution adsorbs Fe3+ and this is positively charged.
FeCl3 + 3H2O Fe(OH3) + 3HCl ; Fe(OH)3 + FeCl3  Fe(OH)3 Fe3+ : 3Cl–
Fixed part Diffused part.
Positive charge on colloidal sol is due to adsorption of Fe3+ ion (common ion between Fe(OH)3 and
FeCl3).
As2S3 colloidal sol is obtained when As2O3 is saturated with H2S :
As2O3 + 3H2S  As2S3 + 3H2O.
As2S3 adsorbs S2– ions (common between H2S and As2S3 and thus is negatively charged).
As2S3 + H2S  As2S3 S2– : 2H+.

 AgI in contact with AgNO3 forms positively charged colloidal sol due to adsorption of Ag+ ion.
AgI + AgNO3  [AgI]Ag+ : NO3– , AgI in contact with KI forms negatively charged colloidal sol due to
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adsorption of I– ion AgI + KI  AgI I– : K+.
 SnO2 in acidic medium forms positively charged colloidal sol due to adsorption of Sn4+ formed.
SnO2 + 4H+  Sn4+ + 2H2O SnO2 + Sn4+  SnO2 Sn4+
SnO2 in alkaline medium forms negatively charged colloidal sol due to adsorption of SnO32– formed.
SnO2 + 2OH–  SnO32– + H2O SnO2 + SnO32–  SnO2 SnO32–
Charge on colloidal particle may be due to some other reasons also e.g.
*Due to electron capture by collidal particle during electro dispersion of metal.
*Due to self dissociation.
 Electric Double Layer Theory or Helm-holtz Electric double layer :
Electric double layer Theory
– –
– –
– – Fixed layer
+ + +
– +
+ –
+ Colloidal
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– Particle
+ –
+
– + Mobile layer
+ + –
– + +
– –
– –
 The combination of two layer of opposite charges (+ve and –ve charge) around colloidal particle is
called Helm-Holtz electrical double layer.
 First layer of ions is firmly held and is termed as fixed layer.
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 Secondary layer is mobile and is termed as diffused layer.
 The charges of opposite sign on fixed and diffused parts of double layer result in difference in potential
between these layers.
 This potential difference between the fixed layer and diffused layer of opposite charges is called
electrokinetic potential or zeta potential.
4
Z n = Viscosity coefficient
D
D = Dielectric constant of medium
C
 = Velocity of colloidal particle when an electric field is applied.

e.g. AgNO3 + KI  AgI + KNO3
(excess)
Fixed layer
K+
K+
K+
I–
I– I– K
+
–
I– AgI I
K+ I– I–
– –
I I– I K+
Zetapotential K+
K+
K+ Diffused layer 
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Surface Chemistry
Ex-7. Classify the following sols according to theirs charges :

(a) gold sol (b) ferric hydroxide sol (c) gelatine (d) blood
(e) sulphur (f) arsenious sulphide (g) titanium oxide.
Sol. Negatively charged colloidal sol : (a), (c), (d), (e), (f).
Positively charged colloidal sol : (b), (g).
Ex-8. SnO2 forms positively charged colloidal sol in acidic medium and negatively charged colloidal sol in
basic medium. Explain ?
Sol. SnO2 is amphoteric reacting with acid and base both. In acidic medium (say HCl) Sn4+ ion is formed
which is preferentially adsorbed on SnO2 giving positively charged colloidal sol :
SnO2 + 4HCl  SnCl4 + 2H2O ;
SnO2 + SnCl4  [SnO2]Sn4+(positively charged) + 4Cl–.

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Section (E) : Coagulation, Protection And application of colloid 
 Coagulation/Flocculation : This process of aggregation of colloidal particles into an insoluble
precipitate by the addition of some suitable electrolyte is known as coagulation. At lower
concentration of electrolytes, the aggregation of particles is called flocculation that can be reversed on
shaking while at higher concentration of electrolyte, coagulation takes place and the same cannot be
reversed simply by shaking. The stability of the lyophobic colloids is due to presence of charge on
colloidal particles. If, somehow, the charge is removed, the particles will come near to each other to
form aggregates and settle down under the force of gravity.
Coagulation value or Flocculation value: It needs to be noted that the coagulation of a colloidal
solution by an electrolyte does not take place until the added electrolyte has certain minimum
concentration in the solution. The minimum concentration of electrolyte in millimoles required to
cause coagulation of one litre of colloidal solution is called coagulation value. It is express in
terms of millimoles/litre.
millim oles of electrolyte
Coagulation value =
D
volumeof sol in litre
+ ++ + +
+ + + + ++ +
+
+ ++ +
+ + +
+ ++ + + + + +
+ ++ + +
+ ++
+ ++ + +
+ ++ +
+ ++ +++ + ++
+ ++ + + +
++
+ ++
+ ++ +
+ + + + + ++ + + + +
+
+
+ ++
+ +
+
+ +
+ + + + + + ++
+ + ++ + +
+ + ++ + ++ +
+ + + + +
+ + + + +
+ +
+ ++ + + +
+++ + + + + + +
+ + + + ++ + +
+ + + + ++ +
+ + + + ++ +
+
++
+ ++ ++
+ ++ +
+ ++ +
++++
+ + +
+ ++
+ ++
+++
+ ++
+ ++
+ +
+
+
Neutralised
sol particles
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Coagulated sol
Coagulation of lyophobic sols can be carried out by the following methods.
(i) By electrophoresis
(ii) By mutual precipitation : It is a process in which oppositely charged sol are mixed in proper
proportion to neutralise the charge of each other causing coagulation of both the sol.
Example : Positively charged Fe(OH)3 and negatively charged As2S3 colloidal particle containing sol on
mixing get coagulated.
(iii) By Prolonged Dialysis : On prolonged dialysis, traces of the electrolyte present in the sol are
removed almost completely and the colloid becomes unstable and ultimately coagulate.
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(iv) By Boiling : Sols such as sulphur and silver halides dispersed in water may be coagulated by
boiling because increased collisions between sol particle and the water molecule removed the
adsorbed electrolytes. This takes away the charge from the particles and helps them to coagulate.
(v) By cooling : Certain sol can also be coagulated by lowering temperature. For example,
accumulation of cream on the surface of milk on cooling. This is because at lower temperature the
dispersion medium molecules do not exert sufficient force on to the dispersed particles and hence the
Brownian motion becomes less effective.
(vi) By the addition of electrolyte : When excess of an electrolyte is added, the colloidal particles are
precipitated.
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Surface Chemistry
 Comparision of relative coagulating power of two electrolyte for the same colloidal solution :
The coagulation value decrease with increase in charge of the coagulating ion.
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Coagulating power  .
coagulation value
coagulating power of electrolyte A coagulation valueB
= .
coagulating power of electrolyteB coagulation value A
 Factor-Affecting Coagulations : (i) Nature of sols : The lyophobic colloid can easily coagulate
because it is a less stable colloid, but lyophilic colloids coagulate hardly by the addition of electrolyte
due to protective layer of D.M. surrounding the colloidal particle.
(ii) Nature of electrolyte : In equimolar electrolyte, strong electrolyte have greater coagulating power
than weak electrolyte. Example : 0.1M NaCl > 0.1M CH3COOH.
 Hardy-Schulze Rule : According to this rule greater is the valency of coagulating ion, greater its power
to cause precipitation. This is known as Hardy-Schulze rule.
In case of positive charged sol, the coagulating power of anion is in the order of [Fe(CN)6]4– > PO43– >
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SO42– > Cl–
In case of negative charged sol, the coagulating power of cation is in the order of Al3+ > Ba2+ > Na+.
 The coagulating power of bivalent ion is 20-80 times higher than monovalent ion and coagulating power
of trivalents is many times more than bivalent.
Ex-9 The particles of a particular colloidal solution of arsenic trisulphide (As2S3) are negatively charged.
Which 0.0005 M solution would be most effective in coagulating this colloidal solution. KCl, MgCl2, AlCl3
or Na3PO4? Explain.
Sol. Since As2S3 is a negatively charged colloidal sol hence positively charged ion will cause its coagulation.
By Hardy-Schulze rule “greater the charge on ion, greater the coagulating power to coagulate
oppositely charged colloidal sol”, hence out of K+, Mg2+, Al3+ and Na+, Al3+ would be most effective.
Protection of colloidal sols : Lyophilic colloidal sols are much more stable than lyophobic colloidal
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sols. This is due to the extensive solvation of lyophilic colloidal sols, which forms a protective layer
outside it and thus prevents it from forming associated colloids. Lyophobic sols can easily precipitate by
addition of small amount of an electrolyte. They can be prevented from coagulation by previous addition
of some lyophilic colloid. This is due to formation of a protective layer by lyophilic sols outside lyophobic
sols. Process of protecting the lyophobic colloid solution from precipitation by an electrolyte due to
previous addition of some lyophilic colloid is called protection of colloid and lyophilic colloidal sols are
called protective sols.
Eg : Gelatin, Sodium caseinate, Egg albumin, Gum arabic, Potato starch etc.,
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Gelatin (lyophilic) protects gold sol (lyophobic) colloids is expressed in terms of gold number.
Gold Number : Zpsigmondy (1901) introduce a term called gold number it is defined as ‘’the
minimum amount of the protective colloid in milligrams which when added to 10 ml of a standard gold
sol is just sufficient to prevent a colour change from red to blue on the addition of 1 ml of 10% sodium
chloride solution. It may be noted that smaller of the gold number, greater will be protecting power of
the protective colloid.
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Protecting power  .
gold number
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weight of lyophilic sol in mg  10

Gold Number =
volume of gold sol in mL
Uses of protective action :
(i) Gelatin is added in the preparation of ice cream to protect the particle of ice.
(ii) Protargol and Argyrol, is a silver sol protected by organic material used as eye drop.
Applications of Colloids : Colloids including emulsions find a number of uses in our daily life and
industry. Some of the uses are given below.
1. In medicines : A wide variety of medicinal and pharmaceutical preparations are emulsions. Colloidial
medicines are easily adsorbed by the body tissue because of large surface area.
* Colloidal antimony is used in curing kalaazar.
* Milk of magnesia, an emulsion, is used for stomach disorder.
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Surface Chemistry
* Colloidal gold is used for intramuscular injection.

* Colloidal sulphur are used as Germicides.
* Argyrol is a silver sol used as an eye lotion.
* Colloidal Fe(OH)3 is given to arsenic poisoning patients as it adsorbs arsenic and then gets omited
out.
2. Tanning
3. Photographic plate & Film
4. Rubber plating
5. Sewage disposal
6. Cottrell smoke precipitator :
Smoke is a dispersion of negatively charged colloidal particles of
carbon in air and can be made free of these colloidal particles by
passing it through cottrell precipitator as shown in fig. installed in the
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chimney of an industrial plant. It consists of two metal discs charged
to a high potential. The carbon particles get discharged and
precipitate, while gases come out from the chimney.
7. Formation of deltas: The river water contains colloidal particles of sand and clay which carry
negative charge. The sea water contains +ve ions such as Na+, Mg2+, Ca2+ etc. As the river water
meets sea water, these ions discharge the sand or clay particle which are precipitated in the form of
delta.
8. Artificial rain
9. Stop bleeding from a cut
10. Stop Screen
11. Preparation of nano-materials
12. In disinfectants : The disinfectants such as dettol and lysol give emulsions of the oil-in-water type
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when mixed with water.
STEM TECHNOLOGY : The size and shape of the colloidal particles is determined with the help of
an electron microscope which has much more resolving power (of the order of 10–12m.) The different
techniques used to study the colloidal particles are :
(i) Scanning electron microscope (SEM)
(ii) Transmission electron microscope (TEM) and
(iii) Scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM).
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Section (F) : Emulsion and Gel 
 Emulsions : Pair of immiscible liquid is called emulsion. Emulsion are unstable and some time they
are separated into two layers on keeping still, for the stabilising of an emulsion, a third component is
added called emulsifying-Agent form an interfacial film between D.P. and D.M.
Emulsion droplets are bigger than sol particles and can be seen under an ordinary microscope and
sometimes even with a magnifying glass.
Example : Milk is an emulsion in which liquid fat is D.P. and liquid water is D.M. and casein is
emulsifying agent.
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 Demulsification : The separation of an emulsion into its constituent liquids is called demulsification.
Various techniques employed for this are freezing, boiling, centrifugation, electrostatic precipitation or
chemical methods which destroys the emulsifying agents.
Demulsification can be brought about by :
(i) Freezing (ii) Heating
(iii) Centrifugal action (Separation of cream of milk done by centrifugation).
(iv) Removal of emulsifiers by adding a better solvent for them like alcohol, phenol etc, called
demulsifiers.
Types of emulsions : Depending on the nature of the dispersed phase, the emulsions are classified
as:
(a) Oil in water emulsions (b) Water in oil emulsions
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Surface Chemistry
 Inversion of phase : The conversion of emulsion of oil in water (o/w) into water in oil (w/o) or vice
versa is called the inversion of phase.
[A] Identification of the type of emulsion : These two types may be identified by :
 Dilution test : An emulsion can be diluted with any amount of the dispersion medium, while the
dispersed liquid, if added, forms a separate layer. Thus if a few drops of water added to the emulsion
are soluble in it, it is oil in water type and if immiscible, it is water in oil type.
 Dye test : If a small amount of oil soluble dye gives a uniform colour to the emulsion, it is water in oil
type otherwise it is oil in water type.
 Electrical conductivity test : If conductivity of emulsion increases significantly by adding a very small
amount of electrolyte, it is oil in water type and if there is no significant increase in conductivity, it is
water in oil type.
[B] Applications of emulsions :

 Disinfactants like phenyl, dettol when mixed with water form emulsion.
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 Digestion of fat in small intestine occurs easily due to emulsion.
 In metallurgical process the concentration of ore by froath floatation method is based upon emulsion.
 Milk is an emulsion of liquid fat in water in which casein emulsifying agent.
 Cleansing action of soap is due to formation of emulsions. Soaps and detergents emulsify the grease
along with the adhering dirt and carry them away in the wash water.
 For concentrating ores, the finely powdered ore is treated with an oil. Oil forms emulsion with the ore
particles. When air is bubbled into the mixture, emulsion containing the particles of the mineral are
carried to the surface.
Gel :
Ex : Gelatin dissolved in water forming a colloidal. Sol which when cooled sets into a gelly.
*Gel have honey-comb structure :
Ex : Sillicic acid, Gum arabic, Sodium oleate, Gelatin, Solid alcohol, etc.
Types of Gel :
(i) Elastic gel : Those gel which have elastic properties. Eg : Gelatin, Starch, Agar-Agar etc.
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(ii) Non- elastic gel : Those gel which are rigid. Eg : Silica gel.
Properties of Gel :
1. Syneresis/weeping of gel : The spontaneous liberation of liquid from a gel is called syneresis or
weeping of gels. It is reverse of swelling.
Eg : Gelatin, Agar-Agar show syneresis at low concentration while sillicic acid shows it at high
concentration.
2. Imbibition or swelling of gel : When gel is kept in a suitable liquid (water) it absorb large volume of
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liquid. The phenomenon is called, imbibition or swelling of gel.
3. Thixotropic : Some gels when shaken to form a sol, on keeping changes into gel are termed as
thixotropic gel and phenomenon is called thixotropy.
Eg : Gelatin and silica liquify on shaking changing into corresponding sol and the sol on keeping
changes back into gel.
MISCELLANEOUS SOLVED PROBLEMS (MSPs)

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1.* Which of the following is (are) lyophobic colloids ?

(A) Gold sol (B) As2S3 sol (C) Starch sol (D) Fe(OH)3 sol
Sol. (ABD) Gold sol, As2S3 and Fe(OH)3 are lyophobic colloid. Therefore, (A, B, D) are correct options.
2. The presence of colloidal particles of dust in air imparts blue colour to the sky. This is due to
(A) Absorption of the light (B) Scattering of the light
(C) Reflection of the light (D) None of these
Sol. (B) Due to scattering of the light. Therefore, (B) is correct option.
3. The volume of nitrogen gas Um (measured at STP) required to cover a sample of silica gel with a mono-
molecular layer is 129 cm3 g–1 of gel. Calculate the surface area per gram of the gel if each nitrogen
molecule occupies 16.2 × 10–20 m2.
Ans. 561.8 cm3
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Surface Chemistry
Sol. 22400 cm3 of N2 at STP contain = 6.022 × 1023 molecules

6.022  1023  129
129 cm3 of N2 at STP will contain = = 3.468 × 1021 molecules
22400
Area occupied by a single molecule = 16.2 × 10–20 m2
  Area occupied by 3.468 × 1021 molecules of nitrogen
= (16.2 × 10–20) × (3.468 × 1021) m2 = 561.8 m2.
4. Which of the following has minimum gold number ?
(A) Potato starch (B) Gum arabic (C) Gelatin (D) Albumin
Sol. (C) Gelatin has minimum gold number. Therefore, (C) is correct option.
5.* Which of the following are correctly matched ?
(A) Butter-gel (B) Milk-emulsion (C) Fog-aerosol (D) Dust-solid sol
Sol. (ABC) are correct matches.
EX
6. Explain the adsorption of nitrogen on iron.
Sol. When nitrogen gas is brought in contact with iron at 83 K, it is physisorbed on iron surface as nitrogen
molecules, N2. As the temperature is increased the amount of nitrogen adsorbed decreases rapidly and
at room temperature, practically there is no adsorption of nitrogen on iron. At 773 K and above, nitrogen
is chemisorbed on the iron surface as nitrogen atoms.
7. How do size of particles of adsorbent, pressure of gas and prevailing temperature influence the extent
of adsorption of a gas on a solid ?
Sol. (a) Smaller the size of the particles of the adsorbent, greater is the surface area and hence greater is
the adsorption
(b) At constant temperature, adsorption first increases with increase of pressure and then attains
equilibrium.
(c) In physical adsorption, it decreases with increase of temperature but in chemisorption, first it
increases and then decreases.
8. How is adsorption of a gas is related to its critical temperature ?
D
Sol. Higher is the critical temperature of a gas, greater the van der Waal’s forces of attraction and hence
greater is the adsorption.
9. Physical adsorption is essentially quite appreciable :
(A) at room temperature (B) at higher temperature
(C) at lower temperature (D) none of these
Sol. (C) Rate of physical adsorption decreases with increase in temperature (exothermic process).
Therefore, (C) is correct option.
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10. What type of colloidal sols are formed in the following ?
(i) Through cooled water, vapours of sulphur are passed.
(ii) White of an egg is mixed with water.
Sol. (i) Sulphur molecules associate together to form molecular sols.
(ii) Macromolecular sol because protein molecules present in the white of the egg are macromolecules
& are soluble in water.
11. What happens when persistent dialysis of a colloidal solution is carried out.
Sol. The stability of a colloidal sol is due to the presence of a small amount of the electrolyte. On persistent
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dialysis, the electrolyte is completely removed. As a result, the colloidal sol becomes unstable and gets
coagulated.
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Surface Chemistry
 Marked questions are recommended for Revision.
PART - I : SUBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

Section (A) : Adsorption
A-1. Why adsorption is always exothermic ?
A-2. What is the difference between physical adsorption and chemisorption ?
A-3. What are the factors which influence the adsorption of a gas on a solid ?
A-4. What is an adsorption isotherm ?
EX
A-5. What do you understand by activation of adsorbent ? How is it achieved ?
A-6. Which will be adsorbed more readily on the surface of charcoal and why– NH3 or CO2 ?
A-7. In an Adsorption experiment a graph between log x/m versus log P was found to be linear with a slope
of 45º the intercept of the log x/m was found to be 0.3010. Calculate the amount of gas adsorbed per
gram of charcoal under a pressure of 0.6 bar.
A-8. 1 gm of charcoal adsorbs 100 mL of 0.5 M CH3COOH to form mono layer and there by the molarity of
CH3COOH reduces to 0.49 M. Calculate the surface area of the charcoal adsorbed by each molecule of
CH3COOH. Surface area of charcoal = 3.01 × 102 m2/g.
A-9. What role does adsorption play in heterogeneous catalysis ?
A-10. How many grams of gas would be adsorbed per gram of a substance at 8 atm by assuming Freundlich
adsorption isotherm.
x
= kp1/n and k = 10–2 atm–1/3 & n = 3.
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m
A-11. 10 mg of an adsorbate gets adsorbed on a surface. This causes the release of 3J of heat at constant
pressure and at 27ºC. [Molar mass of adsorbate = 100 g/mol].
(i) Find Hadsorption.
(ii) Argue whether the adsorption is physical or chemical ?
(iii) If 20 mg of adsorbate is adsorbed at temperature T0. Then compare T0 and 27ºC :
Section (B) : Catalysis
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B-1. Give two examples of heterogeneous catalysis.
B-2. Identify the correct order of steps in hetereogeneous catalysis.
(i) Adsorption of reactant molecules on the surface of the catalyst.
(ii) Diffusion of reactant to the surface of the catalyst.
(iii) Formation of reactions product on the catalyst surface.
(iv) Diffusion of reactions product from the catalyst surface or desorption.
(v) Formation of activated intermediate.
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Section (C) : Classification and Preparation of Colloid

C-1. How are the colloidal solutions classified, on the basis of physical states of the dispersed phase and
dispersion medium ?
C-2. Explain the following terms with suitable examples.
(a) Gel (b) Liquid Aerosol (c) Hydrosol
C-3. How are associated colloids different from multimolecular and macromolecular colloids ?
C-4. Give one example of multimolecular and macromolecular colloids.
C-5. Describe a method each for the preparation of sols of sulphur and platinum in water
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Surface Chemistry

D-1. Explain the following terms :
(a) Peptization (b) Electrophoresis (c) Dialysis (d) Brownian movement
D-2. Why the sun looks red at the time of setting ?
D-3. Why is osmotic pressure of a colloidal solution less than that of true solution ?
Section (E) : Coagulation, Protection And application of colloid
E-1. Which one of the following electrolytes is most effective for the coagulation of Fe(OH)3 sol and why ?
NaCl, Na2SO4, Na3PO4.
E-2. What do you understand by "isoelectric point" of a colloid ?
E-3. Rivers form delta on meeting with ocean, why ?
E-4. Artificial rain is made by spraying salt over clouds, why ?
EX
Section (F) : Emulsion and Gel
F-1. Name two demulsifier.
F-2. What is the difference between sols and emulsions.
F-3. What is demulsification ?
F-4. What is phase inversion in emulsion ?
PART - II : ONLY ONE OPTION CORRECT TYPE

Section (A) : Adsorption
A-1. Which of the following statements about chemisorption is not applicable?
(A) It involves chemical forces between adsorbent and absorbate
(B) It is irreversible in nature
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(C) It involves high heat of adsorption
(D) It does not require activation energy
A-2. Following is the variation of physical adsorption with temperature:
(A) (B) (C) (D)

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A-3. Adsorption is the phenomenon in which a substance:
(A) accumulates on the surface of the other substance
(B) goes into the body of the other substances
(C) remains close to the other substance
(D) none of these
A-4. Finely divided catalyst has greater surface area and has greater catalytic activity than the compact
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solid. If a total surface area of 6291456 cm2 is required for adsorption in a catalysed gaseous reaction,
then how many splits should be made to a cube of exactly 1 cm in length to achieve required surface
area. (Given : One split of a cube gives eight cubes of same size)
(A) 60 (B) 80 (C) 20 (D) 22
A-5. Volume of N2 at NTP required to form a mono layer on the surface of iron catalyst is 8.15 ml/gram of
the adsorbent. What will be the surface area of the adsorbent per gram if each nitrogen molecule
occupies 16 × 10–22 m2.
(A) 16 × 10–16 cm2 (B) 0.35 m2/g (C) 39 m2/g (D) 22400 cm2
A-6. There is desorption of physical adsorption when :
(A) temperature is increased (B) temperature is decreased
(C) pressure is increased (D) concentration is increased
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Surface Chemistry
A-7. The rate of chemisorption :

(A) decreases with increase of pressure (B) increases with increase of pressure
(C) is independent of pressure (D) is independent of temperature
A-8. Softening of hard water is done using sodium aluminium silicate (zeolite). This causes :
(A) adsorption of Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions of hard water replacing Na+ ions.
(B) adsorption of Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions of hard water replacing Al3+ ions
(C) both (A) and (B)
(D) none of these
Section (B) : Catalysis
B-1. Which one is false in the following statement ?
(A) A catalyst is specific in its action
(B) A very small amount of the catalyst can alter the rate of a reaction.
(C) The number of free valencies on the surface of the catalyst increases on sub-division
EX
(D) Ni is used as a catalyst in the manufacture of ammonia
B-2. A catalyst increases rate of reaction by :
(A) Decreasing enthalpy (B) Decreasing internal energy
(C) Decreasing activation energy (D) Increasing activation energy
Section (C) : Classification and Preparation of Colloid

C-1. Colloidal solution of gold prepared by different methods of different colours because of :
(A) different diameters of colloidal gold particles
(B) variable valency of gold
(C) different concentration of gold particles
(D) impurities produced by different methods
C-2. At CMC, the surfactant molecules :
(A) Decomposes (B) Become completely soluble
(C) Associate (D) Dissociate
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D-1.  A colloidal solution can be purified by the following method :
(A) dialysis (B) peptization (C) filtration (D) oxidation
D-2. Peptisation is :
(A) conversion of a colloidal into precipitate form
(B) conversion of precipitate into colloidal sol
(C) conversion of metal into colloidal sol by passage of electric current
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(D) conversion of colloidal sol into macromolecules
D-3. Bleeding is stopped by the application of ferric chloride. This is because :
(A) the blood starts flowing in opposite direction
(B) the blood reacts and forms a solid, which seals the blood vessel
(C) the blood is coagulated and thus the blood vessel is sealed
(D) the ferric chloride seals the blood vessel.
Section (E) : Coagulation, Protection And application of colloid
C
E-1. Gold number of a lyophilic sol is such property that:

(A) the larger its value, the greater is the peptising power
(B) the lower its value, the greater is the peptising power
(C) the lower its value, the greater is the protecting power
(D) the larger its value, the greater is the protecting power
E-2. Protective sols are :
(A) lyophilic (B) lyophobic (C) both (A) and (B) (D) none of (A) and (B)
E-3. For the coagulation of 200 mL of As2S3 solution, 10 mL of 1 M NaCl is required. What is the coagulating
value (number of milli moles of solute needed for coagulation of 1 liter of solution) of NaCl.
(A) 200 (B) 100 (C) 50 (D) 25
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Surface Chemistry
E-4. Which of the following ions is most effective in the coagulation of an arsenious sulphide solution ?
(A) K+ (B) Mg2+ (C) Al3+ (D) C
E-5. Which of the following ions is most effective in the coagulation of ferric hydroxide solution ?
(A) Cl¯ (B) Br – (C) NO2¯ (D) SO42–
Section (F) : Emulsion and Gel
F-1. Small liquid droplets dispersd in another liquid is called :
(A) Suspension (B) Emulsion (C) Gel (D) True solution
PART - III : MATCH THE COLUMN

1. Match list I with list II and select the correct answer :
List-I List-II
(P) Mechanical property of colloid (1) Dialysis
EX
(Q) Purification (2) Peptization
(R) Gold number (3) Brownian movement
(S) Formation of a sol (4) Protection
Code:
P Q R S P Q R S
(A) 3 4 1 2 (B) 1 2 4 3
(C) 3 1 4 2 (D) 2 3 1 4
2. Match list I with list II and give the correct answer :
List-I List-II
(A) Gold sol (p) Bredig's Arc method
(B) Purification of colloidal solution (q) Negatively charged
(C) As2S3 sol (r) Dialysis
(D) Zeta potential (s) Electro kinetic potential
(E) Casein (t) Double decomposition reaction
D
(u) Protective colloid

 Marked questions are recommended for Revision
PART - I : ONLY ONE OPTION CORRECT TYPE

O
1.  Which of the following statements is correct for a lyophilic solution ?
(A) It is not easily solvated (B) The coagulation of this sol is irreversible in nature
(C) It is unstable (D) It is quite stable in a solvent
2. Liquid-liquid colloidal system is known as
(A) aerosol (B) foam (C) emulsion (D) gel
3. The colloidal system consisting of a liquid dispersed in a solid dispersion medium is termed as :
C
(A) aerosol (B) foam (C) emulsion (D) gel

4. Which of the following statements is not correct ?
(A) A colloidal solution is a heterogeneous two-phase system
(B) Silver sol in water is an example of lyophilic solution.
(C) Metal hydroxides in water are examples of lyophobic solution
(D) Liquid-liquid colloidal solution is not a stable system
5. Size of colloidal particles may range from :
(A) 1 to 1000 nm (B) 10 to 100 pm (C) 1 to 100 µm (D) 1 to 10 mm
6. Which of the following represents a multimolecular colloidal particles?
(A) Starch (B) A sol of gold (C) Proteins (D) Soaps
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Surface Chemistry
7. Which of the following anions will have minimum flocculation value for the ferric oxide solution ?
(A) Cl– (B) Br– (C) SO42– (D) [Fe(CN)6l3-
8. Which of the following represents a macromolecular colloidal particles ?
(A) Solution of gold (B) Cellulose (C) Soaps (D) Synthetic detergents
9. Gold number of some lyophilic sols are :
 Casein 0.01
 Haemoglobin 0.03
 Gum arabic 0.15
V Sodium oleate 0.40
Which has maximum protective power :
(A)  (B)  (C)    (D) V
10. Arsenic () sulphide forms a sol with a negative charge. Which of the following ionic substances
EX
should be most effective in coagulating the sol ?
(A) KCl (B) MgCl2 (C) Al2(SO4)3 (D) Na3PO4
11. Smoke is a dispersion of :
(A) gas in gas (B) gas in solid (C) solid in gas (D) liquid in gas
12. Smoke has generally blue tinge. It is due to :
(A) scattering (B) coagulation (C) Brownian motion (D) electro-osmosis
13. Which one of the following statements is false for hydrophilic sols ?
(A) they do not require electrolytes for stability
(B) their viscosity is of the order of that of water
(C) their surface tension is usually lower than that of dispersion medium.
(D) none of these
14. Soaking of sponge by water is an example of :
(A) Simple adsorption (B) Physical adsorption
D
(C) Chemisoption (D) Absorption
15. Identify the appropriate graph between enthalpy and progress of physical adsorption.
(A) (B)
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(C) (D)
C
16. Hydrolysis of ester in catalysed by acid. Rate of hydrolysis of ester were obtained initially and after
some ester has been hydrolysed as R0 and Rt then (same temp.)
(A) R0 = Rt (B) R0 < Rt (C) R0 > Rt (D) Cannot be determined
PART - II : SINGLE OR DOUBLE INTEGER TYPE

1. When a graph is plotted between log x/m and log p, it is straight line with an angle 45° and intercept
0.3010 on y-axis. If initial pressure is 0.3 atm, what will be the amount of gas adsorbed per gram of
adsorbent : (Report your answer after multiplying by 10)
2. The volume of nitrogen gas (measured at STP) required to cover a sample of silica gel with a mono-
molecular layer is 129cm3/g of gel. Calculate the surface area per gram of the gel if each nitrogen
molecule occupies 16.2 × 10–20m2. (Report your answer after dividing by 10).
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Surface Chemistry
3. How many of these reactions are homogeneously catalyzed?

NO(g)
(i) 2SO2 (g)  O2 (g)   2SO3 (g)
H2 SO4 (  )
(ii) C12H22 O11 (aq.)  H2 O( )   C6H12O6 (aq.)  C6H12 O6 (aq.)
Glucose Fructose
Pt(s)
(iii) 2SO3 (g)  O2 (g)  2SO3 (g)
Fe(s)
(iv) N2 (g)  3H2 (g)   2NH3 (g)
Pt(s)
(v) 4NH3 (g)  5O2 (g)   4NO(g)  6H2O(g)
HCl(  )
(vi) CH3 COOCH3 ()  CH3 COOH(aq)
(vii) Vegetable oils ()  H2 (g) 
Ni(s)
 Vegetable ghee (s).
4. Coagulation value of the electrolytes AlCl3 and NaCl for As2S3 sol are 0.093 and 52 repectively. How
many times AlCl3 has greater coagulating power than NaCl.
EX
5. Among the following number of correct statements are :
(i) Stability of lyophilic colloids is mainly due to the strong interaction between dispersed particle and
dispersion medium.
(ii) Entropy change for adsorption of gases over solid is positive.
(iii) Gelatin has considerably low value of gold number and is effective protective colloid.
(iv) Zeta potential is also responsible for stability of lyophobic colloid solution.
(v) Surface tension of lyophilic colloidal solution is lesser than that of dispersion medium.
6. For the just coagulation of 250 mL of Fe(OH)3 sol, 2 mL of 1 M Na2SO4 electrolyte is required. What is
the coagulating value of Na2SO4 electrolyte.
7. The minimum concentration of an electrolyte required to cause coagulation of a sol is called its
flocculation value. It is expressed in millimoles per litre. If the flocculation value of MgSO4 for standard
As2S3 sol is 3.33. How many milligrams of MgSO4 is to be added to 20 ml standard As2S3 sol so that
flocculation just starts ?
D
PART - III : ONE OR MORE THAN ONE OPTIONS CORRECT TYPE
1. Which of the following statements about physical adsorption is correct ?
(A) It is always monolayer
(B) It is reversible in nature
(C) It involves van der Waals interactions between adsorbent and adsorbate
(D) It involves small enthalpy of adsorption as compared to chemisorption.
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2. Which of the following statements regarding adsorption is correct ?
(A) Extent of adsorption of gases on charcoal increases with increase in pressure of the gas
(B) Extent of adsorption is independent of temperature
(C) Extent of chemisorption by a given mass of adsorbent is limited
(D) Extent of adsorption is dependent on the nature of adsorbent
3. Which of the following is characteristic of chemisorption?
(A) it is irreversible (B) it is specific
C
(C) it is multilayer phenomenon (D) heat of adsorption is generally around 80 – 240 kJ

4. Which is/are a purely surface phenomena :
(A) surface tension (B) adsorption (C) absorption (D) none of these
5. Which of the following are correct statements ?
(A) Spontaneous adsorption of gases on solid surface is an exothermic process as entropy decreases
during adsorption
(B) Formation of micelles takes place when temperature is below Kraft Temperature (Tk) and
concentration is above critical micelle concentration (CMC)
(C) Longer the length of hydrophobic chain, smaller is the value of critical micelle concentration (CMC)
(D) According to Hardy-Schulze rule the coagulation (flocculating) value of Fe3+ ion will be more than
Ba2+ or Na+.
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Surface Chemistry
6. Which of the following statements are true for physisorption?

(A) Extent of adsorption increases with increase in pressure.
(B) It needs activation energy
(C) It can be reversed easily
(D) It occurs at high temperature.
7. Identify the reactions that includes inhibtors in the reactions mixture.
Fe Ni
(A) N2  3H2   2NH3 (B) Vegetable Oil + H2  Vegetable ghee.
Mo Cu
Fe Pd
(C) N2  3H2  2NH3 (D) RCOCl  H2  RCHO  HCI
CO / H2S BaSO4
8. Which of the following are the correct :

(A) A Catalyst remains unchanged in mass and chemical compositions at the end of reactions.
(B) Finely devided state of catalyst is more efficient for the reactions.
EX
(C) Catalyst change equilibrium state of the reaction.
(D) A catalyst changes the entropy and the free energy of a reaction.
9. The diameter of colloidal particle is of the order :
(A) 10–3 m (B) 10–6 m (C) 10–15 m (D) 10–7 m
10. Which of the following are examples of aerosols?
(A) Whipped cream (B) Cloud (C) Fog (D) Soap lather
11. Which of the following are hydrophobic sols ?
(A) Protein sol (B) Gold sol (C) Gum sol (D) Fe(OH)3 sol.
12. Which of the following are multimolecular colloids ?
(A) Sulphur (B) Egg albumin in water
(C) Gold sol (D) Soap solution
13. The origin of charge on colloidal solution is
D
(A) Self dissociation (in soaps and detergents) (B) Electron capture during Bredig's arc method
(C) Selective adsorption of ion on their surface (D) It is due to addition of protective colloids
14. Which of the following is/are not true for lyophilic colloid ?
(A) These are prepared by special indirect methods.
(B) The particles must travel towards the anode or cathode under the influence of an electric field.
(C) These are called on intrinsic colloid
(D) Small quantity of electrolyte is sufficient to cause precipitation of these.
O
15. Which of the following are based on Tyndall effect.
(A) Tail of comets (B) Deltas
(C) Blue colour of sky (D) Coagulation
16. Which of the following statements is correct?
(A) Peptization is the process by which some fresh precipitates are converted into the colloidal state by
addition of little suitable electrolyte.
(B) Metal sols of gold, silver and platinum can be prepared by Bredig's arc method.
(C) Impurities present in a solution makes it more stable.
C
(D) Dialysis is a process to remove impurities of ions and molecules from a solution.
17. Which is an example of coagulation?
(A) curdling of milk (B) purification of water by addition of alum
(C) formation of deltas at the river beds (D) formation of ice
18. When negatively charged colloids like As2S3 sol is added to positively charged Fe(OH)3 sol in suitable
amounts
(A) Both the sols are precipitated simultaneously .
(B) This process is called mutual coagulation.
(C) They become positively charged colloids.
(D) They become negatively charged colloids.
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Surface Chemistry
19. Which of the following are incorrect statements ?

(A) Hardy schulz rule is related to coagulation
(B) Brownian movement and Tyndall effect are the characteristic of colloids.
(C) In gel, the liquid is dispersed in liquid
(D) Higher the gold number, more is the protective power of lyophillic sols.
20. Which of the following sols is positively charged?
(A) Arsenious sulphide (B) Aluminium hydroxide
(C) Ferric hydroxide (D) Silver iodide in silver nitrate solution
PART - IV : COMPREHENSION
Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions.
Comprehension # 1
Many lyophilic sols and few lyophobic sols when coagulated under some special conditions changes
EX
into semi rigid mass, enclosing whole amount of liquid within itself, it is called gel and the process is
called gelation. Gelatin Agar-agar, gum-Arabic can be converted into gels by cooling them under
moderate concentration conditions. Hydrophobic sols like silicic acid. Al(OH)3 are prepared by double
decomposition and exchange of solvent method.
Types of Gel :
(i) Elastic gel : Those gel which have elastic properties.
Ex : Gelatin, Strach, Agar-Agar etc.
(ii) Non- elastic gel : Those gel which are rigid.
Ex: Silica gel.
Properties of Gel :
1. Syneresis/weeping of gel : The spontaneous liberation of liquid from a gel is called syneresis or
weeping of gels. It is reverse of swelling.
Ex: Gelatin, Agar-Agar show syneresis at low concentration while sillicic acid shows it at high
D
concentration.
2. Imbibition or swelling of gel : When gel is kept in a suitable liquid (water) it absorb large volume of
liquid. The phenomenon is called imbibition or swelling of gel.
3. Thixotropic : Some gels when shaken to form a sol, on keeping changes into gel are termed as
thixotropic gel and phenomenon is called thixotropy.
Ex: Gelatin and silica liquify on shaking changing into corresponding sol and the sol on keeping
changes back into gel.
O
1. Which of the following is used to adsorb water ?
(A) Silica gel (B) Calcium acetate (C) Hair gel (D) Cheese
2. The process of imbibing water when elastic gel are placed in water is called :
(A) imbibition (B) synerisis (C) coagulation (D) thixotropy
3. Some types of gels like gelatin and silica liquify on shaking thereby changing into sols. The sols on
standing change back into gels. This process is know as
(A) syneresis (B) thixotropy
(C) double decompostion (D) peptization
C
Comprehension # 2
The clouds consist of charged particles of water dispersed in air. Some of them are +vely charged,
others are –vely charged. When +vely charged clouds come closer they cause lightening and
thundering whereas when +ve and –ve charged colloids come closer they cause heavy rain by
aggregation of minute particles. It is possible to cause artificial rain by throwing electrified sand or silver
iodide from an aeroplane and thus coagulating the mist hanging in air.
Smoke screen is a cloud of smoke used to hide military, naval police etc. it consists of fine particles of
TiO2.
4. When excess of AgNO3 is treated with KI solution, AgI forms
(A) +ve charged sol (B) –ve charged sol (C) neutral sol (D) true solution
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Surface Chemistry
5. AgI helps in artificial rain because :

(A) it helps in ionisation of water (B) it helps in dispersion process
(C) it helps in coagulation (D) all of them
6. Smoke screens consist of
(A) fine particles of TiO2 dispersed in air by aeroplanes
(B) fine particles of AgI dispersed in air by aeroplanes
(C) fine particles of Al2O3 dispersed in air by aeroplanes
(D) None of these
Comprehension # 3
Answer Q.7, Q.8 and Q.9 by appropriately matching the information given in the three columns
of the following table.
Column-1 Column-2 Column-3
During electrophoresis
Positively charged Can be coagulated by
EX
(I) (i) (P) coagulation will take place at
colloid adding metal sulphide sol
anode
During electro-osmosis level of
Negatively charged Can be coagulated by
(II) (ii) (Q) dispersion medium will increase
colloid adding metal oxide sol
on anode side.
During Electro-phoresis
Can be prepared by Coagulation value of
(III) (iii) (R) coagulation will take place at
Bredig’s Arc method Na2SO4 > MgCl2 for this colloid
cathode.
During electro-osmosis level of
Can be prepared by Coagulating power of
(IV) (iv) (S) dispersion medium will increase
peptisation MgSO4 > NaCl for this colloid.
on cathode side.
7. Select the only incorrect option for AgI / I– sol.
(A) (II) (ii) (P) (B) (IV) (iv) (P) (C) (II) (iii) (S) (D) (IV) (iii) (Q)
8. Select the only correct option Fe(OH)3 sol.
D
(A) (I) (iii) (Q) (B) (IV) (i) (Q) (C) (I) (iii) (R) (D) (IV) (iv) (S)
9. Select the only incorrect option for gold sol.
(A) (II) (ii) (P) (B) (II) (iii) (S) (C) (III) (iv) (S) (D) (II) (iii) (Q)
O
C
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EXERCISE - 1
PART - I
A-1. Adsorption is accompanied by decrease of randomness, i.e. this factor opposes the process, i.e. S is
–ve. For the process to be spontaneous, G must be –ve. Hence, according to eqn, G = H – TS,
G can be –ve only if H is –ve.
A-2. Difference between physical adsorption and chemical adsorption :
Physical Adsorption Chemical Adsorption
The forces between the adsorbate molecules and the The forces between the adsorbate molecules and the
adsorbent are weak van der Waal’s forces. adsorbent are strong chemical forces.
EX
Low heat of adsorption of the order of 20-40 kJ mol–1 High heat of adsorption of the order 80-240 kJ mol–1
Usually occurs at low temperature and decreases with It occurs at high temperature decreases with
increasing temperature. increasing temperature.
It is reversible. It is irreversible.
The extent of adsorption depends upon the ease of There is no correlation between extent of adsorption
liquefication of the gas. and the ease of liquefication of gas.
It is less specific in nature, all gases are adsorbed on
It is highly specific in nature and occurs only when
the surface of a solid to some extent adsorbent and
there is bond formation between extents.
adsorbate molecules.
It forms multimolecular layers. It forms mono-molecular layer.
A-3. (i) The nature of the gas (i.e. nature of the adsorbate). The easily liquefiable gases such as HCl,
NH3, Cl2 etc. are adsorbed more than the permanent gases such as H2, N2 and O2. The ease with
which a gas can be liquefied is primarily determined by its critical temperature. Higher the critical
D
temperature (Tc) of a gas, the more easily it will be liquefied and, therefore, more readily it will be
adsorbed on the solid.
Gas SO2 CH4 H2
TC 330K 190 K 33 K
 (ii) Nature of adsorbent. The extent of adsorption of a gas depends upon the nature of adsorbent.
Activated charcoal (i.e. activated carbon), metal oxides (silica gel and aluminium oxide) and clay can
adsorb gases which are easily liquified. Gases such as H2, N2 and O2 are generally adsorbed on finely
divided transition metals Ni and Co.
O
 (iii) Activation of adsorbent.
(a) Metallic adsorbents are activated by mechanical rubbing or by subjecting it to some chemical
reactions.
(b) To increase the adsorbing power of adsorbents, they are sub-divided into smaller pieces. As a
result, the surface area is increased and therefore, the adsorbing power increases.
 (iv) Effect of temperature.
Mostly the process of adsorption is exothermic and the
reverse process or desorption is endothermic. If the
above equilibrium is subjected to increase in temperature,
C
then according to Le-Chaterlier’s principle, with increase x x

in temperature, the desorption will be favoured. Physical m m
adsorption decreases continuously with increase in
temperature whereas chemisorption increases initially, Temperature Temperature
shows a maximum in the curve and then it decreases
continuously.
The initial increase in chemisorption with increase in temperature is because of activation energy
required.
This is why the chemical adsorption is also known as “Activated adsorption”.
A graph between degree of adsorption (x/m) and temperature ‘t’ at a constant pressure of adsorbate
gas is known as adsorption isobar.
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Surface Chemistry
 (v) Effect of pressure. The extent of adsorption of a gas per unit mass of
adsorbent depends upon the pressure of the gas. The variation of extent of
adsorption expressed as x/m (where x is the mole of adsorbate and m is
the mass of the adsorbent) and the pressure is given as below. A graph
between the amount of adsorption and gas pressure keeping the
temperature constant is called an adsorption isotherm.
It is clear from the figure that extent of adsorption (x/m) increases with
pressure and becomes maximum corresponding to pressure Ps called
equilibrium pressure. Since adsorption is a reversible process, the
desorption also takes place simultaneously. At this pressure (Ps) the amount of gas adsorbed becomes
equal to the amount of gas desorbed.
A-4. It represents the variation of the mass of the gas adsorbed per gram of the adsorbent with pressure at
constant temperature.
EX
A-5. It means increasing the adsorption power of an adsorbent and is done by increasing the surface area of
the adsorbent by a suitable method.
A-6. NH3 has higher critical temperature than that of CO2, i.e. NH3 is more easily liquefiable than CO2
because, NH3 has greater intermolecular forces of attraction and hence will be adsorbed more readily.
A-7. 1.2
A-8. 5 × 10–19 m2
A-9. In heterogeneous catalysis, generally the reactants are gaseous where as catalyst is a solid. The
reactant molecules are adsorbed on the surface of the catalyst. As a result, the concentration of the
reactant molecules on the surface increases and hence the rate of reaction increases.
A-10. 0.02 g
A-11. T0 < 27ºC
D
B-1. (i) Mfg. of NH3 (Haber's process) – using iron as catalyst
(ii) Mfg. of H2SO4 – using platinised asbestos or V2O5 as catalyst.
B-2. (ii)  (i)  (v)  (iii)  (iv)
C-1. On the bases of physical state of D.P. and D.M. colloidal solution may be divided into eight system.
Table : Type of Colloidal Systems
DP DM Type of colloid Examples
Solid Solid Solid Sol Some coloured glasses and gem stones
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Solid Liquid Sol Paints, cell fluids
Solid Gas Aerosol Smoke, dust
Liquid Solid Gel Cheese, butter, jellies
Liquid Liquid Emulsion Milk, hair cream
Liquid Gas Liquid Aerosol Fog, mist, cloud, insecticide sprays
Gas Solid Solid Sol Pumice stone, foam rubber
Gas Liquid Foam Froath, whipped cream, soap lather.
C
C-2. (a) Gel – a colloidal dispersion of a liquid in a soild, e.g., butter

(b) Liquid aerosol – a colloidal dispersion of a liquid in a gas, e.g., fog
(c) Hydrosol – a colloidal sol of a solid in water as the dispersion medium, e.g, starch sol or gold sol.
C-3. Associated colloids are formed by electrolytes so that they are dissociated into ions and these ions
associate together to form ionic micelles whose size lies in the colloidal range, e.g. soaps.
Multimolecular colloids–formed by the aggregation of a large number of simple molecules.
Macromolecular colloids – due to large size of the molecules themselves.
C-4. Multimolecular – S8 ; Macromolecular – starch
C-5. Sol of sulphur – oxidation method or by exchange of solvent.
Sol of platinum – Bredig's electro–disintegration method.
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D-1. (a) Peptization: The term has originated from the digestion of proteins by the enzyme pepsin.
Peptization may be defined as (the process of converting a precipitate into colloidal sol by shaking it
with dispersion medium in the presence of a small amount of electrolyte). The electrolyte used for this
purpose is called peptizing agent. This method is applied, generally, to convert a freshly prepared
precipitate into a colloidal sol. During peptization, the precipitate adsorbs one of the ions of the
electrolyte on its surface. The ion adsorbed on the surface is common either with the anion or cation of
the electrolyte. This causes the development of positive or negative charge on precipitates which
ultimately break up into smaller particles having the dimensions of colloids.
EX
(b) Electrical Properties (Electrophoresis) : The particles of the colloids are electrically charged and
carry positive or negative charge. The dispersion medium has an equal and opposite charge making
the system neutral as a whole. Due to similar nature of the charge carried by the particles, they repel
each other and do not combine to form bigger particles. That is why, a sol is stable and particles do not
settle down. Arsenious sulphide, gold, silver and
platinum particles in their respective colloidal sols
are negatively charged while particles of ferric
hydroxide, aluminium hydroxide are positively
charged. The existence of the electric charge is
shown by the phenomenon of electrophoresis. It
involves the 'movement of colloidal particles
either towards the cathode or anode, under the
influence of the electric field'. The apparatus
(Fig. : A set up for electrophoresis.)
used for electrophoresis as shown in fig.
D
The colloidal solution is placed in a U-tube fitted with platinum electrodes. On passing an electric
current, the charged colloidal particles move towards the oppositely charged electrode. Thus, if arsenic
sulphide sol is taken in the U-tube, in which negatively charge particle of arsenic sulphide move
towards the anode.
*Earlier this process was called cataphoresis because most of the colloidal sols studied at that time
were positively charged and moved towards cathode.
(c) Dialysis : It is a process of removing a dissolved substance from a colloidal solution by means
diffusion through suitable membrane. Since particles in true solution (ions or smaller molecules) can
O
pass through animal membrane or parchment paper or cellophane sheet but colloidal particle do not,
the appratus used for this purpose is called Dialyser.
A bag of suitable membrane containing the colloidal solutions is suspended in a vessel through which
fresh water continously flow. The molecules and ions (crystalloids) diffuse through membrane into the
outer water & pure colloidal solution is left behind.
(d) Mechanical Properties :
Brownian movement: Robert Brown, a botanist, discovered in 1827 that
pollen grains placed in water do not remain at rest but move about
continuously and randomly. Later on, this phenomenon was observed in case
C
of colloidal particles when they were seen under an ultramicroscope. The

particles were seen to be in constant zig-zag motion as shown in fig. This zig-
zag motion is called Brownian movement
Figure
Brownian movement
D-2. At the time of settings, the sun is at the horizon. The light emitted by the sun has to travel a longer
distance through the atmosphere. As a result, blue part of the light is scattered away by the dust
particles in the atmosphere. Hence, the red part is visible.
D-3. Because colloidal solutions being bigger aggregate of a large number of molecule, the effective number
of particles in colloidal solution is relative much smaller.
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Surface Chemistry
E-1. According to Hardy – schulze rule, greater the charge on the oppositely charged ion of the electrolyte
added, more effective it is in bringing about coagulation. Hence Na3PO4 (PO4–3) is most effective.
E-2. Isoelectric point : The H+ concentration at which the colloidal particles have no charge is known as the
isoelectric point. At this point stability of colloidal particles becomes very less & do not move under
influence of electric field.
E-3. Formation of deltas : The river water contains colloidal particles of sand and clay which carry negative
charge. The sea water contains +ve ions such as Na+, Mg2+, Ca2+, etc. As the river water meets sea
water, these ions discharge the sand or clay particle which are precipitated in the form of delta.
E-4. Artificial rain : Cloud consists of charged particle of water dispersed in air. Rain is caused by
aggregation of these minute particles. Artificial rain can be done by throwing electrified sand of Agl from
aeroplanes, colloidal H2O particle present in cloud will get coagulated by these sand or Agl particles to
form bigger water drops causing rain.
EX
F-1. Alcohol, phenol.
F-2. (i) Sols are dispersions of solids in liquids while emulsions are dispersions of liquids in liquids.
(ii) Sols are quite stable wheres as emulsions are less stable.
F-3. The process of separation of the constituent liquids of an emulsion is called demulsification.
F-4. Changing of W/O emulsion to O/W emulsion and vise-versa is known as phase inversion.
PART - II
A-1. (D) A-2. (B) A-3. (A) A-4. (C) A-5. (B)
A-6. (A) A-7. (B) A-8. (A) B-1. (D) B-2. (C)
C-1. (A) C-2. (C) D-1. (A) D-2. (B) D-3. (C)
E-1. (C) E-2. (A) E-3. (C) E-4. (C) E-5. (D)
D
F-1. (B)
PART - III
1. (C) 2. (A – p, q) ; (B–r) ; (C – q, t) ; (D – s) ; (E – u)
EXERCISE - 2
O
PART - I
1. (D) 2. (C) 3. (D) 4. (B) 5. (A)
6. (B) 7. (D) 8. (B) 9. (A) 10. (C)
11. (C) 12. (A) 13. (B) 14. (D) 15. (A)
16. (B)
PART - II
1. 6 2. 56 3. 3 (i, ii, vi) 4. 560 5. 4
6. 8 7. 8
C
PART - III
1. (BCD) 2. (ACD) 3. (ABD) 4. (AB) 5. (AC)
6. (AC) 7. (CD) 8. (AB) 9. (BD) 10. (BC)
11. (BD) 12. (AC) 13. (ABC) 14. (ABD) 15. (AC)
16. (ABD) 17. (ABC) 18. (AB) 19. (CD) 20. (BCD)
PART - IV
1. (A) 2. (A) 3. (B) 4. (A) 5. (C)
6. (A) 7. (D) 8. (B) 9. (D)
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Surface Chemistry
 Marked questions are recommended for Revision.
PART - I : PRACTICE TEST-1 (IIT-JEE (MAIN Pattern))

Max. Time : 1 Hr. Max. Marks : 120
Important Instructions
1. The test is of 1 hour duration.
2. The Test Booklet consists of 30 questions. The maximum marks are 120.
3. Each question is allotted 4 (four) marks for correct response.
4. Candidates will be awarded marks as stated above in Instructions No. 3 for correct response of each
EX
question. ¼ (one fourth) marks will be deducted for indicating incorrect response of each question. No
deduction from the total score will be made if no response is indicated for an item in the answer sheet.
5. There is only one correct response for each question. Filling up more than one response in any question
will be treated as wrong response and marks for wrong response will be deducted accordingly as per
instructions 4 above.
1. For adsorption of a gas on a solid, the plot of log (x/m) Vs log P is linear with a slope equal to :
[n being a whole number]
(1) K (2) log K (3) n (4) 1/n
2. Surface tension of lyophilic sols is :

(1) Lower than that of H2O (2) More than that of H2O
(3) Equal to that of H2O (4) None of the above
3. On passing light from collidal solution, the effect due to scattering of light is known as :
D
(1) Electrophoresis (2) Tyndall effect (3) Electro osmosis (4) Coagulation
4. Tyndall effect is shown by :

(1) Colloid (2) True Solution (3) Suspension (4) all of these
5. Milk is an example of :
(1) True solution (2) Gel (3) Suspension (4) Emulsion
O
6. Most effective ion to coagulate a negative sol is :
(1) PO43– (2) Al3+ (3) Ba2+ (4) K+
7. Which of the following electrolytes will be most effective in the coagulation of gold sol :
(1) NaNO3 (2) K4[Fe(CN)6] (3) Na3PO4 (4) MgCl2
8. The stability of lyophilic colloid is due to which of the following :
(1) Charge on their particles (2) Large size of their particles
(3) Small size of their particles (4) Solvation by dispersion medium
C
9. A colloidal solution is subjected to an electrical field. The particles move towards anode. The
coagulation of the same solution is studied using NaCl, BaCl2 and AlCl3 solutions. Their coagulating
power should be
(1) NaCl > BaCl2 > AlCl3 (2) BaCl2 > AlCl3 > NaCl
(3) AlCl3 > BaCl2 > NaCl (4) BaCl2 > NaCl > AlCl3
10. Which of the following is most effective in coagulating a ferric hydroxide sol :
(1) KCl (2) KNO2 (3) K2SO4 (4) K3[Fe(CN)6]
11. Fog is an example of colloidal system of :
(1) Liquid dispersed in gas (2) Gas dispersed in gas
(3) Solid dispersed in gas (4) Solid dispersed in liquid
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Surface Chemistry
12. The charge on As2S3 sol is due to the adsorbed :

(1) H+ (2) OH– (3) O–2 (4) S–2
13. The sky looks blue due to :
(1) Dispersion (2) Reflection (3) Transmission (4) Scattering
14. Tyndall effect will be mainly observed in :
(1) Lyophilic colloid (2) Lyophobic colloid (3) True solution (4) Vapour
15. The Brownian motion is due to :
(1) Temperature fluctuation within the liquid phase
(2) Attraction and repulsion between charge on the colloidal particles
(3) Impact of molecules of the dispersion medium on the colloidal particles
(4) All of these
16. In coagulating the colloidal solution of As2S3 which has the minimum coagulating value :
EX
(1) NaCl (2) KCl (3) BaCl2 (4) AlCl3
17. Positive sol is :
(1) Gold (2) Gelatin (3) As2S3 (4) None
18. Which one is a lyophobic colloid :
(1) Gelatin (2) Starch (3) Sulphur (4) Gum arabic
19. Smoke is an example of :
(1) Gas dispersed in liquid (2) Gas dispersed in solid
(3) Solid dispersed in gas (4) Solid dispersed in solid
20. A colloidal solution of arsenious sulphide is most readily coagulated by the addition of a normal
solution?
(1) NaCl (2) CaCl2 (3) Na3PO4 (4) Al2(SO4)3
21. A colloid always :
D
(1) Contains two phases (2) Is a true solution
(3) Contains three phases (4) Contains only water soluble particles
22. Which of the following ions has maximum flocculation value :
(1) [Fe(CN)6)]4– (2) Cl– (3) SO 2–
4 (4) PO3–
4
23. Which of the following gases, will be adsorbed maximum on a solid surface :
(1) CO2 (2) O2 (3) N2 (4) H2
O
24. Which of the following is a mismatch :
(1) Lyophilic colloids – reversible sols
(2) Associated colloids – micelles
(3) Tyndall effect – scattering of light by colloidal particle
(4) Electrophoresis – movement of dispersion medium under the influence of electric field
25. A negative catalyst will
(1) raise the energy of activation for a given reaction
C
(2) take away the internal energy of reactants and deactivate them
(3) catalyse the backward reaction more than the forward one, thereby shifting equilibrium backward.
(4) none of these
26. A liquid is found to scatter a beam of light but leaves no residue when passed through the filter paper.
The liquid can be described as
(1) a suspension (2) Oil (3) a colloidal sol (4) a true solution
27. Which of the following kinds of catalysis can be explained by the adsorption theory?
(1) heterogeneous catalysis (2) enzyme catalysis
(3) homogeneous catalysis (4) acid base catalysis
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Surface Chemistry
28. Which of the following relations is (are) correct according to Freundlich ?

(i) x/m = constant
(ii) x/m = constant × p1/n (n > 1)
(iii) x/m = constant × pn (n > 1)
(1) All are correct (2) All are wrong (3) (ii) is correct (4) (iii) is correct
29. The physical adsorption of gases on the solid surface is due to
(1) vander Waals forces (2) covalent bonding
(3) hydrogen bonding (4) All of these
30. Correct equation of Freundlich isotherm is
x 1 x 1
(1) log   = log K + log C (2) log   = log m + log C
 
m n m m
x 1 x 1
(3) log   = log C + log C (4) log   = log C + log K
EX
m K m n
Practice Test-1 (IIT-JEE (Main Pattern))

OBJECTIVE RESPONSE SHEET (ORS)
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans.
Que. 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans.
Que. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
D
Ans.
PART - II : NATIONAL STANDARD EXAMINATION IN CHEMISTRY (NSEC) STAGE-I

1. Smoke is a colloidal sol of [NSEC-2000]
(A) gas dispersed in a solid (B) solid dispersed in a gas
(C) solid dispersed in a liquid (D) gas dispersed in a liquid
O
2. A catalyst : [NSEC-2001]
(A) alters the reaction mechanism
(B) decreases the activation energy
(C) increases the average kinetic energy of reacting molecule
(D) increases the frequency of collisions of reacting species
3. The colloidal system in which the disperse phase and dispersion medium are both liquids is known as :
[NSEC-2001]
(A) an emulsion (B) an areosol (C) gel (D) a foam
C
4. Soaps essentially form a colloidal solution in water and remove the greasy matters by : [NSEC-2001]
(A) adsorption (B) emulsification (C) coagulation (D) absorption
5. Swimming for a long time in salt water makes the skin of one’s finger tips wrinkled. Which one of the
following properties is responsible for this observation ? [NSEC-2002]
(A) osmosis (B) dialysis (C) electrodialysis (D) coagulation.
6. Tyndal effect in a colloid is due to [NSEC-2002]
(A) interference of light (B) defraction of light
(C) reflection of light (D) scattering of light.
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Surface Chemistry
7. Ferric chloride is used to stop bleeding in cuts, because [NSEC-2002]

(A) Fe3+ coagulates blood which is a positively charged sol
(B) Fe3+ coagulates blood which is a negatively charged sol
(C) CI– coagulates blood which is a positively charged sol
(D) CI– coagulates blood which is negatively charged sol
8. A catalyst is a substance which [NSEC-2002]
(A) accelerates the rate of reaction (B) does not influence the rate of reaction
(C) changes the equilibrium position (D) does not alter the energy of activation of the reaction
9. In nature, ammonia is synthesisd by nitrifying bacteria using enzymes while in industry it is
manufactured from N2 and H2 using iron oxide catalyst at 550ºC. Under the same industrial conditions,
enzymes cannot be used because [NSEC-2003]
(A) enzymes get deactivated at high temperature
(B) enzymes catalyze reactions only in living systems
EX
(C) the reaction becomes vigorous and uncontrollable
(D) the enzymes use nitrates in place of N 2.
10. A catalyst increases the [NSEC-2003]
(A) rate of forward reaction only (B) free energy change in the reaction
(C) rates of both forward and reverse reactions (D) equilibrium constant of the reaction.
11. A soap solution in water removes greasy substances by [NSEC-2004]
(A) adsorption (B) peptization (C) coagulation (D) emulsifiction.
12. Smoke is an example of [NSEC-2005]
(A) sol (B) aerosol (C) emulsion (D) gel.
13. A catalyst speeds up a chemical reraction by [NSEC-2008]
(A) shifting the equilibrium (B) increasing the activation energy
(C) initiating the reaction (D) decreasing energy of activation
D
14. The plot representing Langmuir's adsorption isotherm is : [NSEC-2009]
(A) (B) (C) (D)
15. Frendlich adsorption isotherms are properly represented as in [NSEC-2010]

O
(A) (B) (C) (D)
16. A gold sol is prepared by : [NSEC-2010]

(A) dissolving gold in Aqua-regia and precipitation by dilution
(B) double decomposition of AuCI3
C
(C) Bredy's arc method

(D) grinding in a colloidal mill
17. Effective electrolyte to cause the flocculation of a negatively charged arsenium sulphide colloid is:
[NSEC-2012]
(A) NaCl (B) BaCl2 (C) K3Fe(CN)6 (D) AICI3
18. A catalyst is a substance that : [NSEC-2013]
(A) undergoes chemical change to accelerate the rate of the reaction
(B) decreases the energy of activation of the reaction
(C) increases the kinetic energy of the reaction
(D) lowers the potential energy of the products with respect to that of the reactants.
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Surface Chemistry
19. Which of the following reaction parameters will change due to addition of a catalyst ? [NSEC-2013]
(A) Free energy (B) Only equilibrium constant
(C) Only rate constant (D) Both equilibrium constant and rate constant
20. In electrophoresis, [NSEC-2014]
(A) the colloidal particles migrate in an applied electric field.
(B) the medium migrates in an applied electric field
(C) both colloidal particles and the medium migrate.
(D) neither the particles nor the medium migrate.
21. 100 mL of 0.3 M acetic acid is shaken with 0.8 g wood charcoal. The final concentration of acetic acid in
the solution after adsorption is 0.125 M. The mass of “acetic acid adsorbed per gram of charcoal is:
[NSEC-2015]
(A) 1.05 g (B) 0.0131 g (C) 1.31 g (D) 0.131 g
EX
22. The mass of argon adsorbed per unit mass of carbon surface is plotted against pressure. Which of the
following plots is correct if x and m represent the masses of argon and carbon respectively ? (........
represents extrapolated data) [NSEC-2016]
(A) x/m (B) x/m (C) x/m (D) x/m
P P P P
V0bPO
23. An adsorption isotherm equation proposed by Langmuir is of the form V = where V is the
(1 + bP )
volume of gas adsorbed at pressure P. For a given adsorbate/adsorbent system, V0 and b are
constants. The dependence of V on P can be depicted as [NSEC-2018]
D
1/V
(A) (B) 1/V
1/P 1/P
O
V 1/V
(C) (D)
P P
PART - III : HIGH LEVEL PROBLEMS (HLP)

C
SUBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
1. A 1 cm × 1 cm square paper coated with a suitable adsorbent on both sides. The paper is dipped in a
aqueous solution of glucose of volume 20 mL and concentration 20 ppm. Final concentration glucose was
dropped to 19 ppm due to adsorption. Find the number of glucose particles per unit area of the paper.
2. When 9.0 ml of arsenius sulphide sol and 1.0 ml of 1.0 × 10 –4 M BaCl2 are mixed, turbidity due to
precipitation just appears after 2 hours. Find the coagulating value of the effective ion.
ONLY ONE OPTION CORRECT TYPE

3. Some type of gels like gelatin loose water slowly. The process is known as :
(A) Synerisis (B) Thixotropy (C) Peptisation (D) Imbibition
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Surface Chemistry
4. Select correct statement (s) :

(A) hydrophilic colloid is a colloid in which there is a strong attraction between the dispersed phase and
water
(B) hydrophobic colloid is a colloid in which there is a lack of attraction between the dispersed
phase and water
(C) hydrophobic sols are often formed when a solid crystallises rapidly from a chemical reaction
or a supersaturated solution
(D) all of the above
5. A reddish brown sol (containing Fe3+) is obtained by:
(A) the addition of small amount of FeCl3 solution to freshly prepared Fe(OH)3 precipitate
(B) the addition of Fe(OH)3 to freshly prepared FeCl3 solution
(C) the addition of NH4OH to FeCl3 solution dropwise
(D) the addition of NaOH to FeCl3 solution dropwise
EX
6. The stabilisation of a lyophobic colloid is due to :
(A) preferential adsorption of similiar charged particle on colloids surface.
(B) interaction between dispersed phase and dispersion medium
(C) the formation of a covalent bond between two phases.
(D) the viscosity of the medium.
7. Compared to common colloidal sols, micelles have :
(A) higher colligative properties (B) lower colligative properties
(C) same colligative properties (D) none of these
8. Graph between log x/m and log p is a straight line inclined at an angle of 45º. When pressure is 0.5 atm
and ln k = 0.693, the amount of solute adsorbed per gram of adsorbent will be :
(A) 1 (B) 1.5 (C) 0.25 (D) 2.5
9. The coagulation of 200 mL of a positive colloid took place when 0.73 g HCl was added to it without
changing the volume much. The flocculation value of HCl for the colloid is :
D
(A) 0.36 (B) 36.5 (C) 100 (D) 150
SINGLE AND DOUBLE VALUE INTEGER TYPE

10. 0.02 g of gelatin is required to protect 10 mL of gold sol from 10% NaCl, then find the gold number for
gelatin. Report your answer by multiplying by 100.
ONE OR MORE THAN ONE OPTIONS CORRECT TYPE

O
11. The incorrect statements are -
(A) For coagulation of As2S3 sol, +ve ions are effective.
(B) For coagulation of aluminium hydroxide sol Ba2+ ions are more effective than Na+
(C) Cellulose solution is an example of multimolecular colloid system
(D) Colloidal sol of metals such as gold, silver etc are prepared by Bredig's arc method.
12. An example of extrinsic colloid (lyophobic colloids) is :
(A) As2S3 sol (B) Fe(OH)3 sol (C) Egg albumin (D) Au sol
C
13. Which of the following are the characteristic of chemisorption :

(A) Multilayer adsorption (B) Exothermic nature
(C) Strong adsorption by adsorption sites (D) Irreversible
14. If Cl2 gas is enclosed in presence of powdered charcoal in a closed vessel, the pressure of the gas
decreases. It is because
(A) the gas molecules are absorbed at the surface
(B) the gas molecules concentrate at the surface of the charcoal
(C) the gas molecules are adsorbed at the surface
(D) the gas molecules are desorbed by the surface
15. Which of the following colloidal solutions contain negatively charged colloidal particles?
(A) Fe(OH)3 sol (B) As2 S3 sol (C) Blood (D) Gold sol
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Surface Chemistry
16. Which of the following statements is correct for a lyophobic solution ?

(A) It can be easily solvated (B) It carries charges
(C) The coagulation of this sol is irreversible in nature (D) It is less stable in a solvent
17. Which one of the following statements is/are not correct ?
(A) Brownian movement is more pronounced for smaller particles than for bigger ones
(B) Sols of metal sulphides are lyophilic
(C) Schulze-Hardy law states, the bigger the size of the ion, the greater is its coagulating power
(D) One would expect charcoal to adsorb hydrogen gas more strongly than chlorine.
PART - IV : PRACTICE TEST-2 (IIT-JEE (ADVANCED Pattern))

Max. Time : 1 Hr. Max. Marks : 66
Important Instructions
EX
A. General :
1. The test is of 1 hour duration.
2. The Test Booklet consists of 22 questions. The maximum marks are 66.
B. Question Paper Format :
3. Each part consists of five sections.
4. Section-1 contains 7 multiple choice questions. Each question has four choices (A), (B), (C) and (D) out of
which ONE is correct.
5. Section-2 contains 5 multiple choice questions. Each question has four choices (A), (B), (C) and (D) out of
which ONE OR MORE THAN ONE are correct.
6. Section-3 contains 6 questions. The answer to each of the questions is a single-digit integer, ranging from
0 to 9 (both inclusive).
7. Section-4 contains 1 paragraphs each describing theory, experiment and data etc. 3 questions relate to
paragraph. Each question pertaining to a partcular passage should have only one correct answer among
the four given choices (A), (B), (C) and (D).
8. Section-5 contains 1 multiple choice questions. Question has two lists (list-1 : P, Q, R and S; List-2 : 1, 2,
D
3 and 4). The options for the correct match are provided as (A), (B), (C) and (D) out of which ONLY ONE
is correct.
C. Marking Scheme :
9. For each question in Section-1, 4 and 5 you will be awarded 3 marks if you darken the bubble
corresponding to the correct answer and zero mark if no bubble is darkened. In all other cases, minus one
(– 1) mark will be awarded.
10. For each question in Section-2, you will be awarded 3 marks. If you darken all the bubble(s)
corresponding to the correct answer(s) and zero mark. If no bubbles are darkened. No negative marks will
O
be answered for incorrect answer in this section.
11. For each question in Section-3, you will be awarded 3 marks if you darken only the bubble corresponding
to the correct answer and zero mark if no bubble is darkened. No negative marks will be awarded for
incorrect answer in this section.
SECTION-1 : (Only One option correct Type)

This section contains 7 multiple choice questions. Each questions has four choices (A), (B), (C)
and (D) out of which Only ONE option is correct.
C
1. An arsenious sulphide sol carries a negative charge. The maximum precipitating power of this sol is :
possessed by :
(A) K2SO4 (B) CaCl2 (C) Na3PO4 (D) AlCl3
2. According to Hardy-Schulze rule, the coagulating power of cation follows the order :
(A) Na+ > Ba2+ > Al3+ (B) Al3+ > Ba2+ > Na+
2+ 3+
(C) Ba > Al > Na + (D) Al3+ > Na+ > Ba2+
3. Which of the following electrolytes is least effective in causing flocculation of ferric hydroxide sol :
(A) K4[Fe(CN)6] (B) K2CrO4 (C) KBr (D)K2SO4
4. Lyophobic colloids are :
(A) Reversible colloids (B) Irreversible colloids (C) Protective colloids (D) Gum proteins
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Surface Chemistry
5. Which among the following statements is false ?

(A) Increase of pressure increases the amount of adsorption.
(B) Increase of temperature may decrease the amount of adsorption.
(C) The adsorption may be monolayered or multilayered.
(D) Particle size of the adsorbent will not affect the amount of adsorption.
6. (i) At 298 K the volume of NH3 adsorbed by 1g of charcoal is higher than that of H 2 under similar
conditions.
(ii) The movement of collodial particles towards the oppositely charged electrodes on passing electric
current is known as Brownian movement.
(A) T, T (B) T, F (C) F, T (D) F, F
7. Identify the correct statement regarding enzymes.
(A) Enzymes are specific biological catalysts that can normally function at very high tempt. (T  1000 K)
EX
(B) Enzymes are normally heterogeneous catalysts that are very specific in action
(C) Enzymes are specific biological catalysts that can not be poisoned
(D) Enzymes are non-biological catalysts.
Section-2 : (One or More than one options correct Type)

This section contains 5 multiple choice questions. Each questions has four choices (A), (B), (C)
and (D) out of which ONE or MORE THAN ONE are correct.
8. Which of the following statements is correct?

(A) The efficiency of a heterogeneous catalyst depends upon its surface area.
(B) Catalyst operates by providing alternate path for the reaction that involves a lower activation energy.
(C) Catalyst lowers the energy of activation of the forward direction without affecting the energy of
activation of the backward direction.
(D) Catalyst does not affect the overall enthalpy change of the reaction.
9. Which of the following statements is (are) true?
D
(A) The concentration of a homogeneous catalyst may appear in the rate expression.
(B) A catalyst is always consumed in the reaction.
(C) A catalyst must always be in the same phase as the reactants.
(D) None of these
10. The correct statement(s) pertiaining to the adsorption of a gas on a solid surface is (are)
(A) Adsorption is always exothermic
(B) Physisorption may transform into chemisorption at high temperature
O
(C) Physisorption increases with increasing temperature but chemisorption decreases with increasing
temperature
(D) Chemisorption is more exothermic than physisorption, however it is very slow due to higher energy
of activation.
11. The incorrect statements are -
(A) For coagulation of As2S3 sol, +ve ions are effective.
(B) For coagulation of aluminium hydroxide sol Ba 2+ ions are more effective than Na+
(C) Cellulose solution is an example of multimolecular colloid system
C
(D) Colloidal sol of metals such as gold, silver etc are prepared by Bredig's arc method.
12. Select the CORRECT statements :
(A) Langmuir adsorption isotherm is expected to be applicable at low gas pressure and moderately high
temperature.
(B) The rate of an enzyme catalysed reaction depends upon enzyme concentration.
(C) A negative catalyst raises the activation energy barrier of a reaction and thus reduces its rate.
(D) In physisorption gases having higher critical temperature are adsorbed to a greater extent than
those with lower critical temperature.
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Surface Chemistry
Section-3 : (One Integer Value Correct Type.)

This section contains 6 questions. Each question, when worked out will result in one integer
from 0 to 9 (both inclusive)
13. On addition of one ml solution of 10% NaCl to 10 ml gold sol in the presence of 0.0250 g of starch the
coagulation is just prevented. Starch has the following gold number :
x
14. At 2 atm pressure the value of will be : (log 2 = 0.3010)
m
15. 1 L of 0.6 M acetic acid is shaken with 2 g activated carbon. Activated carbon absorbs some acetic acid
EX
on its surface only. This process is called adsorption. The final concentration of the solution after
adsorption is 0.5 M. What is the amount of acetic acid adsorbed per gram of carbon.
16. A detergent (C12H25SO4Na) solution becomes a colloidal solution at a concentration of 10 –3 mol/lit. On
an average 1013 colloidal particles are present in 1 mm3 what is average number of C12H25SO4Na in one
colloidal particle ?
17. For the coagulation of 200 mL of As2S3 solution, 10 mL of 1 M NaCl is required. What is the coagulating
value of NaCl.
18. A solution of palmitic acid (Molar mass = 256) in Benzene contain 5.12 g of acid per litre of solution.
When this solution is dropped on a water surface, the Benzene evaporates and acid forms a monolayer
V
film of solid type. If 500 cm2 are is to be covered by a monolayer, then find X, where X = , when V
100
is volume required of solution. The area covered by 1 molecule = 0.2 nm 2.
SECTION-4 : Comprehension Type (Only One options correct)
This section contains 1 paragraphs, each describing theory, experiments, data etc. 3 questions
D
relate to the paragraph. Each question has only one correct answer among the four given
options (A), (B), (C) and (D).
Paragraph for Questions 19 to 21
Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions.
The Colloidal particles are electrically charged as is indictated by their migration towards cathode or
anode under the applied electric field. In a particular colloidal system, all particles carry either positive
charge or negative charge.
The electric charge on colloidal particles originate in several ways. According to preferential adsorption
O
theory, the freshly obtained precipitate particles adsorb ions from the dispersion medium, which are
common to their lattice and acquire the charge of adsorbed ions. For example, freshly obtained
Fe(OH)3 precipitated is dispersed, by a little FeCI 3, into colloidal solution owing to the adsorptions of
Fe3+ ions in preference. Thus sol particles will be positively charged.
In some cases the colloidal particles are aggregates of cations or anions having amphiphilic character.
When the ions possess hydrophobic part (hydrocarbon end) as well as hydrophilic part (polar end
group), they undergo association in aqueous solution to form particles having colloidal size. The
formation of such particles, called micelles plays a very important role in the solubilization of water
insoluble substances, (hydrocarbon, oils, fats, grease etc.). In micelles, the polar end groups are
C
directed towards water and the hydrocarbon ends into the centre.
The charge on sol particles of proteins depends on the pH. At low pH, the basic group of protein
molecule is ionized (protonated) and at higher pH (alkaline medium), the acidic group in ionized. At
Isoelectric pH, characteristic to the protein, both basic and acidic groups are equally ionized.
The stability of colloidal solution is attributed largely to the electric charge of the dispersed particles.
This charge causes them to be coagulated or precipitated. On addition of small amount of electrolytes,
the ions carrying opposite charge are adsorbed by sol particles resulting in the neutralization of their
charge.When the sol particles either with no charge or reduced charge, come closer due to Brownian
movement, they aggregate to form bigger particles resulting in their separation from the dispersion
medium. This is what is called coagulation or precipitation of the colloidal solution. The coagulating
power of the effective ion, which depend on its charge, is expressed in terms of its coagulating value,
defined as its minimum concentration (m mol/L) needed to precipitate a given sol.
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Surface Chemistry
19. How would you obtain a sol of AgI, the particles of which migrate toward cathode under the electric
field?
(A) By adding little excess of K to AgNO3 solution
(B) By adding little excess of AgNO3 to K solution
(C) By mixing equal volumes of 0.010 M AgNO3 and 0.010 M K
(D) None of these
20. 100 ml each of two sols of Ag, one obtained by adding AgNO3 to slight excess of K and another
obtained by adding K to slight excess of AgNO3, are mixed together. Then
(A) The two sols will stabilize each other (B) The sol particles will acquire more electric charge
(C) The sols will coagulate each other mutually (D) A true solution will be obtained
21. Under the influence of an electric field, the particles in a sol migrate towards cathode. The coagulation
of the same sol is studied using NaCl, Na2SO4 and Na3PO4 solutions. Their coagulating values will be in
the order
EX
(A) NaCl > Na2 SO4 > Na3 PO4 (B) Na2 SO4 > Na3 PO4 > NaCl
(C) Na3 PO4 > Na2 SO4 > NaCl (D) Na2 SO4 > NaCl > Na3 PO4
SECTION-5 : Matching List Type (Only One options correct)

This section contains 1 questions, each having two matching lists. Choices for the correct
combination of elements from List-I and List-II are given as options (A), (B), (C) and (D) out of
which one is correct.
22. Match list I with list II and select the correct answer :
List I List II
P Coagulation 1. Scattering of light
Q Dialysis 2. Formation of colloidal solution from precipitates.
R Peptization 3. Purification of colloids
S Tyndall effect 4. Accmulation of collidal sols
Code:
D
P Q R S P Q R S
(A) 3 4 1 2 (B) 1 2 4 3
(C) 3 3 2 1 (D) 2 3 1 4
Practice Test-2 ( (IIT-JEE (ADVANCED Pattern))

OBJECTIVE RESPONSE SHEET (ORS)
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
O
Ans.
Que. 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans.
Que. 21 22
C
Ans.
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Surface Chemistry
PART - I
1. (4) 2. (1) 3. (2) 4. (1) 5. (4)
6. (2) 7. (4) 8. (4) 9. (3) 10. (4)
11. (1) 12. (4) 13. (4) 14. (2) 15. (3)
16. (4) 17. (2) 18. (3) 19. (3) 20. (4)
EX
21. (1) 22. (2) 23. (1) 24. (4) 25. (2)
26. (3) 27. (1) 28. (3) 29. (1) 30. (1)
PART - II
1. (B) 2. (B) 3. (A) 4. (B) 5. (A)
6. (D) 7. (B) 8. (A) 9. (A) 10. (C)
11. (D) 12. (B) 13. (D) 14. (B) 15. (C)
16. (C) 17. (D) 18. (B) 19. (C) 20. (A)
D
21. (C) 22. (D) 23. (B)
PART - III
1. 3.33 × 1016 cm–2 2. Ba2+, 10 m mol/L 3. (A)
4. (D) 5. (A) 6. (A) 7. (B) 8. (A)

O
9. (C) 10. 20 11. (BC) 12. (ABD) 13. (BCD)
14. (BC) 15. (BCD) 16. (BCD) 17. (BCD)
PART - IV
1. (D) 2. (B) 3. (C) 4. (B) 5. (D)

C
6. (B) 7. (B) 8. (ABD) 9. (A) 10. (ABD)
11. (BC) 12. (ABD) 13. 25 14. 4 15. 03
16. 60 17. 50 18. 2 19. (B) 20. (C)
21. (A) 22. (C)
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Surface Chemistry
PART - I
x x 1
1. = KP1/n, log = log K + log P
m m n
2. That's why lyophilic colloid has affinity for water.
3. Scattering of light by colloidal particles is known as Tyndall effect.
4. Tyndall effect is shown by colloidal solution.
EX
5. In milk, liquid fat particles are dispersed in water.
6. Higher the charge on coagulating ion, higher the coagulating power.
7. Gold sol is – ve sol, so coagulating ion is cation.
8. Lyophilic colloid is solvated by dispersion medium and becomes more stable.
9. Coagulating power  charge on coagulating ion.
10. Effectiveness of coagulation by electrolyte  charge on coagulating ion.
11. Fog is an example of liquid dispersed in gas.

D
12. As2S3 colloidal sol is obtained when As2O3 is saturated with H2S :
As2O3 + 3H2S → As2S3 + 3H2O.
As2S3 adsorbs S2– ions (common between H2S and As2S3 and thus is negatively charged).
As2S3 + H2S → As2S3 S2– : 2H+.
13. Light is scattered by colloidal particles present in environment so sky looks blue.
O
14. Colloidal particle shows Tyndall effect because of it's larger size.
15. Brownian motion is due to impact of molecules of the dispersion medium on the colloidal particles.
16. As2S3 is negatively charged sol so more positively charged ion will have minimum coagulating value.
17. Gelatin is positive sol.
18. Sulphur is a lyophobic colloid.

C
19. Smoke is an example of solid dispersed in gas.
20. Arsenious sulphide is negatively charged sol so more the charge on cation of electrolyte, more the
efficiency of electrolyte for coagulation.
21. Colloid is heterogeneous, biphasic solution.
22. Smaller the charge on coagulating ion, higher the flocculation value.
23. Easily liquefiable gases like CO2 are adsorbed to a greater extent than gases like O 2, N2 and H2
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Surface Chemistry
24. Electrophoresis means movement of colloidal particles under the influence of electric field.
25. Negative catalyst provides a path of higher activation energy
26. These are the properties of colloidal solution.
27. Adsorption theory is given for heterogeneous catalyst. Example : adsorption of gas on solid surface.
x
28. According to Freundlich adsorption isotherm,  kp1/n (n > 1).
m
29. Physical adsorption is due to vander waals forces.
EX
x x 1
30. According to Freundlich isotherm : = Kp1/n or log = log K + logP (For solution, P = C).
m m n
PART - III
20
1. Mass of glucose adsorbed = (20 – 19) × = 2 × 10–5 g.
10 6
2  10 −5 10 −6
Moles of glucose adsorbed = = .
180 9
10 −6 20
Number of glucose molecules = × 6 × 1023 = × 1016
9 3
1 20
Number of glucose molecules per unit area = × × 1016 = 3.33 × 1016 cm–2.
D
2 3
10 −4
2. Conc. of Ba2+ = M = 10–2 M = 10 mmole/L.
10  10 −3
3. Loss of water from gel is known as synerisis.

O
4. All are facts to remember.
5. Reddish brown sol is prepared by adding FeCl3 in Fe(OH)3 precipitate.
6. Similar charged colloidal particles will repel each other so colloidal system will not be suspended.
7. Micelles have large molar mass so less colligative property.
x 1
8. log = log k + log P
C
M n
1
= tan 45° ln k = 0.69
n
n=1 k=2
x
= 2 x (0.5)1
m
x=1
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Surface Chemistry
9. 200 mL of the sol require = 0.73 g HCl

0.73
= mol = 0.02 mol = 20 m mol.
36.5
20mmole
So, flocculation value of HCl = = 100
0.2lit
10. Gold number is minimum amount of protective colloid which can protect 10 mL standard gold sol from
coagulation when 1 mL of 10% NaCl is added.
11. (B) Aluminium hydroxide is a +ve sol, so – ve ions are effective in coagulation.
(C) Cellulose solution is an example of macromolecular colloid.
12. Egg albumin is lyophlic colloid.
EX
13. Monolayer is formed during chemisorption.
14. This is because of absorption.
15. Fe(OH)3 is postive sol, remaining all three are negative sol.
16. Lyophobic colloid are solvent hating.
17. Small particles has more random behaviour.
PART - IV
1. –ve charged sol is coagulated by cation of electrolyte. More the charge on cation, higher the
precipitating power.
D
2. More the charge on cation, higher the coagulating power.
3. Ferric hydroxide sol is + vely charged sol.
4. Lyophobic colloids are irreversible colloids.
5. Particle size of the adsorbent affects the amount of adsorption.

O
6. (i) NH3 is easily liquifiable, so ordered more than H2.
(ii) This phenomenon is known as electrophoresis, not Brownian movement.
7. Enzymes are highly specific heterogeneous catalyst.
8. Efficiency of a heterogeneous catalyst increases with its surface area.

Catalyst provides a path of lower activation energy but enthalpy of reaction is not affected.
C
9. Catalyst may appear in rate expression. But it is not consumed in the reaction.
10. (A) H = –ve for adsorption

(B) fact
(D) chemical bonds are stronger than vander waal’s forces so chemical adsorption is more exothermic.
11. (B) Aluminium hydroxide is a +ve sol, so – ve ions are effective in coagulation.
(C) Cellulose solution is an example of macromolecular colloid.
12. A negative catalyst does not raises the activation energy barrier of a reaction; it actually functions to
remove the active intermediate from the reaction and thus, it retards the rate of a reaction.
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Surface Chemistry
13. Gold number is minimum amount of protective colloid which can protect 10 ml standard gold sol from
coagulation when 1 ml of 10% NaCl is added.
15. Mass of acetic acid adsorbed = (0.6 – 0.5) × 1 × 60 = 6 g

6
Mass of acetic acid adsorbed per gram of carbon = =3g
2
16. 1 litre colloidal solution contains = 10–3 × NA molecule of C12H25SO4Na.

10 −3  NA  1
1 mm3 colloidal solution contains = = 6 × 1014 molecule of C12H25SO4Na.
10 6
1013 colloidal particles = 6 × 1014 molecule of C12H25SO4Na.
6  1014
1 colloidal particle = molecule of C12H25SO4Na = 60 molecules.
EX
1013
17. 10 ml of 1 M NaCl contains NaCl = 10 × 1 = 10 milli mole

200 ml of As2S3 required NaCl for the coagulation = 10 milli mole
 1000 ml of As2S3 required NaCl for the coagulation = 10 × 1000/ 200 = 50 milli mole
18. Let V litre of palmitic acid is required.
5.12 V
Number of molecules = × 6.023 × 1023 = 1.2 × 1022 V
256
Area covered = (1.2 × 1022 V) (0.2 × 10–14 cm2) = 2.4 × 107 V cm2
2.4 × 107 V cm2 = 500 cm2
2
V = 0.02 cm3 = cm3
100
D
X=2
19. We want to prepare sol of Ag having positively charged particles, so a little excess of Ag+ should be
added to K.
20. The sols will neutralise each other so will coagulate each other because of opposite charge.
O
21. Greater the charge on negative ions of salt used (since sol is positively charged) smaller will be its
coagulating value.
22. P. Coagulation is known as accomulation of collidal sols.

Q. Dialysis is purification of colloids.
R. Peptization is formation of colloidal solution from precipitates.
S. Tyndall effect is scattering of light by colloidal particle.
C
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Surface Chemistry

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SURFACE CHEMISTRY

and its mechanism.

Differences between Physical and Chemical Adsorption

Nature of adsorption Weak Strong

Enthalpy of adsorption Low High

substance may displace a weakly adsorbed substance.

Freundlich Adsorption isotherm

where, x = Amount of gas adsorbed, m = Mass of adsorbent, K and n

Section (B) : Catalysis 

(iii) The theory explains the centre action of promoters which H H

Some Industrial Catalytic reactions

Section (C) : Classification and Preparation of Colloid 

Differentiating point of colloids :

2. On the basis of D.M. : Colloidal solution are classified as

DISTINCTION BETWEEN LYOPHILIC AND LYOPHOBIC COLLOIDS

4. On the basis of chemical composition :

(ii) Hydroxy Sol- Starch sol

6. On the basis of type of particles of dispersed phase :

formation is same as that of soaps.

Sodium stearate (C17H35COO– Na+) Hydrophobic tail

SO2 + 2H2S(saturated solution in H2O)  Oxidation  3S(sol) + 2H2O

condenses to form particles of colloidal size by surrounding

Charge Colloidal particals of Fe (OH)3

Important properties of colloidal sols :

(a) dispersed phase and (b) dispersion medium. 

True solution Colloidal solution

Ex-5. Under what conditions is Tyndal effect observed ?

 = Velocity of colloidal particle when an electric field is applied.

Ex-7. Classify the following sols according to theirs charges :

weight of lyophilic sol in mg  10

* Colloidal gold is used for intramuscular injection.

[B] Applications of emulsions :

MISCELLANEOUS SOLVED PROBLEMS (MSPs)

1.* Which of the following is (are) lyophobic colloids ?

Sol. 22400 cm3 of N2 at STP contain = 6.022 × 1023 molecules

 Marked questions are recommended for Revision.

PART - I : SUBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

Section (C) : Classification and Preparation of Colloid

Section (D) : Purification and Properties of Colloid

PART - II : ONLY ONE OPTION CORRECT TYPE

(A) (B) (C) (D)

A-7. The rate of chemisorption :

Section (C) : Classification and Preparation of Colloid

E-1. Gold number of a lyophilic sol is such property that:

PART - III : MATCH THE COLUMN

PART - I : ONLY ONE OPTION CORRECT TYPE

(A) aerosol (B) foam (C) emulsion (D) gel

PART - II : SINGLE OR DOUBLE INTEGER TYPE

3. How many of these reactions are homogeneously catalyzed?

(C) it is multilayer phenomenon (D) heat of adsorption is generally around 80 – 240 kJ

6. Which of the following statements are true for physisorption?

8. Which of the following are the correct :

19. Which of the following are incorrect statements ?

5. AgI helps in artificial rain because :

then according to Le-Chaterlier’s principle, with increase x x

C-2. (a) Gel – a colloidal dispersion of a liquid in a soild, e.g., butter

of colloidal particles when they were seen under an ultramicroscope. The

 Marked questions are recommended for Revision.

PART - I : PRACTICE TEST-1 (IIT-JEE (MAIN Pattern))

2. Surface tension of lyophilic sols is :