CONSTRUCTION

SURVEYING & LAYOUT 1

Prepared by: Engr. Godfrey Q. Correa
I. Theory of Errors
Situation: Given the following data is measuring a distance of a certain line.
Distance No. of Measurements
47.23 3
47.21 2
47.19 4
47.27 2
1. Determine the most probable value of the measurement. Alternative Solution:
Solution: CALTECH(Mode-3-1)
∑𝑤𝑥 x f
𝑥̅ =
∑𝑤 47.23 3
Apps-5-2
47.21 2
3 47.23 + 2 47.21 + 4 47.19 + (2)(47.27) 47.219
𝑥̅ = 47.19 4
3+2+4+2
47.27 2
𝒙 = 𝟒𝟕. 𝟐𝟏𝟗
I. Theory of Errors
Situation: Given the following data is measuring a distance of a certain line.
Distance No. of Measurements
47.23 3
47.21 2
47.19 4
47.27 2
2. Find the standard error of the mean. Alternative Solution:
Solution:
CALTECH(Mode-3-1)
∑𝑣 x f
𝑆 =±
𝑛(𝑛 − 1) 47.23 3 𝒙𝝈𝒏 − 𝟏 ÷ √𝒏
47.21 2 𝟗. 𝟎𝟗𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎 𝟑
(3) 47.23 − 47.219 +(2) 47.21 − 47.219 +(4) 47.19 − 47.219 +(2) 47.27 − 47.219
𝑆 =±
11(11 − 1)
47.19 4
47.27 2
𝑺𝒙 = ±𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟗𝟎𝟗
I. Theory of Errors
Situation: Given the following data is measuring a distance of a certain line.
Distance No. of Measurements
47.23 3
47.21 2
47.19 4
47.27 2
3. Find the probable error of the mean.
Alternative Solution:
Solution:
CALTECH(Mode-3-1)
∑𝑣 x f
𝑃𝐸 = ±0.6745 = ±0.6745 𝑆
𝑛 𝑛−1 47.23 3
47.21 2
𝟎. 𝟔𝟕𝟒𝟓𝒙𝝈𝒏 − 𝟏 ÷ √𝒏
𝑃𝐸 = ±0.6745(0.00909)
47.19 4
𝑷𝑬𝒎 = ±𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟔𝟏𝟑 47.27 2
I. Theory of Errors
Situation: Given the following data is measuring a distance of a certain line.
Distance No. of Measurements
47.23 3
47.21 2
47.19 4
47.27 2
4. Find the probable error of the any single observation.
Solution: CALTECH(Mode-3-1)
x f
∑𝑣 47.23 3 𝟎. 𝟔𝟕𝟒𝟓𝒙𝝈𝒏 − 𝟏
𝑃𝐸 = ±0.6745
𝑛−1 47.21 2
𝑷𝑬𝒔 = ±𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟎𝟑𝟒
47.19 4
47.27 2
I. Theory of Errors
Situation: Given the following data is measuring a distance of a certain line.
Distance No. of Measurements
47.23 3
47.21 2
47.19 4
47.27 2
5. Determine the relative error or precision of the mean.
Solution:
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟
𝑅𝐸 =
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
0.00613
𝑅𝐸 =
47.219
𝟏
𝑹𝑬 =
𝟕𝟕𝟎𝟎
6. The following data are the observed observation of a point by running a line of
levels over four different routes, in meters.Determine the most probable value of the
elevation of the observed point.
Route Elevation Probable Error
A 312.14 ±0.08
B 311.72 ±0.04
C 312.28 ±0.02
D 312.24 ±0.01

Solution: CALTECH(Mode-3-1)
Recall that the weight is inversely proportional to
x f
the square of the probable error. 312.14 1/0.08^2 Apps-5-2
311.72 1/0.04^2 312.22
312.28 1/0.02^2
312.24 1/0.01^2
7. Line of levels between A and B are run from over three different routes. A is at
elevation 672.16 m and is lower than B. Determine the most probable value of
elevation B.
Route Distance (km) Diff. in Elevation (m)
1 6.80 53.19
2 5.30 52.94
3 8.20 52.73

Solution: CALTECH(Mode-3-1)
Recall that the weight is inversely x f
Apps-5-2
proportional to the distance. 53.19 1/6800
52.94 1/5300
52.964
52.73 1/8200 Elev. of B = 672.16+52.964
Elev. of B = 725.12 m
8. The following interior angles of a triangular traverse were measured with the same
precision. What is the most probable value of angle A?

Route Value No. of Measurements

A 41° 5
B 77° 6
C 63° 2

Solution:
Distribute the error
Solve for the total error. Route No. Factor Probable Value of A
41° + 77° + 63° - 180° = 1° A 5 30/5=6
A = 41° - (6/26)(1°)
B 6 30/6=5
Hence, we need to subtract A = 40° 46’ 9”
C 2 30/2=15
a certain amount to each Total 26
measurement.
II. Distance by Pacing
Situation: A line 100 m long was paced by a surveyor for five times with the
following number of strides: 71,72,68,70, and 71. Another line was paced four times
again with the following results: 634,631,632,635, and 637.
9. Determine the pace factor.

Solution:
Note that 1 stride = 2 paces.
CALTECH(Mode-3-1) Convert:
x
Apps-5-2 70.4 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 × = 140.8 𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑠
71
72
= 70.4 strides Hence:
68 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟏𝟎 𝒎/𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒆
.
70
71
II. Distance by Pacing
Situation: A line 100 m long was paced by a surveyor for five times with the
following number of strides: 71,72,68,70, and 71. Another line was paced four times
again with the following results: 634,631,632,635, and 637.
10. Determine the distance of the new line.
Solution:
CALTECH(Mode-3-1)
x Conversion:
Apps-5-2
634 .
631 = 633.8 paces 633.8 𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑠 × = 𝟒𝟓𝟎 𝒎
632
635
637
III. Distance by Taping
11. A line was measured with 50 m tape. There were 10 tallies, 16 pins, and the
distance from the last pin to the end line was found to be 2.50 m. Find the length of
the line.
Solution:
Note that Conversion:
10 𝑝𝑖𝑛𝑠
1 tally = 10 pins 10 𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑠 × = 100 𝑝𝑖𝑛𝑠
1 𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑦
1 pin = 1 tape length (50 m)
100 𝑝𝑖𝑛𝑠 + 16 𝑝𝑖𝑛𝑠 = 116 𝑝𝑖𝑛𝑠
50 𝑚
116 𝑝𝑖𝑛𝑠 × = 5800 𝑚
1 𝑝𝑖𝑛
Total length:
5800𝑚 + 2.5𝑚 = 𝟓𝟖𝟎𝟐. 𝟓 𝒎
III. Distance by Taping
12. A distance was measured and was recorded to have a value equivalent to 10
perches, 5 rods,and 50 varas. Compute the total distance in feet.
Solution: Conversion:
Note that
10 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑠 + 5 𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑠 = 15 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑠/𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑠
1 perch = 1 rod = 25 links
25 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑘𝑠
1 link = 0.66 ft 15 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑠 × = 375 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑘𝑠
1 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐ℎ
1 vara = 33 inches
0.66 𝑓𝑡 Total Length:
375 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑘𝑠 × = 247.5 𝑓𝑡
1 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑘 247.5 𝑓𝑡 + 137.5 𝑓𝑡 = 𝟑𝟖𝟓 𝒇𝒕
33 𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑠
50 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑠 × = 1650 𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑠
1 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑎
1 𝑓𝑡
1650 𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑠 × = 137.5 𝑓𝑡
12 𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑠
IV. Tape Corrections
IV. Tape Corrections
13. To measure a base line, a steel tape 30 m long, standardized at 15ºC
with a pull of 80 N was used. Find the correction per tape length, if the
temperature at the time of measurement is 25ºC and the pull exerted is 150
N. Take Young’s Modulus 𝐸 = 2 × 10^5 N/mm^2 and coefficient of thermal
expansion 11.6 × 10^−6 /ºC. Cross sectional area of tape is 8 mm^2.
Solution:
Temperature Correction: Pull Correction: Total Correction:
𝐶 = 𝑘𝐿Δ𝑇 Δ𝑃𝐿 𝐶 =𝐶 +𝐶
𝐶 =
𝐶 = 11.6 × 10 30 25 − 15 𝐴𝐸 𝐶 =𝑨+𝑩
𝐶 = 3.48 × 10 →𝑨 (150 − 80)(30) 𝟑
𝐶 = 𝑪 = 𝟒. 𝟕𝟗𝟐𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎 𝒎 𝒕𝒐𝒐 𝒍𝒐𝒏𝒈
8 2 × 10
𝐶 = 1.3125 × 10 →𝑩
IV. Tape Corrections
14. A 50 m tape weighs 2 kg. Every time a measurement is performed, the
tape is supported at its end points and at the 8 m and 25 m marks. If a pull of
6 kg is applied to measure a line which was found to be 150 m. Determine
the correct measurement.
Solution: 2
(8 )
0𝑚 8𝑚 25 𝑚 50 𝑚
𝐶 =−
50
→𝑨 Total Correction:
24(6 )
𝐶 =𝑨+𝑩+𝑪→𝑫
2 150
25 − 8 𝐶 = 𝑫 = −0.11694
50
Sag Correction: 𝐶 =− →𝑩 50
24(6 )
Correction Measurement:
𝑤 𝐿
𝐶 =− 2 𝑀 = 150 + −0.11694
24𝑃 50 − 25
50
𝐶 =− →𝑪 = 𝟏𝟒𝟗. 𝟖𝟖𝟑 𝒎
24(6 )
IV. Tape Corrections
15. A distance was measured on a 4% slope and found to be 1456.5 meters.
What is the horizontal distance measured in meter?
Solution:
Slope Correction:
Alternative Solution:
ℎ (1456.5(0.04))
𝐶 = 𝐶 = 𝐻𝑜𝑟𝑖. 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡. = 1456.5 cos 𝜃
2𝑆 2(1456.5)
𝐻𝑜𝑟𝑖. 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡. = 𝟏𝟒𝟓𝟓. 𝟑𝟑𝟔 𝒎
𝐶 = 1.1652 𝑚
ℎ
𝜃 Horizontal Distance:
Small Angle Theorem:
𝐻𝑜𝑟𝑖. 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡. = 1456.5 − 1.1652
tan 𝜃 = sin 𝜃 = 𝜃 = 0.04
𝐻𝑜𝑟𝑖. 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡. = 𝟏𝟒𝟓𝟓. 𝟑𝟑𝟓 𝒎
ℎ = 1456.5(0.04)
IV. Tape Corrections
16. A student was asked to make a 345.43 m long line using a 25 m tape that
is 0.0021 m too long. What is the required measurement?
Solution:

𝑇 𝐹
=
𝑇 𝐹

345.43 𝐹
=
25 + 0.0021 25

𝐹 = 𝟑𝟒𝟓. 𝟒𝟎𝟏 𝒎
IV. Tape Corrections
17. Determine the percentage uncertainty in the area of a square that is
6.08 ± 0.01 m on a side.
Solution:
Percentage Uncertainty:
𝐴 = 6.08 = 37.0 𝑚
𝑈𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑦
𝐴 = 6.08 − 0.01 = 36.9 𝑚 %𝑈𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑦 = × 100%
𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
𝐴 = 6.08 + 0.01 = 37.1 𝑚
0.10
%𝑈𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑦 = × 100%
37.0
𝐴 = 37.0 ± 0.10 𝑚 %𝑈𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑦 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟕%
V. Correction for Reduction to Sea Level
18. The base line of a triangulation survey was measured to be 1,800 m at a
place having an altitude of 8 km above sea level. Compute the sea level
distance of the baseline.
Solution:

𝑀. 𝑆. 𝐿 𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
=
𝑅 𝑅+ℎ

𝑀. 𝑆. 𝐿. 1800 𝑚
=
6400 𝑘𝑚 6400 𝑘𝑚 + 8 𝑘𝑚
𝑴. 𝑺. 𝑳 = 𝟏𝟕𝟗𝟕. 𝟕𝟓 𝒎
VI. Leveling
Situation: The following shows a tabulated data of differential leveling notes:

Leveling Leveling
instrument rod

19. What is the elevation of Sta. 4?

Solution: Answer:
124.83
125.61 𝟏𝟐𝟐. 𝟎𝟏 𝒎
122.01
123.69
129.43
133.78
VI. Leveling
Situation: The following shows a tabulated data of differential leveling notes:

Leveling Leveling
instrument rod

20. What is the difference in elevation between Sta.5 and Sta.2?

Solution: Answer:
124.83
125.61 123.69 − 124.83 = 𝟏. 𝟏𝟒 𝒎
122.01
123.69
129.43
133.78
VI. Leveling
Situation: The following shows a tabulated data of differential leveling notes:

Leveling Leveling
instrument rod

21. What is the elevation of Sta.7?

Solution: Answer:
124.83
125.61 𝟏𝟑𝟑. 𝟕𝟖 𝒎
122.01
123.69
129.43
133.78
VI. Leveling
Situation: In the two-peg test of a dumpy level, the following observations
are taken.

22. Compute the true difference in elevation between the two points.
Solution:
Two equations:
Instrument near A Instrument near B
𝑑 + 1.501 = 𝑒 + 2.022 → 𝑑 − 𝑒 = 0.521
𝑑 + 0.903 + 𝑒 = 1.452 → 𝑑 + 𝑒 = 0.549

1.501
e
e
CALTECH(Mode-5-1)
2.022 0.903
A A 1.452
𝑑 = 0.535 𝐴𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟: 𝟎. 𝟓𝟑𝟓 𝒎
B B 𝑒 = 0.014
VI. Leveling
Situation: In the two-peg test of a dumpy level, the following observations
are taken.

23. Compute the error.

Solution:
Two equations:
Instrument near A Instrument near B
𝑑 + 1.501 = 𝑒 + 2.022 → 𝑑 − 𝑒 = 0.521
𝑑 + 0.903 + 𝑒 = 1.452 → 𝑑 + 𝑒 = 0.549

1.501
e
e
CALTECH(Mode-5-1)
2.022 0.903
A A 1.452
𝑑 = 0.535
B B 𝑒 = 0.014 𝐴𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟: 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟒 𝒎
VI. Leveling
Situation: In the two-peg test of a dumpy level, the following observations
are taken.

24. Compute the correct reading at B when the instrument is near A that will
give a level line of sight.
Solution:
Instrument near A Correct reading B:
2.022 + 0.014 = 𝟐. 𝟎𝟑𝟔 𝒎
e
1.501

A 2.022

B
VII. Tacheometry
Situation: A tacheometer with a stadia constant of 0.30 m was setup on the
line between two points, A and B. The following hair readings were
observed.

25. Determine the length of line AB if the stadia interval factor of the level is 100.
Solution:
𝐷 = 𝑘𝑆 + 𝐶
𝐷 = 100 1.327 − 1.011 + 0.30 = 31.9 𝑚
𝐷 = 100 2.004 − 1.707 + 0.30 = 30 𝑚
A 𝐴𝐵 = 31.9 + 30 = 𝟔𝟏. 𝟗𝟎 𝒎
B
VII. Tacheometry
Situation: A tacheometer with a stadia constant of 0.30 m was setup on the
line between two points, A and B. The following hair readings were
observed.

26. If the instrument height is 1.52 m and it is set-up on a point with elevation
22.10 m, determine the elevation of point B.
Solution:
𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑣. 𝐵. = 22.10 + 1.52 − 1.867
𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑣. 𝐵. = 𝟐𝟏. 𝟕𝟓𝟑 𝒎
1.52
1.867
A
Elev. 22.10
B
VIII. Subtense Bar Method
A procedure to measure distances that involves using a theodolite to read
the horizontal angle subtended by two targets precisely spaced at a fixed
distance apart on a subtense bar (usually 2 meters long). The unknown
distance is computed from the known target spacing and the measured
horizontal angle
VIII. Subtense Bar Method
29. To measure a line AB, a theodolite was set up at A and a subtense bar of
length 2 m was set up at B. The horizontal angle measured at A for the
subtense bar was 4º02’26.4”. Determine the length of AB.
Solution: Alternative Solution:

𝜃
𝐷 = cot 4∘ 02 26.4′′ 1
2 tan =
2 𝐷

4∘ 02 26.4′′ 𝐷 = 𝟐𝟖. 𝟑 𝒎
𝐷 = cot
2
𝐷 = 𝟐𝟖. 𝟑 𝒎
IX. Effects of Curvature & Refraction
30. Neglecting the effect of tides and waves, determine how far out to sea
a boat will be when a light on its mast 60 m above the water disappears
from the sight of a man on shore whose eye level is 2.56 m above the water.
Solution:
ℎ = 0.067𝑘
Man:
2.56 = 0.067𝑘
𝑘 = 6.1813 𝑘𝑚
Boat: Total Distance:
60 = 0.067𝑘 𝑘 = 6.1813 + 29.9253
𝑘 = 29.9253 𝑘𝑚 𝑘 = 𝟑𝟔. 𝟏𝟎𝟕 𝒌𝒎
IX. Effects of Curvature & Refraction
Situation: Three hills A, B, and C has elevations of 660 m, 625 m, and 600m,
respectively. B is in between A and C and is 10 km from A and 12 km from C.

31. Considering the effect of curvature and refraction correction, what is the
clearance or obstruction of the line of sight at B considering that C is visible from A?

Solution:
A-B:
ℎ = 0.067(10) 653.3
Use Mode-3-2
B 624.687 590.352
ℎ = 6.7 𝑚
B-C: 10 km 12 km

ℎ = 0.067(12) Hence:
ℎ = 9.648 𝑚 624.687 − 625 =
−𝟎. 𝟑𝟏 𝒎 (𝒐𝒃𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒖𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏)
 IX. Effects of Curvature & Refraction
Situation: Three hills A, B, and C has elevations of 660 m, 625 m, and 600m,
respectively. B is in between A and C and is 10 km from A and 12 km from C.

32. If a 5 m tower is erected on top of B, what would be the height of equal towers to
be erected at A and C in order that A, B, and C will be intervisible?

Solution:
Similar Triangles:

625 + 5 − (590.352 + ℎ) 653.3 + ℎ − (590.352 + ℎ)

h=? =
12 12 + 10
5m
h=? ℎ = 𝟓. 𝟑𝟏 𝒎
653.3 m
625 m 590.352 m

10 km 12 km
 IX. Effects of Curvature & Refraction
Situation: Three hills A, B, and C has elevations of 660 m, 625 m, and 600m,
respectively. B is in between A and C and is 10 km from A and 12 km from C.

33. What should be the height of tower to be erected at C so that B and C will be
intervisible from A?

Solution:
Similar Triangles:
625 − (590.352 + ℎ) 653.3 − (590.352 + ℎ)
=
12 12 + 10

ℎ = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟗 𝒎
h=?
653.3 m
625 m 590.352 m

10 km 12 km
X. Traverse Surveying
34. If the azimuth of a line is 312º, what is its bearing?
Solution:
Azimuths are used in compass surveying, plane surveying, where it is generally
measured from the north. But azimuths are measured from the south by
astronomers and in the military.
N

312∘

W E

360∘ − 312∘ = 48∘

360∘ − 312∘ 𝑺 𝟒𝟖∘ 𝑬

S
X. Traverse Surveying
35. Find the back azimuth of a line having a forward azimuth of 52º.
Solution:
N

W E
N

52∘ 52∘ Back Azimuth:

S 180∘ + 52∘ = 𝟐𝟑𝟐∘

W E

S
X. Traverse Surveying
Situation: A closed traverse has the following data:

36. What is the length of course 3-4?

Solution: Required: Length of course 3-4:
Mode-2
𝐴+𝐵+𝐶+𝐷+𝐸 =0
Store the values 𝟑𝟓. 𝟐𝟎 𝒎
using the syntax: 𝐶 =− 𝐴+𝐵+𝐷+𝐸
𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 ∠ 𝜃 𝐶 = 35.1466 + 1.9731𝑖
𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑠 − 1, → 𝟑𝟓. 𝟐𝟎𝟐 ∠ 3.213
X. Traverse Surveying
Situation: A closed traverse has the following data:

37. What is the bearing of course 3-4?

Solution: N
90∘ − 3.213∘ Bearing of course 3-4:
35.202 ∠ 3.213 = 86.80∘
𝑵 𝟖𝟔. 𝟖𝟎∘ 𝑬
3.213∘
W E

S
X. Traverse Surveying
Situation: Given the following field notes for a closed traverse. Some data of
this traverse are missing.

38. Determine the length of side AB.

Solution: Required:
Mode-2 𝐴+𝐵+𝐶+𝐷+𝐸 =0 Use CALC:
Store the values
𝐴=− 𝐵+𝐶+𝐷+𝐸 − 𝑋∠(90 + 60) + 𝐵 + 𝐶 + 𝐸
using the syntax:
𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 ∠ 𝜃 Trial and error from the choices: 𝑨𝑩 = 𝟏𝟑𝟓 𝒎
− 𝐴 + 𝐵 + 𝐶 + 𝐸 ≈ 71.60
X. Traverse Surveying
Situation: Given the following field notes for a closed traverse. Some data of
this traverse are missing.

39. Determine the bearing of side DE.

Solution: Required:
Mode-2 𝐴+𝐵+𝐶+𝐷+𝐸 =0
Store the values
Use CALC:
using the syntax:
𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 ∠ 𝜃 71.60∠𝑋 + 𝐴 + 𝐵 + 𝐶 + 𝐸
𝑿 = 𝑺 𝟑𝟎∘ 𝑬
X. Traverse Surveying
Situation: Given the following field notes for a closed traverse. Some data of
this traverse are missing.

135

𝑆 30∘ 𝐸

40. What is the area of the traverse?

Solution: Course Latitude Departure DMD Area:
AB 67.5 -116.913 -116.913
1
BC 77.99 28.388 -205.438 𝐴 = ∑ 𝐷𝑀𝐷 × 𝐿𝑎𝑡
2
CD 29.173 165.448 -11.102

DE -62.007 35.8 190.146 𝐴 = 𝟐𝟒, 𝟑𝟓𝟗 𝒎𝟐

EA -112.713 -112.713 113.233
X. Traverse Surveying
Situation: A closed traverse has the following data:

41. What is the relative error of measurement? Linear Error of Closure:

Solution: 𝐿𝐸𝐶 = 1.2006 + 2.0536
Line Departure Latitude
𝐿𝐸𝐶 = 2.3788
AB 72.2706 103.2132
Relative Error:
BC 40.46 -229.4602
2.3788
CD -111.53 128.3006 𝑅. 𝐸. =
126 + 233 + 170
Sum 1.2006 2.0536 𝑹. 𝑬. = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟒𝟓
X. Traverse Surveying
Situation: A closed traverse has the following data:

42. What is the corrected length of line BC using the compass rule?
Solution: Compass Rule:
Line Departure Latitude 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡. 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡.
𝐷𝑒𝑝 = 𝐷𝑒𝑝 − 𝑒 𝐿𝑎𝑡 . = 𝐿𝑎𝑡 − 𝑒
.
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟
AB 72.2706 103.2132
233 233
𝐷𝑒𝑝 = 40.46 − (1.2006) 𝐿𝑎𝑡 . = −229.4602 − (2.0536)
BC 40.46 -229.4602 .
529 529

𝐷𝑒𝑝 = 39.9312 𝐿𝑎𝑡 . = −230.3647

.
CD -111.53 128.3006

Sum 1.2006 2.0536 𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝐵𝐶 = 39.9312 + −230.3647 = 𝟐𝟑𝟑. 𝟖𝟎 𝒎

X. Traverse Surveying
Situation: A closed traverse has the following data:

43. What is the corrected length of line BC using the transit rule?
Solution: Transit Rule:
Line Departure Latitude |𝐷𝑒𝑝| |𝐿𝑎𝑡|
𝐷𝑒𝑝 = 𝐷𝑒𝑝 − 𝑒 𝐿𝑎𝑡 . = 𝐿𝑎𝑡 − 𝑒
.
∑|𝐷𝑒𝑝| ∑|𝐿𝑎𝑡|
AB 72.2706 103.2132
40.46 229.4602
𝐷𝑒𝑝 = 40.46 − (1.2006) 𝐿𝑎𝑡 . = −229.4602 − (2.0536)
BC 40.46 -229.4602 .
224.2606 460.974

𝐷𝑒𝑝 = 40.2434 𝐿𝑎𝑡 . = −230.4824

CD -111.53 128.3006 .

Sum 1.2006 2.0536 𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝐵𝐶 = 40.2434 + −230.4824 = 𝟐𝟑𝟑. 𝟗𝟕 𝒎

XI. Bubble Sensitivity
47. Using an engineer’s level, the reading on a rod 80 m away was observed
to be 2.84 m. The bubble was leveled through 5 spaces on the level tube
and the rod reading increased to 2.904 m. Find the radius of curvature of the
level tube if one space on the tube is 0.60 mm long.
Solution:
2.904 − 2.84
tan 𝜃 =
80
= 0.0008
2.904 𝑚 By Small Angle Theorem:
𝜃 𝜃 = 0.0008
2.84 𝑚
Arc Length Formula:

80 𝑚 𝑆 = 𝑟𝜃
𝜃
0.60 5 = 𝑟 0.0008
spirit level
𝑟 = 3750 𝑚𝑚 𝑜𝑟 𝟑. 𝟕𝟓 𝒎
XII. Compass Surveying
48. A line has a magnetic bearing of S 41º30’ E when the declination was
1º30’ E. What is the true bearing of the line if a local attraction is 3º30’ to the
east of the vicinity?
Solution:
TN

True Bearing:
1∘ 30′

41∘ 30 − 5∘ = 36∘ 30′

TW TE
𝑺 𝟑𝟔∘ 𝟑𝟎 𝑬

TS