E-BUSINESS

PROF. MAMATA JENAMANI

DEPARTMENT OF INDUSTRIAL AND SYSTEMS ENGINEERING
IIT KHARAGPUR

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Week 5: Lecture 1
COMPONENTS OF E-BUSINESS INFRASTRUCTURE
 We are going to learn
• Goal of quality information services
• Components of the e-business technology
infrastructure

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 Goals for quality of information services
• Performance

• Scalability

• Availability and maintainability

Menasce, D.A. and Almeida, V.A., 2000. Scaling for E-Business:
Technologies. Models, Performance, and Capacity Planning.
 Goals for quality of information services
• Performance
– Response time
– May be caused by ISP, Network, Servers, Applications,
Third party services
• Scalability
– Handling waves of demand
– Scaling up (larger server) scaling out (more servers)
 Goals for quality of information services
• Availability and maintainability
– Identification of the single points of failure
– Minimum configuration needed
– Self repairing capability
– Availability of diagnostics and alert information
– Emergency procedures
– MTTF (meantime to failure) and MTTR (meantime to
repair)
Technology Platform for e-business
Software Solutions
Web Languages
Packaged Solutions for E-Business

Server Platforms Data Infrastructure

Networking Infrastructure
Networking overview
Communication Protocols
Network Security
Digital Payment Systems
 Web System Architecture

Internet

Web Client Web Server and Database

Application Server Server
Web Server Elements

HTTP Server

TCP/IP

Operating System
Hardware
Processor, Disks, Network Interfaces etc.
 Characteristics of a Web server
• Also known as HTTP Server/ HTTP Daemon
• Continuously listens to the client requests and
returns the requested file
• Handles more than one request at a time
– Forking / Multithreading
 Performance metrics for the Web server
• Throughput
– The rate at which the HTTP requests are serviced
– Measured in HTTP operations/second OR megabits
per second (Mbps)
• Latency
– The time required to complete a request
– Average latency is the average time for handling
requests.
 Dynamic Load Balancing
• Splitting the traffic across the servers
• Mirroring the site
• Methods
– DNS Based
• Mapping to a cluster of servers in a round-robin fashion during address
translation.
– Dispatcher based
• Address of a special TCP router as the address of the Web server
• Router diverts the request to the server with less load
– Server based
• Address redirection
• Increase in client response time
 Application Server
• Handles all the transactions between the Web
server and the backend database
• Supports different programming languages
and/or scripting languages
 Database Server
• Database management system
• Structured query language
• Database connectivity
Other important components and concepts in
E-business infrastructure
• Mainframe and Legacy systems
– Integration Technologies
• Proxies
– Network traffic reduction
– Privacy and security (Firewalls)
– Load balancing
• Caches
– Traffic reduction
– Levels of Caches
– Dedicated community proxy servers
• Third party Services
– Security services, Ad servers, Trust services,
Escrow services
– A source of additional delay in the Web servers
response time
 Other data resources
• Data warehouses and data marts
• Online Analytical Processing Queries (OLAP)
• Business Intelligence

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Week 5: Lecture 2

INTERNET AND THE WEB

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 We are going to learn
• Features of the Internet
• Infrastructure for connecting to the Internet
• Domain name system
• HTTP protocol and webpage generation

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 The Internet
• Originated in 1960 as a result of research supported by
Advances Research Project Agency by US DOD
– ARPANET
• A collection of networks
• Basic Features
– Data Centric
– Separation of communication from data processing
– Packet Switching
 Features of a packet switched Network
• Network consists of two types of nodes
– Hosts: Originators and destinations of data packets
– Routers: Responsible for routing the packets
• A connectionless system
– No-fixed routing scheme between the hosts
– Routing tables changes based on network state
• Congestion or link failure
– Packets arrive out of sequence packets
• A “Best-effort” delivery network
– In case of congestion or link failure the packets are discarded
– Recognition of failure and the corrective action is the task of the host
computer.
 Connecting to the Internet
• To connect a computer to the internet it must be
connected to a router that is a part of the Internet
• Routers are sponsored by a university, research centers,
or commercial companies (ISPs).
• ISPs Operate at many levels
– Local ISPs
• Lease Connections from the national or regional ISPs
• Provide dial-up access to the users and charge them
– National or regional ISPs
• Have their own backbone to carry traffic
• Charge local ISPs for providing
 Some pieces of the Internet

Kurose, J.F. and Ross, K.W., 2010. Computer

networking: a top-down approach (Vol. 5).
Reading: Addison-Wesley.

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 Domain Name System
• Converting IP addresses to human readable form
• An application on which many other application level
protocols rely
• Includes a distributed database system responsible for storing
domain names
 How DNS works
• Client enters a domain name (www.domainname.com) into his
browser.
• The browser contacts the Client's ISP for the IP address of the
domain name.
• The ISP first tries to answer by itself using "cached" data.
• If the answer is found it is returned. Since the ISP isn't in
charge of the DNS, and is just acting as a "dns relay", the
answer is marked "non-authoritative"
• If the answer isn't found, or it's too old, then the ISP DNS
contacts the nameservers for the domain directly for the
answer.
• If the nameservers are not known, the ISP's looks for the
information at the 'root servers', or 'registry servers'.
 Getting a domain name
• ICANN (Internet Corporation for Assigned
Names and Numbers) is the private (non-
government) non-profit corporation with
responsibility for IP address space allocation,
protocol parameter assignment, domain name
system management, and root server system
management functions.

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https://whois.icann.org/en/domain-name-registration-process

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 Uniform Resource Locator
• Unique address of an Internet resource
Protocol://domain-name:port/directory/resource

• http://www.accd.edu/sac/lrc/john/wwwtest2.htm

• The port number can be deleted if it usage the

standard port.
 HTTP Protocol
• An application level protocol
• A client issues a request to a server and server returns a
response
– Request is in ASCII format
– Response in MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension)
format
• Text: HTML
• Image: JPEG/GIF
• A stateless protocol
 HTTP request response model
Client Server
Requ
t0 est fo
r P ag
eA
t1 1.Web client makes a TCP connection
to the server (at port 80).
s Page A
Time

t2 Serve r S e nd
t3 2.Sends HTTP request (header+data)
t4
3. Server returns HTTP response.
t5 Reque
st for Pag (Status, header, requested resource)
eB
t6
 Static Web page generation
• HTML Tags
• Browser

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 Dynamic Webpage Generation
 Server side programming
 Database Connectivity
 Passing additional data to the Web server
 Java: Servlets, JSP
 Microsoft: ASP
 PHP, CGI Script
 Client side programming
 Java scripts
Cookies
 To cope with stateless nature of HTTP
 Tracking a client
 Supporting applications like shopping cart
 Privacy issues
 Servers sets cookies by sending a set-cookie header in HTTP
response
 Set-cookie: Name=Value
 Whenever required by the server the client includes cookie in the
request header by using
 Cookie: Name=value
Week 5: Lecture 3

NETWORKING RESOURCES

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 We are going to learn
• ISO-OSI reference model
• TCP/IP protocol stack

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 Computer Network
• A set of communicating computing devices
• Consisting of the following building blocks
– The framework
• Standard Organizations
• ISO-OSI Reference Model
• Addressing
– Protocols
• Protocol suit
• Applications
– Hardware Kurose, J.F. and Ross, K.W., 2010. Computer
networking: a top-down approach (Vol. 5).
– Physical Connectivity Reading: Addison-Wesley.
 Standard Organizations
• ISO (International Standard Organization)
• IAB (Internet Advisory board)
• IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronic
Engineers)
The ISO-OSI
Model
Reference Model
for Computer
Network
 Why do we need such a model
• Originally intended as the benchmark for the international
standardization of computer networking protocols.
• A divide and conquer approach
• Layers are used to isolate groups of related functions so that
development and flexibility are promoted through the use of well-
defined interfaces.
• Each layer is insulated from the addressing details used by the layer
below.
• Networking Protocols/ Protocol suits can be designed and
compared in the framework of this model.
• Today TCP/IP is the most important protocol suit
 TCP/IP – A Layered Model
Application Layer Provides a specific application

Transport Layer Provides end-to-end transport service

between two hosts
Network Layer Forwards the packets across the network

Link Layer Provides interface or access to the

network
 TCP/IP and the OSI Model in context
7. Application Layer

6. Presentation Layer FTP HTTP Telnet SMTP

5. Session Layer

4. Transport Layer TCP UDP

3. Network Layer IP ARP

2. Data Link Layer LLC (Logical Link Control)–MAC (Medium Access Control)

1. Physical Layer Physical

 Processing at Each Layer
Stream Application 1 Application Data Appln
Header Layer
2
TCP
Segment TCP 3 Application Application Data
Layer
Header Header
4
IP 5 TCP Application Application Data IP
Datagram
Header Header Header Layer
6
Frame Link 7 IP TCP Application Application Data Link
Header Header Header Header Layer
 Transfer of Packet
Host A Host B

Application Application Application Application

Data Data

TCP TCP

IP IP
IP IP
Link Link Link Link
 Link Layer
• Provides access to the network
• Addresses physical characteristics
• Handles many access control protocols for each
physical network standard
• Functions
– Encapsulation of IP datagrams into frames
– Mapping of IP addresses to physical address used by the
network
 Network Layer
• Internet Protocol
– Defining datagram
– Defining Internet addressing scheme
– Moving data between Network layer and Transport
layer
– Routing datagrams
– Performing segmentation and reassembling of
datagrams
 IP Addresses
• IPv4 – 32 bit address
• IPv6 – 128 bit addresses
0 IPv4 Header Format 31
Other Control fields
Other Control fields
TTL PID Check Sum
Destination Address
Source Address
Options and Padding
 Representation of IP Addresses
• Dot decimal format
– Ex. 128.0.0.1
– Binary equivalent of the above is
• 10000000.00000000.00000000.00000001
• Consists of two parts
– Network number
– Host number (within the network)
 Transport Layer
• TCP and UDP
• TCP (Transmission control protocol)
– Connection oriented
– Handshaking
– Source port, destination port, sequence number and
acknowledgement.
– Sliding window mechanism
• UDP (User datagram protocol)
– Connectionless
– No handshaking
– Source port and destination port
– No acknowledgement
– No retransmission
 0 UDP Header Format 31

Source Port Destination Port

Length Checksum
0 TCP Header Format 31
Source Port Destination Port
Sequence Number
Acknowledgement Number
Off Flags Window
Check Sum Urgent Pointers
Options and Padding
 Application Layer
• Includes all the processes that use the transport
layer protocol to deliver data.
• Example:
– HTTP: Hypertext Transfer Protocol
– FTP
– Telnet
– SMTP
 Protocol Port and Socket
• Data multiplexing and demultiplexing
– Combining data from many sources for delivering to the
network
– Dividing the data for delivery to multiple sources
• Protocol number: to identity transport protocol
• Port number: To identify application
– May be dynamically allocated by the system
• Socket: The combination of IP address and Port number
– Uniquely identifies a network process within entire Internet
Week 5: Lecture 4

HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE RESOURCES

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 We are going to learn
• Networking hardware
• Computing hardware
• Storage options
• Software resources

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 Networking hardware in Context
7. Application Layer

6. Presentation Layer

5. Session Layer Gateways

4. Transport Layer
Routers
3. Network Layer Bridge-
Routers
2. Data Link Layer Switches, Bridges

1. Physical Layer Repeater, Transceivers

 Transceivers (Media Attachment Units)
• Provide the means for encoding data into
purely electrical or light signals ready for
transmission onto the physical media.
• Also responsible for converting the signal back
into the data at the receiving station.
• Ex. Network Adapter Card
 Repeaters
• Used to extend the LAN
• Regeneration of the Frames
• Must be compliant with maximum acceptable delay in
the network (bit-budget delay)
• Mostly dumb
• Some are semi-intelligent
– Memory
– Inhibit regeneration of error frames and collision frames
• Ex: 10/100 Base T (Ethernet)
 Bridges
• Offer filtering and forwarding capability based on Layer 2
fields and independent of Layer 3 protocols.
• Filtering and forwarding capability on layer 2 fields to
increase backbone efficiency.
• Traffic management capability at Link level
– Associating node MAC addresses with particular interfaces and
forwarding them
• Responsible for preserving network topology integrity by
stopping the formation of loops
– Using protocols such as spanning tree or its variants
 Switches
• Used when there is a need for higher
bandwidth in shared access LAN
• High speed bridges
• Replacing the old bridges and repeaters
 Routers
• A special purpose layer 3 device used instead of a host.
• Forwards network traffic based on IP addresses rather
than the MAC addresss
• Communicate with one another, learning neighbors,
routs, costs, and addresses and select the best path routs
for individual packets.
• Scalable and can support very large internetworks in
terms of both load and addressing
• Requires skilled support and maintenance staffs
 Gateways
• A generic term
• Any network device capable of protocol
translation capability
• Transport Relay devices
• Older literatures refer routers as gateways
Computer hardware platforms
– Client machines
• Desktop PCs, mobile devices – PDAs, laptops
– Servers
• Blade servers: ultrathin computers stored in racks
– Mainframes:
• IBM mainframe equivalent to thousands of blade servers
– Top chip producers: AMD, Intel, IBM
– Top firms: IBM, HP, Dell, Sun Microsystems
 Server
• A computer that provides services to other computers, or the software that
runs on it
• Ex.
– Application server, a server dedicated to running certain software
applications
– Communications server, carrier-grade computing platform for
communications networks
– Database server, provides database services
– Fax server, provides fax services for clients
– File server, provides file services
– Game server, a server that video game clients connect to in order to play
online together
– Standalone server, an emulator for client-server (web-based) programs
– Web server, a server that HTTP clients connect to in order to send
commands and receive responses along with data contents.
 Factors that influences a server selection
Most • Applications Support
Important • Cost
• Ease of Administration
• Familiarity
• Homogeneity
• Interoperability
• Reliability (mean-time-between-failures)
• Scalability
Least • Security
Important • Vendor Support (Source: A study by Advisory Council )
How do we define execution time?
• Response Time
– Also known as Lapsed time, Wall-clock time, Execution Time, Latency to complete
a task
– Includes disk access time, memory accesses, input-output activities, operating
system overhead
• CPU Time
– The time when CPU is computing (not including the waiting time for I/O or for
running other programs)
– user CPU time
– system CPU time.
• System performance refers to elapsed time on the unloaded system
• CPU performance refers to user CPU time on the unloaded system.
• Response time of a computer system not only
depends on the CPU time but also on the I/O
time.
– For example, suppose we have a difference between
CPU time and response time of 10%,and we speed up
the CPU by a factor of 10,while neglecting I/O . Then
we will get a speedup of only 5 times, with half the
potential of the CPU wasted.
– Similarly, making the CPU 100 times faster without
improving the I/O would obtain a speedup of only 10
times, squandering 90% of the potential. Thus I/O
performance can reduce CPU performance.
• While making a purchasing decision, generally
the cost is held constant.
– determined by either system or commercial
requirements.
• Speed and storage capacity are adjusted to
meet the cost target.
 The Concept of Memory Hierarchy
• A simple axiom of hardware design: Smaller is faster.
– In high speed machines , signal propagation is a major cause of
delay; larger memories have more signal delay and require more
levels to decode addresses.
– In most technologies we can obtain smaller memories that are faster
than larger memories. This is primarily because the designer can use
more power per memory cell in smaller design.
– The fastest memories are generally available in smaller numbers of
bits per chip at any point in time, and they cost substantially more per
byte.
• The principle of locality
 Levels in a typical memory hierarchy

C Memory
CPU a
c Bus Memory I/O Bus I/O Devices
Register h
e
Memory Disk
Register Cache Reference Memory
Reference Reference Reference

Faster Slower
 The cache
• A cache is a small, fast memory located close to the CPU that
holds the most recently accessed code or data.
– cache hit.
– cache miss
– Temporal locality
– spatial locality
• The time required for the cache miss depends on both the
latency of the memory and its bandwidth, which determines
the time to retrieve the entire block.
• A cache miss, which is handled by hardware, usually causes
the CPU to pause, or stall, until the data are available.
 Main Memory
• all objects referenced by a program need to reside in
main memory.
– virtual memory
– pages.
– page fault

• The CPU usually switches to some other task while the

disk access occurs.
 Types of Storage Devices
• Magnetic storage
• Semiconductor storage
• Optical disc storage
 Magnetic storage
• Non-volatile in nature
• Magnetic storage uses different patterns of magnetization on
a magnetically coated surface to store information.
• The information is accessed using one or more read/write
heads. Since the read/write head only covers a part of the
surface, magnetic storage is sequential access and must seek,
cycle or both.
• The example includes
– Magnetic disk: Floppy disk, Hard disk
– Magnetic tape, used for tertiary and off-line storage
 Semiconductor memory
• Semiconductor memory uses semiconductor-based integrated circuits
to store information.
• A semiconductor memory chip may contain millions of tiny transistors
or capacitors.
• Both volatile and non-volatile forms of semiconductor memory exist.
• In modern computers, primary storage almost exclusively consists of
dynamic volatile semiconductor memory or dynamic random access
memory.
• A type of non-volatile semiconductor memory known as flash memory
is used as off-line storage for home computers.
• Non-volatile semiconductor memory is also used for secondary storage
in various advanced electronic devices and specialized computers.
 Optical disc storage
• Optical disc storage uses tiny pits etched on the surface of a circular
disc to store information, and reads this information by illuminating
the surface with a laser diode and observing the reflection.
• Optical disc storage is non-volatile and sequential access.
• The following forms are currently in common use:
– CD, CD-ROM, DVD: Read only storage, used for mass distribution of digital
information (music, video, computer programs)
– CD-R, DVD-R, DVD+R: Write once storage, used for off-line storage
– CD-RW, DVD-RW, DVD+RW, DVD-RAM: Slow write, fast read storage, used
for off-line storage
 Network storage
• Network storage is any type of computer storage that involves
accessing information over a computer network.
• Network storage arguably allows to centralize the information
management in an organization, and to reduce the
duplication of information.
• Examples
– Direct Attached Storage (DAS)
– Network Access Storage (NAS)
– Storage area Networks (SAN)
 Direct-attached storage (DAS)
• Direct-attached storage, or DAS, is the most basic level of
storage, in which storage devices are part of the host
computer, as with drives, or directly connected to a single
server, as with RAID arrays or tape libraries.

• Network workstations must therefore access the server in

order to connect to the storage device.
 Direct-attached storage (DAS)
• This is in contrast to networked storage such as NAS and SAN,
which are connected to workstations and servers over a
network.

• As the first widely popular storage model, DAS products still

comprise a large majority of the installed base of storage
systems in today's IT infrastructures.
 Network Access Storage (NAS)
• Network Access Storage (NAS): NAS systems are generally computing-
storage devices that can be accessed over a computer network (usually
TCP/IP), rather than directly being connected to the computer (via a
computer bus such as SCSI).
• This enables multiple computers to share the same storage space at
once, which minimizes overhead by centrally managing hard disks.
• NAS systems usually contain one or more hard disks, often arranged
into logical, redundant storage containers or RAID arrays.
 Network Access Storage (NAS)
• Almost any machine that can connect to the LAN (or is
interconnected to the LAN through a WAN) can use NFS
(Network file system), CIFS (Common Internet File System) or
HTTP protocol to connect to a NAS and share files.
• A NAS allows greater sharing of information especially
between disparate operating systems such as Unix and NT.
 Storage area Networks (SAN)
• A storage area network (SAN) is very similar to NAS,
except it uses a block-based protocol and generally runs
over an independent, specialized storage network.
• Only server class devices with SCSI Fiber Channel can
connect to the SAN. SAN File Sharing is operating system
dependent and does not exist in many operating systems.
• The Fiber Channel of the SAN has a limit of around 10km
at best.
• However data transfer is much fasted in case of SANS.
 NAS
•Scalable
• Data can be transferred over a long distance
• Slow, Problem of congestion
• Inefficient data backup and recovery (depends on DAS
devices)

SAN
•Efficient data integrity, backup and recovery
•Faster, No congestion
•Not easily scalable
•Data can not be transferred over a long distance
Software Resources
 The Operating System
• Operating System is a collection of programs designed to
manage the system’s resources, namely, memory, processors,
devices and information (program and data).
• The operating system keeps track of the resources, deciding
on which process is to get the resource (how much and
when), and allocating it and reclaiming it if necessary.
Functions of Operating Systems

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Week 5: Lecture 5

DATA RESOURCES

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 We are going to learn
• Types of data resources

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logical data elements in information systems

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The concept of entities and relationships

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Entity Relationship Diagram

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Relational database structure

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Logical User Views
Data elements and relationships (the
subschemas) needed
for checking, savings, or instalment loan
processing
Data elements and relationships (the schema)
needed for the support of all bank services
Software Interface
The DBMS provides access to the bank’s
databases
Physical Data Views
Organization and location of data on the storage
media

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The concept of a
database
management
system

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The concept of Structured Query Language

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Major types of databases used by organizations and end users

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Components of a complete data warehouse system

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Data mining process

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Multi dimensional view of the data

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 Online analytical processing (OLAP)
Consolidation. Consolidation involves the aggregation of
data, which can involve simple roll-ups or complex
groupings involving interrelated data.

For example, data about sales offices can be rolled up to

the district level, and the district-level data can be rolled
up to provide a regional-level perspective.

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 Online analytical processing (OLAP)
Drill-down. OLAP can also go in the reverse direction
and automatically display detailed data that comprise
consolidated data. This process is called drill-down.

For example, the sales by individual products or sales

reps that make up a region’s sales totals could be easily
accessed.

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Online analytical processing (OLAP)
Slicing and Dicing. Slicing and dicing refers to the ability
to look at the database from different viewpoints. One
slice of the sales database might show all sales of a
product type within regions. Another slice might show
all sales by sales channel within each product type.
Slicing and dicing is often performed along a time axis
to analyse trends and find time-based patterns in the
data.
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