Cambridge IGCSE™: Pakistan Studies 0448/02 May/June 2021

Cambridge IGCSE™
PAKISTAN STUDIES 0448/02

Paper 2 Environment of Pakistan May/June 2021
MARK SCHEME
Maximum Mark: 75
Published
This mark scheme is published as an aid to teachers and candidates, to indicate the requirements of the
examination. It shows the basis on which Examiners were instructed to award marks. It does not indicate the
details of the discussions that took place at an Examiners’ meeting before marking began, which would have
considered the acceptability of alternative answers.
Mark schemes should be read in conjunction with the question paper and the Principal Examiner Report for
Teachers.
Cambridge International will not enter into discussions about these mark schemes.
Cambridge International is publishing the mark schemes for the May/June 2021 series for most Cambridge
IGCSE™, Cambridge International A and AS Level components and some Cambridge O Level components.
This document consists of 20 printed pages.
© UCLES 2021 [Turn over

0448/02 Cambridge IGCSE – Mark Scheme May/June 2021
PUBLISHED
Generic Marking Principles
These general marking principles must be applied by all examiners when marking candidate answers.
They should be applied alongside the specific content of the mark scheme or generic level descriptors
for a question. Each question paper and mark scheme will also comply with these marking principles.
GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 1:
Marks must be awarded in line with:
• the specific content of the mark scheme or the generic level descriptors for the question
• the specific skills defined in the mark scheme or in the generic level descriptors for the question
• the standard of response required by a candidate as exemplified by the standardisation scripts.
Marks awarded are always whole marks (not half marks, or other fractions).
Marks must be awarded positively:
• marks are awarded for correct/valid answers, as defined in the mark scheme. However, credit
is given for valid answers which go beyond the scope of the syllabus and mark scheme,
referring to your Team Leader as appropriate
• marks are awarded when candidates clearly demonstrate what they know and can do
• marks are not deducted for errors
• marks are not deducted for omissions
• answers should only be judged on the quality of spelling, punctuation and grammar when these
features are specifically assessed by the question as indicated by the mark scheme. The
meaning, however, should be unambiguous.
Rules must be applied consistently, e.g. in situations where candidates have not followed
instructions or in the application of generic level descriptors.
Marks should be awarded using the full range of marks defined in the mark scheme for the question
(however; the use of the full mark range may be limited according to the quality of the candidate
responses seen).
Marks awarded are based solely on the requirements as defined in the mark scheme. Marks should
not be awarded with grade thresholds or grade descriptors in mind.
© UCLES 2021 Page 2 of 20

PUBLISHED
Question Answer Marks
1(a)(i) Study Fig. 1.1, a map showing the four main areas of gypsum and 2
limestone extraction in southern Pakistan.
Complete the shading of the oval shapes in Fig.1.1 to show the main
areas where gypsum and limestone are extracted. Use the information in
the key. One area of limestone has already been shaded for you.
• gypsum one area correctly identified (horizontal oval) and shaded = 1

mark;
• limestone two areas correctly identified (both vertical ovals) and shaded =
1 mark.
2 @ 1 mark
1(a)(ii) State two uses of each mineral in Pakistan. 4
gypsum uses:
• cement;
• fertilisers;
• Plaster of Paris;
• paint;
• pre-fabricated construction boards;
• spread on saline soil/help reclaim land for farming/chemical industry.
limestone uses:
• bleaching;
• buildings;
• cement;
• glass;
• iron;
• lime;
• paint;
• painted on barks of trees/reduce pest attacks;
• paper;
• powder;
• produce alcohol/fuel;
• soap;
• to treat sugar cane waste.
Note: Different examples required for each mineral.

Note: Gypsum uses = max. 2 marks, limestone uses = max. 2 marks.
4 @ 1 mark
1(b)(i) Study Fig 1.2, a bar graph showing the amount of GDP Pakistan earned 1
from mining between 2011 and 2018.
Complete Fig. 1.2. to show that Pakistan earned 345 000 PKR Million
from mining in 2018.
Accurate completion of the bar graph for 2018.

1 @ 1 mark

PUBLISHED
1(b)(ii) Identify the amount of GDP earned from mining in 2011. 1
270 000
1 @ 1 mark
1(b)(iii) Describe the changes in GDP earned from mining between 2011 and 3
2018. You should include data in your answer.
• overall increase;
• 2011 lowest (at 270 000 PKR million);
• 2018 highest (at 345 000 PKR million);
• amount of increase 75 000 PKR Million (tolerance to be agreed);
• largest increase between 2015 and 2016 (of 21 000 PKR million).
Note: One mark reserved for use of data.

3 @ 1 mark
1(c)(i) Complete the passage below about limestone extraction in Pakistan. 3

Choose the correct words from the list and place them in the spaces
provided.
When limestone outcrops at the surface it is extracted by quarrying. Quarrying

is an open excavation from which stone is extracted for building and
engineering purposes. Quarrying is carried out by using different methods and
equipment such as hand tools, explosives or power saws, depending on the
final use of the stone.
5 or 6 correct = 3 marks
1 or 2 correct = 1 mark
0 marks if the same word entered more than twice/throughout and this is the
only correct answer.
Note: Methods/equipment are interchangeable.

3 @ 1 mark

PUBLISHED
1(c)(ii) Explain two human factors influencing the location of a cement factory. 4
You should develop your answer.
• availability of natural gas/gas pipeline; used as a cheap fuel/to keep costs

down;
• close to markets/demand from within Pakistan; high demand from
construction industry;
• demand for export markets; to improve balance of payments;
• large workforce nearby; to fulfil both skilled and non-skilled jobs;
• transport/accessible to motorways/main roads/railways; for ease of
transporting in raw materials/exporting finished products to where
needed;
• loans/investment to set up the factory;
• near to raw materials/limestone;
Etc.
Note: One mark for identification of appropriate idea and a further mark for
development.
Note: Max. 2 marks if no development.
2 @ 2 marks
1(c)(ii) Define ‘sustainable’. 1
Able to be maintained/will last a long time/will not cause damage/future

generations not compromised.
1 @ 1 mark

PUBLISHED
1(d) Evaluate the extent to which the extraction of Pakistan’s mineral 6

resources could be made more sustainable.
Give reasons to support your judgement and refer to examples you have
studied. You should consider different points of view in your answer.
Levels marking
No valid response 0
Level 1 1–2
Simple point referring to one view (1)
Simple points referring to any view (2)
Level 2 3–4
Developed point referring to one view (3)
Developed points referring to both views (4)
Level 3 5–6
Developed points referring to both views with evaluation or relevant example
(5)
Developed points referring to both views with evaluation and relevant example
(6)
Content Guide
Answers are likely to refer to:

• for mineral extraction to be sustainable it means that the current
population must be able to meet their own needs without compromising
the needs of future generations/not harm the environment or that the
environment can be returned to its former state once extraction has
ceased/the economy benefits etc.
• for mineral extraction to be sustainable all parts of the process need to be
considered e.g. exploration/extraction/transportation of raw
materials/disposing of waste etc.
mineral extraction could be made more sustainable because:

• there are large deposits of a variety of minerals in Pakistan so they can
select which ones to use;
• can enforce strict environmental guidelines and laws or examples;
• increased use and availability of technology makes reserves more viable;
• can return the environment to its former state after extraction;
• use of renewable energy sources to exploit mineral deposits;

PUBLISHED
1(d) Continued mineral extraction cannot be made more sustainable

because:
• availability and use of technology is limited in some areas and traditional
methods are still used;
• profit is put before the environment;
• habitats and loss of wildlife cannot be restored fully;
• harmful to people e.g. vibrations from explosives/danger whilst working;
• cost of extraction is high/viability may be low;
• waste is harmful to the environment and may not be disposed of carefully;
• environmental laws/regulations may not be enforced;
• re-using and re-cycling may not be fully utilised;
• causes visual, noise, land, water and air pollution;
Etc.
2(a)(i) Study Fig. 2.1, showing a blank divided bar graph. Complete Fig. 2.1 to 5
show the percentage share of each source of surface water in Pakistan.
Use the information in the key.
• each correct division showing percentage share of each source of surface

water = 1 mark – max 2 marks;
• each correct labelling or shading of each source of surface water = 1 mark
– max 3 marks.
Note: Any order accepted.

5 @ 1 mark
2(a)(ii) State three ways water is obtained for domestic purposes in Pakistan. 3
• directly from rivers/glaciers/lakes/pond;

• from wells/groundwater/from aquifers;
• via pipelines/water tankers/from reservoirs/taps;
• collecting rainwater (in tanks on the roof);
• using desalination.
3 @ 1 mark

PUBLISHED
2(b)(i) Explain how water is used in two different secondary industries in 4

Pakistan. You should develop your answer.
• thermal power stations; to produce steam to move the turbines;

• mineral water industry; for bottling water this is the only input;
• iron and steel industry; to cool the furnace;
• HEP stations; pressure of water from a height or steep slope to move the
turbines;
• pharmaceutical industry; in the manufacture of drips, syrups, injections
etc;
• tanning industry; for washing/dyeing etc;
• food processing/beverages; for preparing
juices/squashes/syrups/beverages etc;
• chemical industry; for manufacturing acids/bleach/other solutions etc;
• textile industry; for washing/bleaching/ blueing/dyeing/printing etc;
• cement industry;
Etc.
development.
2 @ 2 marks
2(b)(ii) Define ‘irrigation’. 1
It is the artificial supply of water to the land.

1 @ 1 mark
2(b)(iii) Name and describe one type of conventional irrigation system used in 2
Pakistan.
• shaduf; water is drawn from a well, river or canal by a bucket.

• charsa; animal power is used to pull water from the well.
• Persian wheel; powered by a bullock which turns a wheel with a series of
pots attached to raise the water from well and tip it into the channels that
lead to the field.
• karez; horizontal underground canal in the foothills and brings the
underground water to the surface where it can be used.
• inundation canals; long canals taken off rivers. They fill when the river is
high enough and when it is in flood.
• diversion canal; a narrow version of an inundation canal and are often
used in steep areas so that they can take water to small terraced fields.
• tank irrigation; mud banks are constructed across small streams to make
a small reservoir to collect water in the rainy season.
Note: One mark for named technique and one mark for description.
2 @ 1 mark

PUBLISHED
2(c) Outline two advantages and two disadvantages of using irrigation on 4

small-scale subsistence farms.
Advantages:
• can produce higher yields;
• extends farming seasons/can cultivate all year round;
• more land used for cultivation/can cultivate marginal land;
• can control the amount of water used;
• can grow a wider range of crops;
• can use over a wide area;
• saves time;
• more reliable than rainfall;
• can be cheap to install e.g. Persian wheel;
Etc.
Disadvantages:
• cost of installation/maintenance;
• difficult to build;
• inundation canals only flow during rainy periods or when glacial/snow
melt enters the rivers;
• waterlogging of soil;
• can increase salinity of soil;
• can cause siltation of barrages;
• unlined canals lead to seepage;
Etc.
Note: advantages = max 2 marks, disadvantages = max 2 marks

4 @ 1 mark

PUBLISHED
2(d) The United Nations has predicted that Pakistan may become a ‘water 6
scarce’ country by 2025.
To what extent can effective management of its water supply help

Pakistan to avoid becoming a ‘water scarce’ country in the future?
Give reasons to support your judgement and refer to examples you have
Levels marking
No valid response 0
Level 1 1–2
Level 2 3–4
Level 3 5–6
(5)
(6)
Content Guide
Effective management of the water supply may help because:

• Pakistan has enough water but it is not evenly spread throughout the
country;
• much water is lost through existing irrigation systems using traditional
methods;
• water is polluted through industrial and domestic waste/limited
environmental regulation;
• Pakistan needs to educate the people further about conserving
water/reusing grey water;
Etc.
Effective management of the water supply may not help because:

• population growth is leading to water scarcity and this should be tackled
first;
• Pakistan is suffering the consequences of climate change and this is an
international issue that requires multi-national agreements;
• the Indus Water Treaty causes many issues and needs to be updated;
Etc.

PUBLISHED
3(a)(i) Study Fig. 3.1, a map showing wheat-growing areas in southern 3

Pakistan.
Using Fig. 3.1 only describe the distribution of the main wheat growing
area.
• not evenly spread throughout Pakistan;

• most on the eastern side of Pakistan/on or near to the border with India;
• lots in the east/less in west;
• reference to latitude/longitude;
Etc.
3 @ 1 mark
3(a)(ii) State two uses of wheat in Pakistan. 2
• as a staple food;
• flour;
• manufacture of bread/roti/chapati;
• in a variety of other baked products;
• (low grade used as) feed for livestock;
Etc.
2 @ 1 mark
3(b)(i) Study Fig. 3.2, a climate graph showing rainfall and temperature for 2
Multan. Complete Fig. 3.2 using the information below.
• accurate location of the point 36 °C = 1 mark;

• line joined up accurately = 1 mark.
2 @ 1 mark
3(b)(ii) Complete the passage below about the conditions required for growing 3
wheat. Choose the correct words from the list and place them in the
spaces provided.
Wheat is sown during the dry season from October to December when rainfall
is low and the average temperature is 15 °C. Wheat needs at least 90 days to
grow with a mild temperature of 10-20oC. A warmer temperature of 25–30 °C
is needed for ripening to take place. Light rain is also needed just before the
harvest to swell the grain and ensure a high yield.
1 or 2 correct = 1 mark
0 marks if the same word entered more than twice/throughout and this is the
only correct answer.
3 @ 1 mark

PUBLISHED
3(b)(iii) Describe the methods used to cultivate wheat on a small-scale 4

subsistence farm.
• land is ploughed with a traditional wooden plough and bullocks/draught

power;
• well irrigation is used e.g. charsa/Persian wheel or rainwater is used.
• sowing/harvesting/examples done by hand/work done by hand/family/no
machinery used;
• grain is separated from the chaff using animal power;
• cow dung used as manure;
• desi seeds are used;
Etc.
4 @ 1 mark
3(c)(i) What type of crop is wheat? Circle one of the following: kharif/rabi/zaid 1
rabi
1 @ 1 mark
3(c)(ii) Explain how two human factors can increase the production of wheat 4
under the cash crop farming system. You should develop your answer.
• loans/more money invested; from the government to buy machinery or

named examples;
• machinery is required; as areas of land are too large to cultivate by hand;
• HYV’s can be used; the yield per hectare is approximately twice that of
local or desi varieties;
• chemical fertilisers are used; to speed the growth so that two crops can
be cultivated per year;
• pesticides are used; to prevent crops being ruined by pests/locusts or
named examples;
• irrigation installed; e.g. replacing traditional methods with new modern
methods such as sprinkler systems or tubewells;
• land reforms; fields are larger so can use machinery;
Etc.
development.
2 @ 2 marks

PUBLISHED
3(d) Wheat contributes around 2 per cent to Pakistan’s GDP with 80 per cent 6
of farmers growing wheat on approximately 40 per cent of Pakistan’s
total cultivated land.
Assess the extent to which the large amount of land currently used to
grow wheat should be used to grow other high value crops. Give
reasons to support your judgement and refer to examples you have
Levels marking
No valid response 0
Level 1 1–2
Level 2 3–4
Level 3 5–6
(5)
(6)
Content Guide
Agree because:
• wheat does not contribute very much to the economy but almost half of
the cultivated land area is used for wheat;
• still need to import wheat as unable to meet current demand;
• environmental factors affect the production of wheat so in some years
production is low;
• high value crops will earn more money for the economy/increase GDP;
• would have to import less high value crops;
Etc.
Disagree because:
• land reforms have not always been effective in some parts of Pakistan;
• much of the land is used by small scale subsistence farmers which limits
what the land can be used for;
• high value crops such as cotton require more water which Pakistan is
short of;
• costly to grow more high value crops;
• additional education and training needed to grow more high value crops;
• some farmers reluctant to grow different crops/traditional methods v
modern methods;
• may contribute to food shortages/wheat is a staple;
• high value crops may not be food e.g. could be palm oil etc;
• growing more high value crops may benefit big organisations over
individual farmers;
Etc.

PUBLISHED
4(a)(i) Study Fig. 4.1, pie chart showing the percentage share of Pakistan’s 3
fertiliser by province-level area.
Complete Fig. 4.1 using the information in the key.
• each correct division to create pie segment = 1 mark – max 2 marks;

• correct use of key = 1 mark.
Note: must be completed in the correct order as shown in the table – largest
to smallest, as indicated by the completed segment ‘other’
3 @ 1 mark
4(a)(ii) Define ‘secondary industry’. 1
Changes raw material into a finished product/uses raw materials to

manufacture products.
1 @ 1 mark
4(b)(i) Name two raw materials needed to manufacture fertiliser. 2
• gypsum;
• hydrogen;
• natural gas;
• nitrogen;
• phosphate/phosphorous;
• potash rock;
• potassium;
• sulphur;
• water.
2 @ 1 mark
4(b)(ii) Study Fig. 4.2 (Insert), a photograph of a fertiliser factory in Pakistan. 2

Describe two features of the factory shown.
• tall towers/chimneys/many towers;

• square/rectangular buildings;
• white/silver/grey/yellow/gold buildings;
• hardly any windows;
• cranes;
• large area of flat land/space/large factory;
• multi storey/double storey;
• pipes/pipelines;
Etc.
Note: features must be visible on the photograph

2 @ 1 mark

PUBLISHED
4(b)(iii) Describe the physical factors required for the location of a fertiliser 4
factory.
• availability of flat land (to build on);

• large area of land/room to expand;
• away from environmentally sensitive areas (to limit environmental
impact);
• near to a water source;
• close to raw materials/raw materials available nearby;
• stable land/not prone to earthquakes;
• well drained land/not liable to flood;
Etc.
Note: Named raw materials do not gain additional mark.

4 @ 1 mark
4(c)(i) State three ways in which the fertiliser industry is important to Pakistan. 3
• to increase agricultural output/healthy crop growth;

• reduce imports/as an export to bring in revenue;
• to provide employment opportunities;
• to make use of Pakistan’s mineral resources;
• to develop the formal sector;
• soil is nitrate deficient;
Etc.
3 @ 1 mark
4(c)(ii) Explain two negative impacts of using fertilisers and pesticides in 4

Pakistan. You should develop your answer.
• chemicals drain into rivers; causing eutrophication/pollutes water/growth

of algae/reduced oxygen/fish die;
• increased toxicity in rivers/pollutes rivers; threat to livestock/human
health;
• can weaken the human immune system; increased risk of
diseases/gastro-intestinal disease/tuberculosis;
• damage ecosystems; break down food-chains;
• loss of/destruction of habitats/harmful to animals; animals move away or
die out;
Etc.
development.
2 @ 2 marks

PUBLISHED
4(d) Pakistan’s agricultural sector is becoming increasingly dependent on 6

fertiliser. Read the following two views about ways of meeting the
demand for fertiliser.
View A
Additional research and use of technology in Pakistan’s fertiliser
industry is the best way of providing more fertiliser for agricultural use.
View B
Increasing imports of fertiliser is the best way to provide more fertiliser
for agricultural use in Pakistan.
Which view do you agree with more? Give reasons to support your
answer and refer to examples you have studied. You should consider
View A and View B in your answer.
Levels marking
No valid response 0
Level 1 1–2
Level 2 3–4
Level 3 5–6
(5)
(6)
Content Guide
Agree with View A because:

• Pakistan is an agro-based country and should improve technology further
to keep a-pace with demand;
• if Pakistan is self-sufficient in the production of fertilisers it will reduce
imports and help with the balance of payments;
• Pakistan has plenty of raw materials required to produce enough fertilisers
so should increase the number of factories;
improved technology will save money and create skilled jobs;
• increased demand can be met internally;
Etc.
Disagree with View B because:

• the cost of imports will burden the economy;
• reliance on other countries for fertiliser means that this could lead to the
price of fertiliser rising;

PUBLISHED
4(d) • if relations between the trading country/partner breaks down then Pakistan
might experience a fertiliser shortage which could damage agricultural
production;
• prices will fluctuate;
Etc.
Agree with View B:

• it may be more financially viable to invest in other industries that would
provide a higher return (and/or named examples);
• it is cheaper to import fertilisers than produce them;
• extracting the minerals to produce the fertilisers is environmentally
damaging;
• more organic farming should be introduced rather than relying on
chemicals as less environmental pollution will be caused and it is healthier
for the livestock and people;
• demand for fertiliser is always higher than the amount produced;
Etc.
Disagree with View A:

• there may not be capacity of skilled and professional people/scientists to
do this/ may be needed to work in other industries;
• Pakistan should invest in other high value businesses rather than the
fertiliser industry to gain higher income from trade;
• should move towards manufacturing and services rather than relying on
being agro-based economically/socially;
• the cost of research would be higher compared to imports;
Etc.
5(a)(i) Study Fig. 5.1, a line graph showing the unemployment rate (as a 1
percentage of the population) in Pakistan between 2008 and 2018.
Complete Fig 5.1 to show that 3% of the population were unemployed in

2013.
Point plotted at 3% and line joined up.

1@ 1 mark
5(a)(ii) In which year was the unemployment rate lowest? 1
2008
1 @ 1 mark
5(a)(iii) Which of the following statements best describe the change in the 1
unemployment rate between 2008 and 2018? Tick () two boxes in the
table below:
fluctuated, generally increased

1 @ 1 mark

PUBLISHED
5(a)(iii) In 2018 the total working-age population of Pakistan was 127 million and 2
the unemployment rate was 3%. Calculate the number of unemployed
people in Pakistan in 2018. Show your working in the box below.
127 000 000 ÷ 100 × 3 = 3 810 000 (people)
Note: reserve one mark for working out. If correct answer but no working or
incorrect working = max 1 mark
2 @ 1 mark
5(b)(i) Define ‘underemployment’. 1
People are working fewer hours than they wish/people who are not fully
employed/doing jobs that they are over qualified for.
1 @ 1 mark
5(b)(ii) Suggest two reasons for unemployment and two reasons for 4
underemployment in Pakistan.
Reasons for unemployment:

• rapidly growing population;
• mechanisation of farming;
• increased use of technology;
• rural to urban migration;
• reduction in demand for some products;
• natural disasters or examples e.g. floods/earthquakes;
• not enough jobs for the number of people;
• some of the workforce have lower levels of education/literacy/skills;
Reasons for underemployment:

• jobs may be seasonal e.g. cotton picking;
• increased mechanisation of farming;
• increased use of technology;
• mainly part time jobs available;
• cultural restraints/traditions/family ties;
Etc.
Note: Different reasons required for unemployment and underemployment.

4 @ 1 mark
5(b)(iii) Describe how unemployment and underemployment can influence GDP 3

in Pakistan.
• reduced/low GDP/negative impact;

• under-utilisation of human resources results in low GDP;
• wages decrease therefore taxes collected are reduced leading to low
GDP;
• lower consumer expenditure which reduces a country’s earnings/slows
economic growth;
• leads to out migration/international migration/emigration affecting GDP;
Etc.
3 @ 1 mark

PUBLISHED
5(c)(i) Name two jobs in Pakistan’s informal sector. 2
• rug making;
• making pottery/ceramics;
• weaving/making textiles;
• street vendors;
• fruit seller;
• cleaners;
• handicrafts at home/tailor/pedlar.
Etc.
2 @ 1 mark
5(c)(ii) Explain how employment opportunities are affected by the availability of 4

manual labour and skilled labour in Pakistan. You should develop your
answer.
manual labour
• abundance of manual labour will promote low paid primary activities;
thereby reducing employment opportunities and/or higher earnings;
• less manual labour means fewer people to do the low paid primary jobs
such as farming/mining; resulting in low output and/or food shortages;
skilled labour
• abundance of skilled labour will encourage international companies to
invest in Pakistan; thereby promoting employment opportunities;
• less skilled labour limits employment opportunities and/or industrial
development in the secondary and tertiary sectors; limiting competition
with other countries;
• industries need skilled labour to operate; due to high cost of
machinery/prefer people over machines or examples;
• literate people/entrepreneurs create job opportunities; reduces
unemployment/boosts the economy;
Etc.
development.
2 @ 2 marks

PUBLISHED
5(d) Pakistan’s literacy rate was 60 per cent in 2020 and was predicted to be 6
68 per cent by 2025. To accelerate this growth, a new government
initiative was introduced with the target of achieving a national literacy
rate of 90 per cent by 2025.
Assess the extent to which higher literacy rates may increase

employment opportunities for people in Pakistan. Give reasons to
support your judgement and refer to examples you have studied. You
should consider different points of view in your answer.
Levels marking
No valid response 0
Level 1 1–2
Level 2 3–4
Level 3 5–6
(5)
(6)
Content Guide
higher literacy rates may increase people’s employment opportunities

because:
• it would make people more attractive to employers;
• more skilled people bigger range of jobs open to them especially in the
public sector;
• people in education and training for longer will not join unemployment
statistics at 16;
• may encourage people to seek jobs overseas;
Etc.
higher literacy rates may not increase people’s employment

opportunities because:
• may not be enough jobs for people with literacy skills;
• Pakistan needs to invest further in secondary and tertiary industry to
create jobs;
• Pakistan needs to attract increased foreign investment to create jobs;
Etc.
Examples can be job types.

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Cambridge IGCSE™

PAKISTAN STUDIES 0448/02

This document consists of 20 printed pages.

© UCLES 2021 [Turn over

Generic Marking Principles

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 1:

Marks must be awarded in line with:

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 2:

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 3:

Marks must be awarded positively:

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 4:

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 5:

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 6:

© UCLES 2021 Page 2 of 20

Question Answer Marks

• gypsum one area correctly identified (horizontal oval) and shaded = 1

1(a)(ii) State two uses of each mineral in Pakistan. 4

Note: Different examples required for each mineral.

Accurate completion of the bar graph for 2018.

© UCLES 2021 Page 3 of 20

Question Answer Marks

1(b)(ii) Identify the amount of GDP earned from mining in 2011. 1

Note: One mark reserved for use of data.

1(c)(i) Complete the passage below about limestone extraction in Pakistan. 3

When limestone outcrops at the surface it is extracted by quarrying. Quarrying

Note: Methods/equipment are interchangeable.

© UCLES 2021 Page 4 of 20

Question Answer Marks

• availability of natural gas/gas pipeline; used as a cheap fuel/to keep costs

1(c)(ii) Define ‘sustainable’. 1

Able to be maintained/will last a long time/will not cause damage/future

© UCLES 2021 Page 5 of 20

Question Answer Marks

1(d) Evaluate the extent to which the extraction of Pakistan’s mineral 6

Answers are likely to refer to:

mineral extraction could be made more sustainable because:

© UCLES 2021 Page 6 of 20

Question Answer Marks

1(d) Continued mineral extraction cannot be made more sustainable

Question Answer Marks

• each correct division showing percentage share of each source of surface

Note: Any order accepted.

• directly from rivers/glaciers/lakes/pond;

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Question Answer Marks

2(b)(i) Explain how water is used in two different secondary industries in 4

• thermal power stations; to produce steam to move the turbines;

2(b)(ii) Define ‘irrigation’. 1

It is the artificial supply of water to the land.

• shaduf; water is drawn from a well, river or canal by a bucket.

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Question Answer Marks

2(c) Outline two advantages and two disadvantages of using irrigation on 4

Note: advantages = max 2 marks, disadvantages = max 2 marks

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Question Answer Marks

To what extent can effective management of its water supply help

Answers are likely to refer to:

Effective management of the water supply may help because: