Realization and Comparison Two Topologies of a

Single-phase Inverter for a Photovoltaic System

M. Jbilou
Laboratory: Intelligent Control and Electrical Power system ICEPS
Djilali Liabes University
Sidi Bel Abbès, Algeria
[email protected]

IS. Bousmaha, M. Brahami

Laboratory: Intelligent Control and Electrical Power system ICEPS
Djilali Liabes University
Sidi Bel Abbès, Algeria
[email protected]

Abstract— Due to environmental conditions it becomes more Photovoltaic systems require a power electronics
and more important to apply renewable energies and efficient interface to define their operating point at optimal conditions
technologies. For power injection of photovoltaic and fuel cell for any load or grid-connection. This aspect has been
energy an inverter is needed. First of all the voltage should be addressed by single-stage inverters, or by adopting double-
stepped up to sufficient level at which the DC/AC conversion stage structures based on DC/DC and DC/AC converters.
can be performed to AC mains voltage requirements. Overall
performance of the renewable energy system is then affected
There are two major types of PV inverters, transformer-
by the efficiency of step-up DC/DC converters, which are the less and transformer isolated ones. Transformer-less
key parts in the system power chain. This Paper represent the inverters can suffer from large ground leakage current and
realization of two inverters, the first one is a inverter with injected DC current because of large panel capacitance and
transformer and analog control ,the second is focused on high lack of isolation between the PV.
efficiency step-up DC/DC converters with high voltage gain, This work includes analysis and design phase voltage
the control use microcontrollers to implement a pulse wide
inverter for photovoltaic system that can be used as feed for
modulation (PWM) .The differentiation is based on the
presence or lack of galvanic isolation part hardware and type
isolated or connected to the grid sites. There are several
of control part software. A comparison and a discussion of schemes completing this function and which are roughly
different (DC/AC) topologies were performed across a number differentiated according to their available powers and the
of parameters. nature of the equipment supplied. [1]
Keywords-(Photovoltaic; Renewable energy; Inverter; chopper; Technical performance and robustness of the inverters
PWM; Amplifier; Microcontroller) used for connecting the Photovoltaic modules to the network
I. INTRODUCTION of electricity distribution are key elements which can
significantly impact the production of electrical energy and
With the worsening of the world’s energy shortage and therefore the financial viability of a system, the said inverter
environmental pollution problems, protecting the energy and allows us to obtain a usable signal for normal applications.
the environment becomes the major problems for human [2], [3].
beings. Thus the development and application of clean
renewable energy, such as solar, wind, fuel cell, tides and The article therefore begins with a presentation of a
geothermal heat etc., are getting more and more attention. model of inverter use transformer, and analog control;
Among them, solar power will be dominant because of its another model of inverter involving two converters (DC/DC)
availability and reliability [1]. and (DC/AC), the control system was oriented towards the
use of microchip microcontroller family, simulated and
Photovoltaic (PV) power generation has become one of tested in real conditions for a strategy of pulse width
the main ways to use solar energy and the renewable energy modulation (PWM).The signal was shaped by a driver
source based distributed generation (DG) system are circuit for driving directly the power transistors of the two
normally interfaced to the grid through power electronic converters whose characteristic is the use of a boost chopper
converters or inverters [2] as shown at (figure.1). Thus for raising the voltage input from photovoltaic panels acting
developing a photovoltaic grid-connected inverter system is a step-up transformer to power the inverter bridge Mosfet
important for mitigation of energy.

978-1-4673-7894-9/15/$31.00 ©2015 IEEE

transistor. A comparison of the two systems brings out the A. Power part
advantages and disadvantages of both technologies. Power Part of inverter system 1,2 shown at (figure 1)
consists of four controllable semiconductor of bridge
II. INVERTER TOPOLOGIES structure.
Every two switches are controlled simultaneously and
36 different inverter topologies have been investigated
with respect to their feasibility of adapting low power are complementary with the other two switches to prevent
ranges at low input voltages to the grid [4][5]. They can be short-circuiting of the voltage source.
divided into five classes: Thyristors were used as semi conductor switch for first
topology (system1), Mosfets for the second topology
1. Inverter concept with DC-voltage link: (system2) .
In order to fit the low PV-voltage level to the public grid
level, common DC/DC converters are used. These
converters are connected with a DC-voltage link to a high
frequency switching converter.
2. Inverter concept with pulsed DC-Voltage-Link:
These concepts use the same inverters as 1, however
their control unit generates the absolute value of a 50Hz
sine wave instead of a DC-voltage. This pulsed DC link
voltage is inverted by a 50Hz switching inverter. Figure 2 . Bridge structure of single-phase inverter

3. Inverter concept with AC-Voltage-Link:

DC-DC converters including a HF-transformer need a
diode rectifier to get a DC output voltage; otherwise the
output voltage is a bi-directional square wave voltage with a
frequency of the switching frequency. An inverter concept
with
AC-Voltage-Link is able to feed this voltage form into
the grid. Therefore the inverter needs voltage bi-directional Figure 3.Operating diagram of Inverter Bridge
switches.
4. Direct inverter concept: The output voltage of the full bridge inverter operates
One of these concepts includes a common high frequency between levels +E and -E (E is the amplitude of the bus DC
switched inverter connected to a 50Hz transformer. The input voltage). The level +E is obtained when K1 and K4
other concept is a transformer less topology which includes lead. The level -E is induced by the conduction of the
two bi-directional converters in parallel series-connection. switches K2 and K3 (see figure 3). To minimize the THD of
5. Pulsed DC-Voltage Link using resonant converter: the output signal, a bipolar pulse wide modulation (PWM)
This is the same inverter concept as discussed in 2. control is often used [7].
However, instead of a common DC-DC converter series or System2 use DC/DC converter as a set up voltage which
parallel resonant converters are connected to the link is a boost in order to covert low voltage (24v) to high
voltage (300v), which is the inter voltage for the inverter.
III. INVERTERS DESCRIPTION

System 1
(a)
Figure 1. Photovoltaic chain [4]

Figure 1 . Figure 1. Photovoltaic chain [4]

System 2 (b)
Figure 1. Photovoltaic chain [6]
Figure 4 .Conductions mode of DC/DC Converter(Boost)
 The operation of a boost converter can be divided into  NE555 integrated circuit enables outputting
two distinct phases: square-wave signals.
(NE555,capacitors10uF,0.22uF,Resistors47kΩ,1.8 kΩ).
 [0, DT]: The transistor IGBT is closed, which
implies that the inductor is charged through Ve
(voltage input) through out the period defined by
DT (the active phase)).
 [DT, T]: The transistor opens IGBT which causes
the discharge of the capacitor in the inductance
that determines the output voltage (the phase of the
free wheel).
B. Control part (System1)
The primary control is to generate pulses to the gates of
the thyristors in order to allow the production of alternating
voltage surge at the terminals of the load. This is why we
must control the thyristors in pairs each half period Figure 8. Mounting the oscillating circuit [13]
(thyristor(1, 4) conduct and thyristor (2, 3)are blocked, then
the reverse). So we must have a command that can provide  Synchronous generator and NAND gates : Allow
the following signals. us to have two square waves of slots offset at 180 °
with a period equal to ½ of the period NE555
 Differentiator circuit is charged and discharged
with a time constant T which equals. ( T=1ms ,
C=0.1μF,R=10kΩ).
 Amplifier stage: The output current of the
differentiator is low; this is why we use the amplifier
stage.
Figure 5. Dirac pulses phase shifted by 180 °

For pulse signals the following block diagram was proposed

Source cc 12v

Pulse generator

Synchronous generator

NAND Gate

NAND Gate

Figure 9 . Mounting the amplifier circuit

Dérivator
Calculates the value of RB :
Amplifier For Ic=120mA, β=100, VEB=0.6V, VRE=0.5V,
IC=IE ;RE=10Ω
Pulse transformer
One Arm Inventer
Ve=URB+VEB+VRE=4V (1)
Or of URB=2.9V
Figure 6. Block diagram of control circuit for generating the pulses [9] RB=URB/IB (2)
IB=Ic/β=120/100 =1,2 mA ,
1.Important Component of block diagram Then RB=2.4 Ω
 Source cc 12v; SN 7805 : used to decrease the
voltage from 12V to 5V (we use two capacitors 100uF)  Pulse transformer:
The pulse transformer provides galvanic isolation of
the pulse signals.
2.Automatic operation and overload trigger
The inverter is set automatic work if the current network
is not available and close up if
 There is a fault (short circuit / over load)
 The network power is restored.
Figure 7. Mounting the regulator circuit
 the load requires additional power or is being
oversupplied.[8],[10]
We have implemented the routine control in both PIC
microcontroller 16F877A and 16F877(for DC/DC and
DC/AC converters), and we configured the module (A / D)
conversion built into this circuit to start the automatic
conversion. The compilation software used is "Mikro C"
After obtaining a compiled program.

Microcontroller

Converter DC/DC Converter DC/AC

Figure 11. Overall block Diagram

Figure 10. Operating Schematics of inverter [8]

Operation
In the presence of the network, transformer is powered
 The coil of the relay Rv is energized, it closes and
opens the contacts Rv1 Rv2 et RV3. Figure 12. PIC Layout
 When Rv1 is closed, the coil of the relay RA is
excited, opens the RA1 and RA2 touch.
 RTA and RC are closed, so the inverter is blocked IV. SIMULATION AND REALIZATION SYSTEM1
In the absence of the network, transformer is not powered A. Simulation:
so the coil of relay RV is not de-energized, she opens Rv1
and closes RV2 ,RV3 Contact. Continuous
powergui

The opening of contact RV1, RA contact open and close the

simout
Clock To Workspace
g

g
C

Pulse

RA1 ,RA2 touch;Rp contact is closed by the spool Rp, RTc

Generator 2 IGBT 1_2 IGBT 2_3 i1
E

i1

Vdc = 400 V
i

The closure of three contacts (Rp, RA2, RV2) the coil Rc

+ - I load
V inverter
Pulse I2
Generator 3
+ v Scope 2
g

g
C

-
IGBT 2_2 IGBT 2_4 V2

exited which closes the contacts RC1, RC2 and RC3.

v1
E

v1

Finally the inverter is in working condition.

i
+ -
I1

If the network is restored, transformer will be fed a new Series RLC Branch 2 Series RLC Branch Series RLC Branch 3 Series RLC Branch 1
Scope 3

mm

faith and the cycle repeats.

mm

60 ohm
i2
10 mH
Series RLC Branch 4
i2

+ v Scope 1
-

C. Control part (System2)

V1
v2

v2

Control Part use a PIC microcontroller to obtain the

gate signal of the booster switch and to drive the inverter Figure 13. Simulink model of inverter with filter
switches using SPWM. PIC 16F877 was used to generate
the required signals. (Figure 12) shows PIC 16F877 layout.
Note that it has 40 pins with different functions. With an
analog circuit; this would require a different circuit that it
would have to switch over to, while with a microcontroller,
it merely requires a change in the program’s code. The
second advantage of using a microcontroller is that it can
allow for easy feedback to control the power flowing
through the load. One of the problems that can occur with
systems like this is that the variances in load can cause
variances in the supplied current and voltage. With a
microcontroller, it is possible to have it “look” at the power
output and change the duty cycle .based on whether or not Figure 14. Voltage form before and after filter
B. Realization V. SIMULATION AND REALIZATION SYSTEM2
 Components used A. Simulation Control Part
Components Power part Components control part Protus ISIS was used in order to simulate the control
(PWM) of two converters (DC/DC) and (DC/AC)[11].

04 Thyristors (P234701 Pulse Generator NE555

8113G)
04 Diodes (D52S 1000 C- Voltage Regulator SN7805
26A4)
DC/AC control
Inductor (midpoint)(02) Transistor 2N2222
08Chemical Capacitance C=10nF,C=0.1uF
Capacitor((02)100uF(for
regulator)-
DC/DC control
Transformer Logic gâte NAND, AND
04Capacitor of Resistors Figure 19. Control signals (DC/AC-DC/AC) Converters [10]
Commutation (02uf) R=47KΩ,R=1.8KΩ,RE=10Ω,RB=2.4KΩ,
 Power Part(DC/DC)
RTC
Filter (LC) C=40uf, L=0,71H
Pulse Transformer IT 223 SCHAFFNER
OU IT 225 SCHAFFNER, DT P12.
Diodes LED
Table 1. List of components (inverter realized)

voltage load
350

300

250

200
voltage

150

100

50

-50

Control part power part 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05

time
0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1

Figure 15 . Control and power part circuit

Figure 20. Simulation (DC/DC) Converter (Matlab simulink)

Source voltage (24v) from the photovoltaic Panels

increased to higher voltage (300V)
 Power Part (DC/AC)

Figure 16. Inverter circuit (system1)

Voltage inverter
300

200

100
Voltage(V)

Figure 17. Voltage form for one arm of bridge inverter 0

-100

-200

-300
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1
Time(S)

Figure 21. Simulation (DC/AC) Converter (Matlab simulink)

Figure 18. Dérivator signal Alternating voltage Obtained (230V) to power the network
 B. Realization Simulations and realizations have verified and validated the
performance of these prototypes of inverters for a resistive
 Components used
load.
CONVERTER CONVERTER Due to multiple advantages of the use of microcontroller,
DC/DC DC/AC and no transformer which greatly minimize the size and
PIC Microcontroller 16F877(02)- weight of the inverter system 2, We have tried to come up
Control Part
Regulator(04)-Quartz(02)- 04 with this system which is simple and cheap to realize
capacitor(22pf)- 02resistor(407kΩ)- Also we have better secure for the system with transformer
regulator (KA78R05)
as galvanic isolation and the protection used.
Diode chotky-IGBT- 04 Mosfet
Inductor(28uH)- -01
Power Part capacitor(135uF) -
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