Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, volume 604

4th International Conference on Language, Literature, and Education (ICLLE-4 2021)

Language Acquisition Learning to Reduce Interference

Melia Sri Rahayu1,* Syahrul Ramadhan2
1
Postgraduate Students of Indonesian Language and Literature Education, Universitas Negeri Padang
2
Indonesian Language and Literature Education, Universitas Negeri Padang
* Corresponding author Email: [email protected]

ABSTRACT
Language is used as a means of communication to convey intentions, ideas, thoughts, ideas, and findings. Language has
been acquired by humans from the age of five from the mother (mother tongue) or better known as the acquisition of the
first language. The acquisition of children's language will develop from acquiring the first language to the acquisition of a
second language. Language acquisition learning has been learned accidentally and deliberately (from mothers and the
environment). Indonesian language acquisition learning has been studied starting from elementary school to college.
However, there are still many interventions carried out by students and students. Therefore it is necessary to increase the
knowledge of language acquisition learning to reduce interference among students. This study aimed was to determine
students' language acquisition learning to reduce interference. The method used in this research is descriptive which is not
bound by the place of researc because the object of research is in the form of texts (texts) from several national and
international journals. The results showed that there was a lot of interference among students both inside and outside the
classroom. This interference cannot be considered minor because aspects of language competence are very necessary for a
person's life. The concept of language acquisition states that we have to get used to correct sentences. Don't justify wrong
sentences either verbally or in writing. Thus, language acquisition learning greatly determines the language competence of
students.

Keywords: Acquisition learning, and interference

1. INTRODUCTION growth in addition to gross motor development, fine motor

Every country in the world has a language that is development, and social development [3]
different from other countries. Language is used as a The development of language acquisition is generally
means of communication to convey intentions, ideas, used as an indicator of a child's level of intelligence. A
thoughts, ideas, and findings. Language aims to be able to child is said to be intelligent if the child can solve vision-
interact between fellow individuals. Language exists in motor problems, is fluent in the language, and can
written, spoken, and symbolic forms that are easily socialize. The acquisition of children's language will
understood and understood by the two communicating continue to develop along with the development and age
parties. Language has been acquired by humans from the of the child. Children's language acquisition will develop
age of five from their mother (mother tongue) or better from first language acquisition to second language
known as first language acquisition. Language acquisition acquisition. Acquisition of a second language is the
is a human process of gaining the ability to capture, language obtained after acquiring the mother tongue
produce, and use words so that good communication (native language). A child's second language acquisition
occurs [1]. Acquisition of the first language occurs can be obtained from his environment, such as at school.
naturally when children learn the language from their At school, children learn English or Arabic, which is not
mother [2]. Language acquisition in children needs to be their native language. It is easier for children to learn a
developed to improve their communication skills. At the second language than adults who also learn the same
age of fewer than five years, the children's language language [4]
process begins to develop like adult language. Children's Language acquisition learning has been learned
language development is one of the sequences of children's accidentally and deliberately (from mothers and the
environment). Indonesian language acquisition learning

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has been studied from elementary school to university. result of mental work and cognitive abilities of children in
However, there are still many interventions carried out by discovering language structures through their
students and students. Students do a lot of interference both surroundings. The cognitive theory states that nature and
orally and in writing. Students should be skilled in using organisms are an inseparable functional units [8]
Indonesian in an academic environment. Therefore it is Acquiring good language since childhood will support the
necessary to increase the knowledge of language quality of human life, especially in the aspect of social
acquisition learning to reduce interference among students. interaction towards acquiring a second language [9]
The purpose of this study was to review students' language Language is the object of linguistic study and can be
acquisition learning in reducing interference. It is hoped different from language, is a human activity in producing
that language acquisition learning can improve and and perceiving language. There are several stages of the
develop student competencies in speaking Indonesian language process, namely semantic encoding, grammatical
properly and correctly. encoding, and phonological encoding. Semantic encoding
and grammatical encoding take place in the brain.
2. METHODS Phonological encoding begins in the brain and is then
The method used in this research is descriptive which responded to by speech instruments that involve the
is not bound by the place of research, because the object of nervous system of the brain, speaking from the throat
the research is in the form of texts from several national muscles, tongue muscles, lips, mouth, palate, nasal cavity,
and international journals [5] vocal cords, and lungs [10]. Speaking is the process of
removing thoughts and feelings (from the brain) orally, in
the form of words or sentences. Language can be
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION understood through linguistics where linguistics is the
Acquisition of the first language occurs naturally when
study of language. Linguistics produces language theories,
children learn the language from their mother. Language
this is different from children as language acquirers.
acquisition is a human process of gaining the ability to
Language acquisition in children cannot be understood by
capture, produce, and use words so that good
linguistics, but through psychology [11]. Therefore, a new
communication occurs [1]. The development of language
discipline emerged called Psycholinguistics or Language
acquisition is generally used as an indicator of the level of
Psychology. Psycholinguistics is a combination of
intelligence of children. According to [6], language is
psychology and linguistics that studies language behavior.
universal, which means that languages all over the world
Psycholinguistics studies the language processes that
are the same, what distinguishes them is the variation of
occur in the speaker's brain and the listener's brain.
each language. For example, Americans use English to
Psycholinguistics produces a picture of the language that
communicate, Indonesians use Indonesian.
is processed in a person who is involved in
The migration of a population in society can lead to
communication. For example, how the language
changes in the linguistic situation. The language
processing process occurs, what is the form of the unit,
acquisition capacity includes various abilities such as
what is the meaning it contains, and how is the process of
syntax, phonetics, and a wide vocabulary. The acquired
understanding the language. Psycholinguistics studies
language can be in the form of vowels as in spoken
language processes that are concerned with abstract
language or sign language. Acquisition of the first
aspects and physical aspects. The abstract aspect is a
language examines the acquisition of children in their
linguistic system that is embodied in the symbols and rules
mother tongue and acquisition of the second language
that govern it. The physical aspect is the corpus of
which examines the acquisition of additional language by
discourse produced by the speaker in certain situations.
children or adults. There are three theories of how children
Theoretically, the main goal of psycholinguistics is to find
acquire language, namely behavioristic, nativistic, and
a language theory that is linguistically acceptable and
cognitivist language acquisition theories. The behavioristic
psychologically able to explain the nature of language and
theory states that language acquisition in children comes
its acquisition. The scope of psycholinguistics is 1) the
from the surrounding environment. The nativistic theory
relationship between language and the brain, logic and
states that children acquire and develop language skills
thought; 2) language processes in communication:
because children have innate language faculty or better
perception, production, and comprehension; 3) problems
known as the Language Acquisition Device [7]. The
of meaning; 4) perception of speech and cognition; 5)
cognitive theory explains the acquisition of language as a
language behavior patterns; 6) acquisition of first and

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second languages; 7) the language process in an individual language naturally. Guided acquisition of a second
is abnormal. So in other words, psycholinguistics explains language, namely the language taught to students by
the nature of the structure of language, and how that presenting material that has been understood. The material
structure is obtained, used when speaking, and when depends on the criteria determined by the lecturer. The
understanding the sentences of the speech. strategies used by a lecturer are following what is
Language acquisition is a process that takes place for considered the most suitable for his students. Natural
children who learn to master their first language or their acquisition of a second language is the acquisition of a
mother tongue. Language learning is related to the second language that occurs in daily communication, free
acquisition of a second language, where the language is from teaching or lecturer leadership. Students acquire a
taught formally to children [12]. The stage of acquiring the second language in their way. Interaction demands
first language in children is related to the period of language communication and encourages language
language development of the child. Acquisition of the first acquisition. Two important features of the natural
language in children goes through several stages, including acquisition of a second language are the occurrence of
1) the acquisition of competence and performance stages, daily communication and freedom from deliberate
2) the semantic acquisition stage, 3) the syntactic systematic leadership.
acquisition stage and 4) the phonological acquisition stage The acquisition of a second language can come from
[13]. Acquisition of phonology begins with the acquisition any language, which is learned after the mother tongue
of basic sounds. Basic sounds in human speech are / b /, / [27]. The acquisition of a second language can also be
a /, / i /, / u /, / e /, / o /, / m /, and so on. Furthermore, at the referred to as a third, fourth language, and so on. However,
age of one, the child begins to fill in these sounds with according to [7] language acquisition is intended for the
other sounds. For example / p / is combined with / i / mother tongue (first language), not for the second
becomes pi / and / b / is combined with / b / becomes / ba language, and so on, because according to him language is
/. When a child can produce sounds, over time, the child innate. When a child is acquiring language, two processes
will be smarter at producing sounds. This condition is that occur, namely the process of competence and
influenced by the child's environment, cognitive and performance. The process of competence is the human
speech tools. capacity to understand the language in an individual's core
According to Krashens and Bland [14] that the knowledge of their native language. The performance
acquisition of a second language is divided into two parts, process is the actual use of language, including listening,
namely acquisition, and learning. Acquisition occurs speaking, thinking, and writing [7].
accidentally where the child is exposed to a form of Competence in a second language can be developed
language for which they intuitively reach a pattern whereas by learning a language. Adults can take advantage of the
learning is the acquisition of a second language occurring means of acquiring natural language as do children. The
consciously or deliberately which focuses on its form and characteristics of language acquisition include vocabulary,
structure. Naturalistic types are mostly found in second morphology, syntax, and phonology. Second language
language acquisition. This is because humans as social acquisition is the acquisition of language starting at or after
creatures will always interact with the surrounding the age of 3 or 4 years. The acquisition of a second
environment [15]. Four factors determine children's language can be experienced by both children and adults.
second language acquisition, namely motivational factors, The main difference between the acquisition of a first
age, formal presentation, and first language factors of language, and a second language, is that the acquisition of
learners [15]. The acquisition of a second language is very the first language is an essential component of the
unique to learn. The uniqueness that we can observe is in cognitive and social development of a child. Acquisition of
the realm of linguistics and culture. Various approaches in a second language occurs after a child's cognitive and
determining the goal of language acquisition such as social development. Acquisition of first language and
nativism, behavioral, and cognitive approaches. These second language have similarities in the order of
three are the essence of all the development of methods and acquisition of grammar items. The second language
techniques in every research. This approach also learning process is influenced by three things, namely the
influences language acquisition research [16]. effect on word order, the influence on the bound
Acquisition of a second language can be carried out morpheme, and the influence of the first language.
in two ways, namely the acquisition of a second language Variety of types of language acquisition can be
in a guided manner and the acquisition of a second viewed from five points of view, namely based on form,

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sequence, amount, media, and authenticity. The Students often use Indonesian which is far from the
acquisition of the first language includes terms of the first Indonesian grammar when they communicate in class.
language, native language, mother tongue, main language, Often the first language used by students will affect how
and strong language. Meanwhile, acquisition of a second they communicate.
language includes a second language, non-native language, The interference deviates from the determinants of
foreign languages, second languages, and weak languages. communication and the rules of language that have been
Acquisition of first and second languages can be obtained determined. There are several divisions of interference,
together or at different times. Second language acquisition namely 1) the phonological area, 2) the morphological
can be obtained at preschool age, at elementary school age, area, 3) the syntactic area, and 4) the semantic area [19].
from the environment. Language acquisition is an Phonological errors, namely errors in using phonemes and
unconscious process that they use language to spelling. Morphological errors, namely misuse of
communicate. affixations. Syntax errors, namely errors in sentence
Several factors are supporting the success of second structure, word order, coherence, phrase arrangement,
language acquisition learning, namely the conceptual sentence cohesiveness, and sentence logic. Semantic
model of language learning, language aptitude, inter, and errors, namely errors in understanding the meaning of
intra linguistic difficulties in learning language acquisition words and the accuracy of using words in writing or
and environmental factors. If these four factors are not writing sentences. Tarigan [20] states that interference
fulfilled, language acquisition interference will occur. often occurs in language learning, both in second language
Interference is a language misuse that occurs in learning or in first language learning. Therefore, we need
bilingualism's pronunciation due to their familiarity with a procedure to reduce or eliminate interference among
more than one language, which is caused by language students.
contact. According to Suwito [17], if two or more There are several examples of both verbal and written
languages are used interchangeably by the same speaker, interference, such as 1) The siblings hugged each other
there will be a state of mutual contact. In every language when they met to let go of their miss. 2) The little boy is
contact, there is a process of mutual influence between one riding the little bicycle that his father bought him. 3) The
language and another. As a result, there will be interference thief stole a motorcycle from the village head. 4) It would
both orally and in writing in the use of language. be nice if we have to do tutorial activities on websites that
Interference can also occur due to insufficient language are credible and trusted so that they are safe if used as a
vocabulary in the face of progress and renewal. The reference for data from online. If you look at the example
disappearance of words that are rarely used, the need for above, you can see that there are simple mistakes.
synonyms, prestige in the source language, and lack of However, this cannot be considered small because the
loyalty to the language of acceptance are factors that cause aspect of language competence is very necessary for one's
interference [18]. Interference is a change in a language life. According to Suwito [17], the process of using
system that is related to the contact of language with other language interchangeably by the same speakers can cause
language elements by bilingual speakers. Besides, the language to be in a situation of language contact or
interference occurs because of the habits of speaking the mutual contact. According to Hidayat and Setiawan,
first language or mother tongue into the second language. interference occurs because the mastery of a language is
Language acquisition interference also often occurs more dominant or better than other languages. This
among students. Students have studied Indonesian condition will have a bad impact on students and the
language lessons since elementary school. These mistakes development of the Indonesian language. Darini [21] states
occur in and outside the classroom. The fact shows that that Indonesian language interference occurs due to
students still interference with in the use of language both background factors of familiarity and prestige.
orally and in writing. This happens because the lack of Speaking Indonesian properly and correctly has to be
special attention to Indonesian language skills causes done according to the situation and conditions. In formal
students to have no desire to learn to speak Indonesian situations, the correct use of Indonesian is a top priority.
properly and correctly. Moreover, students become objects The use of Indonesian like this often uses standard
to make changes and developments in the field of language with its rules. Things that must be avoided in the
education. There are still many students who use their use of standard language, namely the presence of language
mother tongue to communicate. This situation often occurs symptoms such as interference, integration, code-mixing,
in conditions of oral communication practice on campus. code-switching, and slang, which are often unwittingly

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used in official communications. This results in the There are several opinions of experts on interference
Indonesian language being used not properly and correctly from sociolinguistics, namely First, according to Chaer
[22]. There are two forms of interference, namely dynamic [10] interference to changes in a language system is related
interference and static interference. Dynamic interference to the contact of the language with other language elements
is temporary interference as a result of speech production carried out by bilingual speakers. Interference occurs
errors when language elements accidentally appear in because of deviations in using a language by entering
another language series. Meanwhile, static interference is another language system. The interference occurs due to
interference that has become part of the grammar of a the carrying out of the spoken habits of the mother tongue
bilingual [23]. The concept of language acquisition states or dialect into the second language or dialect. Second,
that we have to get used to correct sentences [24]. Don't Abdulhayi [31] refers to the opinion of Valdman, which
justify wrong sentences either verbally or in writing. Thus, states that interference occurs due to the habit of using the
language acquisition learning will determine the language mother tongue (first language) in the mastery of the
competence of students. language being studied (second language). As a result,
Indonesia is always experiencing development and change there is a transfer or transfer of negative elements from the
due to social, economic, and cultural changes. mother tongue into the target language. Third, Alwasilah
Language development occurs in the fields of science [25] states that interference is a mistake caused by the
and technology as a result of contact in the fields of tendency to accustom the pronunciation of a language to
politics, economics, science, and others. The mutual other languages including the pronunciation of sound
influence between languages cannot be avoided because units, grammar, and vocabulary. Fourth, Yusuf [32] states
language is an integral part of the culture. According to that interference occurs due to differences between the
Weinrich [10] language contact is an event that two source language, target language, and vocabulary
languages that are used interchangeably by the same diversity. Fifth, Jendra [26] states that interference is a
speaker. As a result of language contact, there is a transfer symptom of infiltrating a language system into another
of language elements from one language to another which language. Interference occurs because bilingualism apply
includes all levels. This causes the process of using and the sound unit system (phoneme) of the first language to
influencing other language elements to occur. In every the sound system of the second language so that there is a
language contact, there is a process of mutual influence deviation in the phonemic system of the receiving
between one language and another, resulting in language.
interference both verbally and in writing. Interference is the greatest change and often occurs
Language interference and integration arise as a in language development. Symptoms of interference from
result of the existence of bilingualism due to their one language to another are difficult to avoid and this
familiarity with more than one language, which is due to condition cannot be separated from the behavior of the
language contact. The insufficient vocabulary of a speakers of the receiving language. Bawa [28] argues that
language in the face of progress and renewal can also cause there are three main characteristics of language behavior,
interference [18]. Apart from that, the bilingualism of the namely (1) language loyalty, namely the attitude of loyalty
speech participants and the lack of loyalty towards the to language, (2) language pride, namely an attitude of pride
recipient's language are also factors that cause interference. towards the language that is owned, and (3) awareness of
Interference is an error caused by the habit of pronouncing the norm, namely an attitude of being aware of language
one language against another language including the norms. The three main characteristics of language behavior
pronunciation of sound units, grammar, and the vocabulary must be possessed by a person so that interference does not
of Alwasilah [25]. Jendra [26] states that interference easily occur. There are three main elements contained in
includes various aspects of language, namely the fields of the interference, namely the language of the source or
a sound system (phonology), word formation donor language, the language of the recipient or the
(morphology), sentence structure (syntax), vocabulary language of the recipient, and the presence of language
(lexicon), and meaning (semantics). According to Nababan elements that are absorbed of absorption elements [26].
[29], interference is an error that occurs as a result of When communicating, interference can occur reciprocally.
carrying out habits of mother tongue speech into the The language that is the source at a certain time will change
second language. Chaer and Agustina [10] argue that its role to the receiving language and so the receiving
interference is an event of deviating the norms of several language can act as the source language.
or more languages.

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