Calculus 1

401101
Review of Chapter 2: The Derivative

Dr. Ayat Al-Meanazel

Al Albayt University

January 3, 2021

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2.1 Tangent Lines and Rates of Change
Tangent Line
Suppose that x0 is in the domain of the function f (x ). The tangent line
to the curve y = f (x ) at the point P (x0 , f (x0 )) is the line with equation

y − f (x0 ) = mtan (x − x0 )

where
f (x ) − f (x0 )
mtan = lim
x →x0 x − x0
Provided the limit exists, we will also call this the tangent line to y = f (x )
at x0 .

Note, alternative way is

f (x0 + h ) − f (x0 )
mtan = lim
h →0 h
where h = x − x0 .
Dr. Ayat Al-Meanazel (A.A.U) January 3, 2021 2/1
2.1 Tangent Lines and Rates of Change
Example Find the tangent line for y = x 2 at the point (1, 1).
We need:
1 tangent point (x , f (x ))
0 0 → (1, 1).
2 tangent slope m
tan
f (x ) − f (x0 )
mtan = lim
x − x0
x →x0
f (x ) − f (1)
= lim
x →1 x −1
x 2 − 12 0
= lim =
x →1 x − 1 0
(x − 1)(x + 1)
= lim = lim x + 1 = 2
x →1 x −1 x →1
2
Then, the tangent line to y = x at (1, 1) has equation
y − f (x0 ) =mtan (x − x0 )
y − 1 =2(x − 1) or equivalently y = 2x − 1.
Dr. Ayat Al-Meanazel (A.A.U) January 3, 2021 3/1
2.1 Tangent Lines and Rates of Change
Example Find the tangent line for y = x2 at the point x0 = 2.
We need:
1 tangent point (x , f (x ))
0 0 → (2, f (2)) = (2, 1).
2 tangent slope m
tan

f (x0 + h ) − f (x0 )
mtan = lim
h →0 h
f (2 + h ) − f (2)
= lim
h →0 h
2 2−(2+h)
2+h−1 −h 1
= lim = lim 2+h = lim =−
h →0 h h →0 h h →0 h (2 + h ) 2
2
Then, the tangent line to y = x at (2, 1) has equation
y − f (x0 ) =mtan (x − x0 )
1 x
y − 1 = − (x − 2) or equivalently y = − + 2.
2 2
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2.2 The Derivative Function

Derivative
The function f 0 (x ) defined by the formula

f (x ) − f (x0 )
f 0 (x ) = lim
x →x0 x − x0

is called the derivative of f with respect to x. The domain of f 0 (x )

consists of of all x in the domain of f (x ) for which the limit exists.

Steps to find the equation of the tangent line to f (x ) at x = x0

1 Evaluate the point (x0 , f (x0 )).
2 Find f 0 (x ) and evaluate f 0 (x0 ), which is the slope of the tangent
mtan = f 0 (x0 ).
3 Substitute (x0 , f (x0 )) and f 0 (x0 ) in y − f (x0 ) = f 0 (x0 )(x − x0 ).

Dr. Ayat Al-Meanazel (A.A.U) January 3, 2021 5/1

2.2 The Derivative Function

√
Example Find the derivative of f (x ) = x + 2, and use it to find the
equation of the tangent line to f (x ) at x = 2.

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2.2 The Derivative Function
First: we find the derivative
f (x + h ) − f (x )
f 0 (x ) = lim
h →0 h
p √
((x + h) + 2) − x + 2 0
= lim =
h →0 h 0
p √ p √
(x + h + 2) − x + 2

(x + h + 2) + x + 2
= lim p √
h →0 h (x + h + 2) + x + 2
x + h + 2 − (x + 2)
= lim p √
h →0 h ((x + h + 2) + x + 2)
h
= lim p √
h →0 h ( (x + h + 2 ) + x + 2)
1 1
= lim p √ = √
h →0 (x + h + 2) + x + 2 2 x +2

Dr. Ayat Al-Meanazel (A.A.U) January 3, 2021 7/1

2.2 The Derivative Function

Second: we find the equation of the tangent.

1 tangent point (x0 , f (x0 )) → (2, f (2)) = (2, 2).
2 tangent slope mtan
1 1
mtan = f 0 (x0 ) = f 0 (2) = √ =
2 2+2 4
√
Then, the tangent line to f (x ) = x + 2 at x0 = 2 has equation

y − f (x0 ) =mtan (x − x0 )
1 x 3
y − 2 = (x − 2) or equivalently y = − + .
4 4 2

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2.2 The Derivative Function

Differentiability
A function f (x ) is said to be differentiable at x0 if the limit

f (x0 + h ) − f (x0 )
f 0 (x ) = lim
h →0 h
exists. If f is differentiable at each point of the open interval (a, b ), then
we say that it is differentiable on (a, b ), and similarly for open intervals of
the form (−∞, b ), (a, ∞), and (−∞, ∞). In the last case we say that f is
differentiable everywhere.

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2.2 The Derivative Function

Differentiability and Continuity

If a function f (x ) is differentiable at x0 , then f (x ) is continuous at x0 .

Example The function f (x ) = |x − 2| is continuous function at x = 2, but

f (x ) is not differentiable at x = 2 because

f (2 + h ) − f (2)
f 0 (0) = lim
h →0 h
|2 + h − 2| − |2 − 2| |h |
= lim = lim = d.n.e
h →0 h h →0 h
(
h h≥0 |h | −h
Since |h | = , then lim− = lim− = −1 and
−h h < 0 h →0 h h →0 h
|h | h
lim+ = lim+ = 1
h →0 h h →0 h

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2.2 The Derivative Function

Derivatives at the Endpoints of an Interval

If a function f (x ) is defined on a closed interval [a, b ], then left-hand
derivatives and right-hand derivatives are given respectively by

f (x0 + h ) − f (x0 ) f (x0 + h ) − f (x0 )

f 0 (x ) = lim− and f+0 (x ) = lim+
h →0 h h →0 h

Derivative Notations
f 0 (x ) = dx
d
[f (x )] or f 0 (x ) = Dx [f (x )]
f (x ) = y 0 (x )
0 or f 0 (x ) = dy
dx

f 0 (x0 ) = dx
d
[f (x )]|x =x0 or f 0 (x0 ) = Dx [f (x )]|x =x0
f (x0 ) = y 0 (x0 )
0 or f 0 (x0 ) = dy
dx |x =x0

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2.3/2.4 Differentiation Techniques

Differentiation Rules
d
dx [c ] = 0.
d
dx [x ] = 1.
d n n −1 .
dx [x ] = nx
d d
dx [cf (x )] = c dx [f (x )].
dn (n) (x ) = d n y . Higher derivatives.
dx n [f (x )] = f dx n
d d d
dx [f (x ) ± g (x )] = dx [f (x )] ± dx [g (x )].
d 0 0
dx [f (x )g (x )] = f (x )g (x ) + g (x )f (x ).
 
d f (x ) g (x )f 0 (x )−f (x )g 0 (x )
dx g (x )
= [g (x )]2
.

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2.3/2.4 Differentiation Techniques

d
Example: Find dx
2
1) f (x ) =(3x + 6)(2x − 3)
f 0 (x ) =(3x 2 + 6)(2) + (6x )(2x − 3)
=6x 2 + 12 + 12x 2 − 18x = 18x 2 − 18x + 12

3x + 4
2) g (x ) =
x2 + 1
(3)(x 2 + 1) − (3x + 4)(2x )
g 0 (x ) =
(x 2 + 1)2
(3x 2 + 3) − (6x 2 + 8x )
=
(x 2 + 1)2
3x 2 + 3 − 6x 2 − 8x 3 − 3x 2 − 8x
= =
(x 2 + 1)2 (x 2 + 1)2

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2.5 Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions

Differentiation Rules
d
dx [sin x ] = cos x.
d
dx [cos x ] = −sin x.
d 2
dx [tan x ] = sec x.
d 2
dx [cot x ] = −csc x.
d
dx [sec x ] = sec x tan x.
d
dx [csc x ] = −csc x cot x.
5 − cos x
f (x ) =
d tan x
Example: Find dx ( sin x )(tan x ) − (5 − cos x )(sec 2 x )
f 0 (x ) =
[tan x ]2

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2.6 The Chain Rule

d
Example: Find dx for

f(x)= cos(x3 )

x3 cos(.)
↓ ↓ → derivative

3x2 -sin(.)

f’(x)= -3x2 sin (x 3 )

Dr. Ayat Al-Meanazel (A.A.U) January 3, 2021 15 / 1

2.6 The Chain Rule

d
Example: Find dx .
√
3
g(x)= x2 + 2
√
x2 + 2 3 .
↓ ↓ → derivative

2x √1
3 3 (.)2

g’(x)= √ 2x
3 3 (x 2 +2)2

Dr. Ayat Al-Meanazel (A.A.U) January 3, 2021 16 / 1

2.6 The Chain Rule

d
Example: Find dx .
√
h(x)= x 2 + cscx
√
x 2 + cscx .
↓ ↓ → derivative

1
2x − cscx cotx √
2 .

−cscx cotx
2x √
h’(x)=
2 x 2 +cscx

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