Chapter 4: Work and Heat

Thermodynamics 1
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(4.31/4.28) A constant-pressure piston/cylinder
assembly contains 0.2 kg of water saturated
vapor at 400 kPa. It is now cooled so that the
water occupies half the volume. Find the work
done in the process.

7
(4.31/4.28) A constant-pressure piston/cylinder
assembly contains 0.2 kg of water saturated
vapor at 400 kPa. It is now cooled so that the
water occupies half the volume. Find the work
done in the process.

State 1: m  0.2 kg, P1  Psat  400 kPa

From table B.1.2  v1  vg  0.46246 m3 /kg

V1  mv1  0.2 kg  0.46246 m3 /kg  0.0925 m3

Process: Constant pressure  P  c

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 v1
State 2: m  constant, v2   0.23123 m3
2 2
1W2   P dV  P V2  V1   P m  v2  v1 
1

 400 kPa  0.2 kg   0.23123  0.46246  m 3 / kg  18.5 kJ

v f @400 kPa  v2  0.2312  vg @400 kPa  Saturated mixture

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(4.33/4.30) A 400-L tank, A, contains argon gas at
250 kPa and 30oC. Cylinder B, having a frictionless
piston of such mass that a pressure of 150 kPa float
it, is intially empty. The valve is opened and argon
flows into B and eventually reaches a uniform state
of 150 kPa and 30oC throughout. What is the work
done by the argon?

Pext=150

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Argon is an ideal gas, mass and temperature at state
1 and state 2 are the same.
State 1: VA1  400 L  0.4 m3 , PA1  250 kPa, TA1  30o C
State 2: T2  TA1 , P2  150 kPa
PA1 VA1  mRTA1 --------------- (1)
P2 V2  mRT2  mRTA1 ----- (2)
 PA1 VA1  P2 V2  P2 VA  VB2 
PA1 VA1
VB2   VA
P2
250 kPa  0.4 m3
  0.4 m3  0.267 m3
150 kPa
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Boundary movement workdone in cylinder B against contant
external pressure of 150 kPa.
2
W2   P dV  Pext VB 2  VB1 
1
1

 150 kPa   0.267 - 0  m 3

 40 kJ
For isothermal process (Ideal Process):
V2
1W2  PV
1 1 ln
V1
3
0.667 m
 250 kPa  0.4 m3  ln 3
 50.1 kJ
0.4 m
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(4.38/4.33) A piston/cylinder has 5 m of liquid 20oC
water on top of the thin piston (m=0) with cross-
sectional area of 0.1 m2. Air is let in under the piston
that rises and pushes the water out over the top
edge. Find the necessary work to push all the water
out and plot the process in a P-V diagram.
Po

5m
0.1 m2

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Force balance for the piston
F  F   PAp  Po Ap  mH2O g

PAp  Po Ap   H  h   f Ap g

P  Po   H  h   f g  P  Po 
 H  h g
vf
5 m  9.81 m/s 2
P1  101.32   150.3 kPa
0.001002 m /kg 1000
3

P2  Po  101.32 kPa

V2  V1  V  5 m  0.1 m  0.5 m 2 3

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 mH 2O g
P  Po 
AP
Vtot
Vtot  Vair  H O g
P  Po  2

AP
Vtot H2O g Vair H2O g
P  Po  
AP AP
C1

P  C1  C2Vair

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P1  150.3 kPa
P2  101.32 kPa

V2  V1  V  5 m  0.1 m2  0.5 m3
2
W2   P dV  area under the process curve
1
1

1
1W2   P1  PO Vmax  V1 
2
1
 150.3  101.32  kPa  0.5 m3
2
 62.9 kJ

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(4.42/4.35) A piston/cylinder assembly contains
1 kg of liquid water at 20oC and 300 kPa. There is
a linear spring mounted on the piston such that
when the water is heated pressure reaches 3 MPa
with a volume of 0.1 m3.
(a) Find the final temperature.
(b) Plot the process in a P-v diagram
(c) Find the work done in the process.

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State 1: m  1 kg, T1  20o C, P1  300 kPa
 Compressed liquid
From Table B.1.1  v1  v f @ 20o C  0.001002 m3 /kg
V1  mv1  1 kg  0.001002 m3 /kg  0.001002 m3

State 2: m  1 kg, V2  0.1 m3 , P2  3000 kPa

V2 0.1 m3
v2    0.1 m3 /kg
m 1 kg
From Table B.1.2 for P2@ sat  3000 kPa  v2  vg
 Superheated vapor
From Table B.1.3 and by interpolation  T2  404o C
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 2
W2   P dV  area under the process curve
1
1

1
  P1  P2 V2  V1 
2
1
  300  3000  kPa  0.1  0.001002  m 3 /kg  163.35 kJ
2

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(3.110/3.110) A cylinder has a
thick piston initially held by a
pin. The cylinder contains CO2 at
200 kPa and ambient
temperature of 290 K. The metal
piston has a density of 8000
kg/m3 and the atmospheric
pressure is 101 kPa. The pin is
now removed, allowing the
piston to move and after a while
the gas return to ambient
temperature. Is the piston against
the stops.
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P1  Pc  7380 kPa  CO2 is an ideal gas (Pr  0.02, Tr  0.95)
Force balance on piston determines equilibrium float pressure.

Pext on CO2  Po 
mp g
P 
 A
p l    g
o
AP AP
Ap  0.1 m  8000 kg/m3  9.81 m/s 2
 101   108.8 kPa
Ap 1000
When pin released, as P1  Pext piston moves up and if piston at
stops, then
V
Ideal gas with T1  T2  P2  P1  1
V2
A  0.1 m 1
 200 kPa   200 kPa 
A  0.15 m 1.5
 133 kPa
Since P2  133 kPa  Pext piston is at stops and P2  133 kPa
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(4.45/4.45) [continuation of 3.110] Determine the
work done by the carbon dioxide in the cylinder
during the process?

V1   0.12  0.1  0.000785 m3
4

V2   0.12  0.15  0.0011775 m3
4
2
W2   Pext dV
1
1

 Plift V2  V1 
 108.8 kPa   0.0011775 - 0.000785  m3
 0.0427 kJ
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(4.48/4.46) The piston/cylinder contains carbon
3
dioxide at 300 kPa, 100°C with a volume of 0.2 m .
Mass is added at such a rate that the gas compresses
according to the relation PV1.2 = constant to a final
temperature of 200°C. Determine the work done
during the process.

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P1 = 100 kPa, T1 = 100oC, V1= 0.2 m3 and T2 = 200oC
For the polytopic process PVn = const ( n ≠1 )
2
P2 V2  P1 V1
W   P dV 
1 2
1
1 n
Assuming ideal gas, PV = mRT
mR (T2  T1 )
W 
1 2
1 n
P1 V1 300 kPa  0.2 m3
But mR    0.1608 kJ/K
T1 373.15K
0.1608 kJ/K (473.15 - 373.15) K
W   -80.4 kJ
1 2
1  1.2
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(4.54/4.51) A balloon behaves such that the pressure
inside is proportional to the diameter squared. It
contains 2 kg of ammonia at 0oC, with 60% quality.
The balloon and ammonia are now heated so that a
final pressure of 600 kPa is reached. Considering
the ammonia as a control mass, find the amount of
work done in the process.

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 State 1: m  2 kg, T1  0o C, x1  0.6
From Table B.2.1  P1  429.6 kPa
v1  0.001566  0.6  0.28763  0.17414 m3 /kg
V1  m v1  2 kg  0.17414 m3 /kg  0.3483 m3

Process : P  D 2 and V  D3 this implies 

2
P  D2  V 3

2
 
So PV 3
 constant, which is a polytropic process
2
with n  
3
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State 2 : P2  600 kPa
2 2
 
PV
1 1
3
 PV
2 2
3

3 3
 
 P1  2
 429.6 kPa  2
V2  V1    0.3483 m 
3
  0.5748 m3
 P2   600 kPa 

2
P2 V2  P1 V1
W   P dV 
1 2
1
1 n
600 kPa  0.5748 m3  429.6 kPa  0.348 m3
  117.2 kJ
2
1
3
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