Scribd
Upload
39 views44 pages

Lesson 7

Uploaded by

estaciodivina2
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
39 views44 pages

Lesson 7

Uploaded by

estaciodivina2
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 44

BINARY

OPERATION
MS. DIVINA ESTACIO, MSM, LPT
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR 4
In mathematics, a binary operation
on a set is a calculation that
combines two elements of the set
(called operands) to produce
another element of the set.
A binary operation on a set G, then, is
simply a method (or formula) by which
the members of an ordered pair from G
combine to yield a new member of G.
This condition is called closure.
The most familiar binary operations
are ordinary addition, subtraction, and
multiplication of integers.
The division of integers is not a binary operation on the integers
because an integer divided by an integer need not be an integer.
1) G∈Z define a * b = a + b (usual addition on Z)
2) G∈Z define a * b = ab (usual multiplication on Z)
3) G∈R+ defined by a * b = a + 17b
4) G∈Z+, defined * by a * b = a – b for all set a, b
∈Z+
5) G∈R defined by a * b = ab
6) G∈Z \{-1} , defined * by a * b = a + b + ab for all
set a, b ∈ Z.
Learning Outcome:
1. State different types of reasoning to justify statements and arguments made
about mathematics and mathematical concepts.
2. Write clear and logical proofs.
3. Solve problems involving patterns and recreational problemsfollowing Polya’s
four steps.
4. Organize one’s methods and approaches for proving and
solving problems.
A. Intuition - immediate understanding
or knowing something without reasoning.
- comes from noticing, thinking , and
questioning
As a student, you can build and improve your intuition by
doing the following:

A. Be observant and see things visually with your critical


thinking.
B. Make your manipulation of the things that you have
noticed and observed.
C. Do the right thinking and make connections with it before
doing the solution.
Based on the given picture below, which among the two
yellow
lines is longer? Is it the upper one or the lower one?

Ponzo illusion
(1911)
B. By definition, a proof is an inferential
argument for a mathematical statement
while proofs are an example of
mathematical logical certainty.
ILLUSTRATION 1: Prove (in outline form) that “if
x is a number with 5x + 3 = 33,then x = 6”
ILLUSTRATION 2: Prove (in
paragraph form) that “if x is a number
with 5x + 3 = 33, then x = 6”
TRY With the use of direct proving,
prove the following in outline and
paragraph form.

Prove:
If x and y are two odd integers, then
the product of x and y is also an odd
integer.
TRY
Prove the proposition (in outline form
and paragraph form) that is “ if x is a
𝟐
positive integer, then 𝒙 is also an odd
integer”.
Direction: prove the following
propositions with the use of direct
proving.
(5 marks each)
!
1. If a is an odd integer, then 𝑎 + 3𝑎 +
5 is odd.
" "
2. Suppose x, y ∈ Z. if 𝑥 and 𝑦 are odd,
"
then (𝑥𝑦) is odd.
3. suppose x, y ∈ Z. if x is even, then xy
is even.
! !
4. If n – m is even, then 𝑛 – 𝑚 is
also even.
5. If x is odd positive integer then
!
𝑥 – 1 is divisible by 4.
6. If x is an odd integer, then 8 is a
!
factor of 𝑥 – 1.
Example 1. Using indirect/contrapositive proof,
prove that “If x is divisible
by 6, then x is divisible by 3”.

Proof:
1. Assume x is not divisible by 3.
2. Then x ∈ 3k for all k ∈ Z
3. It follows that x ∈(2m)(3) for all m ∈ Z
4. So, x ∈ 6m for all m ∈ Z
5. Therefore, x is not divisible by 6.
Example 2: Prove using indirect proof or
contraposition.
Proof:
1. Assume x is odd.
2. Then x = 2k + 1 for some k ∈ Z
! ! !
3. It follows that 𝑥 =(2𝑘 + 1) = 4𝑘 + 4k +
!
1 = 2(2𝑘 + 2k) + 1
!
where q = 2𝑘 + 2k
!
4. So, 𝑥 = 2q + 1
!
5. Therefore, 𝑥 is odd.
Direction: Prove the following propositions with
the use of indirect proving.
1. If a is an even integer and b is an odd integer,
then a + b is an odd integer.
! "
2. If n is an odd integer, then 𝑛 + 2𝑛 is also an
odd integer.
" "
3. If n – m is even, then 𝑛 – 𝑚 is also an even.
4. If x is odd positive integer then 𝑥 " – 1 is
divisible by 4.
"
5. If x is an odd integer, then 8 is a factor of 𝑥 – 1.
6. Suppose x, y ∈ Z. If x is even, then xy is even.
3. Proof by counterexample
(disproving universal statements)
Example 1. Prove or disprove: all prime numbers are odd.
*Negation: some prime numbers are even.

By counterexample: let n = 2. By definition of a prime, 2 =


(2)·(1). But 2 is even where the only factor of 2 is 2 and 1 so
we could say that 2 is a prime number.

Since we have found an even prime number, the original


statement is not true.
Direction: prove the following propositions with
the use of counter-examples.
1. Prove: for all integers n which is a multiple of
3 are multiples of 6.
! !
2. Prove: for all real numbers a and b, if 𝑎 = 𝑏 ,
then a = b.
!
3. Prove: for all positive integers n, 𝑛 – n + 1 is
prime.
!
5. Prove: for all re s al number n, 𝑛 + 4 < 5.
Example 1: Prove by contradiction that “if x + x = x, then x = 0.
Proof:
1. Assume that x + x = x.
2. Suppose that x ∈ 0.
3. Now, x + x = x, so 2x = x, and since x ∈ 0, we could multiply
both sides of the equation by the reciprocal of x, i.E., 1/x.
4. Multiplying by the reciprocal of x, it follows that 2 = 1 which
is a contradiction.
5. Therefore, the original implication is proven to be true.
Example 2: Prove by contradiction that “If x is even then x + 3
is odd.
Proof:
1. Assume x is even, so x = 2k.
2. Suppose x + 3 is even. Since x + 3 is even, there exists k ∈ Z
such that x + 3 = 2k.
3. It follows that x = 2k -3. We can rewrite this as x = 2k – 4 +
1. Now, x = 2(k – 2) + 1. Let k – 2 = q. So, x = 2q + 1. It is
seen that x is an odd number. This is a contradiction to the
assumption.
4. Therefore, x + 3 is odd.
Direction: Prove the following
propositions with the use of
contradiction.
1. There are no natural number solutions
" "
to the equation 𝑥 - 𝑦 = 1.
#
2. For all integers n, if 𝑛 + 5 is odd then
n is even.
"
3. If 𝑥 is irrational then x is irrational.
George Polya is one of the foremost recent mathematicians to study
problem-solving. He was born in Hungary and moved to the United States
in 1940. He is also known as “the father of problem - solving”. He made
fundamental contributions to combinatorics, number theory, numerical
analysis, and probability theory. He is also noted for his work in heuristics
and mathematics education. Heuristic, a G reek word means that "find" or
"discover” refers to experience-based techniques for problem - solving,
learning, and discovery that give a solution that is not guaranteed to be
optimal.
George Polya’s problem-solving
methods are as follows:
step 1. Understand the problem.
Step 2. Devise a plan
step 3. Carry out the plan
step 4. Look back or review the solution
1. The sum of three consecutive positive
integers is 165. What are these three
numbers?
2. Five different points, say A, B, C, D,
and E are on a plane where no three
points are collinear. How many lines can
be produced in these five points?
Directions: solve the following problems with the use of polya’s four-step
problem - solving procedures similar to the presentation on this topic.
1. The sum of three consecutive odd integers is 27. Find the three integers.
2. If the perimeter of a tennis court is 228 feet and the length is 6 feet
longer than twice the width, then what are the length and the width?
3. There are 364 first-grade students in park elementary school. If there are
26 more girls than boys, how many girls are there?
4. If two ladders are placed end to end, their combined height is 31.5 feet.
One ladder is 6.5 feet shorter than the other ladder. What are the heights of
the two ladders?
5. A shirt and a tie together cost 2500. The shirt costs 1500 more than the
tie. What is the cost of the shirt?
HE WHO SEEKS FOR METHODS
WITHOUT HAVING A DEFINITE
PROBLEM IN MIND SEEKS FOR
THE MOST PART IN VAIN.”
— D. HILBERT

You might also like