2nd Year PST

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Pakistan Studies
S.No. CONTENTS Page No.
Multiple Choice Questions 07

SHORT ANSWERS 09-22
01 Conditions of South Asia Before the Advent of Islam 09
02 Ali Garh Movement 10
03 Two Nation Theory 10
04 Comparison of Muslim and Hindu Society 11
05 Ideology of Pakistan 12
06 Partition of Bengal 13
07 Objectives of AIML 14
08 Lacknow Pact 14
09 Khilafat Movement 15
10 Nehru Report 16
11 Jinnah’s 14 Points 17
12 Allahabad Address 17
13 Round Table Conference 18
14 Pakistan Resolution 19
15 Cripps Mission 20
16 Lord Wavell’s Plan 21
17 Simla Conference 21
DESCRIPTIVE ANSWERS 23-32
01 Two Nation Theory 23
02 Ideology of Pakistan 25
03 Ideology of Pakistan in the Light of Quaid-e-Azam’s Statements 27
04 Formation of Muslim League 29
05 Jinnah’s 14 Points 30
02: HISTORY OF PAKISTAN
SHORT ANSWERS 35-39
01 Cabinet Mission 35
02 3rd June Plan 36
03 Indian Independence Act 1947 36
04 Radcliff’s Award 37
05 The Indus Water Treaty 38
01 Important Political Events from 1940 to 1947 40
2
02 Causes of the Demand for Pakistan 41
03 Initial Problems of Pakistan 44
04 Quaid-e-Azam as Governor General 46

SHORT ANSWERS 50-55
01 Objective Resolution 50
02 Constitution of 1956 51
03 Constitution of 1962 52
04 Council of Islamic Ideology 53
05 Tashkent Declaration 53
06 Fall of East Pakistan 54
07 Islamic Provisions in 1973 Constitution 55
01 Objective Resolution 56
02 Islamic Provisions in 1973 Constitution 57

SHORT ANSWERS 64-67
01 Location of Pakistan 64
02 Climate of Pakistan 65
03 Natural Resources of Pakistan 66
01 Location of Pakistan 68
02 Climate of Pakistan 69
05: CULTURE OF PAKISTAN
SHORT ANSWERS 74-77
01 Culture of Pakistan 74
02 Cultural Heritage of Pakistan 75
03 Sindhi Culture 76
04 Gandhara Civilization 77
01 Culture of Pakistan 78
02 Cultural Heritage of Pakistan 80

SHORT ANSWERS 85-88
01 Urdu Language 85
02 Sindhi Language 86
03 Punjabi Language 86
04 Balochi Language 87
05 Pushto Language 87
06 Kashmiri Language 88
01 Urdu Language 89
02 Regional Languages of Pakistan 91

SHORT ANSWERS 96-102
01 Economic Planning in Pakistan 96
02 Fifth Five-Year Plan (1978-1983) 96
03 Sixth Five-Year Plan (1983-1988) 97
04 Seventh Five-Year Plan (1988-1993) 97
05 Eighth Five-Year Plan (1993-1998) 97
06 Agriculture of Pakistan 98
07 Problems in Agriculture 99
08 Major Crops of Pakistan 99
09 Industrial Development in Pakistan 100
10 Differences between Rural and Urban Society 101
01 Agriculture of Pakistan 103
02 Industrial Development of Pakistan 104
03 Education in Pakistan 107

SHORT ANSWERS 111-116
01 Foreign Policy of Pakistan 111
02 United Nation Organization (UNO) 112
03 Non-Alignment Movement (NAM) 113
04 SAARC 114
05 Organization of Islamic Conference (OIC) 115
06 Pakistan is member of how many International Organizations? 116
01 Foreign Policy of Pakistan 117
PAKISTAN STUDIES For Class XII
02 Pakistan and Muslim World 119

03 India-Pakistan Relations 121
04 China-Pakistan Relations 123
…………
 Pakistan’s General Knowledge 126-130
 Abbreviations 131
 Important Dates 132
 Bibliography 133
5
Chapt er The
01 Establishment
of Pakistan
SHORT ANSW ERS:
 Conditions of South Asia  Khilafat Movement
Before the Advent of Islam  Nehru Report
 Ali Garh Movement  Jinnah’s 14 Points
 Two Nation Theory  Allahabad Address
 Comparison of Muslim and  Round Table Conference
Hindu Society  Pakistan Resolution
 Ideology of Pakistan  Cripps Mission
 Partition of Bengal  Lord Wavell’s Plan
 Objectives of AIML  Simla Conference
 Lacknow Pact
DESCRIPTIVE ANSWERS:
 Two Nation Theory
 Ideology of Pakistan
 Ideology of Pakistan In The Light of Quaid-E-Azam’s
Statements
 Formation of Muslim League
 Jinnah’s 14 Points
Mc q ’s
1. Sindh was conquered by Muhammad bin Qasim in:
 711  712  713
2. Muslim League was founded in:
 1911  1905  1906
3. Resolution of Lahore was presented in:
 1946  1940  1930
4. Quaid-e-Azam joined Muslim League in the year:
 1913  1911  1906
5. Quaid-e-Azam presented his 14 points in:
 1928  1929  1930
6. Quit India movement started in:
 1930  1936  1942
7. The name of Pakistan was coined by:
 Quaid-e-Azam  Allama Iqbal  Chaudhry Rahmat Ali
8. Chaudhry Rahmat Ali suggested word “Pakistan” in his pamphlet:
 Qutlook  Comrade  Now or Never
9. Allama Iqbal was born in:
 Sialkot  Lahore  Islamabad
10.The National Anthem was broad casted first on Radio Pakistan on:
 July 3, 1950  August 13, 1947  September 7, 1949
11.Urdu Hindi dispute started in:
 1885  1867  1887
12.For social reforms, Sir Syed started magazine:
 Tameer-e-Muslims  Tahzeeb-ul-Akhlaq  Taleem-o-Tarbiyat
13.Who is famous as Bengal Tiger?
 Allama Iqbal  Liaquat Ali  Fazal-ul-Haq
14.First president of Muslim League is:
 Sir Agha Khan  Nazim uddin  Waqar ul Malik
15.How many members were in Simla delegation?
 35  36  37
16.Nehru Report was presented in:
 1927  1928  1929
17. The chairman of boundary line commission was:
 Radcliff  Lord Wavell  Mount Batten
18. The Second World War broke out in:
 1938  1939  1937
19. The Lacknow pact was signed in:
 1915  1917  1916
20. The Cripps Mission came to India in:
 1940  1942  1944
21. The Bengal partition was held in:
 1911  1905  1906
22. The partition of Bengal was annulled in:
 1911  1905  1906
23. Aligarh movement was started by:
 Sir Syed Ahmed  Sir Agha Khan  Allama Iqbal
24.Shah Waliullah translated the Holy Quran in:
 Urdu  Hindi  Persian
25.The last Mughal emperor of India was:
 Bahadur Shah Zafar  Akber  Babar
26.Sindh was separated from Bombay in:
 1936  1934  1935
27.Maulana Muhammad Ali Johar was buried in the Holy Mosque of:
 Jerusalem  Iran  Madina
28.Round Table conferences were held in:
 Lahore  Delhi  London
29.It is known as gate way of Islam:
 Sindh  Punjab  Baluchistan
30.M.A.O. College was founded in the year:
 1875  1857  1975
31. The Name of Hazrat Mujaddid Alif Sani was:
 Sheikh Abdal  Sheikh Akber  Sheikh Ahmed
32. Sir Syed Ahmed Khan was died in:
 1900  1880  1898
33. The Cripps Mission came to Pakistan in:
 1940  1942  1944
34. Aligarh movement was started by:
 Quaid-e-Azam  Iskandar Mirza  Sir Syed Ahmed
35. Khilafat movement was started by:
 Sir Syed Ahmed  Maulana M.Ali Johar  Nazim uddin
36. Congress was established in:
 1900  1880  1885
37. The government of Turkey announced an end of the Khilafat in:
 1940  1924  1944
38. Muslims ruled the sub-continent for more than:
 1000 years  500 years  1500 years
SHORT
answer s
Condit ion of Sout h Asia
Bef or e t he Advent of Isl am
Introductory Words:
Pakistan, our dear mother land, came into existence vitally due to the
advent of Islam in South Asia region. Islam came to this region through Arab
traders. Regular preaching of Islam started after the invasion of Muhammad bin
Qasim, who defeated Raja Dahir in 712.
Condition of South Asia before the advent of Islam:

Before the advent of Islam, South Asian society was divided into many
small kingdoms that were always at daggers drawn with each other. The Hindus
were in majority and they kept on torturing other minorities like Buddhist. The
Hindu society was full of social injustice. The following were the disperencies
of this society:
Divided Society:
They were divided into four major castes:
 The Brahmins (the priests)
 The Kashatriyas (warrior class)
 The Vashiya (the artists)
 The Shudras (lowest worker class)
The Brahmins and Kashatriyas enjoyed power and status and the other
two classes were in miserable condition.
Narrow mindedness:
Narrow mindedness had plagued Hindu Society. Specially the two lower
classes Vashiyas and the Shudras, and women were in miserable condition.
Status of Woman:
In the Hindu society, women were in trouble. Widows were treated very
badly; mostly they were burned with husbands’ dead bodies.
This tradition of burning wives with their husbands’ dead bodies was called
“Sutti” (().
Al igar h Movement
Introduction:
After 1857, the Muslims emerged as a backward nation; they were
illiterate and hopelessly ignorant in every walk of life. Nevertheless, they were
economically, politically, socially and to be more exact religiously made the
subject of ruthless punishment. In such conditions, Sir Syed Ahmad Khan came
forward and tried to help the Muslims come out from such miserable conditions.
He guided the Muslims towards the right path and attempted to draw out the
Muslims from such helpless condition.
Objectives of Aligarh Movement:

The main focus of the Aligarh movement was:
 Loyalty to British Government.
 Modern western education for the Muslims to compete with Hindus.
 To keep away the Muslims from politics.
Scientific Society at Ghazipur:

In 1864, Sir Syed Ahmad Khan laid the foundation of a scientific society
at Ghazipur. The purpose of this society was to translate the English books into
Urdu language.
Mohammedan Educational Conference:

In 1886, Sir Syed set up an organization which is known as
Mohammedan Educational Conference, which presented a twelve point program
in western and religious education in English and other languages. It aim was to
convey the message of education to the Muslim masses.
Conclusion:
Sir Syed, although, was the first Muslim member of Central Legislative
Council, but he advised the Muslims to remain apart from politics unless and
until they would get education. He believed that the cure of Muslim problems is
only education and unless and until Muslims get education.
TWO-NATION THEORY
Means of Two-Nation Theory:

Two Nation Theory means that Muslims of South Asia believe that Islam
and Hinduism are not only two religions but also two distinct cultures with no
similarities. Their habits, architecture, music and script are all different. Even
the languages they speak and the dresses they wear are entirely different. That is
why; Muslims of India had demanded a separate homeland where Muslims
could get their religious satisfaction.
Basis of Nationhood:
The Muslims believed that the basis of their nationhood neither territorial
nor ethnic, linguistic; rather they are a nation because they belong to the same
faith, Islam.
Sir Syed Ahmed Khan - The Pioneer of Two-Nation Theory:

Sir Syed Ahmed Khan is the one, who used the word “Two Nation” for
Hindus and Muslims very first, after he saw hatred of Hindus and congress for
the Muslims.
Two-Nation Theory in the Views of Quaid-e-Azam:

Quaid-e-Azam declared:
“Muslims are not a minority; they are one nation by every definition of
the word nation. By all canons of international law we are a nation.”
CONCLUSION:
The Muslims apprehended that they would lose their identity if they
remained a part of Hindu society. They also came to realize the above-
mentioned differences between them and the Hindus and hence demanded
separate electorate on the ground that they were different nation from Hindus.
Compar ison of Musl im

And Hindu Societ y
Preface:
There are a few factors, which split the inhabitants of the Sub Continent
into two Nations. Let us examine each of them separately.
Religious Differences:
The Hindus and Muslims belong to different religions. Islam preaches
Tawheed (oneness of Allah) and believes in equality of man before law.
Muslims are the believers of God, the Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) and the Holy
Book Quran and hold a cohesive approach towards life.
Hinduism on the other hand is based on the concept of multiple Gods.
Their society follows a caste system, is divided into four classes, and has a very
narrow approach towards life.
Cultural Differences:
Muslim followed the Islamic culture while Hindus inherited a self build
culture. The Hindus burnt their dead bodies while Muslims buried them. Hindus
considered the “Mother cow” as a sacred animal and worshiped it while
Muslims slaughtered it. The Hindus and Muslims did not intermarry nor do they
inter-dine.
Social Differences:
The two communities of the Sub Continent differ in their social life as
well. The clothes, the foods, the household utensils, the layout of homes, the
words of salutation, the gestures and everything about them was different and
immediately pointed to their distinctive origin.
Economics Differences:
After 1857, the Muslim economic was crushed and all trade policies were
framed in such a way so as to determent the Muslim condition. They were
thrown out of Government services and their estates and properties were
confiscated, while the Hindus were provided with many opportunities to
progress economically.
Educational Differences:
The Hindus had advanced in the educational field because they quickly
and readily took the English education, while the Muslims did not receive
modern education, which heavily affected their economic conditions.
Political Differences:
The political differences between the Hindus and Muslims have played an
important role in the development and evolution of Two Nation Theory.
Language:
The Muslims and Hindus wrote and spoke two different languages .The
language of the former was Urdu and it was written in Arabic Script. On the
other hand, Hindus spoke the Hindi language and it was written in Sanskrit.
Urdu and Hindi languages had the difference in writing, thoughts of poetry, arts,
painting and words of music.
IDEOLOGY OF PAKISTAN
Ideology:
The word ideology is composed of two Greek words; “Idea” and
“Logos”. The term ideology means science of idea. George Lewis says:
“Ideology is a plane or program which is based upon philosophy.”
Essentials of Ideology of Pakistan:

Ideology of Pakistan is based upon five essentials:
Islam:
Pakistan came into being based on Islam. Muslims had demand an
independent state to be carved out from Hindu domination.
Two-Nation Theory:
Two-nation theory was the basis of the struggle for creation of Pakistan.
It implies that Muslims of the sub-continent were a nation quite distinct and
separate from Hindu’s.
Territorial Land:
A piece of land was necessary for the existence and promotions of
Islamic ideology as Quaid-e-Azam said:
“We are one nation and the nation does not survive in the air. It requires
an independent and to settle.”
Democratic System:
All the social, economical, political and cultural affairs are operated
based on Islamic democracy.
Urdu Language:
In 1867 some Hindu’s started a movement in Banaras, in which they
demanded replacement of Urdu with Hindi, and the Persian script with Deva
Nagri (Hindi) script. The reason for opposing Urdu was that the language was
written in Persian script, which was similar to the Arabic script and Arabic, was
the language of Quran, the holy book of Muslims. Molvi Abdul Haque said:
“Urdu is the first brick in the foundation of Pakistan”
PARTITION OF BENGAL: 1905

Background:
United Bengal’s area covered 189,000 sq. miles with 80 million
populations. Muslim Separatism in India, that the partition was imperative even
if Curzon had not initiated it. A Lt. Governor had problems in looking after the
eastern areas. Mainly Muslim suffered because of the rotten administration by
the British. Before 1905, many proposals of partition of Bengal had been under
consideration but Lord Curzon decided to practice this administrative scheme.
The Bengal was distributed into two distinct parts namely East Bengal and West
Bengal.
 East Bengal:
East Bengal became incidentally a Muslim majority province having
13000000 out of 31000000.
 West Bengal:
West Bengal was a Hindu majority province.
Muslims’ Reaction:
Muslims were very happy on the partition as this had enabled them to
promote their life conditions. It was rightly an opportunity for compensation.
The Muslim community supported it strongly.
Hindus’ Rejection:
On the other hand, Hindus retaliated furiously saying it the division of
motherland. The Congress joined the anti-partition movement. They started
widespread agitation, violence and boycott of foreign goods. The main reason
of Hindu protest was that they had loosened grip over the eastern parts.
Annulment of the Partition:

The British government revoked the partition to avoid trouble on 12
December 1911. The Muslims were disappointed by the government response
to the violent strategy of protests adopted by the Hindus.
Aims and Obj ect iv es of

All -India Musl im League
Background:
Under the active guidance of Muslim leaders, the movement for Muslim
separatism created political arousing among the Muslims on communal line
keeping in view the doubts roused in the minds of Muslims, the role of
Congress in the partition of Bengal & Urdu-Hindi controversy.
This ideology of political collectivism in the name of religion gave birth
of AIML, in the session of All-India Muhammadan educational conference held
in December 27-30, 1906 in Dacca.
Aims and Objectives of AIML:

 To promote among Muslims of India the feelings of loyalty to the British
government and remove any misconception.
 To protect and advanced the political rights and interests of the Muslims
of India.
 To promote among Muslims of India hostility towards other communities
without prejudice to the before-mentioned objects of the league.
LUCKNOW PACT
Introduction:
Lucknow Pact refers to an agreement reached between the Indian
National Congress and the Muslim League at the joint session of both the
parties, held in Lucknow, in the year 1916.
Muhammad Ali Jinnah:

Muhammad Ali Jinnah, then a member of the Congress as well as the
League, made both the parties reaches an agreement to pressure the British
government to adopt a more liberal approach to India and give Indians more
authority to run their country. Jinnah himself was the mastermind and architect
of this pact.
Due to the reconciliation brought about by Jinnah between the Congress
and the League, the Nightingale of India, Sarojini Naidu, gave him the title of
“the Ambassador of Hindu-Muslim Unity”.
Muslim League and Congress:

As a result of the hard work of Mr. Jinnah and Mahajan from congress,
both the Muslim League and the Congress met for their annual sessions at
Bombay in December 1915. The principal leaders of the two political parties
assembled at one place for the first time in the history of these organizations.
The speeches made from the platform of the two groups were similar in tone
and theme.
Confirmation of agreement:
The agreement was confirmed by the annual sessions of the Congress and
the League in their annual sessions held at Lucknow on December 29 and
December 31, 1916 respectively. Sarojini Naidu gave Jinnah, the chief architect
of the Lucknow Pact, the title of "the Ambassador of Hindu-Muslim Unity".
Main Features:
Main features of the pact are as under:
1. There shall be self-government in India.
2. The same method should be adopted for the Executive Councils of
Governors.
3. The India Council must be abolished.
4. The salaries of the Secretary of State for Indian Affairs should be paid by
the British government and not from Indian funds.
5. The executive should be separated from the judiciary.
6. The number of Muslims in the provincial legislatures should be laid down
province by province.
7. Muslims should be given 1/3 representation in Central Govt.
8. There should be separate electorates for all communities until they ask for
joint electorate.
9. System of weight-age should be adopted.
10. Term of Legislative Council should be 5 years.
The Khilaf at Movement

Introduction:
The Khilafat movement was a religio-political movement launched by the
Muslims of British India for the retention of the Ottoman Caliphate and for not
handing over the control of Muslim holy places to non-Muslims.
Turkey sided with Germany in World War 1. As it began to lose the war,
concerns were expressed in India about the future of Turkey. It was a peak
period from 1919 to 1922 casting demonstrations, boycott, and other pressure
by the two major communities, the Hindus and the Muslims. Being brothers, the
Indian Muslims realized their religious duty to help the Muslim country. It was
the extra territorial attachments based on Islam. Another factor same to the first
was that the Indian Muslims considered Ottoman Caliphate a symbol of unity of
the Muslim world as Ummah.
Goals:
1. Ottoman Khilafat should be kept intact.
2. Territorial solidarity of Turkey be preserved.
3. Control of holy the places should not be given to non-Muslims.
Protests in India:
All India Khilafat Committee was formed at Bombay in July 1919. The
first Khilafat Conference at Delhi in November 1919 was arranged in which the
Congress leaders like Gandhi and Nehru participated. In this way, the major
political parties joined hands to assault the injustice with the Muslim
community. These steps were announced:
 No participation in victory celebrations.
 Boycott of British goods
 Non Cooperation with the Government
The second Khilafat Conference (Amritsar) was held in Dec. 1919.
Maulana Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali joined the session after being
released from prison. In Jan. 1920, M. A. Ansari led a delegation to Viceroy
while Maulana M. A. Jauhar to Europe. The Khilafat Committee decided to
start non-cooperation in collaboration with the Congress in May 1920.
Conclusions:
 It was re-affirmation of the reality that religion is a mobilizing force and
especially Islam has mobilization capacity to organize masses.
 It was the movement launched on the basis of extra-territorialism. Later,
no such movement but Pan-Islamic sentiments continued.
 It resulted in the sufferings of the Muslims.
 Hindu-Muslim unity proved short-lived.
Reactivation of the Muslim League and other Muslim organizations to
restart their activities as a separate nation was the great outcome.
THE NEHRU REPORT: 1928

Introduction:
The main objective was to constitute proposals for the Indian
Constitution. The Congress called All Parties Conference that appointed a 10-
member committee in May 1928 under the Chairmanship of Motilal Nehru and
Secretary ship of Jawaharlal Nehru.
Main points of the report:

Recommendations that threatened Muslim interests are:
1. No Separate electorate.
2. No One-third seats for Muslims in Central Assembly.
3. No reservation of seats for Muslims in Punjab and Bengal. In Hindu-
majority Provinces, the Muslims may be given seats according to
population.
4. Sind to be made a province if it can bear its expenses. Balochistan,
NWFP were accepted to be given constitutional status on certain
conditions.
Jinnah’s Answer:
Quaid-i-Azam tried to get amendments in the Report in the All Parties
Conference in Calcutta but did not succeed. This is the very moment when
Jinnah remarked, “It is parting of the ways.” He presented the 14 points as a
Muslim leader.
14 PIONTS OF QUAID-E-AZAM
Introduction:
In March 1929, at the annual session of All India Muslim league, Quaid-
e-Azam declared his famous fourteen points.
Jinnah’s Fourteen Points - 1929:
1. Federal System:
The form of the future constitution should be federal with the residuary
powers rested in the provinces.
2. Separation of Sind:
Sind should be separated from Bombay Presidency.
3. Shares of Muslims in Services:

Muslims should be given adequate share along with other Indians in the
services of State.
4. Protection for Muslims’ culture and Language:

The constitution should embody adequate safeguard for the protection of
Muslim culture, language, religion and civilization.
5. One-Third Muslim Ministries:

Form no cabinet, either central or provincial without being a proportion
of at least one-third Muslim Ministers.
6. Change in Constitution:
No change shall be made in the constitution of state except with the
concurrence of State constituting the Indian Federation.
Al l ahabad Address
Prelude:
On December 30, 1930, the annual meeting of the All India Muslim
League was held at Allahabad. Allama Iqbal presided over the meeting .On this
occasion he delivered his famous historical address, which proved to be a
milestone in the proceeding to make a demand for an independent Muslim
State.
Main Points of the Address:

These are few main points of presidential address of Allama Iqbal at
Allahabad in 1930:
 Islam is complete code of life:

Islam is complete code of life, which gives guidance for every aspect of
life. If the Muslims act according to principles of Islam, they will soon gain
their lost state.
 India is Country of Various Nations:
India is not country of single nation but it is a country of different
nations, which are followers of different nations.
 Separate State for Muslims:

Allama Muhammad Iqbal said:
“I would like to see the Punjab, N.W.F.P. (North West Frontier
Provinces), Sindh and Baluchistan amalgamated into a single state self-
government within the British Empire or without the British Empire.”
 India is the Largest Country of the Muslims:

India is the Largest Country of the Muslims in the world, so if we want
that Islam will live as cultural strength then we shall concentrate at a particular
region and the formation of a Muslim state is better for both the Muslims and
India.
Conclusive Sentences:
It is on his Allahabad address that Allama Iqbal is known as the dreamer
of Pakistan. His address proved to be a milestone in the history of the Sub
Continent and the creation of Pakistan.
ROUNDTABLE CONFERENCES
Introduction:
The three Round Table Conferences of 1930–32 were a series of
conferences organized by the British Government to discuss constitutional
reforms in India. They were conducted as per the recommendation by the report
submitted by the Simon Commission in May 1930. However, there were
significant disagreements between the Indian and the British political parties
that the Conferences would not resolve.
First Session of the Conference: (1930)

In the first session, a number of prominent Muslims like M. A. Jinnah, Sir
Shafi, Maulana M. A. Jauhar, Zafarullah Khan participated. They emphasized
federalism, self government, safeguards for minorities, separate electorate,
preferential representation in central legislature, and secure majorities in Punjab
and Bengal.
Second Conference: (1931)

Maulana M. A. Jauhar had died after the first conference. Iqbal, Jinnah
and others participated in the second conference. Gandhi represented the
Congress. The key issues of the session were ‘Federation’ and ‘Minorities.’
3rd Roundtable Conference: (1932)

The main issues had been discussed in the first two conferences and now
the rest of them were to be discussed. It was poorly attended conference. Quaid
did not participate despite living in London. Gandhi did not attend as he had
been detained.
The conference brought no change in party positions and widened Hindu-
Muslim gulf.
PAKISTAN Resol ut ion

Introduction:
Pakistan Resolution was the turning point in the history of Pakistan. It
provides a way to the Muslims, leading to the destination of a complete
independence.
The Pakistan Resolution:

In 1940, the annual session of Muslim League was held at Lahore in
Minto Park (Iqbal Park) under the leadership of Quaid-e-Azam and a resolution
was passed on 23 March 1940. The Resolution was moved by Bengal Chief
Minister Maulvi Fazlul Haq and seconded by Chaudry Khaliq-uz-Zaman. It
stated that:
“The areas, in which Muslims are numerically in majority as in the
North-Western and Eastern zones of India, should be grouped to
constitute independent states in which the constituent units shall be
autonomous and sovereign. Effective and mandatory safeguards should
be specifically provided in the constitution for minorities for the
protection of their religion, cultural, economic, political, administrative
and other rights.”
Muslims Acceptance and Hindus Rejection:

The Muslims who had assembled the meeting plan in a large number
unanimously accepted the Resolution. The Hindu readers and newspaper raise
an outcry after the Resolution. They refused it and referred to the partition as
“Vivisection of Motherland”.
Gandhi said that:
“Dividing India was like dividing a cow.”
Quaid-e-Azam warned the Hindus that:
“If the Hindus tried to get the whole of India they would lose the whole,
but if they gave one-third to the Muslims they would get two-thirds.”
Conclusion:
Pakistan Resolution was a demand for the protection and safeguard of the
national identity of the Muslims. The Resolution infused high spirits among the
Muslims who were now determined to fight to the last minute for the
accomplishment of Pakistan.
Cr ipps Mission (1942)
Introducion:
British Government sent a mission to India in 1942 under Sir Stafford
Cripps, the Lord Privy Seal, in order to achieve Hindu-Muslim consensus on
some constitutional arrangement and to convince the Indians to postpone their
struggle till the end of the Second World War.
Cripps arrived in Delhi on March 22, 1942 and had series of meetings
with the leading Indian politicians including Jawaharlal Nehru, Abul Kalam
Azad, Quaid-i-Azam, Sir Sikandar Hayat Khan, A. K. Fazlul Haq, Dr.
Ambedkar, V.D. Savarkar and Tej Bhadur Sappru etc.
Proposals of Cripps Mission:

In the meetings Cripps tried to plead his case before these political
leaders and tried to convince them to accept his following proposals:
1. During the course of the war, the British would retain their hold on India.
Once the war finished, India would be granted dominion status with
complete external and internal autonomy. It would however, be
associated with the United Kingdom and other Dominions by a common
allegiance to the Crown.
2. At the end of the war, a Constituent Assembly would be set up with the
power to frame the future constitution of India. The members of the
assembly were to be elected on the basis of proportional representation by
the provincial assemblies. Princely States would also be given
representation in the Constituent Assembly.
3. The provinces not agreeing to the new constitution would have the right
to keep itself out of the proposed Union. Such provinces would also be
entitled to create their own separate Union. The British government
would also invite them to join the commonwealth.
4. During the war an interim government comprising of different parties of
India would be constituted. However, defence and external affairs would
be the sole responsibility of the viceroy.
Reaction of Muslim League:

Quaid-i-Azam considered these proposals as “unsatisfactory” and was of
the view that the acceptance of the Cripps proposals would “take the Muslims to
the gallows.
Conclusion:
Actually Quaid-i-Azam and other Muslim League leaders were convinced
that Cripps was a traditional supporter of Congress and thus could not present
an objective solution to the problem. On the arrival of Cripps, Quaid-i-Azam
made it clear that he was a friend of Congress and would only support the
Congress’ interests
Wavel l Pl an (1945)
Introduciton:
In October 1943 the British Government decided to replace Lord
Linlithgow with Lord Wavell as the Viceroy of India. Right after assuming
charge as Viceroy, Wavell’s most important task was to present a formula for
the solution of the Indian problem which was acceptable for both the Congress
and the Muslim League. After doing his basic homework, a broadcast speech
delivered by Wavell from Delhi. This plan is commonly known as Wavell Plan.
Proposals of Wavell’s Plan:

Wavell’s plan presented the following proposals:
1. If all the Indian political parties would help the British in the war then the
British Government would introduce Constitutional Reforms in India
after the war.
2. Viceroy’s Executive Council would be immediately reconstituted and the
number of its members would be increased.
3. In that Council there would be equal representation of high class Hindus
and the Muslims.
4. Other minorities including low-caste Hindus, Shudders and Sikhs would
be given representation in the Council.
5. All the members of the Council, except the Viceroy and the Commander-
in-Chief would be Indians.
6. An Indian would be appointed as the member of Foreign Affairs in the
Council. However, a British Commissioner would be appointed to look
after the matters relating to the trade.
7. Defence of India was to be in the hands of a British authority till Power
was transferred to the Indian hands
8. Viceroy would convene a meeting of the Indian politician including the
leaders of Congress and the Muslim League so that they could nominate
the names of the members of the new Council.
9. If this plan is approved for the Central Government then same type of
popular ministries comprising of the political leaders would be formed in
all the provinces.
10. None of the changes suggested will in any way prejudice or prejudge the
essential form of the future permanent Constitution of India.
Siml a Conf er ence (1945)

Background:
Lord Wavell succeeded Lord Linlithgow as Viceroy of India in 1943.
When he took over as Viceroy, the tide of the Second World War was turning in
favour of the allies. Lord Wavell declared that British Government wanted to
see India as an independent and prosperous country.
Simla Conference:
When the war ended in August 1945, Viceroy Lord Wavell decided to
hold a political conference to which he invited Muslim League and Congress
representatives. The conference began in Simla on June 24, 1945 and lasted till
July 14, 1945.
Representatives of Congress & AIML:

Muslim League was represented by Quaid-i-Azam, Liaquat Ali Khan,
Khwaja Nazim-ud-din, Ghulam Hussain Hidayat Ullah, Sir Muhammad Asad
Ullah and Hussain Imam. The Congress was represented by Maulana Abul
Kalam Azad, Khizar Hayat Tiwana, Dr. Khan Sahib and some other leaders.
Point of Dispute:
There was a deadlock over the Muslim League’s demand that all five
Muslim members of the Executive Council should be the nominees of the
Muslim League. The Viceroy was of the opinion that four members should be
taken from the Muslim League while the fifth member should be a Punjabi
Muslim who did not belong to the Muslim League.
Failure of Conference:
The Congress denied Muslim League’s claim of being the sole
representative of the Indian Muslims. Quaid-i-Azam took a strong stand on
these two issues and the conference failed to achieve anything and finally ended
on 14th July, 1945.
DESCRIPTIVE
answer s
TWO-NATION
THEORY
Means of Two-Nation Theory:
Two Nation Theory means that Muslims of South Asia believe that Islam
and Hinduism are not only two religions but also two distinct cultures with no
similarities. Their habits, architecture, music and script are all different. Even
the languages they speak and the dresses they wear are entirely different. That is
why; Muslims of India had demanded a separate homeland where Muslims
could get their religious satisfaction.
Basis of Nationhood:
The Muslims believed that the basis of their nationhood neither territorial
nor ethnic, linguistic; rather they are a nation because they belong to the same
faith, Islam. They demanded that areas where they were in majority, wherein
they would be enabled to order their lives in accordance with the teaching of
Holy Quran and Sunnah.
(孆 ‫ل‬x‫ ِم ر‬㣡啵Y:嵗‫ ص‬A 㨱y⸞‫ب‬/ ‫ا ِم‬㣡‫س ا‬㣱2剠가‫ا‬ ‫؂‬
‫ى‬:ᶾ嵗仦⸞÷n‫ت‬㣡 ‫ر‬A‫ا‬2÷‫و‬n嵗dᶾ㷨‫ا ن‬ ‫؂‬
There are a few factors, which split the inhabitants of the Sub Continent
into two Nations. Let us examine each of them separately.
 Religious Differences:
The Hindus and Muslims belong to different religions. Islam preaches
Tawheed (oneness of Allah) and believes in equality of man before law.
Muslims are the believers of God, the Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) and the Holy
Book Quran and hold a cohesive approach towards life.
Hinduism on the other hand is based on the concept of multiple Gods.
Their society follows a caste system, is divided into four classes, and has a very
narrow approach towards life.
 Cultural Differences:
Muslim followed the Islamic culture while Hindus inherited a self build
culture. The Hindus burnt their dead bodies while Muslims buried them. Hindus
considered the “Mother cow” as a sacred animal and worshiped it while
Muslims slaughtered it. The Hindus and Muslims did not intermarry nor do they
inter-dine.
 Social Differences:
The two communities of the Sub Continent differ in their social life as
well. The clothes, the foods, the household utensils, the layout of homes, the
words of salutation, the gestures and everything about them was different and
immediately pointed to their distinctive origin.
 Economics Differences:
After 1857, the Muslim economic was crushed and all trade policies were
framed in such a way so as to determent the Muslim condition. They were
thrown out of Government services and their estates and properties were
confiscated, while the Hindus were provided with many opportunities to
 Educational Differences:
The Hindus had advanced in the educational field because they quickly
and readily took the English education, while the Muslims did not receive
modern education, which heavily affected their economic conditions.
 Political Differences:
The political differences between the Hindus and Muslims have played an
important role in the development and evolution of Two Nation Theory.
 Language:
The Muslims and Hindus wrote and spoke two different languages .The
language of the former was Urdu and it was written in Arabic Script. On the
other hand, Hindus spoke the Hindi language and it was written in Sanskrit.
Urdu and Hindi languages had the difference in writing, thoughts of poetry, arts,
painting and words of music.
Sir Syed Ahmed Khan - The Pioneer of Two-Nation Theory:

Sir Syed Ahmed Khan is the one, who used the word “Two Nation” for
Hindus and Muslims very first, after he saw hatred of Hindus and congress for
the Muslims.
He did his best to make the Muslims realize the differences with the
Hindus with regard of religion, social and cultural values. He made Muslims
educated by founding Ali Garh.
Views of Allama Iqbal on Two-Nation Theory:

The dreamer of Pakistan Allama Iqbal proposed as a permanent solution
to the Muslim Hindu problem that, Punjab, N.W.F.P. (North West Frontier
Province), Baluchistan and Sindh should be converted into one province. He
said:
“I would like to see Punjab, North West Frontier Province, Baluchistan
and Sindh amalgamated into a single state.”
Two-Nation Theory in the Views of Choudhry Rahmat Ali:

On 28 January 1933 Choudhry Rehmat Ali published a pamphlet “Now
or Never” in which he wrote that the population of North West provinces is 4
crore, in which 3 crore are Muslims. That is why we need a separate state
consisting of Punjab, North West Frontier Province, Baluchistan, Sindh and
Kashmir called by name “Pakistan”.
Two-Nation Theory in the Views of Quaid-e-Azam:

The most clear and emphatic exposition is found in Jinnah’s statement
and speeches. He expounded the two-nation theory in such detail that most
Muslims and even some Hindus came to believe in its truth. He declared:
“Muslims are not a minority; they are one nation by every definition of
the word nation. By all canons of international law we are a nation.”
He further said:
“Hindustan is neither one country, nor its inhabitant’s one nation. This is
Sub Continent which consists of many nations of which the Hindus and
Muslims are two major nations.”
CONCLUSION:
The Muslims apprehended that they would lose their identity if they
remained a part of Hindu society. They also came to realize the above-
mentioned differences between them and the Hindus and hence demanded
separate electorate on the ground that they were different nation from Hindus.
IDEOLOGY OF PAKISTAN
Ideology:
The word ideology is composed of two Greek words; “Idea” and
“Logos”. The term ideology means science of idea. George Lewis says:
“Ideology is a plane or program which is based upon philosophy.”
Essentials of Ideology of Pakistan:

Ideology of Pakistan is based upon five essentials:
 Islam:
Pakistan came into being based on Islam. Muslims had demand an
independent state to be carved out from Hindu domination. Quaid-e-Azam said:
“We do not demand Pakistan simply to have a piece of land but we want
a laboratory where we could experiment on Islamic principles.”
 Two-Nation Theory:
Two-nation theory was the basis of the struggle for creation of Pakistan.
It implies that Muslims of the sub-continent were a nation quite distinct and
separate from Hindu’s. Quaid-e-Azam said:
“The Hindu and the Muslims belong to two different religious
philosophies, social customs and literature. They neither intermarry nor
interline together, and indeed they belong to two different civilizations.”
 Territorial Land:
A piece of land was necessary for the existence and promotions of
Islamic ideology as Quaid-e-Azam said:
“We are one nation and the nation does not survive in the air. It requires
an independent and to settle.”
 Democratic System:
All the social, economical, political and cultural affairs are operated
based on Islamic democracy. At the time of establishment of Pakistan,
referendum was held
ideology given by Allama Iqbal. At the historic session of the Muslim
league at Lahore, he said:
“Muslims are not a minority. They are one nation by every definition of
the word ‘nation’. We are a nation with our won culture and civilization,
language and literature, art and architecture, sense of values, we have
own distinctive outlook on life & of life.”
Conclusion:
The fundamental concept of ideology of Pakistan is that Muslims are a
separate nation having their own culture, literature, religion and way of life.
They cannot be merged in any other nation. They should be able to develop
their culture and religious traditions in an Islamic State and they should be able
to create a true Islamic society for themselves.
Thus, the ideology of Pakistan, which developed through the period of
Mohammad Bin Qasim and others and followed by political leaders like Quid-
e-Azam was materialized in 1947.
Ideol ogy of Pakist an in t he l ight of

QUAID-E-AZAM’s Say ings
Preface:
Quaid-e-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah, the great leader of Muslims of
Sub Continent gave practical shape to the ideology given by Allama Iqbal. He
had a strong believe in Hindu Muslim unity and was of the opinion that both
Hindus and Muslims should launch joint efforts to get rid of British rule.
After joining Muslim league in 1913, he continued with his efforts to
bring about Hindu-Muslim unity but he was greatly disappointed to see the
prejudicial attitude of the Congress and Hindus towards the Muslims. Following
are some extracts from the speeches and statements which he delivered from
time to time for explaining the ideology of Pakistan.
Separate Constitution:
Quaid-e-Azam believed that Congress and Hindus would never recognize
the rights of Muslims. He declared while representing the Muslims in the
Second Round Table Conference in 1913:
“The Hindu Muslim dispute must be settled before the enforcements of
any system or constitution. Until you do not give guarantee for the
safeguard of the Muslim interests, until you do not win their (Muslims)
co-operations, any constitution you enforce shall not pas for even 24
hours.”
Two-Nation Theory:
Quiad-e-Azam was a firm advocate of two nation theory which became
the ideological basis Pakistan. He considered the Muslims as a separate nation.
He said:
“Pakistan was created the day the first Indian National entered the field
of Islam”.
He defined the two nation theory as:
“The Muslims are a nation by every right to establish their separate
homeland. They can adopt any means to promote and protect their
economic social, political and cultural interests.”
Separate Nation:
At the historic session of the Muslim League at Lahore, he said:
“The Muslims are not a minority. They are a nation by any definition. By
all canons of International law we are a nation”.
In his presidential address at the annual session of Muslim League at
Lahore in 1940, he said:
“India is neither a nation nor a country. It is a Sub Continent of
nationalities. Hindus and Muslims are the two major nations. The Hindus
and Muslims belong to two different religions, Philosophies, social
customs and literature. They neither intermarry nor interdine and they
belong to two different civilizations which are based mainly on
conflicting ideas and conceptions. Their aspects on life and of are
different. It is quite clear that Hindus and Muslims derive their
inspiration from different sources of history.”
Separate ways of life:

While addressing the students of Muslim University, he said:
“Hindus and Muslims through living in the same town and villages had
never been blended into one nation. They were always two separate
entities.”
Millat-e-Islamia:
Quaid-e-Azam emphasized on the Islamic ideology as being the basis of
the struggle for Pakistan because he believed that only Islam was the unifying
force of the Muslim Millat. He said:
“What relationships knits the Muslims into one hole, which is the
formidable rock on which the Muslim edifice has been erected, which is
the sheet anchor providing base to the Muslim Millat, the relationship,
the sheet anchor and the rock is Holy Quran.”
Islamic System:
In 1946, Quaid-e-Azam declared:
“We do not demand Pakistan simply to have a piece of land but we want
a Laboratory where we could experiment on Islamic principles.”
Muslims Ideology:
In his message to the frontier Muslim student Federation, he said:
“Pakistan only means freedom and independence but Muslims Ideology,
which has to be preserved which has come to us as a precious gift and
treasure and which we hope, others will share with us.”
Conclusion:
The above sayings and statements largely prove that Quaid-e-Azam
wanted to establish an Islamic system as a code of life because he believed that
it was the sole objective of the Pakistan Movement.
For ma t ion of
All -India Musl im League
Background:
Under the active guidance of Muslim leaders, the movement for Muslim
separatism created political arousing among the Muslims on communal line
keeping in view the doubts roused in the minds of Muslims, the role of
Congress in the partition of Bengal & Urdu-Hindi controversy.
This ideology of political collectivism in the name of religion gave birth
of AIML, in the session of All-India Muhammadan educational conference held
in December 27-30, 1906 in Dacca.
Few reasons for establishment of AIML:

These are few reasons of establishment of AIML:
Urdu-Hindi controversy:
In 1867, some Hindu has started a movement in Banaras, in which they
demanded replacement of Urdu with Hindi, and the Persian script with Deva
Nagri (Hindi) script. The reason for opposing Urdu was that the language was
written in Persian script, which was similar to the Arabic script and Arabic, was
the language of Quran, the holy book of Muslims.
Two-Nation Theory:
Two-nation theory clearly stated that the Hindus and Muslims were two
separate nations having their own distinctive national identity. The Hindus had
congress but the Muslims did not have party to represent them.
Band-e-Matram:
Immediately after assumption of office the congress party, though it
claimed to be a secular organization started by adopting “Band-e-Matram”, a
song from ‘Binkam’, as the national anthem. This song was introduced as a war
cry against the Muslims. The Hindus of Bengal had been using it as a national
anthem.
The Congress government insisted that both Hindus and Muslims should
sing it in the legislative session. In Schools and colleges, singing of this song
was compulsory.
Congress Attitude:
Congress attitude towards Muslims form the movement of its inception it
had adopted a biased attitude towards the Muslims as it was a pure Hindu
organization. Some of its demand work harm full to the Muslims interest.
Cow slaughter:
Cow slaughter was banned and the Hindu extremists provoked fights
amongst the Muslims and Hindus. They even played music in front of the
mosques at the prayer time. If a Muslim had to slaughter a cow for sacrifice,
hundreds of Muslims including their children and women were to be killed in
retaliation.
Partition of Bengal:
Agitation and oppression at the partition of Bengal Muslims were given
for the first time the chance to progress. Both Congress and other Hindu parties
were against the government. The Muslims were convinced that they needed a
working body which would represent them and also protect their interest.
Economics Problems:
After 1857,the Muslim economic was crushed and all trade policies were
framed in such a way so as to determent the Muslim condition .They were
thrown out of Government services and the their estates and properties were
confiscated, while the Hindus were provided with ample opportunities to
Aims and Objectives of AIML:

 To promote among Muslims of India the feelings of loyalty to the British
government and remove any misconception.
 To protect and advanced the political rights and interests of the Muslims
of India.
 To promote among Muslims of India hostility towards other communities
without prejudice to the before-mentioned objects of the league.
14 PIONTS OF QUAID-E-AZAM
Introduction:
In 1928, an All Parties Conference was convened to solve the
constitutional problems of India. A committee was set up under Pandit Lal
Nehru. That committee prepared a report, which is known as “Nehru Report”.
This report demanded “Dominion Status” for India. Separate electorates were
refused and the reservation of seats for the Muslims of Bengal and Punjab was
rejected. In this report, not a single demand of the Muslims was upheld.
Since Nehru Report was the last word from Hindus, therefore Mr. Jinnah
was authorized to draft in concise term the basis of any future constitution that
was to be devised for India. Originally, these demands were Fourteen in number
and so they popularly came to be known as “Jinnah’s Fourteen Points”.
In March 1929, at the annual session of All India Muslim league, he
declared his famous fourteen points.
Jinnah’s Fourteen Points - 1929:
1. Federal System:
The form of the future constitution should be federal with the residuary
powers rested in the provinces.
2. Provincial Autonomy:
A uniform measure of autonomy shall be granted to all provinces.
3. Representation of Minorities in Legislature:

All legislative in the country and other elected bodies shall be constituted
on the definite principles of adequate and effective representation of minorities
in every province without reducing the majority in any province to a minority or
even equality.
4. Number of Muslim Representative:

In the central legislative, Muslims representative shall be not less than
one-third.
5. Separate Electorates:
Representative of communal groups shall continue to be by means of
separate electorates as at present provided it shall be open to any community, at
any time to abandon its separate electorate in favour of joint electorate.
6. Muslim Majority Provinces:

Any territorial re-distribution at any time that might be necessary in any
way, shall not affect the Muslim majority in Punjab, Bengal and N.W.F.P.
7. Religious Liberty:
Full religious Liberty, liberty of belief, worship and observance,
association and education shall be guaranteed to all the communication.
8. Three-Fourth Representation:
No bill or resolution shall be passed in any legislative or any other elected
body if three-fourths of the members of any community in that particular body
oppose such a bill.
9. Separation of Sind:
Sind should be separated from Bombay Presidency.
10. Reforms in N.W.F.P and Baluchistan:

Reforms should be introduced in the North-West Frontier Province and
Baluchistan on the same footing as in other provinces.
11. Shares of Muslims in Services:

Muslims should be given adequate share along with other Indians in the
services of State.
12. Protection for Muslims’ culture and Language:

The constitution should embody adequate safeguard for the protection of
Muslim culture, language, religion and civilization.
13. One-Third Muslim Ministries:

Form no cabinet, either central or provincial without being a proportion
of at least one-third Muslim Ministers.
14. Change in Constitution:

No change shall be made in the constitution of state except with the
concurrence of State constituting the Indian Federation.
Importance of Jinnah’s Fourteen Points:

A comparison of the Nehru Report with the Quaid-e-Azam’s Fourteen
Points shows that the political gap between the Muslims and the Hindus had
really widened. Fourteen points of Quaid-e-Azam became principles for
Muslims of India. These points made it clear to Hindus and British Government
that Muslims of India. Those points made it clear to Hindus and British
Government that Muslims wanted their own identity without influence by
Hindus. Fourteen Points not only revived Muslim League but also directed them
on a new way. These points prepared the Muslims of India for a bold step to
struggle for freedom.
The importance of these points can be judged by the fact that these points
were presented in the Round Table Conference of 1930.
Chapt er
HISTORY of
02 Pakist an
SHORT ANSWERS:
 Cabinet Mission
 3rd June Plan
 Indian Independence Act 1947
 Radcliff’s Award
 The Indus Water Treaty
 Important Political Events from 1940 to 1947
 Causes of the Demand for Pakistan
 Initial Problems of Pakistan
 Quaid-e-Azam as Governor General
…………
Mc q ’s
1. The chairman of boundary line commission was:
 Radcliff  Lord Wavell  Mount Batten
2. Indus Basin Treaty was signed in:
 1950  1960  1970
3. Quit India movement started in:
 1930  1936  1942
4. First World War broke out in:
 1913  1915  1914
5. The Second World War broke out in:
 1938  1939  1937
6. Quaid-e-Azam inaugurated the State Bank of Pakistan in:
 1947  1948  1949
7. The first governor journal of India is:
 Nehru  Lord Mount Batten  Gandhi
8. M.A.O. College was founded in the year:
 1875  1857  1975
9. Lord Mountbatten appointed boundary commissions:
2 3 4
10.The Cripps Mission came to Pakistan in:
 1940  1942  1944
rd
11.3 June Plan was announced by Mount Batten in:
 1945  1946  1947
************
SHORT
answer s
THE CABINET MISSION: MARCH 1946
Preamble:
The British Labour government sent a mission to formulate some
acceptable constitutional settlement. Sir Pethick Lawrence, Stafford Cripps and
A. V. Alexander deliberated with the governors, members of the Executive
Council and then the Indian political leaders on different proposals. Maulana
Azad as the president of the Congress stressed to establish federal government
and Jinnah repeated the Two Nation Theory as a universal reality. On April 19,
1946, all the newly elected Muslim members pledged in the Delhi Convention
to shatter the Hindu dream of united India. In the second Simla Conference
(May 15, 1946) the ML wished two legislative assemblies while anti-ML
political parties favoured strong centre.
Recommendations of the Cabinet Mission:

Indian Union comprising British India and princely states.
1. Centre to deal with foreign affairs, defence, communication, taxation.
2. Rest of the subjects with provinces.
3. There will be a legislature and executive comprising representatives of
provinces and states.
4. No legislation on communal affairs if the majority of the two
communities are not present and voting in favour.
5. Provinces will be divided into three groups:
a. Hindu majority provinces e.g. UP, CP, Madras, Bombay, Bihar,
Orissa.
b. Muslim majority provinces in NW e.g. Punjab, NWFP, Balochistan
and Sindh.
c. Bengal and Assam.
6. Each group could decide what to be managed jointly and what should be
managed by provinces themselves. They could decide if the group desired
to frame constitution.
7. After ten years, a province by a vote of its legislature could ask for
review of relationship with the Union. It implied that a group or province
could quit the Indian Union.
8. CA (Constituent Assembly) to be elected by the elected members of the
provincial assemblies. Seats to be divided into three categories: General,
Muslim, and Sikh on the basis of population in provinces.
9. Interim Government to be set up.
Muslim League’s Reaction:
The Muslim League reiterated its demand for Pakistan. It accepted the
plan for two reasons:
a) Basis and foundation of Pakistan was in the compulsory grouping and
b) The right to ask for review.
Congress’ Reaction:
The Congress was critical of groupings and right to ask for review of
constitutional relationship. It agreed to contest elections for the CA but declined
to be bound by the proposals of the Cabinet Plan. The nonsensical stand of the
Congress was that they were “free to make any change in the proposal.”
Definitely the ML was alarmed by the Congress’ intentions.
3 rd J UNE PLAN
Introduction:
Lord mount-batten was appointed as the viceroy of India instead of Lord
Wavell. He was arrived India on March 22, 1947. On 3 June 1947, he
announced his plan, which is called “3rd June Plan”.
Features of the Plan:

The salient features of 3rd June plan were:
 The British will not impose a constitution but the Constituent Assembly
will frame a constitution.
 The constitution will not be imposed on the areas that do not accept it.
Opinion will be sought from them if they want to set up a separate CA
(Constituent Assembly).
 Punjab & Bengal Assemblies will meet in two parts, members from
Muslim majority areas and other districts separately to decide if the
province be partitioned.
 If any part decides for partition, each group will decide which CA they
wish to join.
 Sind Assembly will decide about joining either side.
 Referendum in NWFP.
 Balochistan: appropriate method.
 Boundary Commission for Punjab and Bengal.
 Princely states to decide for them keeping in view their geographical
contiguity. 
The Indian Independence Act 1947

Introduction:
The British Government introduced the Indian Inde-pendence Bill in
Parliament on July 4, 1947 and the Indian Independence Act was enacted after a
fortnight on July 18. The Act made no reference to any new Constitution for
India.
The Act enabled the representatives of India and Pakistan to frame their
own Constitutions and to provide for the "exceedingly difficult period of
transition". In another sense, the Act was a mere formal reflection of the
promises made under the Mountbatten Plan.
Important points of the Act:

Important points of Indian Independence Act of 1947 as under:
 Two Independent dominions (India and Pakistan) were to be set up on 15
August, 1947.
 Pakistan will comprise of Sindh, Baluchistan, N.W.F.P., West Punjab and
East Bengal.
 The legislatures of each dominion shall have full power to make laws for
that dominion (legislative supremacy).
 Each Dominion was empowered to modify this Act, through its
Governor-General up to March 31, 1948 and thereafter by its Constituent
Assembly.
 The King's Power to veto laws or to reserve them for His Majesty's
pleasure was given up and each new Governor-General was given the
right to assent in His Majesty's name to any Bill passed by the Dominion
Legislature of his country.
 Suzerainty and paramountcy of the British Crown over the Indian States
was terminated through the Act with all treaties, agreements, etc.,
between the two to lapse on August 15.
 The existing arrangements between the States and the Government of
India were to continue pending detailed negotiations between these states
and the new Dominions.
 The office of the Secretary of State for India was abolished. The
Secretary for Commonwealth Affairs was to take on his work.
The words "Emperor of India" and "India Imperator" were to be dropped from
the Royal-style and titles.
Radcl if f ’s Aw ar d
Introduction:
The Indian Independence Act, 1947, provided among the provisions the
appointment of two Boundary Commissions for the division of Punjab and
Bengal between Pakistan and India. Each boundary commission was to consist
of an equal number of representatives of India and Pakistan and of one or more
impartial members.
Chairman of boundary commissions:

Accordingly, Sir Cyril Radcliff was appointed as the chairman of both
boundary commissions who would have the poor to make the Award.
Members of the Punjab Boundary Commission:
The members of the Punjab Boundary Commission were:
1) Din Mohammad (on behalf of Pakistan)
2) Mohammad Munir (on behalf of Pakistan)
3) Mehar Chand Mahajan (on behalf of India)
4) Tej Singh (on behalf of India)
Members of the Bengal Boundary Commission:

The members of the Bengal Boundary Commission were:
1) Abu Saleh Mohammad Akram (on behalf of Pakistan)
2) S.A. Rahman (on behalf of Pakistan)
3) C.C.Biswas (on behalf of India)
4) B.K.Mukherjee (on behalf of India)
All of them were High Court Judges.
Declaration:
The members of the commission had acute differences of opinion
regarding the setting up of the boundaries. It was then mutually agreed that in
case of conflict the chairman should give his verdict. Here again the Muslim
League was made to play a losers game. Radcliff gave his verdict in favor of
India and against the interest of Pakistan. In consultation with Mountbatten the
partial arbitrator sliced away further areas from Pakistan and handed them over
to the Hindus. As for an illustration, in Gurdaspur District of Punjab, the
distribution of population was as follows (1941 Census Report):
 Hindus 21.2%
 Sikhs 19.2%
 Muslims 51.1%
 Indian Christians 4.4%
 Scheduled Castes (Non-Hindus) 4.0%
Quaid-e-Azam’s Reaction:
Mr. Jinnah felt so pained that he said:
“We have been the victims of a deep-laid and well-planned conspiracy,
executed with utter disregard of the elementary principles of honesty,
chivalry and honor.”
The Indus Water Tr eaty

Background:
The Indo-Pakistani dispute over the sharing of the Indus River system has not been
as contentious as one would expect it to have been. The Indus Waters Treaty of 1960
between India and Pakistan is cited as one of the few examples of successful resolution of a
major dispute over an international river basin. It is the largest, contiguous irrigation system
in the world, with a command area of about 20 million hectares and annual irrigation
capacity of over 12 million hectares. The partition of the Indian sub-continent in 1947 put
the headwater of the basin in India, while Pakistan received the lower part of the basin. A
serious dispute over the river waters occurred in 1948, when India halted water supplies to
some Pakistani canals at the start of the summer irrigation season. The ensuing negotiations
between the two countries did not resolve the problem. The water flow cut off by India
affected 5.5 per cent of Pakistan’s irrigated area and put tremendous strains on the new
country. After nine years of negotiations, the Indus Waters Treaty was finally signed on
September 19, 1960, with the cooperation of the World Bank.
Salient Features of the Indus Waters Treaty:

The salient features of the Indus Waters Treaty are:
 Three Eastern rivers namely Ravi, Sutlej and Beas were given to India.
 Three Western rivers, Indus, Jhelum and Chenab were given to Pakistan.
 Pakistan to meet the requirements of its Eastern river canals from the Western rivers
by constructing replacement works.
 Safeguards incorporated in the treaty to ensure unrestricted flow of waters in the
Western rivers.
 Both parties were to regularly exchange flow-data of rivers, canals and streams.
 A permanent Indus Waters Commission was constituted to resolve the disputes
between the parties. The Treaty sets out the procedure for settlement of the
differences and disputes. It also provides for settlement of disputes through the
International Court of Arbitration.
DESCRIPTIVE
answer s
IMPORTANT POLITICAL EVENTS
Bet ween 1940 & 1947
Introduction:
The era from 1940 to 1947 is the era of rapid changes. In the past, the
demand of Pakistan was not raised clearly. It was due to Muslim achievements
in this period that now we are living in a sovereign and independent state. The
political events from Pakistan Resolution to the establishment of Pakistan are
summarized under:
1) Pakistan Resolution 1940:

The attitude of the Hindus made it clear that the Hindus and the Muslims
were two separate nations. On March 23, at the annual session of Muslim
League at Lahore, the famous resolution, commonly known as the Pakistan
Resolution was passed. Maulvi Fazlul Haq presented it. Quiad-e-Azam said in
his address:
“By all means Muslims are one nation and they needing a separate
homeland where they could live their spiritual, cultural, economical,
social and political lives independently.”
2) Cripps Mission 1942:

Sir Stafford Cripps was sent by the British Government to India, to
discuss with Indian leaders, the future Indian Constitutions. Both the Congress
and the League rejected his proposal. The Congress Characterized them us “a
post-dated cheque on a failing bank”. Jinnah said that if these were accepted
Muslims would become a minority in their majority provinces as well.
3) Quit India Movement 1942:

Congress initiated it against British, it was “open rebellion” due to which
many people were killed League raised a slogan of “Divide and Quite India”.
4) Gandhi Jinnah Talks 1944:

Gandhi held talks with Jinnah to discuss about the future of India, but no
fruitful results came out of it because Gandhi did not accept Muslims as a
separate nation.
“The wall between Jinnah and Gandhi was the Two Nation Theory.”
5) Lord Wavell’s Plan 1945:

In May 1945, Lord Wavell, the viceroy of India, went to London and
talked about his ideas about the future of India with the British administration.
The discussion resulted in the formulation of an action plan that was made
public in June 1945. This plan is known as “Wavell Plan”.
6) Simla Conference 1945:

Lord Wavell called a conference at Simla on 25 June 1945. The
conference failed to achieve any purpose due to one-sided attitude of Lord
Wavell. In this conference, Quiad-e-Azam made it clear that the Muslim League
can represent Muslim of India.
General Elections 1945-46:

Elections for the central and provincial assemblies were held in 1945-
1946 in which Muslim League won 30 seats of central legislative meant for
Muslims and 430 seats out of 495 in the provincial legislative. Quiad-e-Azam
said on this occasion:
“I have no doubt now in the achievement of Pakistan. The Muslims of
India told the world what they want .No power of world can topple the
opinion of 10 crore Muslims of India.”
7) Cabinet Mission 1946:

Cabinet Mission visited India in 1946 and submitted its recommendations
to the Britishers. As a result, Interim Government was formed but Congress and
league could not co-operate amongst them.
8) Delhi Convention 1946:

Quaid-e-Azam called a convention of all Muslims League members at
Delhi. At the convention, every member took the pledge to under go any danger
for the attainment of national goal of Pakistan.
9) 3rd June Plan 1947:

Lord Mount Batten prepared the plan for transference of power according
to the wish of people. He emphasized on the partition of country and told that it
was the only solution of the Indian political deadlock. Both League and
Congress accepted the plan.
10) 14th August - Transfer of Power 1947:

The transfer of power ceremony was held in Karachi. On August 15,
Quaid-e-Azam was sworn in as Governor General of Pakistan and Mr. Liaqat
Ali Khan was appointed his Prime Minister.
Causes of t he Demand f or Pakist an

Introduction:
Hindus and Muslims had lived peacefully together in India for centuries,
but after the British invasion in South Asia and their undue support to Hindus,
life became very difficult for Indian Muslims. In fact, the Muslims were a
separate nation. The creation of Pakistan owes much to this feeling of adherence
to their national image and religious identity.
The Muslims of Indo Pak Sub Continent demanded a separate homeland
on the following grounds:
1) Desire to establish an Islamic State:

Islam is a complete code of life for the Muslims and they are eager to
implement it in their personal and collective life. Islamic code of Life or Islamic
Ideology cannot be implemented until a pure Islamic Society free from all other
un-Islamic influences is established. The desire to establish an Islamic State was
also one of the factors to demand a separate homeland.
2) Two-Nation Theory:
The Two-Nation Theory played an important role for demanding a
separate homeland according to which Hindus and Muslims are the two nations
and therefore they cannot live together. Quaid-e-Azam once said:
“Hindus and Muslims though living in the same towns and villages had
never been blended into one nation. They were always two separate
entities. So the Muslims should have a separate State where they could
lead their individual and collective life in accordance with the Islamic
principles.”
3) Historical Collusion:
Hindu and Muslim historical collusion started when Muhammad Bin
Qasim, defeating Raja Dahir, founded Islamic government in the subcontinent.
Many battles were fought between Hindus and Muslims under Muslim Rule.
The historical collusion continued also during the British Regime. Hindus,
cooperating with British, tried to diminish Muslim culture and their way of life.
The future of Muslims was obvious in such condition; therefore, they decided to
demand for the separate homeland.
4) Hindus and British:

Since the British snatched power from Muslims, they were doubtful
about the faithfulness of Muslims. So, Hindus and British joined hands to
destroy the Muslims morally, socially, economically and politically. This was
the reason that Muslims became fed up with both British and Hindus and
decided to have a separate homeland.
5) British Parliamentary System:

Indian National Congress demanded the British Parliamentary system of
government in India which meant majority rule. The implementation of this
simply meant the Hindus slavery of Muslims since they were in majority. This
was the reason that Muslims stressed on separate electorates and got it accepted.
Separate electorate was the first brick in the foundation of demand for separate
homeland.
6) Shuddi and Sangathan Movement:
Hindu Muslim Unity evaporated in the year after the Khilafat Movement
(1919-24) and Hindu Muslim Riots began. The Shuddhi Movement aimed at the
mass conversion of certain backward groups of Muslims into Hindus by force
whereas the Sangathan Programmed sought to organize the Hindus into a
Militant force to flight with the Muslims.
7) Activities of Maha Sabha:

Maha Sabha was established in 1900. It was a non political party until
the Shuddhi and Sangathan Movement started. These movements motivated
Maha Sabha to be involved in politics. It proved to be the worst enemy of
Muslims. The party declared Muslims as outsiders and said that Muslims have
no relation with India. If they want to leave it then they could leave it happily
but if they want to live in India, they will have to accept Hinduism. So it was
impossible for Hindus and Muslims to live in a same country together.
8) Protection of Urdu Language:

Urdu was considered to be the language of Muslims in the subcontinent.
In 1867, the Hindu-Urdu controversy began with some outstanding Hindus of
Banaras demanding replacements of Urdu by Hindi as the court language. The
supporters of Hindi claimed for it a national status whereas the Muslims hotly
denied it. Maulvi Abdul Haque (1870-1961) has rightly said:
“Urdu Language placed the first brick in the foundation of Pakistan.”
9) Protection of Muslim Culture:

Hindus, with the consent of British during the Congress Ministries, burnt
and looted the properties and houses of Muslims, Moreover, the signs of
Muslims, past glory were damaged. Educational Syllabus was changed. Urdu
was replaced by Hindi and the Muslim students were forced to worship statues
of Gandhi in their schools. The Muslims of India, therefore, decided that the
Muslim culture could be protected in a free and separate Muslim State.
10) Economic Hardships:

During the period of British Government, Hindus practically threw out
Muslims from the fields of trade and industry. All the business, industrial, and
services opportunities were occupied by Hindus and some degraded jobs were
left for the Muslims. Muslims of India became the political slave of British and
economic slave of Hindus. To come out from this vicious circle, at last,
Muslims decided to demand for a separate homeland.
11) Congress Ministries:

During the period of Congress Ministries (1937-1939), Hindus did worst
possible injustice with Muslims. The Hindu-Muslim riots were usual during the
Congress rule. Band-e-Mataram, three coloured flag and statue of Gandhi were
introduced at national level. Urdu was replaced by Hindi and slaughtering cow
was banned. Nehru plainly and openly said that there were only two nations in
India, Congress and British and the rest should follow them. After this
statement, nothing left for Muslims but to present Pakistan Resolution in 1940.
Conclusion:
On the basis of above mentioned factors and bitter attitude of British and
Congress the Muslims apprehended that they would lose their identity if they
remained a part of Hindu society. Therefore they quitted Congress and
demanded separate land on the ground that they were different nation from
Hindus. According to Quaid-e-Azam:
“The Muslims demanded Pakistan were they can rule in accordance with
their own system of life, their cultural development, their traditions and
Islamic law.”
Init ial Pr obl ems of Pakist an

Introductory Remarks:
The emergence of Pakistan, after a long and arduous freedom movement,
was in fact a great victory of the democratic idea of life. The Indian Muslims
happily and valiantly laid down their lives and properties to achieve a
destination in which they saw the fulfillment of their dreams of living an
independent life free from Hindu or British dominance. Quaid-e-Azam on 15
August 1947 said:
“My thoughts are with those valiant fighters in our cause who readily
sacrificed all they had, including their lives, to make Pakistan possible.”
Initial Difficulties of Pakistan:

From its very inception, Pakistan faced a large number of problems.
Some of the initial difficulties were:
1) Establishment of Government:
The first problem that Pakistan had to face was to choose a capital to
form a Government and to establish a secretariat, Karachi was chosen as the
capital of Pakistan. Quaid-e-Azam took the office of the Governor General,
Liaqat Ali Khan was appointed as Prime Minister and a Cabinet of experienced
persons was selected. Arrangements were to be made to bring the officials who
had opted for Pakistan from Delhi to Karachi.
2) Unfair Boundary Distribution:

A boundary commission was set up under a British Chairman, Sir Cyril
Redcliff. He misused his powers and handed over Muslim majority areas like
Gurdaspur, Ferozpur and Jullundur to India hence providing them a gateway to
Kashmir. Quaid-e-Azam called it “An unjust, incomprehensible and even
perverse award.”
3) Influx of Refugees:
On the birth of Pakistan, Hindus and Sikhs became more furious. In a
planned move, Muslim properties were set on fire and they were compelled to
leave Bharat for Pakistan with nothing but their lives. Millions of refugees were
killed before they reached Pakistan. Many migrants were looted and had to be
provided boarding immediately as they reached Pakistan.
4) Division of Assets:
In order to embarrass Pakistan financially, India did a lot of dishonesty in
the matters of Pakistan, which were concerned with its benefits. Pakistan was
promised to get Rs.750 million but the Indian Government refused to give.
Pakistan received only 200 million.
5) Division of Armed Forces:

For the security and safeguard of its territory, every country needs armed
forces and military equipment. The question of division of armed forces and
equipment was the sensitive issue for Pakistan. Pakistan demanded the
immediate division of army assets and personnel. The Indian leadership created
every hurdle in the division of army equipment.
6) River Water Dispute:

Most of the rivers flowing in Pakistan have their origin in India. In 1948,
India stopped water supply to Pakistani canals to damage the Pakistani
agriculture. However, on 9 September 1960 on agreement called “Indus Basin
Treaty” was signed between the two countries.
7) Kashmir Issue:
Kashmir dispute is the most important and unsolved problem. Kashmir is
the natural part of Pakistan because at the time of partition 85% of the
Kashmir’s total population was Muslim. The Hindu dogra rule, which was
declared secretly by the Government of India Kashmir, as a part of India.
Pakistan has continuously insisted that Kashmir must get their right of self-
determination but due to non-cooperation of India, Kashmir issue remain
unsolved.
8) Constitutional Problem:
The constituent assembly failed to frame a constitution even in eight
years. Lack of a permanent constitution created, chances of unscrupulous
interference in democratic progress of Pakistan. The constitutional assembly of
Pakistan had taken a long period of 9 years in making first constitution of
Pakistan.
11) Electricity Problem:

Due to transfer of Muslim majority areas to Bharat and unfair
demarcation, electricity system of West Punjab was disrupted, because all
power stations were at Mundi, a predominantly Muslim majority area, gifted to
Bharat but Quiad-e-Azam said:
“If we are to exist as a nation, we will have to face the problems with
determination and force.”
12) Settlement of Refugees:

The immediate problem, which bid the Government’s attention, was the
rehabilitation of the refugees who had to leave their homes to begin a new life in
Pakistan. The refugees pushed into Pakistan to create complexity for the
Government, which was busy in uniting itself. Quaid-e-Azam Relief Fund was
created in which the well-off and rich people were asked to contribute
generously for the rehabilitation of poor refugees.
13) Death of Quaid-e-Azam:

Despite all the problems and difficulties that beset the infant state,
Pakistan continued to march under the able and dynamic leadership of Quaid-e-
Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah. However, it was obvious that his own strength
was falling, and his death of September 11, 1948 was a great loss for Pakistan.
It left a void too big to be filled in by any successor.
Conclusion:
Pakistan came into being as a free Muslim state in quite unfavourable
circumstances. It had no resources, and it had to build up its administrative
machinery from a scratch. However, Supreme efforts were made by the Quiad-
e-Azam and his colleagues to grapple with the situation .His golden principles
“Unity” “Faith” and “Discipline” gave way to Pakistan for a bright future of a
strong and well-developed country.
Quaid-i-Azam as Gover nor Gener al

Introduction:
On 15th August 1947, Quaid-i-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah became the
1st Governor General of Pakistan. He remained Governor General of the
country for thirteen months. During this period, he solved many important
national issues. Some of them are mentioned as under:
Pakistan’s First Cabinet:

As soon as the Quaid-i-Azam took an immediate action and nominated
members of the Federal Cabinet to run the Government affairs smoothly.
Liaquat Ali Khan was elected as the Prime Minister. Other members of the
cabinet were also nominated. This first cabinet of Pakistan took oath on 15th
August 1947.
Constitutional Problems:
The Act of 1935 was amended and enforced in the country as there was no
constitution available of the newly born state. Thus this great achievement was
done under the administrative leadership of the Quaid-i-Azam.
Attention to Foreign Affairs:
Realizing the sensitivity of foreign affairs, Quaid-i-Azam paid his utmost
attention to the Foreign Policy. He developed healthy relations with the
neighboring and developed countries that were the main objective of the
Foreign Policy.
Membership of UNO:
After independence, Quaid-i-Azam paid immediate attention for
acquiring membership of the United Nations Organization (UNO). On 30th
September 1947, Pakistan became the member of the UNO. This all, was done
under the dynamic leadership of Quaid-i-Azam.
Implementation of Education Policy:

Education plays an important role in the development of a country. It
improves living standard of a nation and development. Education sector also
needed attention at the time of independence. For this purpose, he held the first
Educational Conference in 1947. He wished that every citizen of Pakistan
should serve his nation with honesty and national spirit. He made nation with
honesty and national spirit. He made acquisition of scientific and technological
education compulsory for the students. Quaid-i-Azam did a lot to improve
education policy of the country.
In the Service of Pakistan:

Quaid-i-Azam served his country till his death. Despite his bad health, he
kept on going through the important files. He succumbed to deadly disease of
consumption.
These were the most important works done by the Quaid as Governor
General in a very short period of 13 months. These achievements of the Quiaid
will not be forgotten by the people of Pakistan.
Chapt er
Est abl ishment of
03 an Isl a mic
democr at ic st at e
SHORT ANSWERS:
 Objective Resolution
 Constitution of 1956
 Constitution of 1962
 Council of Islamic Ideology
 Tashkent Declaration
 Fall of East Pakistan
 Islamic Provisions in 1973 Constitution
 Objective Resolution
 Islamic Provisions in 1973 Constitution
…………
Mc q ’s
1. Objective resolution was approved by constitutional assembly in:
 1947  1948  1949
2. Pakistan was recognized as a republic in:
 1954  1955  1956
3. The first constitution was enforced in:
 1954  1955  1956
4. The second constitution was enforced in:
 1954  1962  1956
5. The third constitution was enforced in:
 1954  1955  1973
6. Objective resolution was moved by:
 Nazim uddin  Liaquat Ali Khan  Waqar ul Malik
7. East Pakistan was separated in:
 1971  1970  1973
8. General Ayyub Khan imposed martial Law in:
 1958  1969  1977
9. General Yahya Khan imposed martial Law in:
 1958  1969  1977
10. General Zia ul Haq imposed martial Law in:
 1958  1969  1977
11. The constitutional name of Pakistan is:
 Democratic State  Islamic State  Islamic Republic of Pak
12. Islamic Provisions in 1973 constitution are:
 10  12  14
13. Karachi was the capital of Pakistan from 1947 to :
 1958  1960  1977
14. The first Chief Justice of Pakistan was:
 Zafar-ul-Haq  Sajjad Ali Shah  Abdul Rasheed
15. The first general elections were held in:
 1958  1972  1977
************
SHORT
answer s
OBJ ECTIVE RESOLUTION
Introduction:
The First Constituent Assembly passed this resolution in March 1949
under leader ship of Liaqat Ali Khan. It contained those objectives on which the
future constitution was to be based as stated by the founder of the nation, Quid-
e-Azam on 14 February 1948, said:
“The constitution of Pakistan will be democratic and based on the
fundamental laws of Islam….Islam and its ideology has taught us the
lesson of democracy.”
Salient Features of Objective Resolution:

The salient features of the objective Resolution are as follows:
1. Sovereignty Belongs to Allah:

The resolution clearly laid down that sovereignty over the entire Universe
belongs to Almighty Allah alone and the authorities to be exercised by the
people of Pakistan are a sacred trust.
2. Federal System:
Federal system of Government will be introduced in Pakistan.
3. Golden Principles of Islam:

Principles of Democracy, equality, freedom and social justice as laid
down by Islam shall be fully observed.
4. Supreme Authority of the People:

The sovereignty of the state will be established through the elected
representative of the people.
5. Rights of Minorities:
The Rights and interests of the minorities to freely profess and practice
their religion will be protected.
6. Independent Judiciary:
Judiciary will be independent and free from all pressures.
Conclusion:
All classes of people accepted it. It provided a guideline for the future
constitutions of Pakistan, which were passed in 1956, 1962, and 1973. It
consisted of such principles, which revealed that character of constitution
should be Islamic.
Const it ut ion of 1956

Introduction:
Pakistan came into being 1947 after many sacrifices. After Independence
of Pakistan, Pakistan has been governed the Govt. of India Act 1935.
Constitutional history of Pakistan is very unfortunate. However, first
constitutional Assembly has been introduced Constitution of 1956 after long
debates. Constitution of 1956 was enforced 23 March 1956. But unfortunately it
was abrogated after two years.
Silent Features of Constitution of 1956:

Following are Silent Features of Constitution of 1956
 Objective Resolution:
Objective Resolution was included as Preamble of Constitution of 1956.
 Name of Country:
Constitution of 1956 declared Pakistan as Islamic Republic of Pakistan.
 National Language:
Under constitution of 1956, Urdu and Bengali were made national
Language.
 State Religion:
Islam was the state religion of Pakistan.
 Fundamental Right
Fundamental Rights were given to the people of Pakistan according to
constitution of 1956.
 Rights of Minorities
Rights of minorities were provided in the constitution of Pakistan 1956.
Minorities freely perform own religion festivals.
 Parliamentary Form of Govt.:

Constitution of 1956 was introduced parliamentary form of Govt.
 Freedom of Judiciary
Freedom of Judiciary was introduced in constitution of 1956. It was
decided that Supreme Court would interpret the constitution.
Const it ut ion of 1962

Introduction
Pakistan came into being 1947 after many sacrifices. After independence
of Pakistan, Pakistan has been governed the Government of India Act 1935.
Constitution history of Pakistan is very unfortune. For Example, its second
constitution was enforced in 1962, but it ended 1969 when martial law imposed.
The 1962 constitution was drafted by a team appointed by Ayub Khan. All work
was done secretly and then all of sudden constitution was enforce in the
country.
Salient Features of 1962 Constitution:

Following are the salient Features of the Constitution 1962.
(i) Name of the Country

Constitution of 1962 was declared Pakistan as Democratic Islamic
Republic of Pakistan.
(ii) National Language

Under constitution of 1962, Urdu and Bengali were declared as National
Languages.
(iii) Presidential Form of Govt.:

Constitution of 1962 introduced Presidential form of Govt in such form
of Govt President was made head and he possessed Power to appoint ministers
of his cabinet.
(iv) Freedom of Judiciary

Freedom of Judiciary was introduced that supreme Court would interpret
the constitution.
(v) Fundamental Rights

The constitution of 1962 grants certain fundamental rights to the citizens
of Pakistan. These are basic human rights which cannot be taken away even by
legislation in normal circumstances.
(vi) Islamic Ideology Council

The constitution of 1962 provided for the establishment of Islamic
Ideology Council.
(vii) Emergency Provisions

The president had the power to proclaim the emergency when the
integrity or the sovereignty of Pakistan was threathened.
Conclusion:
As far as constitution of 1962 was concerned, initially nation always
considered it as a gift from a dictator, and, later on, such political anarchy
caused its suspension and replacement by constitution of 1973.
Council of Isl amic Ideol ogy

Introduction:
Council of Islamic Ideology (JM ᣲţ塴 4L ِ ‫ )ا‬is a constitutional body of
the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, responsible for giving legal advice on islamic
issues to the government and the Parliament.
Functions:
The council has the following functions:
 To recommend laws conforming to Qur'an and Sunnah to the Parliament
and Provincial Assemblies.
 To advise the Parliament, Government of Pakistan, President of Pakistan,
or Governor on any question referred to the Council as to whether a
proposed law is or is not repugnant to the Injunctions of Islam.
 To make recommendations to bring current laws into conformity with
Islamic injunctions.
 To compile guidance for the Parliament and Provincial Assemblies.
Conclusion:
However, the Government can make a law before advice is furnished by
the council. The council is also responsible for submitting an annual interim
report, which is discussed in the Parliament and Provincial Assemblies within
six months of its receipt. Recently, the Council was strongly criticized in many
traditionalist quarters for its recommendations on the procedure for khula.
Tashkent Decl ar at ion

Introduction:
The Tashkent Declaration of 10 January 1966 was a peace agreement
between India and Pakistan after the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965.
Peace had been achieved on 23 September by the intervention of the great
powers that pushed the two nations to a cease fire for fears the conflict could
escalate and draw in other powers.
Declaration
The conference was viewed as a great success and the declaration that was
released was hoped to be a framework for lasting peace. The declaration stated
that:
 Indian and Pakistani forces would pull back to their pre-conflict
positions, pre-August lines, no later than February 25, 1966.
 The nations would not interfere in each other's internal affairs.
 Economic and diplomatic relations would be restored.
 Orderly transfer of Prisoners of War.
 The two leaders would work towards building good relations between the
two countries.
Fal l of East Pakist an

Introduction:
Pakistan came into being on 14 August 1947. Pakistan had two parts:
East Pakistan and West Pakistan until 1971 when East Pakistan
got independence and became Bangladesh. Following are the causes of the fall
of East Pakistan.
i) Geographical Location of East Pakistan:

Geographically Pakistan was very unique in history. It was, perhaps, the
only country in the world consisted of two parts divided by the 1600 km hostile
territory.
ii) Different Social Structure:

People of East & West Pakistan belonged to different social systems and
they could not develop understanding with each other.
iii) Language Issue:

The people of East Pakistan opposed the govt. policy on language issue.
People protested against the govt.
iv) Military Action in Pakistan:

After the elections of 1970 law and order situation became very critical in
the East Pakistan. No one tried to find out the political solution of the problem.
v) India’s Attack:
India took advantage of the situation and attacked East Pakistan on
December 03, 1971. East Pakistan got independence from West Pakistan and
became Bangladesh.
Conclusion:
Minor misunderstandings between East & West Pakistan led to the major
conflicts. Lack of loyal leadership further aggravated the situation and no
political solution was experimented to end the crises. Thad had brought an end
to the united Pakistan and Pakistan was disintegrated.
Isl amic Pr ov isions in 1973
Const it ut ion
Introduction:
On 7th April, 1972 the national assembly of Pakistan appointed a
committee to prepare a draft of the permanent constitution of Pakistan. A bill to
provide a constitution was introduced by the committee in the Assembly on
February 2, 1973. The Assembly passed the bill on 19th April, 1973 and at last
the constitution came into force on 14th August 1973.
Islamic Provisions of 1973 Constitution:

The following are the Islamic provisions of 1973 constitution based on
the principles of Holy Quran and Sunnah.
1. Islamic Republic of Pakistan:

Pakistan shall be known as “Islamic Republic of Pakistan”.
2. State Religion:
Islam shall be the state religion of Pakistan.
3. Definition of a Muslim:
The constitution also gives the definition of a Muslim. A person who
believes in Tauheed or Oneness of Allah and in the prophet hood of Hazrat
Mohammad (P.B.U.H) as the last prophet of Allah has described as a Muslim.
4. President and Prime Minister:

The constitution laid down that only Muslims shall be elected president
and Prime Minister of Pakistan. Non-Muslim could hold these offices.
5. Islamic way of life:

Steps shall be given to enable the Muslims of Pakistan to order their lives
in accordance with the fundamental principles and basic concepts of Islam.
6. Error Free Publication of Quran:

The government shall Endeavour to secure correct and exact printing and
publishing of the Holy Quran.
7. Ahmadi’s A Non-Muslim Minority:

According to the second amendment of 1973 constitution, the Qadiani
group or the Lahori group who call themselves “Ahmadi’s” were declared as
Non-Muslim minority.
DE SCRIPTIVE
answer s
OBJ ECTIVE RESOLUTION
Introduction:
The First Constituent Assembly passed this resolution in March 1949
under leader ship of Liaqat Ali Khan. It contained those objectives on which the
future constitution was to be based as stated by the founder of the nation, Quid-
e-Azam on 14 February 1948, said:
“The constitution of Pakistan will be democratic and based on the
fundamental laws of Islam….Islam and its ideology has taught us the
lesson of democracy.”
Salient Features of Objective Resolution:

The salient features of the objective Resolution are as follows:

The resolution clearly laid down that sovereignty over the entire Universe
belongs to Almighty Allah alone and the authorities to be exercised by the
people of Pakistan are a sacred trust.
2. Federal System:
Federal system of Government will be introduced in Pakistan.
3. Golden Principles of Islam:

Principles of Democracy, equality, freedom and social justice as laid
down by Islam shall be fully observed.
4. Supreme Authority of the People:

The sovereignty of the state will be established through the elected
representative of the people.
5. Islamic Atmosphere:
The Muslims shall be provided with opportunity to order their lives in
accordance with the teachings and requirements of Islam.
6. Rights of Minorities:
The Rights and interests of the minorities to freely profess and practice
their religion will be protected.
7. Development of Under Developed Areas:
All efforts will be made for the development and progress of the under
developed areas.
8. Independence Judiciary:
Judiciary will be independent and free from all pressures.
9. Defence:
The integrity of the territories of the federations, its independence, and all
its rights, including the sovereign right of land, sea, and air shall be
safeguarded.
Objective Resolution and Liquate Ali Khan:

While introducing the resolution in the constituent assembly, Liquate Ali
Khan said:
“The ideals that promised the demand for Pakistan should form the
corner stone of the state. When we use the word ‘Democracy’ in the
Islamic sense, it pervades all aspects of life. It relates to the system of
government and to our society with equal validity because one of the
greatest contributions of Islam has been the equality of all men.”
Importance of the Objective Resolution:

This resolution is of fundamental importance in the history of
constitutions making in Pakistan because from the first constitution of 1956
until the constitution of 1973 (present constitution) whatever constitution was
framed it was based on this objective resolution. It contains those steps and
principles, which were to be taken for the fulfillment of the basic aim of the
freedom struggle that is the establishment of an Islamic society in Pakistan.
Hence, it is a significant document in the constitutional history of Pakistan.
Conclusion:
All the above-mentioned principles were presented in the objective
resolution that is why this resolution is considered an important event in the
constitutional history of the country. All classes of people accepted it. It
provided a guideline for the future constitutions of Pakistan, which were passed
in 1956, 1962, and 1973. It consisted of such principles, which revealed that
character of constitution should be Islamic.
Isl amic Pr ovisions in 1973 Const it ut ion

Introduction:
On 7th April, 1972 the national assembly of Pakistan appointed a
committee to prepare a draft of the permanent constitution of Pakistan. A bill to
provide a constitution was introduced by the committee in the Assembly on
February 2, 1973. The Assembly passed the bill on 19th April, 1973 and at last
the constitution came into force on 14th August 1973.
The present constitution (1973) provides for the protection and
preservation of Islamic Concept of life. It also attempts to propagate and
implement the basic teachings of Islam.
Islamic Provisions of 1973 Constitution:

The following are the Islamic provisions of 1973 constitution based on
the principles of Holy Quran and Sunnah.
1. Islamic Republic of Pakistan:

Pakistan shall be known as “Islamic Republic of Pakistan”.
2. State Religion:
Islam shall be the state religion of Pakistan.

Sovereignty over the entire Universe belongs to Almighty Allah and the
authority bestowed by him on men is a sacred trust which the people of Pakistan
will exercise with the limits prescribed by Quran and Sunnah.
4. Definition of a Muslim:
The constitution also gives the definition of a Muslim. A person who
believes in Tauheed or Oneness of Allah and in the prophet hood of Hazrat
Mohammad (P.B.U.H) as the last prophet of Allah has described as a Muslim.
5. President and Prime Minister:

The constitution laid down that only Muslims shall be elected president
and Prime Minister of Pakistan. Non-Muslim could hold these offices.
6. Islamic way of life:

Steps shall be given to enable the Muslims of Pakistan to order their lives
in accordance with the fundamental principles and basic concepts of Islam.
7. Promotion of Social Justice:

The State shall take necessary steps for prosecution of social justice and
eradication of social evils and shall prevent prostitution, gambling and taking of
injurious drugs, printing, publication, circulation and display of obscene
literature and advertisements.
8. Teachings of Holy Quran:

The state shall try to make the teachings of Holy Quran and Islamic
studies compulsory to encourage and facilitate the learning of Arabic language.
9. Strengthen Bond, with Muslim World:

The state shall Endeavour to strengthen fraternal relations among Muslim
countries in order to promote Islamic unity.
10. Error Free Publication of Quran:
The government shall Endeavour to secure correct and exact printing and
publishing of the Holy Quran.
11. Promotion of Islamic Ideology:

The federal and Provincial Ministers, the Speaker and Deputy Speaker of
the National and Provincial Assemblies, the chairman of the Senate and the
Governors and Chief Ministers of the Provinces also take oath to preserve and
protect the Islamic Ideology.
12. Ahmadi’s A Non-Muslim Minority:

According to the second amendment of 1973 constitution, the Qadiani
group or the Lahori group who call themselves “Ahmadi’s” were declared as
Non-Muslim minority.
Conclusion:
The 1973 constitution enlisted the main principles of State Policy
Maximum efforts were made to improve the character of this constitution. Like
other constitutions, 1973 constitution of Pakistan also provides for the
protection, propagation and enforcement of Islamic Ideology.
Cha pt er
LAND OF
04 PAKISTAN
SHORT ANSWERS:
 Location of Pakistan
 Climate of Pakistan
 Natural Resources of Pakistan
 Location of Pakistan
 Climate of Pakistan
…………
Mc q ’s
1. The total area of Pakistan is:
 798098 sq km  796096 sq km  797097 sq km
2. The total area of Sindh is:
 798098 sq km  796096 sq km  140914 sq km
3. The total area of Punjab is:
 205344 sq km  796096 sq km  797097 sq km
4. The total area of Balochistan is:
 798098 sq km  347190 sq km  797097 sq km
5. Total number of seats for Senate Committee is:
 100  150  200
6. The road that link Pakistan with China is called:
 Karakoram  Motor Way  Resham
7. How many divisions are there in Sindh?
4 5 3
8. The highest military award of Pakistan is:
 Nishan-e-Basalat  Nishan-e-Juraat  Nishan-e-Haider
9. The highest civil award of Pakistan is:
 Nishan-e-Basalat  Nishan-e-Pakistan  Nishan-e-Haider
10.The biggest province of Pakistan according to area is:
11.The biggest province of Pakistan according to population is:
12.The head of state of Pakistan is called:
 Chief Minister  Prime Minister  President
13.The head of federal government is called:
 Chief Minister  Prime Minister  President
14.The highest court of Pakistan is:
 Supreme Court  High Court  Provincial Court
15.Total number of seats for National Assembly is:
 341  340  342
16. Total number of seats for Senate Committee is:
 100  150  200
17. Total number of seats for Punjab Assembly is:
 342  371  168
18. Total number of seats for KPK Assembly is:
 124  150  200
19. Total number of seats for Blochistan Assembly is:
 100  150  65
20. The National Assembly is elected for:
 5 years  2 years  3 years
21.Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto was hanged in:
 1978  1979  1977
22.The length of Indus River is:
 2896 km  398 km  825 km
23.The length of Beas River is:
 2896 km  398 km  825 km
24.The length of Jhelum River is:
 2896 km  398 km  825 km
25.The length of Chenab River is:
 2896 km  1242 km  825 km
26.The length of Ravi River is:
 901 km  398 km  825 km
27.The length of Sutlaj River is:
 2896 km  398 km  1551 km
28.Mangla dam was constructed on river:
 Jehlum  Bias  Ravi
29.Warsak dam was constructed on river:
 Jehlum  Ravi  Kabul
30. The total area of forest in Pakistan is:
 3.6%  4%  3.8%
31. Natural regions of Pakistan are:
4 5 6
32.Pakistan is divided into climate regions:
4 5 6
33.The length of Khyber Pass is:
 28 km  39 km  56 km
34.The highest peak of Pakistan is:
 Nanga Parbat  K-2  Tirchmir
35.The Height of K-2 is:
 8125 m  8398 m  8616 m
36.The Height of Nanga Parbat is:
 8125 m  8398 m  8616 m
37.The hottest place in Pakistan is:
 Hunza  Multan  Jacobabad
38.The coldest place in Pakistan is:
 Hunza  Multan  Jacobabad
39.The Tarbela dam is built on the river:
 Indus  Ravi  Satlaj
40.First governor general of Pakistan was:
 Quaid-e-Azam  Liaquat Ali Khan  Nazim uddin
41.First governor general of India was:
 Gandhi  Nehru  Mount Batten
42.The common boundary between Pakistan and Afghanistan is called:
 Durand Line  Control Line  Safe Line
43.The common boundary between Pakistan and India is called:
 Durand Line  Control Line  Safe Line
44.Karakoram Highway connects Pakistan with:
 Iran  India  China
45.The Siachin Glacier is in this mountain range:
 Karakoram  Ladakh  Himalaya
46.The Height of Tirich Mir is:
 2896 km  398 km  600 km
47. The biggest desert of Pakistan is:
 Thar  Thal  Cholistan
48.The highest rate of rainfall in Pakistan is at:
 Hunza  Multan  Muree
************
SHORT
answer s
Geo-Pol it ical Impor t ance of t he
Locat ion of Pakist an
Location of Pakistan:
Islamic republic of Pakistan is one of most important country of Asia
covering as area of 7,96,096 sq.km. and its population is about 130 million
according to 1998 census.
It consists of five provinces: Punjab, Sindh, K.P.K, Baluchistan and
Gilgit Baltistan. The Punjab has highest population while Baluchistan has the
large area.
Islamabad is the Capital of Pakistan.
 North of Pakistan (China):

In the north of Pakistan, China is situated. Most of the rivers of Pakistan
come from northern side and there are high mountains in the region. China is an
important country of the world. Karakoram highway joins Pakistan and China.
Pakistan and China have excellent relation from the beginning; they have good
trade relation too.
 North-West of Pakistan (Afghanistan):

Afghanistan is situated in the North-West of Pakistan. It is an Islamic
country. The border between the two countries is called Durand Line and is
2252 km. long. Pakistan has good trade relations with Afghanistan. Afghanistan
is also a member of E.C.O with Pakistan.
 South-West of Pakistan (Iran):

Iran lies on the South-West border of Pakistan. Both the countries have
ideal relation from the beginning. Iran was the first country of the world to
accept Pakistan in 1947. It is one of the leading oil producing countries and is
the founder member of E.C.O along with Pakistan.
 East of Pakistan (India):

India is situated in the East of Pakistan. India is one of the biggest
democracies of the world. It is also second most populated country of the world.
Pakistan is trying its level best to form better relations with India. Kashmir is
the main issue between the two countries.
 Arabian Sea:
In the south of Pakistan Arabian Sea is situated, which is an important
trade route. The trade of Pakistan is mostly carried out through this route.
Conclusion:
Allah has blessed Pakistan with an ideal location. We should serve our
country honestly and selflessly.
Cl imat e of Pakist an
Introduction:
Pakistan is situated in the north of tropic of cancer. Pakistan is a sub-
tropical country. It is situated in the western part of the monsoon region. Some
of the areas in the north of Pakistan is warm and mist, whereas the mountainous
area have highland type climate.
Pakistan is divided into following regions on the basis of its climate.
1. Sub-Tropical Continental highland
2. Sub-Tropical Continental plateau
3. Sub-Tropical Continental lowland
4. Sub-Tropical Coast land
1. Sub-Tropical Continental highland:

It includes Pakistan’s northern and north-western mountain ranges of
Baluchistan. Here the winter is extremely cold, normally there is snowfall.
Summer season is quite cool and in spring and winter seasons there is mostly
fog and rainfall.
2. Sub-Tropical Continental plateau:

In this climate region most of the parts of Baluchistan are included. There
are a few rainfalls during the month of January and February (normally 5 cm).
Extreme hot, dry and dusty winds are important characteristics of this region.
3. Sub-Tropical Continental lowland:

This climate region includes the upper Indus plain (Punjab Province) and
lower Indus plain (Sindh Province). Summer is very hot. The Peshawar plain
experiences thunder storms and dust storms during summer.
4. Sub-Tropical Coastland:
This climate region includes the coastal areas of Sindh and Baluchistan.
The temperature is moderate. The different between maximum and minimum
temperature is less. Annual average temperature is 32 degree C and rainfall is
18 cm.
NATURAL RESOURCES of Pakist an
Natural Resources:
The resources endowed by the nature to the country and the people are
called Natural Resources, e.g., Mineral resources, rivers, forests and animals.
1. Mineral Resources:
Pakistan is blessed with considerable mineral resources. Some of them
are explored but much remains to be done for the search for more. Some
important resources are:
1. Mineral Resources
a) Iron Ore
b) Chromite
c) Gypsum
d) Coal
e) Mineral Oil
f) Natural Gas
g) Uranium
2. Rivers and Canals
3. Forests
a) Iron Ore:
Iron Ore is used for industry, especially steel industry. It is found in
limited quantity and low quality. Most of the required Iron ore is imported from
abroad. Its deposits are found in Chitral, Chaghai, Kohat, Kurram Agency,
Mardan, Hazara, Mianwali (Kalabagh) and DG Khan.
b) Chromite:
Chromite is used in preparing other metals, leather tanning, making of
steel products, armament and stainless steel. The deposits of Chromite are found
in Zoab (Muslim Bagh), Chaghai, Malakand, Mahmand, Waziristan, Fort
Sandaman etc.
c) Gypsum:
Gypsum is used for plaster of Paris, Paints and Cement. It is found in
Jhelum, Mianwali, DG Khan, Kohat and Loralai.
d) Coal:
Coal is used in power generation. It is basically used as fuel. It is not
found in good quantity and quality. It is mostly found in Sindh (Thatta,
Tharparkar, Manara) Balochistan (Deegari, Sharig, Soer, Khost, Maach,
Hernai), Punjab (Makarwal, Dandot), NWFP (Cherat and Noshera).
e) Mineral Oil:
Mineral Oil is a major source of energy. It is mostly imported from Iran
and Gulf states. Now some valuable reserves are found in Jhelum, Mianwali,
Attock, Balkasar, Mial, Chakwal, and Dhodak.
f) Natural Gas:
Natural Gas is itself a source of energy and fuel, and also used as a source
of power generation. It is found in Sui, Mari, Uch, Khairpur, Jacobabad etc.
Now some new discoveries are also found.
g) Uranium:
Uranium is the basic element for atomic power, indispensable for the
defence. Its deposits are in DG Khan, Hazara and Kohat.
2. Rivers:
The river system of Pakistan is consisted of Indus and other associated
rivers. We have a well-defined Canal system. The most important one is the
Indus Basin project.
What we require is the proper management of water, its conservation,
effective use, storage, dams and flood control. Water is dangerous if it is too
much, it become a problem if it is too little.
It is used for Agriculture where it is the backbone of agro-economy. It is also a
cheapest source of hydroelectric Power generation.
3. Forests:
Normally 25 percent area of a country should be covered with forest. But in
Pakistan it is only 4 to 5 percent.
Some areas are not suitable for plantation like deserts and dry mountains. It is
because of shortage of water and rainfall. Deforestation is also due to unplanned
cutting of trees.
DESCRIPTIVE
answer s
Geo-Pol it ical Impor t ance of t he
Locat ion of Pakist an
Pakistan is our motherland. We got this land after great sacrifices of the
Muslims of South Asia. It is situated in the southern area of Asia. It has great
importance in the southern region due to its ideal location in the region. This is
in fact God gifted location.
Location of Pakistan:
Islamic republic of Pakistan is one of most important country of Asia
covering as area of 7,96,096 sq.km. and its population is about 130 million
according to 1998 census.
It consists of five provinces: Punjab, Sindh, K.P.K, Baluchistan and
Gilgit Baltistan. The Punjab has highest population while Baluchistan has the
large area.
Islamabad is the Capital of Pakistan.
Importance of the Location of Pakistan:

Pakistan has great importance in South Asia. It has great geographical,
political and economical importance. It is located in a strategic region and its
importance is given below:
 North of Pakistan (China):

In the north of Pakistan, China is situated. Most of the rivers of Pakistan
come from northern side and there are high mountains in the region. China is an
important country of the world. Karakoram highway joins Pakistan and China.
Pakistan and China have excellent relation from the beginning; they have good
trade relation too.
 North-West of Pakistan (Afghanistan):

Afghanistan is situated in the North-West of Pakistan. It is an Islamic
country. The border between the two countries is called Durand Line and is
2252 km. long. Pakistan has good trade relations with Afghanistan. Afghanistan
is also a member of E.C.O with Pakistan.
 South-West of Pakistan (Iran):

Iran lies on the South-West border of Pakistan. Both the countries have
ideal relation from the beginning. Iran was the first country of the world to
accept Pakistan in 1947. It is one of the leading oil producing countries and is
the founder member of E.C.O along with Pakistan.
 East of Pakistan (India):

India is situated in the East of Pakistan. India is one of the biggest
democracies of the world. It is also second most populated country of the world.
Pakistan is trying its level best to form better relations with India. Kashmir is
the main issue between the two countries.
 Arabian Sea:
In the south of Pakistan Arabian Sea is situated, which is an important
trade route. The trade of Pakistan is mostly carried out through this route.
 Gulf Countries:
Another important location of Pakistan is this that it is situated near the
oil producing states of gulf. These states have great importance in the world due
to their mineral oil. Pakistan has very good relations with all these countries
from Morocco to Indonesia.
 Karachi – an International Port:

Karachi is not only the biggest city of Pakistan but is an international
harbor and airport. It connects Europe with Asia through sea and air routes.
Pakistan carries out its trade with different countries through Karachi port.
 Gas Protocol:
Pakistan has good relations with Afghanistan and Turkmenistan. That is
why these countries have signed a protocol on supply of gas through pipelines
passing through Afghanistan to Pakistan. This agreement would help these
countries for better relations among themselves.
 Seventh Atomic Nation:

Pakistan is the seventh Atomic Nation in the world. It is the only atomic
power among the Muslims countries. This is the reason Pakistan enjoys high
prestige in Muslim world.
 Conclusion:
Allah has blessed Pakistan with an ideal location. We should serve our
country honestly and selflessly.
Cl imat e of Pakist an
Climate:
Climate of a country is based on a long study of its weather conditions.
Pakistan is situated in the north of tropic of cancer. Pakistan is a sub-tropical
country. The average temperature of January in the plains of Pakistan is 4
degree C and maximum temperature of the same month is 24 degree C, whereas
the minimum temperature in the month of June/July is 30 degree C and
maximum temperature in the same month is 48 degree C. The maximum
temperature of Sibbi and Jocobabad is about 52 degree C.
Elements of Climate:
The most important elements of climate are temperature, pressure, winds,
rainfall and humidity etc.
Situation of Pakistan:
Pakistan is situated in the north of tropic of cancer. Pakistan is a sub-
tropical country. It is situated in the western part of the monsoon region. Some
of the areas in the north of Pakistan is warm and mist, whereas the mountainous
area have highland type climate.
Pakistan is divided into following regions on the basis of its climate.
1. Sub-Tropical Continental highland
2. Sub-Tropical Continental plateau
3. Sub-Tropical Continental lowland
4. Sub-Tropical Coast land
1. Sub-Tropical Continental highland:

It includes Pakistan’s northern mountain ranges (outer and central
Himalayas), north-western Mountain ranges (Waziristan, Zobe and Loralai) and
the mountain ranges of Baluchistan (Quetta, Sara waft, Central, Makran,
Jalawan). Here the winter is extremely cold, normally there is snowfall.
Summer season is quite cool and in spring and winter seasons there is mostly
fog and rainfall.
2. Sub-Tropical Continental plateau:

In this climate region most of the parts of Baluchistan are included. From
may to the mid of September hot and dusty winds continuously blow. Sibbi and
Jacobabad are located in this region. There are a few rainfalls during the month
of January and February (normally 5 cm). Extreme hot, dry and dusty winds are
important characteristics of this region.
3. Sub-Tropical Continental lowland:

This climate region includes the upper Indus plain (Punjab Province) and
lower Indus plain (Sindh Province). Summer is very hot. The north of Punjab
receives less rainfall. Winter rainfall situation is the same. In the Thai, Kachhi,
Sibbi and south-eastarn plains and a large dry area in desert. The Peshawar plain
experiences thunder storms and dust storms during summer.
4. Sub-Tropical Coastland:
This climate region includes the coastal areas of Sindh and Baluchistan
province or the southern part of Pakistan. The temperature is moderate. The
different between maximum and minimum temperature is less. There is inflow
of sea breeze throughout the summer and the humidity is high. Annual average
temperature is 32 degree C and rainfall is 18 cm. May and June are the honest
months. The plain of Lasbela receives rainfall both in summer and winter
seasons. Pakistan is situated in monsoon type of climate. There are extreme
variations in the temperature. A major part of Pakistan lies at a great distance
from the sea.
Cha pt er
Cul t ur e OF
05 PAKISTAN
SHORT ANSWERS:
 Culture of Pakistan
 Cultural Heritage of Pakistan
 Sindhi Culture
 Gandhara Civilization
 Culture of Pakistan
 Cultural Heritage of Pakistan
…………
Mc q ’s
1. The new art created after Muslims invasion in South Asia is called:
 Islamic Art  Gandhara Art  Indo Islamic Art
2. Shahi Qila (royal fort) was built by:
 Alamgir  Babar  Shah Jahan
3. Wazir Khan Mosque is at:
 Lahore  Karachi  Peshawar
4. Mahabat Khan Mosque is at:
 Lahore  Peshawar  Karachi
5. Moen-jo-Daro is in the district of:
 Larkana  Dadu  Thatta
6. Jamia Mosque Thatta was built in the period of:
7. Badshahi Mosque Lahore was built in the period of:
8. The National Anthem of Pakistan is the creation of:
 Allama Iqbal  Hafiz Jalandhari  Faiz Ahmed Faiz
9. Ajrak is the symbol of the culture of this province:
 Sindh  Pujab  KPK
10.The cultural centre of Gandhara Art was:
 Rawalpindi  Taxila  Islamabad
11.It is famous for sports goods:
 Sialkot  Pujab  KPK
12.Shalamar Bagh is situated at:
 Karachi  Lahore  Multan
13.This city is called “City of Saints”:
 Karachi  Lahore  Multan
14.The first Mughal king was:
 Babar  Akbar  Aurangzeb Alamgir
15.The last Mughal king was:
 Babar  Akbar  Aurangzeb Alamgir
************
SHORT
answer s
CULTURE OF
PAKISTAN
Definition of Culture:
The simplest and the shortest definitions of culture are that “it is a social
heritage” or, “it is the totality of way of life of the people”. In words of Muller-
Layer:
“Culture is an aggregate means of achievement and of progress.”
Salient Features of Pakistani Culture:

A study of main characteristics of Pakistani culture will be useful to
analyze the existing society in a batter way. The main characteristics of
Pakistani culture are as follows:
 Religious Uniformity:
Pakistan came into existence to provide its people a system of life based
on Islam. The people, in spite of some differences of languages, customs and
traditions commonly follow one religion of Islam. This is the religion, which is
practiced by all people of Pakistan.
 Language:
A number of languages are spoken in Pakistan. Some of them are
Punjabi, Sindhi, Pushto and Baluchi. However, Urdu is spoken and understood
in all parts of Pakistan. Being the official language, it is the media of
communication between all regions of Pakistan.
 Dress:
Dress is an important manifestation of culture. The regional dresses of
Pakistan undergo changes in the light of local traditions, economic conditions,
way of living and wealth in the region. However, in all provinces people
generally wear Shalwar Qameez.
 Diet:
Diet of people of Pakistan is quite simple; wheat, rice, meat is normally
used. For drink, milk of cow, tea, coffee and water are used. In short, our eating
habits, foods and social etiquette are strictly in conformity with Islamic
principles.
 Mixed Culture:
Pakistani culture is a mixed culture although majority of people are
Muslims by birth and faith .But there is great influence of Hindu and British
culture on the present Pakistani society.
 Sports Activities:
The recreational activities all over the Pakistan are common. The games
like wrestling, hockey, cricket, football, squash, Kabaddi etc are popular in
every part of our country. These games reflect our cultural identity.
Conclusion:
Culture, which includes religion, literature art, architecture, dresses,
music, manners and customs, has its roots in the Islamic culture. Islam has
described the rights and duties of every individual. Even in drinking, eating and
dressing, we have to observe certain rules prescribed by Islam. Therefore, it
may be said that Pakistani culture represents the true picture of Islamic culture.
CULTURAL HERITAGE OF PAKISTAN

Archaeological Heritage:
Pakistan has been the cradle of civilization that dates back more than five
million. A brief review of the different civilizations which flourished with the
passage of time is as under:
1. Moen- jo- Daro (A civilization flourished there some 4000 years ago)
2. Harappa (situated in the city o Sahiwal)
3. Gandhara (flourished during the 2nd and 3rd century of Christian era)
4. Buddhist Remains (In N.W.F.P, It dates 2-5 century old)
5. Taxila (It was excavated in recent times near Rawalpindi)
6. Thatta (the great mosque built by Shah-Jahan etc.)
ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE
A few examples of Architectural Heritage of pakistan are as follows:
a) Lahore Fort.
b) Badshahi Mosque.
c) Jahangir Tomb.
d) Shalimar Garden.
e) Masjid Wazir Khan.
f) Golden Mosque.
g) Mahabat Khan Mosque.
h) The Fort of Bala Hasar.
HERITAGE IN FINE ARTS

a) Paintings:
The art of painting has developed slowly in the Muslim of South Asia. In
the beginning decorative paintings and embroidery were made on the walls and
ceilings of buildings.
b) Calligraphy:
The Muslims took a keen interest in the promotion of calligraphy. The
mosques constructed during early and medieval periods of Islam were decorated
with masterpieces of calligraphy.
c) Music:
The Mughal contributed a great deal to the promotion of music and
Pakistan has inherited musical traditios that go far back in history. Ameer
Khusro and Tansain are famous musicians of the historical era.
d) Architecture and Sculpture:

The Muslim art of architecture was unique in every aspect. The architecture and
all the miniature arts including carving, sculpture, mosaic works, tile works and
paintings were called upon to build new mosques and places.
Sindhi Cul t ur e
History:
The roots of Sindhi culture and civilization go back to the distant past.
Archaeological researches during 19th and 20th centuries showed the roots of
social life, religion and culture of the people of the Sindh.
 Archaeological discoveries:
a. Mohen-Jo-Daro:
The excavations of Mohen-Jo-Daro have unfolded the city life of a
civilization of people with values, a distinct identity and culture.
b. Ranikot Fort:
Ranikot Fort is also a landmark of the Indus valley civilization. It is the
world's largest fort, with walls extending to 20 km. It has been called a "second
Wall of China", and it attracts many visitors.
 Literature:
Sindhi language is ancient and rich in literature. Its writers have
contributed extensively in various forms of literature in both poetry and prose.
Sindhi literature is very rich, and is one of the world's oldest literatures.
 Poetry:
Sindhi poetry is also prominent in Sindhi culture. Poetry of Shah Abdul
Latif Bhittai and Sachal Sarmast is very famous amongst all of Pakistanis.
 Music:
Sindhi music has its own unique quality. It is performed in many different
ways. Sufi music is performed at shrines, and other simple music is performed
at studios and gatherings.
 Sports:
There are many regional sports that are played in Sindh. Malakhiro is one
of the famous sports of Sindh. Other sports include Wanjh wati, Kodi Kodi,
Beelarhoo, Thipai Rand, Notinn and Biloor, cricket, football.
 Sindhi Cultural Day (Ekta Day):

Sindhis celebrate Sindh Cultural day worldwide every year on first Sunday of
December, by wearing Ajrak & Sindhi Topi. The people across Sindh exchange
gifts of Ajrak and Topi at various ceremonies.
Gandhar a Civil izat ion

Background:
Gandhara is the ancient term for the city, and old kingdom of Peshawar,
which encompassed the Swat valley, and the Potohar Plateau regions of
Pakistan as well as the Jalalabad district of modern-day Afghanistan.
Name:
The origin of the name Gandhara is from the Sanskrit word gandha,
meaning perfume.
Geography:
The Gandhari people were settled since the Vedic times on the banks of
Kabul River (river Kubhā or Kabol) down to its confluence with the Indus.
Later Gandhara included parts of North West Punjab.
History:
Evidence of Stone Age human inhabitants of Gandhara, including stone tools
and burnt bones, was discovered at Sanghao near Mardan in area caves. The
artifacts are approximately 15,000 years old. More recent excavations point to
30,000 years before present.
DESCRIPTIVE
answer s
CULTURE OF PAKISTAN
The simplest and the shortest definitions of culture are that “it is a social
heritage” or, “it is the totality of way of life of the people”. The classic
definition of culture, given by anthropologist E.B Taylor:
“Culture is that complex whole which includes knowledge, beliefs, art,
morals, law, custom and any other capabilities and habits acquired by
man as a member of society.”
In words of Muller-Layer
“Culture is an aggregate means of achievement and of progress.”
Pakistani Culture Is An Islamic Culture:

Pakistan is an ideological Islamic State. Its very existence is due to Islam,
so the Pakistani culture is primarily based on the Islamic way of life. Islam
inspires all other ingredients of culture. Pakistani culture is highlighted by its
grandeur, simplicity, firm convictions and noble deeds and ideas.
Salient Features of Pakistani Culture:

A study of main characteristics of Pakistani culture will be useful to
analyze the existing society in a batter way. The main characteristics of
Pakistani culture are as follows:
 Religious Uniformity:
Pakistan came into existence to provide its people a system of life based
on Islam. The people, in spite of some differences of languages, customs and
traditions commonly follow one religion of Islam. This is the religion, which is
practiced by all people of Pakistan.
 Language:
A number of languages are spoken in Pakistan. Some of them are
Punjabi, Sindhi, Pushto and Baluchi. However, Urdu is spoken and understood
in all parts of Pakistan. Being the official language, it is the media of
communication between all regions of Pakistan.
 Literature and Poetry:

Literature is important aspects of our cultural life. Most of our poets
reflect Islamic code and trend in their poetry. They gave the message of love
and goodwill. Similarity of thoughts amongst poets and writers of all regions is
an important factor of our cultural life.
 Dress:
Dress is an important manifestation of culture. The regional dresses of
Pakistan undergo changes in the light of local traditions, economic conditions,
way of living and wealth in the region. However, in all provinces people
generally wear Shalwar Qameez.
 Diet:
Diet of people of Pakistan is quite simple; wheat, rice, meat is normally
used. For drink, milk of cow, tea, coffee and water are used. In short, our eating
habits, foods and social etiquette are strictly in conformity with Islamic
principles.
 Mixed Culture:
Pakistani culture is a mixed culture although majority of people are
Muslims by birth and faith .But there is great influence of Hindu and British
culture on the present Pakistani society.
 Male Dominated Society:

In Pakistani culture, the male member of the family enjoys the key
position. A male member heads family and in most cases; he is the soul sources
of income for other members of the family.
 Arts and Architecture:

The iconoclasm of Islam has given a characteristic form and pattern in the
use of elegant designs, based on geometric figures and floral forms borrowed
from nature. The Shah Jahan Masjid, Shalimar Garden, Badshahi Masjid, Shahi
Qila and many such graceful buildings are a living proof of the excellent
Mughal architecture.
 Handicrafts:
Embroidery, Leather works, glazed pottery, woodwork, carpet making,
metal crafts, ivory are the essential parts of our culture. Pakistani artisans are
considered as the best in their artisanship. They are known for the high quality
works, which is very popular in foreign countries.
 Sports Activities:
The recreational activities all over the Pakistan are common. The games
like wrestling, hockey, cricket, football, squash, Kabaddi etc are popular in
every part of our country. These games reflect our cultural identity.
 Education:
Education contributes a great deal in developing national character.
Educational system plays a vital role in the formation of culture, unity and
solidarity of a nation. It is, therefore, important that the entire syllabi right from
the lower to higher level should be placed in accordance with the ideology of
Pakistan.
 Religious Festivals:
Festivals play an important part of our culture. Eid-ul-Fitr and Eid-ul-
Azha are our two main religious festivals .These festivals are celebrated with
great happiness throughout the country.
Conclusion:
Culture, which includes religion, literature art, architecture, dresses,
music, manners and customs, has its roots in the Islamic culture. Islam has
described the rights and duties of every individual. Even in drinking, eating and
dressing, we have to observe certain rules prescribed by Islam. Therefore, it
may be said that Pakistani culture represents the true picture of Islamic culture.
CULTURAL HERITAGE OF PAKISTAN

Introduction:
In the development of any nation, its cultural heritage and its glorious
past play a vital role and serves as a source of inspiration and pride for its
people. Our country Pakistan is accordingly proud of its cultural heritage.
Culture may be defined as behavior peculiar to human beings, together
with material objects used. Culture consist language, ideas, beliefs, customs,
codes, institution, tools, techniques, works of arts, ceremonies and so on.
Pakistani Culture Is an Islamic Culture:

Pakistan is an Ideological Islamic State. Its very existence is due to Islam,
so the Pakistani culture is primarily based on the Islamic way of life. All other
ingredients of culture are inspired by Islam. Pakistani culture is highlighted by
its grandeur, simplicity, firm convictions and noble deeds and ideas.
Archaeological Heritage:
Pakistan has been the cradle of civilization that dates back more than five
million. Over the centuries, through successive waves of migrations from the
North West, as well as by internal migrations across the Sub Continent, Aryans,
Persians, Greeks, Arabs and Mughals came and settled in the region and have
left behind the archaeological sites in Pakistan which is now being preserved. A
brief review of the different civilizations which flourished with the passage of
time is as under:
1. Moen- jo- Daro (A civilization flourished there some 4000 years ago)
2. Harappa (situated in the city o Sahiwal)
3. Gandhara (flourished during the 2nd and 3rd century of Christian era)
4. Buddhist Remains (In N.W.F.P, It dates 2-5 century old)
5. Taxila (It was excavated in recent times near Rawalpindi)
6. Thatta (the great mosque built by Shah-Jahan etc.)
ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE
A few examples of Architectural Heritage of pakistan are as follows:
i) Lahore Fort:
It is also known as Shahi Qila.It was built by Akbar.The main structure
inside the fort are the Moti Masjid,Diwan-e-Aam,Maktab Khana,the Shish
Mahal and Nawlakha.The Hathi and Alamgir gates are also remarkable
constructions.
j) Badshahi Mosque:
It was built by Aurangzeb.Its architecture is similar to the Jamia Masjid
Delhi.The mosque has been built with red stones while the domes are in marble.
k) Jahangir Tomb:
This tomb wasbuiltby Shsh Jahan.It is known as a fine building of
Lahore.
l) Shalimar Garden:
It is situated on the Grand Trunk Road and is a magnificent remnant of
Mughal Grandeur. The garden constitutes of three terraces, one above the other.
Besides there is an elaborate and beautiful reservoir, water channels and
fountains.
m) Masjid Wazir Khan:

It is situated in Kashmir Baazar inside the walls of the old city. It was
built by Nawab Wazir Khan who was a viceroy of Punjab under Shah Jahan.
n) Golden Mosque:
It is situated near the Masjid Wazir Khan .It was built during the rule of
Mohammad Shah and it is also a very beautiful piece of architecture.
o) Mahabat Khan Mosque:

This Mosque was built by a Government of Peshawar, Mahabat Khan,
during Shah Jahan's region. It has a fine massive structured with lofty minarets.
p) The Fort of Bala Hasar:

This fort was built on raised platform 92 feet from the ground level.
There are two gardens near the fort.
HERITAGE IN FINE ARTS

d) Paintings:
The art of painting has developed slowly in the Muslim of South Asia. In
the beginning decorative paintings and embroidery were made on the walls and
ceilings of buildings.
e) Calligraphy:
The Muslim took a keen interest in the promotion of calligraphy. Its main
reason is their deep love with Holy Quran. During this period many kinds of
calligraphy progressed. The mosques constructed during early and medieval
periods of Islam were decorated with masterpieces of calligraphy.
f) Music:
The Mughal contributed a great deal to the promotion of music and
Pakistan has inherited musical traditios that go far back in history. Ameer
Khusro and Tansain are famous musicians of the historical era.
d) Architecture and Sculpture:

The Muslim art of architecture was unique in every aspect. The
architecture and all the miniature arts including carving, sculpture, mosaic
works, tile works and paintings were called upon to build new mosques and
places.
Conclusion:
In the development of Pakistan society, its cultural heritage has played a
vital role. Pakistani nation is justly proud of the historical period which brings
with nearly 4th century B.C and continued with the advent of Islam in Sub
Continent in 8th century A.D.
Chapt er
LANGUAGES
06 OF PAKISTAN
SHORT ANSWERS:
 Urdu Language
 Sindhi Language
 Punjabi Language
 Balochi Language
 Pushto Language
 Kashmiri Language
 Urdu Language
 Regional Languages of Pakistan
…………
Mc q ’s
1. The word Urdu has been extracted from:
 Turkish  Persian  Hindi
2. Languages spoken in Pakistan are:
 More than 20  More than 30  More than 40
3. The poetic collection of Shah Abdul Latif is known as:
 Shah jo Nazam  Shah jo Ghazal  Saha jo Risalo
4. Sachal Sarmast was a poet of language:
 Sindhi  Punjabi  Pushto
5. Rahman Baba was a famous poet of language:
6. Heer Ranjha was written by:
 Bhully Saha  Waris Shah  Rahman Baba
7. The first Urdu poet having deewan was:
 Ghalib  Mir Taqi  Quli Qutub Shah
8. The initial literature of language is called:
 Scientific  Religious  Folk
9. Sindhi writing style is based on:
 Arabic  Turkish  Persian
10.Sindhi writing style was introduced by:
 Shah Abdul Latif  Sachal Sarmast  Abu-al-Hassan
11.Waris Shah was a famous poet of language:
12.Gul Khan Naseer was a famous poet of language:
 Sindhi  Punjabi  Balochi
13. Khushal Khan Khatak was a famous poet of language:
14. Buleeh Shah and Sultan Bahu were famous poets of language:
15.Sachal Sarmast was a famous poet of language:
16.Moen-jo-Daro is in the province of :
 Sindh  Punjab  KPK
************
SHORT
answer s
URDU LANGUAGE
Language is the only media by which one can express his ideas and
feelings. It plays a vital role in building the character of an individual as well as
a nation. A language brings closer each other and it creates a sense of harmony
among the people.
Pakistan has several regional languages chief of them being Pushto,
Punjabi, Sindhi, Baluchi and Kashmiri; however, the national language of
Pakistan is Urdu.
Importance of Urdu in National Life:

1) Means of Brotherhood and Unity:
People of Pakistan are one nation; therefore, their thinking, aims and
objectives are common. Their progress and prosperity depends upon their unity
and unity. An important factor for achieving this unity and unity is Urdu.
2) Source of Expression:
Urdu has become a source of expression, feelings, thoughts and
aspiration. People of two different areas can easily understood each other ideas
and thoughts by Urdu.
3) Means of Communication and Co-ordination:

Urdu serves as a means of communication and is a binding force between
all the five provinces of Pakistan. People living in different provinces realize
that in spite of speaking different languages, they are joined together by one
national language, which is the heritage of all.
4) National and Official Language:

Quaid-e-Azam declared on 21st March 1948, Urdu to be the national and
official language of Pakistan.
Conclusion:
Being the National language of the country, it is the binding force in
different parts of Pakistan. The officers have adopted Urdu language in their
official work and the Government has published a dictionary containing Urdu
terms for the office work. The Urdu Development Board and “Anjuman-e-
Taraqqi-e-Urdu” are trying to give Urdu a place in society and it is hope that
Urdu would find its place in society within short period.
Sindhi Language
Introduction:
Sindhi is one of the important regional languages of Pakistan. It appears
that Sindhi was spoken in the Indus Delta from time immemorial. It is said that
the language of the people of Moen-jo-Daro contained elements of present era
Sindhi language.
Dialects of Sindhi:
It has different dialects in different parts of Sindh like ‘Surili’, ‘Wacholi’,
‘Laadi’, ‘Thari’, ‘Kohistani’ and ‘Laasi’ etc. However, the basic language
remains the same.
Famous Sindhi Poets:

Some of famous Sindhi poets are following:
1. Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai
2. Sachal Sarmast
3. Makhdoom Noor
4. Shah Inayat
5. Bedil
6. Sabit Ali Shah
7. Kazi Kazah
Punj abi Language

Introduction:
Punjabi is the language of the province ‘Punjab’. It links back to the
Aryan language Prakrit. However, with time, the vocabulary of Punjabi
language became a mixture of Persian, Arabic and Turkish words.
Dialects of Punjabi:
It has different dialects in different parts of Punjab. Dialects of Punjabi
may be divided into two groups: Eastern and western. Eastern consist of
‘Bhatyani’, ‘Rathi’ and ‘Maalvi’ etc, while western consist of ‘Saraiki’,
‘Potohari’, ‘Dhani’, ‘Sitara-Puri’ and ‘Jaangli’ etc. However, the basic language
remains the same.
Famous Punjabi Poets:

Panjabi is rich in mystical and romantic poetry. Some of the famous poets
of Punjabi language include:
1. Baba Farid Baksh
2. Shaikh Ibrahim Farid Sani
3. Madhu Lal Hussain
4. Sultan Bahu
5. Bhullay Shah
6. Ali Haider
7. Waris Shah
Bal ochi Language

Introduction:
Baluchi is the regional language of Baluchistan. It is the least developed
of all the regional languages. Baluchi tribes that migrated from Iran spread it.
History of Baluchi literature:

The history of Baluchi literature may be divided into four periods:
a) Early Medieval Period – 1430 to 1600
b) Later Medieval Period – 1600 to 1850
c) Modern Period – 1850 to 1930
d) Contemporary Period – 1930 to date
Types of Baluchi:
There are two types of Baluchi namely:
1) Sulemani (East Baluchistan)
2) Makrani (West Baluchistan)
3) Rakhshani
Famous Poets of Baluchi:

Some of the most literary figures of Baluchi are:
1. Azad Jamaldini
2. Ulfat Naseem
3. Abdul Qadir Shahwani
4. Malik Mohammad Ramzan
5. Mir Aqil Maingal
Well-known poets of Baluchi language are:
1. Jam Darag
2. Shah Mureed
3. Shahdab
Pusht o Language
Introduction:
Pushto is the regional language of the K.P.K. and tribal areas. It belongs
to the East Iranian group of languages and contains many Persian, Arabic,
Greek and Pehlevi words.
Dialects of Pushto:
Dialects of Pushto may be divided into two groups:
Yousuf-Zai: It is accent of people living in northern areas.
Kandhari/Khatak: It is accent of people living in southern areas.
Famous Pushto Poets:
Some of the well-known poets of Pushto language are:
1. Amir Karoro
2. Khushal Khan Khatak
3. Rehman Baba
4. Sher Shah Soori
5. Saif Ullah
6. Kazim Kazim
Kashmir i Language
Introduction:
Kashmiri is the language of the people of the Indian-occupied Kashmir
and Azad Kashmir. This language has been derived from Sanskrit. Kashmiri is
generally spoken in Muslim families of the valley. It contains many Turkish,
Arabic and Persian words. It is written in the Persian script.
Dialects of Kashmiri:
It has three famous dialects:
1. Salmanki
2. Gandhoro
3. Gaami
Kashmiri Literary Figures:

Kashmiri, like all the regional languages of Pakistan, had its early
literature in the form of poetry. It began with the composition of folk songs and
ballads. Famous authors of Kashmiri language are:
1. Shah Nooruddin
2. Khatoon Lillah Anifa
3. Baba Nasiruddin
4. Ghani
DESCRIPTIVE
answer s
URDU LANGUAGE
Language is the only media by which one can express his ideas and
feelings. It plays a vital role in building the character of an individual as well as
a nation. A language brings closer each other and it creates a sense of harmony
among the people.
Pakistan has several regional languages chief of them being Pushto,
Punjabi, Sindhi, Baluchi and Kashmiri; however, the national language of
Pakistan is Urdu.
Urdu-National Language of Pakistan:

After Independence Quaid-e-Azam said in clear-cut words that, the
National language of Pakistan would be Urdu. He said:
“Let me make it clear that the national language of Pakistan is going to
be Urdu and no other language. Without one state language no nation
can remain tied up solidity together”.
Qualities of Urdu Language:

1. Great Power of Assimilation:
The splendour of Urdu is Turkish and its charm is Persian in its base .The
vitality of Urdu lies in its ability to adopt words from other languages in such a
way as if they originally belonged to it. The chief reason for its countrywide
popularity was its power of Assimilation. According to Sir Syed Ahmed Khan:
“…Still now Urdu has great affinity for many other words and ideas
which increases its beauty.”
2. Source of National Identity:

National language is the identity of a nation. When we are abroad, we are
identified as Pakistani because of our national language. That is why; every
nation gives out respect and importance to national language.
3. Rich Treasure of Prose and Poetry:

The Urdu language possesses a very valuable treasure of poetry and
prose. The poets and writers have contributed their most in its development.
Today its treasure of words has crossed 4,00,000. Allama Shibli Nomani,
Maulana Hali, Deputy Nazir Ahmed, Mirza Ghalib, Ameer Khusro and many
others adopted this language in their poetry and writings. Sir Syed wrote for the
re-awakening of the Muslims of sub Continent.
4. International Language:
Urdu is an international language. It is our national identity. According to
UNESCO Urdu is spoken and understood almost all over the world.
Importance of Urdu in National Life:

1. Means of Brotherhood and Unity:
People of Pakistan are one nation; therefore, their thinking, aims and
objectives are common. Their progress and prosperity depends upon their unity
and unity. An important factor for achieving this unity and unity is Urdu.
2. Source of Expression:
Urdu has become a source of expression, feelings, thoughts and
aspiration. People of two different areas can easily understood each other ideas
and thoughts by Urdu.
3. Means of Communication and Co-ordination:

Urdu serves as a means of communication and is a binding force between
all the five provinces of Pakistan. People living in different provinces realize
that in spite of speaking different languages, they are joined together by one
national language, which is the heritage of all.
4. National and Official Language:

Quaid-e-Azam declared on 21st March 1948, Urdu to be the national and
official language of Pakistan.
5. Medium of Instruction:
Urdu language is the medium of instruction in most of the educational
institutions of Pakistan. History, Islamic Studies, Political Science and other
subjects are taught up to M.A level in Urdu. Lectures on Islamic education and
religion are also delivered in Urdu throughout Pakistan.
6. An Important Part of Our Cultural Heritage:

Urdu grew in popularity and the later Mughal Period and the advent of
the British had adopted it adopted by the Muslims and the Hindus alike. It
would not be wrong to say if it is said that:
“Urdu is a part of our cultural Heritage”
Conclusion:
Being the National language of the country, it is the binding force in
different parts of Pakistan. The officers have adopted Urdu language in their
official work and the Government has published a dictionary containing Urdu
terms for the office work. The Urdu Development Board and “Anjuman-e-
Taraqqi-e-Urdu” are trying to give Urdu a place in society and it is hope that
Urdu would find its place in society within short period.
Regional Languages of Pakist an

Introduction:
Pakistan is a multi-lingual country. The people of Pakistan speak no less
than 30 languages and dialects. There are five popular regional languages:
Punjabi, Sindhi, Pushto, Baluchi and Kashmiri. These languages are rich in
literature, poetry, folk songs, and spiritual quotes of their respective saints and
contribute greatly to the culture of Pakistan.
Punjabi:
Punjabi is the language of the province ‘Punjab’. It links back to the
Aryan language Prakrit. However, with time, the vocabulary of Punjabi
language became a mixture of Persian, Arabic and Turkish words.
Dialects of Punjabi:
It has different dialects in different parts of Punjab. Dialects of Punjabi
may be divided into two groups: Eastern and western. Eastern consist of
‘Bhatyani’, ‘Rathi’ and ‘Maalvi’ etc, while western consist of ‘Saraiki’,
‘Potohari’, ‘Dhani’, ‘Sitara-Puri’ and ‘Jaangli’ etc. However, the basic language
remains the same.
Famous Punjabi Poets:

Panjabi is rich in mystical and romantic poetry. Some of the famous poets
of Punjabi language include:
1. Baba Farid Baksh
2. Shaikh Ibrahim Farid Sani
3. Madhu Lal Hussain
4. Sultan Bahu
5. Bhullay Shah
6. Ali Haider
7. Waris Shah
Sindhi:
Sindhi is one of the important regional languages of Pakistan. It appears
that Sindhi was spoken in the Indus Delta from time immemorial. It is said that
the language of the people of Moen-jo-Daro contained elements of present era
Sindhi language.
Dialects of Sindhi:
It has different dialects in different parts of Sindh like ‘Surili’, ‘Wacholi’,
‘Laadi’, ‘Thari’, ‘Kohistani’ and ‘Laasi’ etc. However, the basic language
remains the same.
Famous Sindhi Poets:
Some of famous Sindhi poets are following:
1. Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai
2. Sachal Sarmast
3. Makhdoom Noor
4. Shah Inayat
5. Bedil
6. Sabit Ali Shah
7. Kazi Kazah
Baluchi:
Baluchi is the regional language of Baluchistan. It is the least developed
of all the regional languages. Baluchi tribes that migrated from Iran spread it.
History of Baluchi literature:

The history of Baluchi literature may be divided into four periods:
a) Early Medieval Period – 1430 to 1600
b) Later Medieval Period – 1600 to 1850
c) Modern Period – 1850 to 1930
d) Contemporary Period – 1930 to date
Types of Baluchi:
There are two types of Baluchi namely:
1) Sulemani (East Baluchistan)
2) Makrani (West Baluchistan)
3) Rakhshani
Famous Poets of Baluchi:

Some of the most literary figures of Baluchi are:
1. Azad Jamaldini
2. Ulfat Naseem
3. Abdul Qadir Shahwani
4. Malik Mohammad Ramzan
5. Mir Aqil Maingal
Well-known poets of Baluchi language are:
1. Jam Darag
2. Shah Mureed
3. Shahdab
Pushto:
Pushto is the regional language of the K.P.K. and tribal areas. It belongs
to the East Iranian group of languages and contains many Persian, Arabic,
Greek and Pehlevi words.
Dialects of Pushto:
Dialects of Pushto may be divided into two groups:
Yousuf-Zai: It is accent of people living in northern areas.
Kandhari/Khatak: It is accent of people living in southern areas.
Famous Pushto Poets:

Some of the well-known poets of Pushto language are:
1. Amir Karoro
2. Khushal Khan Khatak
3. Rehman Baba
4. Sher Shah Soori
5. Saif Ullah
6. Kazim Kazim
Kashmiri:
Kashmiri is the language of the people of the Indian-occupied Kashmir
and Azad Kashmir. This language has been derived from Sanskrit. Kashmiri is
generally spoken in Muslim families of the valley. It contains many Turkish,
Arabic and Persian words. It is written in the Persian script.
Dialects of Kashmiri:
It has three famous dialects:
1) Salmanki
2) Gandhoro
3) Gaami
Kashmiri Literary Figures:

Kashmiri, like all the regional languages of Pakistan, had its early
literature in the form of poetry. It began with the composition of folk songs and
ballads. Famous authors of Kashmiri language are:
1. Shah Nooruddin
2. Khatoon Lillah Anifa
3. Baba Nasiruddin
4. Ghani
Conclusion:
The regional languages of Pakistan, i.e., Punjabi, Sindhi, Pushto,
Kashmiri and Baluchi are the most modern Pakistani languages. They have
several common features and their literature bears the same eternal message for
humankind. Government has been doing its best to develop the regional
languages and introduction of regional TV channels is a positive step for
promotion of regional languages.
Chapt er Economic
07 pl anning and
devel opment
SHORT ANSWERS:
 Economic Planning in Pakistan
 Fifth Five-Year Plan (1978-1983)
 Sixth Five-Year Plan (1983-1988)
 Seventh Five-Year Plan (1988-1993)
 Eighth Five-Year Plan (1993-1998)
 Agriculture of Pakistan
 Problems in Agriculture
 Major Crops of Pakistan
 Industrial Development in Pakistan
 Differences between Rural and Urban Society
 Agriculture of Pakistan
 Industrial Development of Pakistan
 Education in Pakistan
…………
Mc q ’s
1. Quaid-e-Azam inaugurated the State Bank of Pakistan in:
 1947  1948  1949
2. The Government of Pakistan enforced Zakat system ina:
 1982  1981  1980
3. The last census in Pakistan took place in:
 1997  1998  1999
4. Pakistan’s population lives in rural areas is:
 80%  70%  90%
5. The name of the national airways is:
 PIA  Air Blue  Shaheen Air
6. Pakistan had its first atomic nuclear explosion on 28th May in:
 1999  1998  1997
7. The major agricultural products of Pakistan are:
 Rice, Wheat  Rice, Cotton  Wheat, Cotton
8. Pakistan Steel Mill was established with the co-operation of:
 Iran  Russia  China
9. Taxila Heavy Mechanical complex was established with the assistance of:
 Iran  Russia  China
10. Pakistan Steel Mill is situated far from Karachi:
 40 km  50 km  60 km
11.Pakistan is a country:
 Developed  Developing  Under Developed
12.The first five year plan was launched in :
 1965  1960  1955
13. The duration of twenty years perspective plan was:
 1955-1975  1965-1985  1975-1995
*************
SHORT
answer s
Economic planning in Pakistan
Meaning of economic planning:
There is no precise definition of economic planning which is acceptable to all
economists and political thinker. Prof. H.D. Dickinson defines economic
planning as:
“The making of major economic decisions, what and how much is to be
produced and to whom it is to be allocated by the conscious decision of a
determinate authority, on the basis of a comprehensive survey of the
economic system as a whole.”
Economic planning in Pakistan:

After independence in 1947, the economy of Pakistan was very poor. The
neighbor country India did not want Pakistan to be economically stable and
strong. But the government of Pakistan took up the job of establishing the
institution of planning in the country.
History of Economic Planning In Pakistan:

The history of national economic planning in Pakistan is divided in the
following periods:
1. Period of economic coordination (1947-53)
2. Period of planning board (1953-58)
3. Period of Planning Commission (1958-68)
4. Period of decline of Planning Commission (1968-77)
5. Period of revival of Planning Commission (1978-88)
6. Period of (1988-98)
7. Period of restructuring of economy (1999-2008)
Fif t h Five-Year Pl ans (1978-83)

Fifth Five-Year Plans:
The Zia government accorded more importance to planning. The Fifth
Five-Year Plan (1978–83) was an attempt to stabilize the economy and improve
the standard of living of the poorest segment of the population. Increased
defense expenditures and a flood of refugees to Pakistan after the Soviet
invasion of Afghanistan in December 1979, as well as the sharp increase in
international oil prices in 1979-80, drew resources away from planned
investments. Nevertheless, some of the plan's goals were attained. Many of the
controls on industry were liberalized or abolished, the balance of payments
deficit was kept under control, and Pakistan became self-sufficient in all basic
foodstuffs with the exception of edible oils. Yet the plan failed to stimulate
substantial private industrial investment and to raise significantly the
expenditure on rural infrastructure development.
Sixt h Five-Year Pl an (1983-88)

Sixth Five-Year Plan:
The sixth five-year plans represented a significant shift toward the private
sector. It was designed to tackle some of the major problems of the economy:
low investment and savings ratios; low agricultural productivity; heavy reliance
on imported energy; and low spending on health and education. The economy
grew at the targeted average of 6.5% during the plan period and would have
exceeded the target if it had not been for severe droughts in 1986 and 1987.
Sevent h Five-Year Pl an (1988-93)

Seventh Five-Year Plan:
The seventh plans provided for total public-sector spending of Rs350
billion. Of this total, 36.5% was designated for energy, 18% for transportation
and communications, 9% for water, 8% for physical infrastructure and housing,
7% for education, 5% for industry and minerals, 4% for health, and 11% for
other sectors. The plan gave much greater emphasis than before to private
investment in all sectors of the economy. Total planned private investment was
Rs292 billion and the private-to- public ratio of investment were expected to
rise from 42:58 in FY 1988 to 48:52 in FY 1993. It was also intended that
public-sector corporations finance most of their own investment programs
through profits and borrowing.
In August 1991, the government established a working group on private
investment for the Eighth Five-Year Plan (1993–98).
Eight Five Year Pl ans (1993-98)

Eight Five Year Plans:
This group, which included leading industrialists, presidents of chambers
of commerce, and senior civil servants, submitted its report in late 1992.
However, in early 1994, the eighth plan had not yet been announced, mainly
because the successive changes of government in 1993 forced ministers to focus
on short-term issues. Instead, economic policy for FY 1994 was being guided
by an annual plan.
From June 2004, the Planning Commission gave a new name to the Five
Year Plan - Medium Term Development Framework (MTDF). Thirty two
Working Groups then produced the MTDF 2005-2010.
AGRICULTURE OF PAKISTAN
Introduction:
Pakistan is an agricultural country. More than 70 percent of its population
lives in rural areas. Over 50 percent are directly engaged in farming or agro-
based activities.
 Share of agriculture to GDP is 26 percent.
 In Punjab and Sindh plains are very large. There are irrigated farmlands.
Major Crops:
Two major crops are yielded in a year
(a) RABI: Sown in October-November and produce obtained in April-May.
Important produces are Wheat, Gram, Oil seeds.
(b) KHARIF: Sown in May-June and produce is obtained in October-
November.
Important crops are Rice, Sugar Cane, and Cotton etc.
Main crops:
Pakistan’s main crops are:
 Wheat
 Rice
 Cotton
 Sugar
 Cane
 Gram
 Maize
 Mustard
 Tobacco
 Oil seeds
 Fruits and vegetables.
Land Reforms:
Land Reforms are introduced from time to time by different governments:
in 1959, 1972, and 1977. The aim was to reduce land holding and to strengthen
the position of tenants. It was done for improving yield per acre and poverty
alleviation in agriculture field.
Agriculture and Development Plans:

 Research is done for the development of high yield seeds giving better
output.
 Information and guidance is being provided to the common farmer to
enjoy the fruits of the advance research in the field of agriculture.
 University education is developed in various parts of Pakistan especially
in Faisalabad and Jamshoro. Emphasis is laid on modern technology in
practical field.
 Communication and transportation facilities are increased.
 Government ensures the payment to the farmers for their produce
immediately.
Problems in Agriculture
Agricultural Problems in Pakistan:
There are number of problems in our agriculture, for instance:
1. Outdated modes of cultivation, which cause low per acre yield.
2. Water Logging and Salinity. Attention is being given to these since mid
1960.
3. Crop diseases are big problem. Technical support is being provided by
Department of Agricultural. It helped to overcome the problem. Our
inputs have problem of quality, which cause low prices in market. Other
handicaps are low quality seeds, costly fertilizers, non-availability of
electricity or oil for tube well etc.
4. Water related problem, sometimes it is too little, but sometimes it is too
much.
5. Cleaning of Canals is also necessary to provide water at the end of canal.
6. Credit facilities are also problematic.
7. Access to market is difficult.
8. Availability of reasonable price should be ensured for the welfare of the
farmers and high yield of crop.
MAJOR CROPS OF PAKISTAN

Major Crops of Pakistan:
The main crops of Pakistan are classified into food crops and non-food
crops. The food crops include wheat, rice, maize, coarse grains, grams and other
pulses. The cash crops are cotton, sugarcane, tobacco, mustard and sesame. The
total area, yield and production of each crop is now discussed under separate
heads.
FOODS CROPS
(1) Wheat:
Wheat is the principal food crop of the people. It occupies an important
position in farming policies. The area under wheat crop was 8494 thousand
hectares and wheat output stood at 23.52 million tons and it contributed 14.4%
to value added in agriculture in 2006-07.
(2) Rice:
Rice is the 2nd largest food crop in Pakistan. It is now a major export
item accounting for 6.1% of total export earnings over the last five years and
contributes 1.2% to GDP.
(3) Maize:
Maize is an important food grain as well raw material for edible oil
production. It is also used to produce starch and poultry food mixes.
The total area under maize was 1026 thousand hectares in the year 2006-
07 which has doubled since independence.
(4) Barley:
Barley is an important coarse grain crop. It is grown in dry, arid
conditions. The total area under coarse grains in the year 2006-07 was 93
thousand hectares.
CASH CROPS
(1) Cotton:
Cotton is the most important cash crop of Pakistan in terms of area and
value addition. It is the main foreign exchange earnings for the country with the
production of 13.0 million cash return to the farmers.
(2) Sugarcane:
Sugarcane crop serves as a major raw material for production of white
sugar and gur and is also a cash crop. Its share in value added in agriculture is
3.5% and in GDP 0.7% in 2006-07.
(3) Tobacco:
The total area under tabacco, during the year 2006-07 was 62 thousand
hectares and production 126 thousand tones.
(4) Oil Seed and Vegetable Oils:

The main crops grown for oil are rape and mustard seeds sunflowers,
safflower soybeans. Total requirement of edible oil was 1.9 million tones, which
32% was met through domestic production and remaining 68% was imported.
INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT in
pakist an
Historical Overview:
In 1947 Pakistan inherited very small industrial infrastructure. Only about
4 percent of India’s industry was there in areas of Pakistan. It was insufficient to
meet the needs of the day-to-day life. Initially sugar mills, biscuit factories,
cigarettes factories, oil mill, cement units, match factory, steel rolling, and glass
work factories were set up.
Priorities set out in the early years:

1. Industry would be based on indigenous raw materials.
2. Consumer goods should be manufactured to meet the immediate needs of
the people.
3. Private initiative to be encouraged.
4. The state to be involved in the process through: facilitation and help,
financial help, tax incentives, protective tariffs etc. It also played direct
role to set up industry.
5. Training and research facilities would be provided.
6. Industrial Development Board was formed in 1948. All Five Years Plans
from 1955, 1960, 1965-70 paid greater emphasis on private sector and
rapid industrialization. It added to aggregate economic growth.
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN RURAL

&
URBAN SOCIETY
Rural Society:
Rural society was one which has not industrialized. In general, a rural area is a
geographic area that is located outside cities and towns.
Urban Society:
An urban area is a location characterized by high human population density and
vast human-built features in comparison to the areas surrounding it.
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN RURAL AND URBAN SOCIETY

Rural Society Urban Society
S. No.
(Pre-industrial Society) (Industrial Society)
Simplicity of Life
Life in the society was very Life in the city is not simple but very
simple and reflected in the way complex and complicated.
1.
of living, dressing, food habits,
shelter and manners etc.
Social Status
The people in the society had The people in the city belong to
homogeneity and thus enjoyed different castes, creeds, religions and
2.
more or less the same social cultures, thus do not enjoy the same
status. social status.
Occupational Mobility
In the rural society there was In cities there are many occupations,
3. very little scope for so occupational mobility is as well as
occupational mobility. frequent.
Role of Family
Here the family played a very In the cities hold of families is not
significant and predominant strong, and many functions which the
4. role. Its hold was very strong. families used to perform have been
taken away by other institutions and
associations.
Adaptability
In villages there is no fast In the cities there must be fast
5. change and as such no necessity mobility and adaptability to suit ever
for social adaptability. changing fast life.
Culture
In the rural society culture was In the cities it is different to find pure
very deep-rooted. Everyone culture.
6.
loved culture and cultural
heritage above everything else.
Division of Labour
In a rural society there is no In an urban community there is
7. division of labour. always division of labour and
specialization in job allotment.
Woman’s Status
Rural society did not give due In urban communities women enjoys
8. and proper respect to the comparatively high social status.
womenfolk.
Materialization
In this society people loved In cities, people have no time to stand
nature and natural bounties. and gaze at the nature. They are not
9.
They were religious minded and religious minded but more
afraid of gods and goddesses. materialistic.
Employment
There were very few chances of The cities provide a lot of chances of
providing employment and both incentive and employment to the
10.
incentives to the unemployed by people.
the society.
Descriptive
Answer
AGRICULTURE OF PAKISTAN
Introduction:
Pakistan is an agricultural country. More than 70 percent of its population
lives in rural areas. Over 50 percent are directly engaged in farming or agro-
based activities.
 Share of agriculture to GDP is 26 percent.
 In Punjab and Sindh plains are very large. There are irrigated farmlands.
Major Crops:
Two major crops are yielded in a year
(a) RABI: Sown in October-November and produce obtained in April-May.
Important produces are Wheat, Gram, Oil seeds.
(b) KHARIF: Sown in May-June and produce is obtained in October-
November.
Important crops are Rice, Sugar Cane, and Cotton etc.
Main crops:
Pakistan’s main crops are:
 Wheat
 Rice
 Cotton
 Sugar
 Cane
 Gram
 Maize
 Mustard
 Tobacco
 Oil seeds
 Fruits and vegetables.
Land Reforms:
Land Reforms are introduced from time to time by different governments:
in 1959, 1972, and 1977. The aim was to reduce land holding and to strengthen
the position of tenants. It was done for improving yield per acre and poverty
alleviation in agriculture field.
Problems in Agriculture:
There are number of problems in our agriculture, for instance:
9. Outdated modes of cultivation, which cause low per acre yield.
10. Water Logging and Salinity. Attention is being given to these since mid
1960.
11. Crop diseases are big problem. Technical support is being provided by
Department of Agricultural. It helped to overcome the problem. Our
inputs have problem of quality, which cause low prices in market. Other
handicaps are low quality seeds, costly fertilizers, non-availability of
electricity or oil for tube well etc.
12. Water related problem, sometimes it is too little, but sometimes it is too
much.
13. Cleaning of Canals is also necessary to provide water at the end of canal.
14. Credit facilities are also problematic.
15. Access to market is difficult.
16. Availability of reasonable price should be ensured for the welfare of the
farmers and high yield of crop.
Agriculture and Development Plans:

 Research is done for the development of high yield seeds giving better
output.
 Information and guidance is being provided to the common farmer to
enjoy the fruits of the advance research in the field of agriculture.
University education is developed in various parts of Pakistan especially
in Faisalabad and Jamshoro. Emphasis is laid on modern technology in
practical field.
 Communication and transportation facilities are increased.
 Government ensures the payment to the farmers for their produce
immediately.
INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT in
Pakist an
Importance:
Industrialization is the key to economic development and overall
prosperity. Without it no economy can grow. It is the backbone of a strong and
stable economy. It is the basis of modernization and development of the state.
Industrialization helps the international standing of a state. Industry and
technology go together. It enhances trade and save foreign exchange.
Industrialization brings self-reliance for a nation.
It is also important for agriculture. Agriculture provides raw materials
and so input for industry and output is the finished goods.
Industrialization improves the quality of life, help in Poverty reduction, and
provide employment facilities.
Industrialization has close relevance with the defence and security of the
country.
Historical Overview:
In 1947 Pakistan inherited very small industrial infrastructure. Only about
4 percent of India’s industry was there in areas of Pakistan. It was insufficient to
meet the needs of the day-to-day life. Initially sugar mills, biscuit factories,
cigarettes factories, oil mill, cement units, match factory, steel rolling, and glass
work factories were set up.
Priorities set out in the early years:

1. Industry would be based on indigenous raw materials.
2. Consumer goods should be manufactured to meet the immediate needs of
the people.
3. Private initiative to be encouraged.
4. The state to be involved in the process through: facilitation and help,
financial help, tax incentives, protective tariffs etc. It also played direct
role to set up industry.
5. Training and research facilities would be provided.
6. Industrial Development Board was formed in 1948. All Five Years Plans
from 1955, 1960, 1965-70 paid greater emphasis on private sector and
rapid industrialization. It added to aggregate economic growth.
Institutional Arrangements:
 Pakistan Industrial Development Corporation (PIDC) was established
under a law in 1950. It encouraged the setting up of industry that was less
attractive for the private sector. Initially 15 industries were identified.
 Industrial Development Bank of Pakistan (IDBP) was set up in 1961. It
provided loan facilities for industrial projects at concessional rates to
middle and small investors.
 PICIC: Pak Industrial Credit & Investment Corporation was established
to give loans and credit facilities, including foreign exchange facility, for
setting up industry. It also launched investment schemes.
 Investment Promotion Bureau, 1959 was formed for the promotion of
domestic and foreign investment and to provide advice and guidance to
investors and provision of necessary help to them.
 Other institutions like ICP, NDFC, and NIT were established.
 External financial and technical support was provided both bilateral and
multilateral by World Bank, IMF, and Colombo Plan etc.
Nationalization of the Seventies:

New democratic government of PPP after assuming power adopted the
policy of nationalization.
Ten basic industries were nationalized. Later some others were also taken
over to have a greater state role. Initial euphoria ended and industrial output
suffered. It also caused flight of capital from the country.
Since the early 1990s:
The policy of the governments in 1990s changed. Since 1990s all the
governments including that of PPP followed the policy of denationalization and
privatization. They are promoting free economy, foreign investment, non-
governmental initiatives, Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and investment from
Pakistanis settled outside the country.
Major Industries:
 Textiles: It is major industry based on agriculture; heavy textile industry
caters to domestic and external market. Major Centers are Faisalabad,
Multan, Lahore and Karachi. Woolen Cloth is manufactured in Karachi,
Lawrencepur, Harnai, Quaidabad, Multan and Bannu.
 Sugar: Pakistan has made tremendous progress in this industry. It is a

food item; agro based industry, located in Sindh, Punjab and Sindh.
 Cement: This industry has gone through major expansion. Over 20

factories are established in the public and private sectors which cater to
Pakistani needs. Still it is imported in limited quantity. Most of the sites
are in Dandot, Daud Khel, Wah, Rori and Karachi.
 Vegetable Ghee: Cooking oil is a major food item. There is much

expansion over the years both in private and public sectors. Now we are
self sufficient, although some raw material for making cooking oil is
imported. About 60 units are in Sindh, Punjab and NWFP.
 Iron and Steel: Steel Mill near Karachi was set up with the help of the
former Soviet Union. The major problem was that of raw material. The
iron ore found in Pakistan is very poor in quality. Steel rolling units and
iron related factories exist in different parts of Pakistan.
 Paper: Major paper industry was in East Pakistan, which was lost in
1971. We had to face shortage of locally made paper after 1971. Now this
industry is located in Noshera, Charsada, Gujranwala, Lahore, and Gharo.
Some quality paper has to be imported.
 Machine, tools: Heavy Mechanical Complex (HMC) Taxila serve this

purpose.HMC was set up with Chinese cooperation.
Machinery, industrial equipment, engineering goods, engines, machinery
for sugar, cement, and fertilizer industry is prepared here.
 Defence Industry: Wah Ordnance Complex is established for weapons

and armaments. HMC is making Tank Rebuild Factory. Kamara Aircraft
Rebuild factory overhaul F-6 and Mirage. It is also manufacturing
Maashak, K-8.
Other Important Industry:

Fertilizer, Tobacco and cigarettes, Oil Refineries, Cars and Tractors
production, Shipbuilding: Karachi Shipyard, Ship breaking.
Cottage Industry:
Industries established on small scale, involving a household or small
number of people, use of limited resources, having less investment are called
small or cottage industries e.g., Carpets, sports goods, toys, power or
handlooms, handicraft etc.
Future Directions:
There is no escape from industrialization. It is a must for prosperity and
development.
We are having Mixed economy with an emphasis on private initiative.
Privatization and Foreign investment need appropriate conditions: political and
economic stability, infrastructure, less bottle necks, corruption issue, low
interest loans and state support and above all security of investment.
Educat ion in Pakist an

Education the basic need
Education is the light of the life. Education proves to one of the most
important factors for the development of human civilization. Education
enhances human status and leads everyone to propriety.
Object of Education:
Robert Maynard Hutchins describes it as “The object of education is to
prepare the young to educate themselves throughout their lives.” We should
give our youth the way to educate themselves. Edward Everett said that
“Education is a better safeguard of liberty than a standing army.”
Education System in Pakistan:

The education system of Pakistan consists of junior to higher education.
The duration of compulsory education is from age5 to 15.
Primary:
 Type of school providing this education: Primary School
 Length of program in years: 5
 Age level from: 5 to 10
Middle:
 Type of school providing this education: Middle School
 Age level from: 10 to: 13
Secondary:
 Type of school providing this education: Secondary School
Secondary School Certificate or Matriculation:

Secondary education is divided into three cycles. Students are given
certificates after they pass Secondary or Matriculation Examination. They may
then study for specializing in Science or Arts. After that, they take the
examinations for the Intermediate Certificate or Higher Secondary School
Certificate.
Technical Secondary:
 Type of school providing this education: Technical Secondary School
 Certificate/diploma awarded: Secondary School Certificate (in Technical
Subjects)
Higher Secondary:
 Type of school providing this education: Intermediate Colleges
 Certificate/diploma awarded: Intermediate Certificate or Higher
Secondary School Certificate.
Higher Education:
Universities and professional universities provide higher education.
Universities are autonomous organizations founded by the central or provincial
parliament. The senate, the syndicate and the academic council are the main
university bodies responsible for matters concerning studies. The University
Grants Commission serves as a clearing house for development schemes of the
universities; provides support to centers of excellence, area study centers and
Pakistan study centers; supports research fellowships and research programs;
and organizes pre-service and in-service training of university teachers.
-
Chapt er
Pakist an & THE
08 COMITY OF
NATIONS
SHORT ANSWERS:
 Foreign Policy of Pakistan
 United Nation Organization (UNO)
 Non-Alignment Movement (NAM)
 SAARC
 Organization of Islamic Conference (OIC)
 Pakistan is member of how many International
Organizations?
 Foreign Policy of Pakistan
 Pakistan and Muslim World
 India-Pakistan Relations
 China-Pakistan Relations
…………
Mc q ’s
1. The first Islamic summit conference was held in 1969 at:
 Riadh  Jeddah  Rabat
2. The second Islamic summit conference was held at Lahore in:
 1973  1972  1974
3. Pakistan became a member of NAM in:
 1979  1978  1977
4. The UNO was established in:
 1944  1945  1955
5. Main organs of UNO are:
6 7 8
6. Total members of UNO are:
 190  191  200
7. The Headquarters of UNO is situated in:
 New York  America  Washington
8. Pakistan became a member of UNO on:
 September 30, 1947  September 30, 1948  October 30, 1947
9. The secretariat of RCD is situated in:
 Iran  Iraq  China
10.Organization of Islamic Conference (OIC) was established in:
 1965  1969  1971
11.The secretariat of OIC is situated in:
 Jeddah  Riadh  Rabat
12.Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO) was established in:
 1960  1962  1964
13. The old name of ECO was:
 RCD  NAM  SAARC
14. SAARC Organization was established in:
 1980  1960  1985
15. Total members of SAARC are:
6 7 8
*************
SHORT
answer s
For eign Pol icy of Pakist an
Definition of Foreign Policy:
Foreign Policy can be defined as:
“It is relations with sovereign states. It is reflection of domestic, politics
and an interaction among sovereign states. It indicates the principles and
preferences on which a country quant to establish relations with another
country.”
Guiding Principles of Pakistan’s Foreign Policy:

Following are the principles of Pakistan’s Policy:
 Protection of freedom and sovereignty:

Pakistan came into being after great sacrifices of millions of Muslims,
like any other country, it’s also considers with deep regard the need for
preservation of its independence and does not allow any country to harm its
freedom. Therefore, the principle of protection of independence and sovereignty
is the corner stone of Pakistan’s Foreign Policy.
 Cordial Relations with Muslim Countries:

Pakistan always tries to establish cordial and friendly relations with
Muslim countries. It has always moved its concern against Israel, India and
U.S.S.R capturing Palestine, Kashmir and Afghanistan respectively. It has
shouldered high responsibilities and used her influence for safeguarding the
rights of the Muslims. Pakistan is also an active member of the Islamic
Conference.
 Non Interference in Internal Affairs of Other Countries:

Pakistan has sought to establish normal and friendly relations with all
countries especially its neighbouring countries, on the basis of universally
acknowledge the principle of national sovereignty, non use of force, non-
interference in the internal affairs of state.
 Implementation of U.N Charter:

Pakistan’s policy is to act upon UN Charter and to support all moves by
the UN to implement it. Pakistan has been the member of UN since the year of
its birth.
 Promotion of World Peace:
Pakistan policy is to promote peace among nations. It has no aggressive
designs against any country. Neither does it support any such action. Pakistan
has always held that the international disputes should be settled through
negotiations rather than non-battlefield.
 Non-Alignment:
Pakistan follows the policy of Non-Alignment i.e. to keep away from
alignment with any big power bloc and avoids taking sides in the cold war. It
has also given up its association with SEATO and CENTO and was included in
NAM in 1979.
Conclusion:
The guiding principles of Pakistan’s Foreign Policy are rooted in the
country’s Islamic ideology, its rich cultural heritage and historical experience.
As an Islamic and non-aligned country, Pakistan supports Islamic causes and
firmly upholds the above mentioned principles, which hold out the promise of a
just and equitable world order in which nations can live in peace and security.
Unit ed Nat ion Or ganizat ion (U.N.O)

Introduction:
After the World War II, it was realized that how horrible and destructive
this war was for the mankind and its coming generation. For securing the future
from the devastation of the war some big countries founded League of Nations
nevertheless namely United Nation Organization on October 24, 1945. The
members of U.N.O increased rapidly and today, U.N.O is the biggest institution
of the world.
Objectives of U.N.O:
The main aims and objectives of United Nations (UNO) are:
 The first and foremost aim of U.N.O is to prevent war and maintain peace
in the world through collective efforts.
 To create good will among the nation of the world through economics,
social and political means.
 To provide the guarantee of basic human rights irrespective of colour and
creed, language, religion and to respect human liberty.
 Cultivation of friendly relations among the people on the basis of equality
and the principle of self-determination.
 Preservation of human rights and fundamental freedom all over the
world.
Organs of U.N.O:
The organs of U.N.O are:
 General Assembly.
 Security Council.
 Economic and Social Council.
 Trustee-Ship Council.
 Secretariat.
 International Court of Justice.
Agencies of U.N.O:
There are several specialized bodies are:
 UNICEF-United Nations International Children Emergency Fund.
 UNESCO-United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural
Organizations
 FAO-Food and Agricultural Organization.
 WHO-World Health Organization.
 ILO-International Labour Organization.
 WB-World Bank.
Non-Al igned Movement (NAM)

Introduction:
Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) is an important world organization of
the third world countries who do not wish to be aligned with any of the big
powers. NAM was found in 1955.
The NAM is a movement of 116 members representing the interests and
priorities of developing countries.
The movement was founded by the Indian Prime Minister Jawahir Lal
Nehru, Ghana’s Prime Minister Kwame Nkrumah, Egypt’s President Jamal
Abdul Nasser, Indonesia’s President Achmed Sukarno and Yugoslavia’s
President Marshal Tito.
Objective of NAM:
 To promote good will and cooperation among the Afro-Asian countries.
 To consider social, economic and cultural problems of all participants.
 To consider the problems like radicalism.
 To access the position of Afro-Asian states and their people in the world.
Pakistan - As the Member of NAM:

Pakistan joined NAM in 1979 although it participated actively in the 1st
Conference and attended the 5th conference as an observer. This was due to the
fact that Pakistan was a member of SEATO and CENTO .Pakistan got rid of
these organizations after the war with India (1965) and the debacle of East
Pakistan (1971) when the sponsors of SEATO and CENTO did not came to help
it.
SAARC
Introduction:
SAARC is an Association based on the consciousness that in an
increasingly independent world, the objectives of peace, freedom, social justice
and economic prosperity are best achieved in the South Asian region by
fostering mutual understanding, good neighborly relations and meaningful
cooperation among the Member States which are bound by ties of history and
culture.
The idea of regional cooperation in South Asia was first mooted in
November 1980.After consultations, the Foreign Secretaries of seven countries
met for the first time in Colombo in April 1981.
The Heads of State of Government at their First SAARC Summit held in
Dhaka on 7-8 December 1985 adopted the Charter formally establishing the
South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC).
Objectives:
The objectives, principles and general provisions as mentioned in the
SAARC Charter are as follows:
 To promote the welfare of the peoples of South Asia and to improve their
quality of life;
 To accelerate economic growth, social progress and cultural development
in the region and to provide all individuals the opportunity to live in
dignity and to realize their full potential;
 To promote and strengthen collective self-reliance among the countries of
South Asia;
 To contribute to mutual trust, understanding and appreciation of one
another’s problems;
 To promote active collaboration and mutual assistance in the economic,
social, cultural technical and scientific fields;
 To strengthen cooperation with other developing countries;
 To strengthen cooperation among themselves in international forums on
matters of common interests; and
 To cooperate with international and regional organisations with similar
aims and purposes.
Member Countries:
SAARC has seven members, they are:
 Bangladesh
 Bhutan
 India
 Maldives
 Nepal
 Pakistan
 Sri-Lanka
Or ganizat ion of t he Isl amic
Conf er ence (OIC)
Introduction:
The organization of the Islamic Conference is an international
organization grouping fifty seven states which have decided to pool their
resources together, combine their efforts and speak with one voice to safeguard
the interest. The OIC is a symbol of Islamic brother hood fraternity. It is the
biggest and the most active organization of Muslims countries.
Beginning:
The organization was established in Rabat (Kingdom of Morocco) from 9
to 12 Rajab, 1389 H, corresponding to 22 to 25 September 1969, as well as the
Conference of Foreign Ministers held in Jeddah from 14 to 18 Muharram 1392
H, corresponding to 29 February to 4 March 1972.
Objectives and Principles:

Some objectives of the Organization of the Islamic Conference shall be:
 To enhance and consolidate the bonds of fraternity and solidarity among
the Member States;
 To safeguard and protect the common interests and support the legitimate
causes of the Member States.
 To respect the right of self-determination and non-interference in the
domestic affairs and to respect sovereignty, independence and territorial
integrity of each Member State;
 To promote inter-state relations based on justice, mutual respect and good
neighborliness to ensure global peace, security and harmony;
 To support and empower the Palestinian people to exercise their right to
self-determination.
 To strengthen intra-Islamic economic and trade cooperation; in order to
achieve economic integration leading to the establishment of an Islamic
Common Market.
 To protect and defend the true image of Islam.
 To enhance and develop science and technology and encourage research
and cooperation among Member States in these fields.
 To emphasize, protect and promote the role of the family as the natural
and fundamental unit of society;
 To safeguard the rights, dignity and religious and cultural identity of
Muslim communities and minorities in non-Member States;
 To promote and defend unified position on issues of common interest in
the international fore.
 To cooperate and coordinate in humanitarian emergencies such as natural
disasters.
Organs:
The Organs of the Organization of the Islamic Conference shall consist
of:
1. Islamic Summit
2. Council of Foreign Ministers
3. Standing Committees
4. Executive Committee
5. International Islamic Court of Justice
6. Independent Permanent Commission of Human Rights
7. Committee of Permanent Representatives
8. General Secretariat
9. Subsidiary Organs
10.Specialized Institutions
11.Affiliated Institutions
Standing Committees:
In order to advance issues of critical importance to the Organization and
its Member States, the Organization has formed the following Standing
Committees:
a) Al Quds Committee (1975)
b) The Islamic Peace Committee (1976)
c) Standing Committee for Information and Cultural Affairs (COMIAC)
(1981)
d) Standing Committee for Economic and Commercial Cooperation
(COMCEC) (1981)
e) Standing Committee for Scientific and Technological Cooperation
(COMSTECH) (1981).
Pakist an is t he Member of How Many

Int er nat ional Or ganizat ions?
Pakistan is the member of the following international organizations:
 United Nations Organizations. (U.N.O)
 Non-Aligned Movement (N.A.M)
 Organization of Islamic Conference (O.I.C)
 Economic Cooperation Organization (E.C.O)
 South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC)
 (CICA)
DESCRIPTIVE
answer s
For eign Pol icy of Pakist an
Introduction:
No country today can think of a life independent of other nations. Every
country has to develop relations with other countries so as to meets its
requirements in economical, industrial and technological fields. It is thus
necessary for every country to formulate a sound foreign policy. Pakistan is an
important third world country in its developmental stage. It also has formulated
its foreign policy keeping in mind its geography, politics and economics.
Definition of Foreign Policy:

Foreign Policy can be defined as:
“It is relations with sovereign states. It is reflection of domestic, politics
and an interaction among sovereign states. It indicates the principles and
preferences on which a country quant to establish relations with another
country.”
Pakistan’s Foreign Policy In Light Of Quaid-E-Azam’s Words:

The father of the nation, Quaid-e-Azam defined Foreign Policy towards
other countries of the world in 1948, as follows:
“Our Foreign Policy is one of friendliness and good-will towards all the
nations of the world. We do not cherish aggressive designs against any
country or nation. We believe in the policy of honesty and fair play in
national and international dealings and are prepared to make our
outmost contribution to the promotion of peace and prosperity among the
nations of the world.”
Basic Goals of Pakistan’s Foreign Policy:

Basic goals of Pakistan’s foreign policy are as follows:
 Maintenance of territorial integrity.
 Maintenance of its political independence.
 Acceleration of social and economic development.
 Strengthening its place on the globe.
 Keeping cordial and friendly relations with all countries.
Guiding Principles of Pakistan’s Foreign Policy:
Following are the principles of Pakistan’s Policy:

 Protection of freedom and sovereignty:
Pakistan came into being after great sacrifices of millions of Muslims,
like any other country, it’s also considers with deep regard the need for
preservation of its independence and does not allow any country to harm its
freedom. Therefore, the principle of protection of independence and sovereignty
is the corner stone of Pakistan’s Foreign Policy.
 Cordial Relations with Muslim Countries:

Pakistan always tries to establish cordial and friendly relations with
Muslim countries. It has always moved its concern against Israel, India and
U.S.S.R capturing Palestine, Kashmir and Afghanistan respectively. It has
shouldered high responsibilities and used her influence for safeguarding the
rights of the Muslims. Pakistan is also an active member of the Islamic
Conference.
 Non Interference in Internal Affairs of Other Countries:

Pakistan has sought to establish normal and friendly relations with all
countries especially its neighbouring countries, on the basis of universally
acknowledge the principle of national sovereignty, non use of force, non-
interference in the internal affairs of state.
 Implementation of U.N Charter:

Pakistan’s policy is to act upon UN Charter and to support all moves by
the UN to implement it. Pakistan has been the member of UN since the year of
its birth.
 Promotion of World Peace:

Pakistan policy is to promote peace among nations. It has no aggressive
designs against any country. Neither does it support any such action. Pakistan
has always held that the international disputes should be settled through
negotiations rather than non-battlefield.
 Non-Alignment:
Pakistan follows the policy of Non-Alignment i.e. to keep away from
alignment with any big power bloc and avoids taking sides in the cold war. It
has also given up its association with SEATO and CENTO and was included in
NAM in 1979.
 Support for Self-Determination:

Pakistan is a staunch supporter of the right of self-determination and has
been in the fore front of efforts to eliminate colonialism. It has advocated the
right of self determination of Kashmir.
Conclusion:
The guiding principles of Pakistan’s Foreign Policy are rooted in the
country’s Islamic ideology, its rich cultural heritage and historical experience.
As an Islamic and non-aligned country, Pakistan supports Islamic causes and
firmly upholds the above mentioned principles, which hold out the promise of a
just and equitable world order in which nations can live in peace and security.
PAKISTAN AND THE MUSLIM WORLD

Foundations:
The Muslims of the sub-continent have deep-rooted affiliation with the
Islamic countries on the basis of religion. From the days of Pakistan movement,
Muslims of India followed the traditional policy with the Muslim World. So
after the partition, they always preferred close bilateral relations with the
Muslim countries.
The principles of policy in all the constitutions carry special attachment
for Muslims and their heritage. The love for Muslim brotherhood continued
during and after the independence.
Support for Independence:

Pakistan rendered full moral support for the independence of Indonesia,
Tunis, Morocco, Algeria, Libya, Sudan and Eritrea.
Palestine:
Pakistan, being a Muslim state, always sided with the national rights of
the Palestinian people. It strongly supported the independent Palestinian state.
Sharing grievous concern over the atrocities inflicted on the Muslims, it
condemned the Israeli policies.
Organization of Islamic Conference:

Organization of Islamic Conference is the largest Muslim forum in the
world. Pakistan was among the 51 Muslim nations which attended the inaugural
session in Rabat (1969). Its second conference was held at Lahore in 1974.
Pakistani desired to make it an effective forum to address the political,
economic, technical, scientific matters. The OIC always supported Pakistan on
Kashmir.
RCD and ECO:

Pakistan, Iran and Turkey signed Regional Cooperation Development in
July 1964. It worked for economic development till 1985 when it was renamed
as ECO. Later on, Afghanistan and five Central Asian Republics, Azerbaijan,
Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan joined it.
Muslim World:
Pakistan has good relations with all the Muslim countries.
Saudi Arabia:
Saudi Arabia being sacred country is a centre of the Muslim ‘Ummah’.
Both the Countries have conformity on major issues including Kashmir. The
Saudi cooperation for the OIC and wars with India is unprecedented.
UAE, Kuwait and other Gulf States:
These countries and States have close and cordial relations with Pakistan.
The ruling families make official and personal visits. The new era of economic
relations has set in after the Gawadar port was built.
Iran:
Iran is a neighboring state with long historical and cultural ties. Iran was
the first that recognized Pakistan. Iran’s King was also the first head of state
who visited Pakistan. Both had joint arrangements in regard to CENTO, RCD,
and ECO. Iran supported Pakistan in the wars with India. It stressed on liberty
of the people of Jammu and Kashmir. Pakistan welcomed the Iranian
Revolution of February 1979. In March 1997 President Rafsanjani and in
December 2002, Khatami visited Pakistan.
Turkey:
Turkey is another country with a long history of close and cordial
relations with Pakistan. Both have great contribution in the multilateral
arrangements of CENTO, RCD, ECO, etc.
Egypt:
Egypt under Nasser had some reservations due to Pakistan’s ties with the
West. Pakistan supported Egypt when it was attacked by Israel in 1956, 1967,
1973. The relations began to improve since 1967 and especially after the death
of Nasser in 1970.
Libya:
Qazzafi has been a great well wisher and supporter of Pakistan. In
American air raids in 1986, Pakistan condemned American attack.
Jordan:
Jordan is another example of cordiality. King Hussain had special regard
for Pakistan. He supported us on India-Pakistan issues. King Abdullah
continued with this tradition. Both have military relationship, trade and
diplomatic exchanges.
Afghanistan:
Afghanistan is a neighboring state. It sided with the ‘Pakhtunistan’ issue
and created problems for Pakistan. The Soviet military intervention in
Afghanistan gave birth to the Mujahideen groups, Taliban. The Sept 11, 2001
incident in America concluded major changes in the world diplomacy.
After Taliban, Karzai government took responsibility of Afghanistan’s
reconstruction.
Bangladesh:
Bangladesh was East Pakistan but the internal instability and external
conspiracies gave birth to Bangladesh. Pakistan had initially bitter relations but
recognized it in 1974 that set in the normalization of relations. Both worked
together in SAARC, OIC.
INDIA-PAKISTAN RELATIONS
Pakistan’s Relation with India:
Since partition of the sub-continent in 1947, relations between Pakistan
and India have been characterized by rivalry and suspicion. The animosity has
its roots in religion and history, and is epitomized by the long-running conflict
over the state of Jammu and Kashmir.
Historical Background:
The Indian Sub Continent was partitioned into Hindu-dominated India
and the newly created Muslim state of Pakistan after India’s independence from
Great Britain in 1947. Severe rioting and population movement ensued and an
estimated half a million people were killed in communal violence. About a
million people were left homeless. Since partition, the territory of Jammu and
Kashmir has remained in dispute with Pakistan and India both holding sectors.
 First Indo-Pakistan War 1947-49:

The first Indo-Pakistan war started after armed tribesmen from Pakistan’s
North-West Frontier Province invaded Kashmir in October 1947. The war
ended on 1st January 1949 when a ceasefire was arranged by the United Nations
which recommended that both India and Pakistan should adhere to their
commitment to hold a referendum in the state. A ceasefire line was established
where the two sides stopped fighting and a UN peacekeeping force established.
The referendum however has never been held.
 The 1965 War:

In April 1965, a clash between border patrols erupted into fighting in the
Rann of Kutch, a sparsely inhabited region along the south-western Indo-
Pakistan border. When the Indians withdrew, Pakistan claimed victory. Later
full-scale hostilites erupted in September 1965, when India alleged that
insurgents trained and supplied by Pakistan were operating in India-controlled
Kashmir. Hostilities ceased three weaks later, following mediation efforts by the
UN and interested countries. In January 1966, Indian and Pakistani
representatives met in Tashkent, U.S.S.R., and agreed to attempt a peaceful
settlement of Kashmir and their other differences.
 The 1971 War:

Indo-Pakistani relations deteriorated again when civil war erupted in
Pakistan, pitting the West Pakistan army against East Pakistanis demanding
autonomy and independence. In December India invaded East Pakistan in
support of the East Pakistani people. The Pakistani army surrendered at Dhaka
and its army of more than 90,000 became India prisoners of war. East Pakistan
became the independent country of Bangladesh on 6th December 1971.
 Indian Troops and Siachen Glacier 1984:
India’s nuclear test in 1974 generated great uncertainty in Pakistan and is
generally acknowledged to have been the impetus for Pakistan’s nuclear
weapons development program. In 1983, the Pakistani and Indian governments
accused each other of aiding separatists in their respective countries, i.e., Sikhs
in India’s Punjab state and Sindhis in Pakistan’s Sindh province. In April 1984,
tensions erupted after troops were deployed to the Siachen Glacier, a high-
altitude desolate area close to the China border left undemarcated by the cease-
fire agreement (Karachi Agreement) signed by Pakistan and India in 1949.
 Kashmir Insurgency 1990:

Bilateral tensions increased in early 1990, when Kashmiri militants began
a campaign of violence against Indian Government authority in Jammu and
Kashmir. Subsequent high-level bilateral meetings relieved the tensions
between India and Pakistan, but relations worsened again after the destruction
of the Ayodhya Masjid by Hindu extremists in December 1992 and terrorists
bombings in Bombay in March 1993. Talks between the Foreign Secretaries of
both countries in January 1994 resulted in deadlock.
 Diplomatic Push 1996-97:

In the last several years, the Indo-Pakistani relationship has veered
sharply between rapprochement and conflict. After taking office in February
1997, Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif moved to resume official dialogue with
India. A number of meetings at the foreign secretary and Prime Ministerial level
took place with positive atmospherics but little concrete progress. In a speech at
the UN, Pakistani Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif offered to open talks on a non-
aggression pact with India, proposing that both nations strike a deal to restrain
their nuclear and missile capabilities.
 Nuclear Rivalry 1998:

The arms race between the rivals escalated dramatically in the 1990s. In
May 1998, India conducted underground nuclear tests in the western desert state
of Rajasthan near the border with Pakistan. In response, Pakistan conducted six
tests in Balochistan. In the same year, Pakistan test its longest range missile, the
1,500 km (932 mile) Ghauri missile, named after the 12th Century Muslim
warrior who conquered part of India. Both sides were heavily criticized by the
international community for the tests as fears of a nuclear confrontation grew.
 Kargil Conflict 1999:

Unfortunately, in May 1999 India launched air strikes against Pakistani
backed forces that had infiltrated into the mountains in Indian-administrated
Kashmir, north of Kargil. Pakistan responded by occupying positions on the
Indian side of the Line of Control in the remote, mountainous area of Kashmir
near Kargil threatening the ability of India to supply its forces on Siachen
Glacier. By early summer, serious fighting flared in the Kargil sector. The
infiltrators withdrew following a meeting between Prime Minister Sharif and
President Bill Clinton in July. Relations between India and Pakistan have since
been particularly strained, especially since the October 12, 1999 coup in
Islamabad.
 The Brink of War 2001:

On 13th December, an armed attack on the Indian Parliament in Delhi left
14 people dead. India again blamed Pakistani-backed Kashmiri militants. The
attack led to a dramatic build-up of troops along the Indo-Pakistan border,
military exchanges and raised fears of a wider conflict. Rail and bus services
between the two countries were also blocked.
 Relaxation of Tension 2003:

A relaxation of tension began in 2003, when then Indian Prime Minister
Atal Behari Vajpayee called for a dialogue. Rail and bus services between the
two countries resumed, and the two countries agreed to a ceasefire in Kashmir.
 Summit Talks 2004:

Twelfth SAARC Summit was held in Islamabad in January 2004. On this
occasion President Parvez Musharraf met Indian Prime Minister Atal Behari
Vajpayee on 5th January 2004. In this summit talk India and Pakistan resumed
comprehensive discussions with an agenda the included the Kashmir problem,
confidence-building measures, and ways to provide security against terrorism.
 No War Pact 2004:

These comprehensive consultations have steadily built up trust, resulting
in agreements to continue the suspension of nuclear tests, to give prior
notification of missile tests, and to seek a peaceful resolution of the Kashmir
problem. On June 20, 2004, both countries signed “No War Pact” and agreed to
extend a nuclear testing ban and to set up a hotline between their foreign
secretaries aimed at preventing misunderstandings that might lead to a nuclear
war.
China-Pakistan Relations
China-Pakistan relations:
People's Republic of China–Pakistan relations began in 1950 when
Pakistan was among the first countries to break relations with the Republic of
China on Taiwan and recognize the PRC. Following the 1962 Sino-Indian War,
both countries has placed considerable importance on the maintenance of a
extremely close and supportive relationship. Since then, the two countries have
regularly exchanged high-level visits resulting in a variety of agreements. The
PRC has provided economic, military and technical assistance to Pakistan and
each considers the other a close strategic ally.
Background:
Pakistan has a long and symbiotic relationship with China. The long-
standing ties between the two countries have been mutually supportive. A close
identity of views and mutual interests remain the hallmark of bilateral ties.
Since the 1962 Sino-Indian War, Pakistan has supported China on most issues
of importance to the latter, especially those related to the question of China's
sovereignty like Taiwan, Xinjiang, and Tibet and other sensitive issues such as
human rights.
Diplomatic relations:
Diplomatic relations between Pakistan and China were established on 21
May 1951, shortly after the defeat of the Republic of China in 1949. Since 9/11,
Pakistan has increased the scope of Chinese influence and support by agreeing
to a number of military projects, combined with extensive economic support
and investment from the Chinese.
Military relations:
The People's Republic of China enjoys strong defense ties with Pakistan.
This relationship between two adjoining Asian countries is important in the
world's geo-strategic alliances. The strong defense ties are primarily to counter
regional Indian and American influence, and were also to repel Soviet influence
in the area. In recent years this relationship has strengthened through ongoing
defence projects and agreements between Pakistan and China.
Economic relations:
Economic trade between Pakistan and China are increasing at a rapid
pace and a free trade agreement has recently been signed. Military and
technological transactions continue to dominate the economic relationship
between the two nations, although in recent years China has pledged to vastly
increase their investment in Pakistan's economy and infrastructure. Among
other things, China has been helping to develop Pakistan's infrastructure
through the building of power plants, roads and communication nodes.
2011 Hotan Attack:

The 2011 Hotan Attack was a series of coordinated bomb and knife
attacks that occurred in Hotan, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China on July 18,
2011. While many had always suspected Pakistani involvement in terrorism in
Xinjiang, the 2011 Hotan attack marked the first incident of acknowledgement
of this by authorities in China.
Timeline:
Important events:
 1950 - Pakistan becomes the third non-communist country, and first
Muslim one, to recognize the People's Republic of China.
 1951 - Beijing and Karachi establish diplomatic relations.
 1963 - Pakistan cedes the Trans-Karakoram Tract to China, ending border
disputes.
 1970 - Pakistan helps the U.S. arrange the 1972 Nixon visit to China.
 1978 - The Karakoram Highway linking the mountainous Northern
Pakistan with Western China officially opens.
 1980s - China and the U.S. provide support through Pakistan to the
Afghan guerrillas fighting Soviet occupational forces.
 1986 - China and Pakistan reach a comprehensive nuclear co-operation
agreement.
 1996 - Chinese President Jiang Zemin pays a state visit to Pakistan.
 1999 - A 300-megawatt nuclear power plant, built with Chinese help in
Punjab province, is completed.
 2001 - A joint-ventured Chinese-Pakistani tank, the MBT-2000 (Al-
Khalid) MBT is completed.
 2002 - The building of the Gwadar deep sea port begins, with China as
the primary investor.
 2003 - Pakistan and China signed a $110 million contract for the
construction of a housing project on Multan Road in Lahore
 2007 - The Sino-Pakistani joint-ventured multirole fighter aircraft - the
JF-17 Thunder (FC-1 Fierce Dragon) is formally rolled out.
 2008 - Pakistan welcomes the Chinese Olympic Torch in an Islamabad
sports stadium, under heavy guard amidst security concerns.
 2008 - China and Pakistan sign an free trade agreement.
 2008 - Pakistan and China to build a railway through the Karakoram
Highway, in order to link China's rail network to Gwadar Port.
 2008 - The F-22P frigate comes into service with the Pakistani Navy.
 2009 - The ISI arrest several suspected Uyghur terrorists seeking refuge
in Pakistan.
 2010 - Pakistan and China conduct a joint anti-terrorism drill.
 2010 - China donates $260 million in dollars to flood hit Pakistan and
sends 4 military rescue helicopters to assist in rescue operations.
 2010 - Wen Jiabao visits Pakistan. More than 30 billion dollars worth of
deals were signed.
 2011 - Pakistan is expected to buy air to air SD 10 missiles from China
for its 250 JF 17 thunder fighter.
Pakistan’s General Knowledge
Divisions Provinces Districts Area Population of Pakistan
Subdivision Districts Area (km²) Population (1998)

Balochistan 30 347,190 6,566,000
Khyber Pakhtun Khwa 24 74 521 17,744,000
Punjab 36 205,345 73,621,000
Sindh 23 140,914 30,440,000
Islamabad Capital 1 906 805,000
Federally 7 tribal 27,220 3,176,000

Administered Tribal agencies
Areas (FATA) and 6
frontier
regions
Azad Kashmir 10 13,297 2,972,500
Gilgit-Baltistan 7 72,971 1,800,000
Governor s General of Pakistan
Muhammad Ali Jinnah Khawaja Nazimuddin

15 August 1947 14 September 1948
11 September 1948 17 October 1951
Ghulam Muhammad Iskander Mirza

17 October 1951 6 October 1955
6 October 1955 23 March 1956
President s of Pakistan
1 Iskander Mirza 8 Wasim Sajjad (Acting)

23 March 1956 18 July 1993
27 October 1958 14 November 1993
2 Muhammad Ayub Khan 9 Farooq Leghari

27 October 1958 14 November 1993
25 March 1969 2 December 1997
3 Yahya Khan 10 Wasim Sajjad (Acting)

25 March 1969 2 December 1997
20 December 1971 1 January 1998
4 Zulfikar Ali Bhutto 11 Muhammad Rafiq Tarar

20 December 1971 1 January 1998
13 August 1973 20 June 2001
5 Fazal Ilahi Chaudhry 12 Pervez Musharraf

13 August 1973 20 June 2001
16 September 1978 18 August 2008
6 Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq 13 Muhammad Mian Soomro (Acting)

16 September 1978 18 August 2008
7 Ghulam Ishaq Khan 14 Asif Ali Zardari

18 July 1993 8 September 2013
15 Mamnoon Hussain
9 September 2013
(Incumbent)
127
Mart ial Law Administrators
1 General Ayub Khan 2 General Yahya Khan

3 Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto 4 General Zia-ul-Haq
5 General Parvaiz Musharraf
Important Dams
1 Terbela 2 Warsak
3 Mangla 4 Ghazi Brotha
Imppor t s of Pakistan
1 Karachi Port 2 Port Qasim
3 Gawadar Port 4 Ormara Port
Major Expor t s
1 Rice 2 Leather Goods
3 Cotton Fiber 4 Sports Goods
Major Impor t s
1 Machinery 2 Petroleum
3 Iron ore and Steel 4 Tea
Highest Peaks
No. Mountains Height (m) Range District
1 K2 / Chorogi 8611 Karakoram Skardu
2 Nanga Parbat 8125 Himalaya Diamir
3 Tirich Mir 7708 Hindukush Chitral
Major Rivers
1 Indus River (2896 km) 2 Chenab River (1642 km)

3 Jhelum River (865 km) 4 Satlej River (392 km)
5 Ravi River (1551 km)
ABBRIVIATIONs
R.C.D Regional Cooperation Development
U.N.O United Nation Organization
KANUPP Karachi Atomic and Nuclear Power Plant
UNICEF United Nation International Children Emergency Fund
UNHCR United Nation High Commission for Refugees
UNESCO United Nation Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization
SAARC South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation
PIDC Pakistan Industrial Development Cooperation
NAM Non Aligned Movement
SEATO South East Asia Treaty Organization
CENTO Central Treaty Organization
O.I.C Organization of the Islamic Conference
E.C.O Economic Cooperation Organization
ILO International Lobour Organization
PLO Palestine Liberation Organization
FAO Food and Agriculture Organization
WHO World Health Organization
IMF International Monetary Fund
NADRA National Data Base and Registration Authority
IBRD International Bank of Reconstruction and Development
FATA Federally Administrated Tribal Areas
IMPORTANT DATES
Date Event
712 Arab Invasion of Sindh
1816-1898 Sir Syed Ahmed Khan
1857 War of Independence
1876-1948 Quaid-e-Azam
1877-1938 Sir Muhammad Iqbal
1885 Formation of Indian National Congress
1897-1951 Choudhary Rahmat Ali
1905 Partition of Bengal
1906 Formation of All India Muslim League
1911 Annulment of the partition of Bengal
1913 Quaid-e-Azam joins Muslim League
1914-1918 First World War
1916 Lucknow pact
1919 Khilafat Movement
1927 Simon Commission
1928 Nehru Report
1929 Jinnah’s Fourteen Point
1930 Allahabad Address of Dr. Iqbal
1930-1932 Round Table Conference
1933 Publication of Pamphlet “Now or Never”
1933 Choudhary Rahmat Ali gives the word “Pakistan”
1934 Mr. Jinnah becomes permanent president of AIML
1935 Government of India Act
1939-1945 Second World War
1942 Cripps Mission
1942 “Quit India” Movement
1944 Jinnah-Gandhi talks
1945 Simla Conference
1945-1946 General Elections
1946 Cabinet Mission
1946 Delhi Convention
1947 Lord Mount Batten become viceroy
1947 3 June Plan
1947 Indian Independence Act
1949 Objective Resolution
1956 First Constitution
1958 First Martial Law
1960 Indus Basin Treaty
1962 Second Constitution
1969 Second Martial Law
1971 Separation of Bangladesh
1973 Third Constitution
1977 Third Martial Law
1979 Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto was Hanged
1998 Pakistan became a Nuclear Power (28th May)

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Multiple Choice Questions 07

Multiple Choice Questions 49

Multiple Choice Questions 61

Multiple Choice Questions 84

Multiple Choice Questions 95

Multiple Choice Questions 110

02 Pakistan and Muslim World 119

Condition of South Asia before the advent of Islam:

Objectives of Aligarh Movement:

Scientific Society at Ghazipur:

Mohammedan Educational Conference:

Means of Two-Nation Theory:

Sir Syed Ahmed Khan - The Pioneer of Two-Nation Theory:

Two-Nation Theory in the Views of Quaid-e-Azam:

Compar ison of Musl im

Essentials of Ideology of Pakistan:

PARTITION OF BENGAL: 1905

Annulment of the Partition:

Aims and Obj ect iv es of

Aims and Objectives of AIML:

Muhammad Ali Jinnah:

Muslim League and Congress:

The Khilaf at Movement

THE NEHRU REPORT: 1928

Main points of the report:

Jinnah’s Fourteen Points - 1929:

3. Shares of Muslims in Services:

4. Protection for Muslims’ culture and Language:

5. One-Third Muslim Ministries:

Main Points of the Address:

 Islam is complete code of life:

 Separate State for Muslims:

 India is the Largest Country of the Muslims:

First Session of the Conference: (1930)

Second Conference: (1931)

3rd Roundtable Conference: (1932)

PAKISTAN Resol ut ion

The Pakistan Resolution:

Muslims Acceptance and Hindus Rejection:

Proposals of Cripps Mission:

Reaction of Muslim League:

Proposals of Wavell’s Plan:

Siml a Conf er ence (1945)

Representatives of Congress & AIML:

‫ى‬:ᶾ嵗仦⸞÷n‫ت‬㣡 ‫ر‬A‫ا‬2÷‫و‬n嵗dᶾ㷨‫ا ن‬ ‫؂‬

Sir Syed Ahmed Khan - The Pioneer of Two-Nation Theory:

Views of Allama Iqbal on Two-Nation Theory:

Two-Nation Theory in the Views of Choudhry Rahmat Ali:

Two-Nation Theory in the Views of Quaid-e-Azam:

Essentials of Ideology of Pakistan:

Ideol ogy of Pakist an in t he l ight of

Separate ways of life:

Few reasons for establishment of AIML:

Aims and Objectives of AIML:

Jinnah’s Fourteen Points - 1929:

3. Representation of Minorities in Legislature:

4. Number of Muslim Representative:

6. Muslim Majority Provinces:

10. Reforms in N.W.F.P and Baluchistan: