Chapter 1

1.1 INTRODUCTION
Throughout the years, engineers have found many ways to use the
force that can be imparted by a jet of fluid on a surface diverting the flow.
For Example, firemen can make use of the kinetic energy stored in a water
Jet to deliver water above the level in the nozzle to extinguish fires in
High-rise building. This enormous amount of kinetic energy produced by
water jets is also used in the industry for cutting metals and debarring.
There is a lot of technological importance of the water jet that can be cited
through its application. This experiment aims at assessing the different
forces exerted by the same water jet on a variety of geometrical different
plates under this experiment, the force generated by a jet of water striking
a deflector is measured. Besides that, the experiment will help the students
to compare the results obtained from the experiment with the theoretical
calculations

The Moving fluids, in natural or artificial systems, may exert different

forces on objects in contact with it. To determine the fluid motion, for a
finite region of the fluid is selected, and the gross effects of the flow,
such as its force on an object, is determined by calculating the net mass
rate that flows into and out of the control volume. These forces can be
determined, as in solid mechanics, by the use of momentum equation. The
force exerted by a jet of fluid on a flat or curve surface can be resolved
by applying the momentum equation. The study of these forces is
essential to the study of fluid mechanics and hydraulic machinery. When
the water coming from the nozzle called the jet strikes on the obstruction
like a flat plate or vane in the path, the jet exerts the force on the plate is
known as Impact of jet.

1
The impact of a jet on vanes refers to the reaction force experienced by
vanes or blades when a high-speed fluid jet strikes them. This
phenomenon has significant implications in various engineering
applications, including jet engines, turbines, pumps, and rocket
propulsion systems.

It works on the Principle of Newton second law of motion. It states that

“the applied force is equal to the rate of change in momentum”. in
momentum equation the algebraic sum of external force applied to the
control volume of a fluid in any direction is equal to the rate of change
of momentum in that direction, in equation form, F = ma, where F is the
force, m is mass in kg and a is acceleration in m/s². Momentum equation
is vector quantity, this means it has both magnitude direction.

2
When a fluid jet, strikes a set of vanes or blades, it imparts a force on them
due to its momentum. This jet possesses both momentum and kinetic
energy. This force can cause the vanes to move or deflect, and it is utilized
in various engineering applications. The Impact of the jet on vanes can be
utilized to convert the kinetic energy of the fluid into useful work .

The impact of the jet on vanes is governed by several factors, including

the velocity and mass flow rate of the fluid, the angle at which the jet
strikes the vanes, and the design and orientation of the vanes themselves.
These factors determine the magnitude and direction of the resultant force
on the vanes, as well as the efficiency of energy conversion.

One significant application of the impact of jet on vanes is in reaction

turbines. In these turbines, high-pressure fluid jets are directed onto the
blades, causing them to rotate and generate mechanical power. The force
of the jet on the vanes creates a reaction force, which is harnessed to drive
the turbine rotor and produce work.

Moreover, the impact of a jet on vanes is utilized in various industrial

processes. For example, Water jet cutting systems use a high-pressure jet
of water, often mixed with abrasive particles, to cut through various
materials. The impact of the water jet on a set of vanes directs the high-
velocity stream towards the material, effectively eroding it and allowing
for precise cutting and in hydroelectric power plants, the impact of high-
speed water jets on vanes is utilized to rotate a turbine and generate
electricity. The force of the water flowing through the vanes transfers its
kinetic energy to the turbine, which converts it into mechanical work.

3
1.1.1 Force exerted by jet on stationary vertical plate:

Let us consider a jet of water, which is coming from the outlet

of nozzle fitted at the pipe, strikes a flat vertical flat plate as displayed
here in following figure.
V = Velocity of the jet.
d = Diameter of the jet.
a = Area of cross-section of the jet = (π/4) x d².

Liquid jet will move along the vertical plate after striking the plate. As we
can see from the figure, vertical plate is located at right angle to the
direction of liquid jet and hence liquid jet will be deflected at right angle
i.e. 900 after striking the vertical plate.

The component of velocity of liquid jet, in the direction of jet, after

striking will be zero.

4
Force exerted by liquid jet on the plate in the direction of jet will be
determined by using the concept of impulse momentum equation.
Fx = rate of change of momentum in the direction of force.

=
× ×
=

= [Initial velocity – Final velocity]

= (Velocity of jet before striking –Velocity of jet after striking)

= ρaV (V − 0)
= ρaV²

1.1.2Force exerted by jet on stationary inclined flat plate:

In order to determine the expression of force exerted by the jet over the
surface of plate i.e. impact of jet, we will use the basic concept of
Newton’s second law of motion and impulse-momentum equation.

Let us consider a jet of water, which is coming from the outlet of nozzle
fitted at the pipe, strikes a flat inclined flat plate as displayed here in
following figure.

5
V = Velocity of the jet in x direction
d = Diameter of the jet
a = Area of cross-section of the jet = (π/4) x d 2
θ = Angle between the jet and the plate.

Let us determine the mass of water per second striking the plate

Mass of water per second striking the plate = ρ a V.

Let us assume that inclined plate is smooth and there is no loss of energy
due to the impact of jet. Considering this assumption, we can say that jet
will move over the surface of inclined plate after striking the plate with a
velocity equivalent to the initial velocity i.e. V.

Now we will determine the force Fn exerted by the jet on the plate in a
direction normal to the plate.

6
Fn = Mass of jet striking per second x [Initial velocity of jet before striking
in the direction of n-final velocityof jet after striking in the direction of n ]

Fn = ρ a V x [V Sin θ - 0]

Fn = ρ a V2 Sin θ

Above force will be resolved in two components i.e. one component in

the direction of jet and second component in the direction perpendicular
to the jet.

Above equation, provides the components of force exerted by the liquid

jet on the inclined plate in the direction of jet and in the direction
perpendicular to the jet.

7
 CHAPTER 2

2.1 LITERATURE SURVEY

2.1.1 Qusai Waleed Al-Qudah: investigated the impact of jet by using flat
plate and hemispherical cup. The objective of the investigation was to
experimentally determine the force required to keep a flat plate at a datum
level while it is subjected to the impact of jet and to compare the
experimentally measured force with the analytically calculated force from
the control volume form of the linear momentum equation. According to
the investigation, when the volumetric flow rate was increased, the force
resulted from the impact of the jet on both the flat plate and the
hemispherical cup was increased. Some measured value of the jet force
showed larger values than the predicted one due to errors in taking the
reading and losses in the experiment apparatus.

2.1.2. Ankush kumar Jain: verified the momentum equation by Impact

of jet apparatus on flat plate. In this research paper they discussed that
the nozzle diameter was not effect on force exerted on vanes and discharge
.In this research paper he investigate about the flat plate vane and
verify the momentum equation.

8
2.1.3. Vrushiket Patil: investigated the impact of jet by using flat plate
and flat inclined plate. The aim of the investigation was to study the
relation between the force produced and the change of momentum when
a jet strikes a vane and to compare between force exerted by a jet on a flat
and inclined surface. It was found that experimentally force exerted by
jet on flat inclined was more than that of flat plate and almost double to
that of flat plate force. When the weight on the plates increased, higher
impact velocity or jet velocity was required to counter balance the force.

2.1.4. Ravi Agarwal: investigated the impact of jet by using flat plate
and hemispherical vane. The aim of the investigation was to determine the
impulse momentum theorem as it applied to the impact of a water jet on
vanes with different geometrical shapes. The force on the jet for different
weights and shape of vanes was calculated theoretically and observed
experimentally. It was found that the force for the hemispherical vane was
more than that of the flat plate.

9
2.1.5. N M Mali, Vijay: Titled “Determination of force on flat and
inclined plates using weighting pan in test rig of impact of jet”. They
investigate about how to determine force on flat and inclined plate by
using digital weighting pan in test rig of impact of jet. They concluded in
this paper that as the discharge increase the value of force exerted also
increases.

2.1.6. John Conor: the experimental investigation of impact of jet. The

aim of the Investigation was to study the jet forces impacting against
stationary deflectors. Plate, hemisphere and slope deflectors were used for
this investigation. Before the investigation was carried out, a quick
inspection was performed to ensure that unit was in proper operating
condition. When comparing the three types of deflectors, the flow rate for
the hemisphere was found to be the lowest and thus required a longer time
for the volumetric tank to rise from 20 to 30 liters.

10
Shaho Abdul qadir: investigated the impact of jet. The objective of the
investigation was to study the relation between the force produced and the
change of momentum when a jet strikes a vane. Moreover, a comparison
was made between force exerted by a jet on a flat plate and on a
hemispherical surface. It was seen that the hemispherical cup was more
efficient for using in a turbine than the flat plate. Moreover, the water
exiting the cup was collided with water entering the cup which could
reduce the force. So, the cup was made in angles less than 180◦. The
predicted value of the Jet force showed larger values than the measured
one.

11
 CHAPTER 3
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
3.1 Experimental Setup.

12
3.2 Equipment’s Used:
 Transparent Acrylic Cylinder
 Nozzle
 Vane
 Sliding Mechanism
 Weight
 Nut Bolts
 Threaded Rod
 Hose Clamp
 Hose Pipe
 Inlet and Outlet Pipe
 Water Container

13
3.3 Description of the Equipment Used:
3.3.1 Transparent Acrylic Cylinder:
Acrylic or acrylic glass is the synthetic polymer of methyl methacrylate.
It is a transparent thermoplastic often used in sheet form as a lightweight
or shatter-resistant alternative to glass. Acrylic is an economical
alternative to polycarbonate when tensile strength, flexural strength,
transparency, polish ability and UV tolerance are more important than
impact strength, chemical resistance and heat resistance. It is often
preferred because of its moderate properties, low cost, easy handling and
processing. Acrylic is sometimes able to achieve high scratch and impact
resistance.
3.3.2 Nozzle:
A nozzle is a device designed to control the direction or characteristics of
a fluid flow as it exits or enters an enclosed chamber or pipe. Nozzles are
frequently used to control the rate of flow, speed, direction, mass, shape,
and the pressure of the stream that emerges from them. In a nozzle, the
velocity of fluid increases at the expense of its pressure energy. A
convergent nozzle of 10 mm exit diameter is used at the top of the inlet
pipe

14
3.3.3 Vane:
Different shaped vanes are used to determine theoretical impact force and
experimental impact force for each. When a jet of fluid strikes a vane, it
will undergo a change in velocity, with a corresponding change in
momentum of the jet. As the water flows across the face of the vane after
impinging, the reaction of the vane will be normal to the inclined surface.
All vanes are made of stainless steel. Flat, inclined, spherical and conical
vanes are used

Flat Vane

15
Inclined Vane

Spherical Vane

16
 Conical Vane

3.3.4 Nut and Bolt: A nut is a type of fastener with a threaded hole. Nuts
are almost always used in conjunction with a mating bolt to fasten
multiple parts together. The two partners are kept together by a
combination of their threads' friction, a slight stretching of the bolt and
compression of the parts to be held together.

17
3.3.5 Sliding Mechanism:
Two cylinders are used in the sliding system, where one is smaller and
another one is larger in diameter. The smaller one has 9 mm diameter and
24.6 cm length. The larger one has 1.2 cm diameter and 12.5 cm length.
The larger cylinder which is hollow can smoothly slide over the smaller
one which is solid due to the impact force of the jet. The smaller cylinder
is attached within the larger one which will help it to slide up to a certain
distance. A compressive spring is attached at each end of the sliding
mechanism using washers which is fixed by welding. The measurement
of the displacement due to jet force can be determined by this mechanism.
So, the sliding mechanism is the main part of the experiment.

Sliding Mechanism

18
3.3.6 Spring:
A spring is an elastic object that stores mechanical energy. Springs are
typically made of spring steel. When a conventional spring, without
stiffness variability features, is compressed or stretched from its resting
position, it exerts an opposing force approximately proportional to its
change in length. Compression spring is designed to operate with a
compression load, so the spring gets shorter as the load is applied to it. A
compressive spring is used in the sliding system to measure the impact
forces for various vanes.

Spring

19
3.3.7 Hose Clamp:
Hose Clamps are mechanical devices used to hold hoses or tubes in place
on the ends of pipe spuds. Hose clamps are used for preventing the water
leakage. It is round in shape and was fixed with the hose pipe to prevent
the flow of water coming outside which is necessary to maintain a
constant flow rate. They are made in many sizes and materials, including
metal or plastic, depending on the application and can be designed as
single-use or as reusable devices.

Hose Clamp

20
3.3.8 Hose Pipe:
Generally hose pipe is robust, flexible and ultra-light. It’s soft and flexible
technology provides superb resistance to kinking. Hose pipe is weather
proof with UV and it has frost protection. Hose pipe was used for water
circulation. The diameter of the hose pipe was 2.12 cm. The total length
of the hose pipe was 20 feet, where 12 feet was used for inlet housing and
8 feet was used for outlet housing. Hose pipe was used in outlet housing
for discharging the water outside of the experimental area. Hose pipe was
attached tightly with the inlet housing by using nozzle.

Hose Pipe

21
3.3.9 Inlet and Outlet Pipe:
Two pipes of stainless steel are used, one for inlet and the other for outlet.
The inlet pipe allows the water to enter which comes from the hose pipe
and the outlet is used for discharge. At the top of the inlet, a convergent
nozzle is welded which is used to increase the velocity of the water flow.

3.3.10 Water Container:

Generally water container is used for water reservation. In the
experimental study, a certain flow of water was needed. That’s why it was
necessary to reserve water. So, a water container was used in this
experiment which helped to measure the flow rate of water with a
stopwatch.

Water Container

22
 3.3.11 Weight:
Weight is used in measuring the amount of impact force on
the vane. Weights are used to balance the displacement and
bring back to the initial position. Two weights were used,
one is ball type and another one is circular type.

3.3.12 Scale:

Scale is used for measuring the displacement caused by the

impact force of the jet. When water flow from the jet strikes
the vane, the impact force on the vane will make the
displacement of the sliding mechanism. Weights are applied
gradually for bringing it to the initial position. This
displacement is measured with the help of the scale.

23
 CHAPTER 4

THEORY

When the jet of water is directed to hit the vane of any particular shape,
the force is exerted on it by the fluid in the opposite direction. The amount
of force exerted depends on the diameter of the jet, shape of the vane, fluid
density and flow rate of water.
More importantly, it also depends on whether the vane is moving or
stationary. In our present case, we are concerned about the force exerted
on the stationary vanes. Following are the theoretical formulae for
different shapes of vanes, based on the flow rate.

4.1 Force exerted by the jet on a stationary vertical plate:

Consider jet of water coming out from the nozzle strikes the vertical plate.

24
Let,
V = velocity of jet,
d = diameter of the jet in meters,
a = area of cross-section of the jet, in m2
ρ = is the density of the fluid, kg/m3
The force exerted by the jet on the plate in the direction of jet.
Fx = Rate of change of momentum in the direction of force.
Rate of change of momentum in the direction of force,

= (initial momentum – final momentum)/time.

= (mass× initial velocity – mass × final velocity) / time.

= mass/time (initial velocity – final velocity)

= mass/ sec × (velocity of jet before striking - velocity of jet after striking)

= m (V-0)

= ρaV (V-0)

= ρaV2

25
4.2 Force exerted by the jet on a stationary inclined plate:
Consider jet of water coming out from the nozzle strikes the vertical
plate.

If the surface is inclined at an angle to the jet, as shown in Fig, the jet
velocity can be resolved into two components, one normal to the surface
and other parallel to it. Since, water leaves the surface tangentially; there
is no component of force in that direction after impinging.

Applying impulse momentum equation in the direction normal to the

plate, then normal force on the plate,

26
Fn = Mass of jet striking per second (initial velocity of the jet before
striking - final velocity of the jet after striking)
= m (V1n - V2n)
= ρaV (V sin θ - 0)
Fn = ρaV2 sin θ

This force can be resolved into two components, one in the direction of
the jet and other normal to the direction of flow.
Then Force exerted by the jet in the direction of flow,
Fx = Fn Cos (90-θ)
= Fn Sin θ
= ρaV2 sin2θ
Force exerted by the jet in the direction normal to the flow,
Fy = Fn Sin (90-θ)
= Fn Cos θ
= ρaV2 Sin θ Cos θ

27
4.3 Force exerted by the jet on a stationary curved plate:

The impact of jet on the curved surface is of much practical significance.

The jet of water can be introduced tangentially, whereas in other case it
can strikes at some angle to the entrance portion of the surface. Here, both
such cases deserve individual consideration.
Consider the case when the jet strikes horizontally at the center of the vane
on the concave side as shown in figure below.

After it strikes, it gets divided, glides over the surface and leaves the vane
tangentially with same velocity ‘v’. The velocity at outlet of the plate can
be resolved into two components, one in the direction of the jet and the
other perpendicular to the direction of the jet.
Component of velocity in the direction of the jet is given by, − (V cosθ)
here −ve sign has been considered because; outlet velocity is in the
opposite direction of the jet of water coming out of from nozzle.
Component of velocity perpendicular to the jet is given by, V sinθ.

28
V1X is the initial velocity of the jet before striking in the direction of the
jet,
I.e. in the X direction = V
V2X =is the final velocity of the jet after striking in the direction of jet,
I.e. in the X - direction = -Vcosθ
V1Y = is the initial velocity of the jet striking in the direction of Y = 0
V2Y = is the final velocity of the jet after striking in the direction of
Y = Vsinθ
Applying impulse-momentum equation in the direction normal to the
plate, then normal force on the plate,

Force exerted by the jet in the direction of the jet,

FX = Mass of jet striking per second (Initial velocity of the jet before
striking - Final velocity of the jet after striking)
= m (V1x - V2x)
= ρaV [V- (-V cosθ)]
= ρaV [V + V cosθ]

Fx = ρaV2 [1+ cosθ]

Similarly, Force exerted by the jet normal to the direction of the jet,
Fy = Mass of jet striking per second (initial velocity of the jet before
striking - Final velocity of the jet after striking)
= m (V1y - V2y)
= ρaV [0 -Vsinθ]
Fy = −ρaV2sinθ

29
Negative sign means the force is acting in the downward direction.
In this case angle of deflection of the jet = 180-θ.

4.4 Force exerted by the jet on a Hemi-spherical vane:

In this case the jet after striking the vane at the center gets divided into
two identical jets leaving the vane at the outer tips, with the velocity
having the same magnitude as that of the striking jet if no resistances are
offered by the vane.

Force exerted by the jet,

F = mass flowing per second ×change in velocity in the direction of the
striking jet.
F = ρaV (V – (–Vcos 𝛼)
= ρaV2 (1+cos 𝛼)

30
For the particular case when the vane is flat vane 𝛼= 90°&
F= ρaV2
It is clearly seen that the force exerted by the jet on curved vane is greater
than that exerted on the flat vane.
For another particular case when the vane 𝛼= 0° and the vane is
semicircular,
F = ρaV2 (1+cos 𝛼)
= ρaV2 (1+cos 0°)
= 2ρaV2
In this case, the force exerted on the vane is twice two times that exerted
on the flat vane.

31
 CHAPTER 5
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE & ANALYSIS

Procedure:
 Note down the height between nozzle & the vanes.
 Ensure that sufficient water in the sump tank.
 Fix the required diameter jet, and the vane of required shape of
position and zero the force indicator.
 Keep the delivery valve closed and switch ON the pump.
 Close the front transparent tightly.
 Open the delivery valve and adjust the flow rate of water as read on
rotameter.
 The water flow from the jet will strike the target point of the vane.
 The vane will now be deflected by the impact of the jet
 Increase the flow of water by opening the flow control valve till the
target plate lifted a little.
 Note down the diameter of the jet, shape of the vane, flow rate &
force and tabulate the result.
 The above procedure was repeated again using different types of
vanes.
 Switch OFF the pump and main switch.
 Close the flow control valve and water is drained from the tank.

32
Analysis:

 The results are recorded on the result sheets.

 The flow rate is calculated.

 Area is calculated.

 Nozzle exit velocity is calculated from the flow rate and area.

 Impact velocity is calculated from the nozzle exit velocity & value of h.

 Experimental force is calculated.

 Theoretical force is calculated.

 Experimental and theoretical forces are compared.

 Error is determined from the experimental and theoretical forces.

 Graphs are drawn of theoretical forces versus experimental forces for

each of the vanes.

 Graphs are drawn of flow rate versus both experimental and theoretical
forces for each of the vanes.

33
 CHAPTER 6
OBSERVATION AND CALCULATION:

6.1 OBSERVATIONS:
 Distance between Vane & Nozzle: - 16 cm.
 Diameter of JET: - 8 mm.
 Density of Water: - 998.2 kg / m2.
 Acceleration due to Gravity: - 9.81 m / s2.

6.2 TABULATION:

Shape Dia of Flow Q Vn Vi Dista Load Fact Ci= Fth

3 -1
Of jet in Rate ms m/s m/s nces in in Fact/ in
Vane mm x 10-3 in Kg/ N Fth N
‘QLPM’ m Cm2

Flat 26 0.43 8.55 8.36 0.16 1.5 1.96 .279 3.57

Type 8mm 21 0.35 6.96 6.73 0.16 1.0 1.17 .257 2.32
15 0.25 4.97 4.64 0.16 0.5 0.54 .250 1.10
Cup 26 0.43 8.55 8.36 0.16 1.5 2.20 .310 7.16
Type 8mm 20 0.33 6.56 6.32 0.16 1.0 1.57 .389 4.09
15 0.25 4.97 4.64 0.16 0.5 0.73 .330 2.20
Incline 26 0.43 8.55 8.36 0.16 1.5 1.82 .540 3.32
d 20 0.33 6.56 6.32 0.16 1.0 0.91 .478 1.90
Type
8mm
15 0.25 4.97 4.64 0.16 0.5 0.33 .308 1.07

34
6.3 CALCULATIONS:
6.3.1 FLAT PLATE

Q = QLPM / 60 = 26 / 60

= 0.433 X 10-3 m3s-1

Vn = Q / (πd2/4) = 0.433 X 10-3 / (π x 0.0082 / 4)

= 8.55 m/s

Vi = √ Vn2 – 2 g s = √8.552 – 2 x 9.81 x 0.16

= 8.36 m/s

Fth = (AVi2) \ g = 5.026 x 10-5 x 8.362 \ 9.81

= 0.357 N

6.3.2 HEMI – SPEHERICAL PLATE

Q = QLPM / 60 = 26 / 60
= 0.433 X 10-3 m3s-1
Vn = Q / (πd2/4) = 0.433 X 10-3 / (π x 0.0082 / 4)
= 8.55 m/s
Vi = √ Vn2 – 2 g s = √8.552 – 2 x 9.81 x 0.16
= 8.36 m/s
Fth =2AVi2 / g = (2 x 5.026 x 10-5 x 8.362) / 9.81
= 7.16 N

35
6.3.3 INCLINED PLATE

Q = QLPM / 60 = 26 / 60

= 0.433 X 10-3 m3s-1

Vn = Q / (πd2/4) = 0.433 X 10-3 / (π x 0.0082 / 4)

= 8.55 m/s

Vi = √ Vn2 – 2 g s = √8.552 – 2 x 9.81 x 0.16

= 8.36 m/s

Fth = (AVi2 / g) Sin2θ = (5.026 x 10-5 x 8.362 / 9.81) Sin260°

= 3.32 N

36
 Chapter – 7
7.1 RESULTS: The results are tabulated and the co-efficient of
impact for the tabular column.
Graph of Flow Rate Vs Theoritical Force : -

 From the graph of flow rate vs. theoretical reaction force for different Vanes,
it can be seen that the theoretical reaction force gradually increases with the
increase of flow rate for each of the target Vanes.
 The flow rate was increased from 0.25 to 0.43m3/s × 10 -3.Then the theoretical
force also increased from 1.10 (in terms of N) to 3.57 (in terms of N) for Flat
vane.

37
 The flow rate was increased from 0.25 to 0.43 m3/s × 10 -3.Then the
theoretical force also increased from 2.20 (in terms of N) to 7.16 (in terms of
N) for Hemi-Spherical Vane.
 The flow rate was increased from 0.25 to 0.43 m3/s × 10 -3 .Then the
theoretical force also increased from 1.07 (in terms of N) to 3.32 (in terms of
N) for Inclined Vane.
 It can be considered that by increasing the supply of water the flow rate will
increase, thus the theoretical reaction force will increase. From the graph
above it is seen that with the increase of flow rate the theoretical reaction force
increases more for the hemispherical Vane.

38
Graph of Flow Rate Vs Actual Force : -

 From the graph of flow rate vs actual reaction force for different Vanes, it can
be seen that the actual reaction force gradually increases with the increase of
flow rate for each of the target Vanes.

39
  The flow rate was increased from 0.25 to 0.43m3/s × 10 -3.Then the actual
force also increased from 0.54 (in terms of N) to 1.96 (in terms of N) for Flat
vane.

 The flow rate was increased from 0.25 to 0.43 m3/s × 10 -3.Then the actual
force also increased from 0.73 (in terms of N) to 2.20 (in terms of N) for Hemi-
Spherical Vane.
 The flow rate was increased from 0.25 to 0.43 m3/s × 10 -3 .Then the actual
force also increased from 0.33 (in terms of N) to 1.82 (in terms of N) for
Inclined Vane.

 It can be considered that by increasing the supply of water the flow rate will
increase, thus the actual reaction force will increase. From the graph above it
is seen that with the increase of flow rate the actual reaction force increases
more for the hemispherical Vane.

7.2 CONCLUSION: -
The experiment of the thesis was carried out with acceptable level of
accuracy. It is generally considered as a success as the results obtained both
constructively and experimentally had been satisfactory. The experimental results
were useful and acceptable for the analysis of the properties of the machine.
From the experimental results, it became possible for the real picture of
the operational basis of the machine to be displayed in such a way that the
characteristics of the impact of jet were visible in the graphical analysis used. Yet
the experiment was not fully accurate due to several errors that resulted from several
misdoings. One major misdoing was the uneven centering of the nozzle tip and the
target blocks. Usually impact of jet operation requires even centering of both the
target vanes and nozzle.
In this experiment the nozzle had been slightly displaced because of the
excessive weight of the nozzle arrangement. But this had not been much of an issue
during the time of acquiring the readings as a load cell mounted digital weight scale
had been used instead of a spring balance weight scale in this setup. Acquiring the
angles of the different geometrical shapes of the target blocks was also a bit

40
problematic, especially for the hemispherical block and the combined surface block.
Those angles had been acquired as accurately as possible.
This thesis had been carried out according to the objectives which had
been set to determine initially. An experimental design for the impact of jet apparatus
had been done as per the suitable laboratory requirements. The machine had been
constructed according to the design and as accurately as possible. The whole
construction was done with great keenness and persistence.
The reaction forces had been determined for the different geometrical shapes. The
experiment had been done maintaining all the safety precautions and as much
accurately as possible. The theoretical and experimental results had been acquired
and compared. Lastly the graphs had been plot according to the results to discuss the
characteristics of the impact of a jet. In spite of some errors the experimental and
theoretical values were at an acceptable level and were in consistent with the
theories.
The experiment had been done maintaining all the safety precautions and as much
accurately as possible. The theoretical and experimental results had been acquired
and compared. Lastly the graphs had been plot according to the results to discuss the
characteristics of the impact of a jet. In spite of some errors the experimental and
theoretical values were at an acceptable level and were in consistent with the
theories.
There are some limitations occurred after the construction of the
apparatus. Some of them are represented below:
 The apparatus is quite delicate because of its large glass frame.
 Handling of the apparatus is bit difficult because of the excessive height of the
working chamber.
 Vast amount of water will be wasted due to lack of recycling system.
 The nozzle is bit displaced because of the excessive weight of the nozzle
arrangement.
Wastage of water can be a major drawback of the setup, especially because
around 300l water is required for this experiment to be carried out with accurate
measurements. It takes minimum 10 seconds to measure the experimental force
accurately. After that time the whole 300l water is drained out through the disposal.
As saving water is quiet a big issue in the present days, this much water can be saved
by setting up a water recycling system with the apparatus.

41
There is a huge field of research in this sector for further improvement. The further
recommendations which can be taken into consideration are as follows:
 A separate water recycling system can be built to eliminate the wastage of water.
 A centrifugal pump can be mounted on the setup to provide the water recirculation
system in the working chamber.
 More target blocks of different geometrical shapes can be used to achieve better
analysis of impact of jet.
 Nozzles of different diameters can also be used for broad analysis of the
experiment.
To summarize the characteristics of the impact of a jet, it can be concluded
that the impact of a jet exerts different reaction forces on different geometrical
shapes. Despite the percentage of errors the reaction force increases with the increase
of flow rate, pressure and the discharge angles. More flow rate produces more
reaction force.

42
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