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Class 4

The document discusses the basics of machine language and assembly language, how a microprocessor works by fetching, decoding and executing instructions sequentially from memory, and describes the address bus, data bus and control bus that connect the microprocessor to other components.

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Aalu Yadav
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12 views9 pages

Class 4

The document discusses the basics of machine language and assembly language, how a microprocessor works by fetching, decoding and executing instructions sequentially from memory, and describes the address bus, data bus and control bus that connect the microprocessor to other components.

Uploaded by

Aalu Yadav
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Programming Language

Machine Language

• A number of words for a machine is fixed as the number of bits for a machine are fixed.

• A machine with8-bitt word length has a maximum of 256 words ( 2^8 ).

• Instructions are formed by the microprocessor design engineer, who selects a particular combination of
words to give them a specific meaning by applying the logic.

• An INSTRUCTION is a binary pattern entered through an input device in memory to command the
microprocessor for performing that specific function.

• 8085 has 246 bit patterns, amounting to 74 different instructions for performing various operations.

• 8085 has two more instructions than its predecessor 8080 A

• for example: 0011 1100 is equivalent to 3 C . hence, instead of writing 0011 1100 we directly write 3 C for
our convenience.
Assembly language
• An assembly language is a low-level programming language for microprocessors and other
programmable devices

• An assembly language implements a symbolic representation of the machine code needed to


program a given CPU architecture- also known as assembly code.

• Mnemonics- is a Greek word meaning memory aid or mindful.

• Both the machine & assembly language are considered as low level languages for
programming.

• The assembly language program written by us in hexadecimal code is then electronically


further converted into binary code so that computer or processor can comprehend and perform
accordingly.

• Assembler is the mnemonic program that translates the entered ASCII keyboard inputs into the
corresponding binary machine code for microprocessor.
WORKING OF MICROPROCESSOR
• When the microprocessor is given a command to execute the program, it reads and executes one
instruction at a time and finally sends the result to the output.

• Sequence is read, interpreted and performed.

• Instructions are stored sequentially in the memory.

• So, a microprocessor first fetches the first instruction executes it, decodes it and then executes the next
instruction.

• This process of fetching, decoding and executing goes on until microprocessor has reached the halt
instruction.

• Microprocessor uses - System Bus to fetch the instructions;


Registers to store data temporarily;
ALU to compute the functions and send the result to system bus;
BUS organization of 8085

Bus is a group of conducting wires which carries information, all the peripherals are
connected to microprocessor through Bus.

There are three types of buses (i) Address bus (ii) Data bus and (iii) Control bus .
1. Address bus

❖ This bus carries address only.


❖ Address bus is unidirectional because data flow in one direction, from microprocessor to memory or from
microprocessor to Input/output devices (That is, Out of Microprocessor).
❖ Length of Address Bus of 8085 microprocessor is 16 Bit, i.e. four Hexadecimal Digits - ranging from 0000 H
to FFFF H
❖ The microprocessor 8085 can transfer maximum 16 bit address which means it can address 65, 536
different memory location.
❖ The Length of the address bus determines the amount of memory a system can address.
❖ Such as a system with a 32-bit address bus can address 2^32 memory locations.
❖ If each memory location holds one byte, the addressable memory space is 4 GB.
❖ However, the actual amount of memory that can be accessed is usually much less than this theoretical limit
due to chipset and motherboard limitations.
2. Data bus

✓ This bus carries Data only.

✓ Data bus is bidirectional because data flow in both directions, from microprocessor to memory or

Input/Output devices and from memory or Input/Output devices to microprocessor.

✓ Length of Data Bus of 8085 microprocessor is 8 Bit , i.e. two Hexadecimal Digits, ranging from 00 H

to FF H.

✓ When it is write operation, the processor will put the data (to be written) on the data bus

✓ When it is read operation, the memory controller will get the data from specific memory block and p

it into the data bus.

✓ The width of the data bus is directly related to the largest number that the bus can carry
3. Control bus
This bus is used to generate timing and control signals to control all the associated peripherals,
microprocessor uses control bus to process data, that is what to do with selected memory location.

Some control signals are:

➢Memory read

➢Memory write

➢I/O read

➢I/O Write

➢Opcode fetch

If only one line of control bus is there for the read/write then - if this line is low (no electricity
flowing) then the memory is read, else if high (electricity is flowing) then the memory is written.
Working Blocks

• Control unit: It control complete operations of microprocessor.


• ALU: It performs data processing function in respect of
arithmetic
and logical manner.
• Registers: It provide internal storage to CPU.
• Interrupts: It maintain priority of process.
• Internal data bus: It use to transfer data to appropriate place.

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