Experiment No 1

Aim: Study and Install Python in Eclipse and WAP for data types in python.

Objectives: Student should get the knowledge of Python and Eclipse background.

Outcomes: Student will be aware of Python and Eclipse background.

What is Python:

Python is a general-purpose interpreted, interactive, object-oriented, and high-level

programming language. It was created by Guido van Rossum during 1985- 1990. Like
Perl, Python source code is also available under the GNU General Public License
(GPL). This Experiment gives enough understanding on Python programming
language.

Python is a high-level, interpreted, interactive and object-oriented scripting

language. Python is designed to be highly readable. It uses English keywords
frequently where as other languages use punctuation, and it has fewer syntactical
constructions than other languages.

Python is Interpreted − Python is processed at runtime by the interpreter.

You do not need to compile your program before executing it. This is similar
to PERL and PHP.

Python is Interactive − You can actually sit at a Python prompt and interact
with the interpreter directly to write your programs.

Python is Object-Oriented − Python supports Object-Oriented style or

technique of programming that encapsulates code within objects.

Python is a Beginner's Language − Python is a great language for the

beginner-level programmers and supports the development of a wide range
of applications from simple text processing to WWW browsers to games.

History of Python

Python was developed by Guido van Rossum in the late eighties and early nineties
at the National Research Institute for Mathematics and Computer Science in the
Netherlands.
Python is derived from many other languages, including ABC, Modula-3, C, C++,
Algol-68, SmallTalk, and Unix shell and other scripting languages.

Python is copyrighted. Like Perl, Python source code is now available under the
GNU General Public License (GPL).

Python is now maintained by a core development team at the institute, although

Guido van Rossum still holds a vital role in directing its progress.

Python Features

Python's features include −

Easy-to-learn − Python has few keywords, simple structure, and a clearly

defined syntax. This allows the student to pick up the language quickly.

Easy-to-read − Python code is more clearly defined and visible to the eyes.

Easy-to-maintain − Python's source code is fairly easy-to-maintain.

A broad standard library − Python's bulk of the library is very portable and
cross-platform compatible on UNIX, Windows, and Macintosh.

Interactive Mode − Python has support for an interactive mode which allows
interactive testing and debugging of snippets of code.

Portable − Python can run on a wide variety of hardware platforms and has
the same interface on all platforms.

Extendable − You can add low-level modules to the Python interpreter.

These modules enable programmers to add to or customize their tools to be
more efficient.

Databases − Python provides interfaces to all major commercial databases.

GUI Programming − Python supports GUI applications that can be created

and ported to many system calls, libraries and windows systems, such as
Windows MFC, Macintosh, and the X Window system of Unix.

Scalable − Python provides a better structure and support for large

programs than shell scripting.
Apart from the above-mentioned features, Python has a big list of good features,
few are listed below −

It supports functional and structured programming methods as well as OOP.

It can be used as a scripting language or can be compiled to byte-code for

building large applications.

It provides very high-level dynamic data types and supports dynamic type
checking.

IT supports automatic garbage collection.

It can be easily integrated with C, C++, COM, ActiveX, CORBA, and Java.

Configure Python in Eclipse

Download Python from http://www.python.org. Download the version 3.3.1

or higher of Python. If you are using Windows you can use the native
installer for Python.

Eclipse Python plugin

The following assume that you have already Eclipse installed. For an
installation description of Eclipse please see Eclipse IDE for Java.

For Python development under Eclipse you can use the PyDev Plugin which
is an open source project. Install PyDev via the Eclipse update manager via
the following update site: http://pydev.org/updates.

Configuration of Eclipse

You also have to maintain in Eclipse the location of your Python installation.
Open in theWindow ▸ Preference ▸ Pydev ▸ Interpreter Python menu.

Press the New button and enter the path to python.exe in your Python
installation directory. For Linux and Mac OS X users this is normally
/usr/bin/python.

Data Types in Python:

Variables are nothing but reserved memory locations to store values. This
means that when you create a variable you reserve some space in memory.
Based on the data type of a variable, the interpreter allocates memory and
decides what can be stored in the reserved memory. Therefore, by assigning
different data types to variables, you can store integers, decimals or
characters in these variables.

Assigning Values to Variables

Python variables do not need explicit declaration to reserve memory space.

The declaration happens automatically when you assign a value to a variable.
The equal sign (=) is used to assign values to variables.

The operand to the left of the = operator is the name of the variable and the
operand to the right of the = operator is the value stored in the variable. For
example −

#!/usr/bin/python

# An integer
counter = 100 assignment

miles = 1000.0 # A floating point

name = "John" # A string

print counter

print miles

print name

Here, 100, 1000.0 and "John" are the values assigned to counter, miles, and
name variables, respectively. This produces the following result −

100

1000.0

John

Multiple Assignment
 Experiment No 2

Aim: Study and WAP for Arithmetic operation in python.

Objectives: Student should get the knowledge of Arithmetic operation in

python.

Outcomes: Student will be develop of Arithmetic operation programs in

python.

Operators

Operators are the constructs which can manipulate the value of operands.

Consider the expression 4 + 5 = 9. Here, 4 and 5 are called operands and + is

called operator.

Types of Operator
Python language supports the following types of operators.

Arithmetic Operators
Comparison (Relational)
Operators Assignment Operators
Logical
Operators
Bitwise
Operators
Membership
Operators Identity
Operators
Let us have a look on all operators one by one.

Python Arithmetic Operators

Assume variable a holds 10 and variable b holds 20, then −

Operator Description Example

+ Addition Adds values on either side of the a + b =

operator. 30
 *
Multiplies values on either side of a * b =
Multiplication the operator 200

/ Division Divides left hand operand by right b/a=2

hand operand

% Modulus Divides left hand operand by right b%a=0

hand operand and returns
remainder

** Exponent Performs exponential (power) a**b =10

calculation on operators to the
power 20

// Floor Division - The division of 9//2 = 4

operands where the result is the and
quotient in which the digits after 9.0//2.0
the decimal point are removed. But = 4.0, -
if one of the operands is negative, 11//3 =
the result is floored, i.e., rounded -4, -
away from zero (towards negative 11.0//3
infinity) − = -4.0

Example

Assume variable a holds 21 and variable b holds 10, then −

#!/usr/bin/python

a = 21

b = 10

c=0
 Experiment No 3

Aim: Study and WAP for looping statement in python.

Objectives: Student should get the knowledge of for looping statement in

python.

Outcomes: Student will be develop looping statement programs in python.

Looping Statement in Python:

In general, statements are executed sequentially: The first statement in a

function is executed first, followed by the second, and so on. There may be a
situation when you need to execute a block of code several number of times.

Programming languages provide various control structures that allow for more
complicated execution paths.

A loop statement allows us to execute a statement or group of statements

multiple times. The following diagram illustrates a loop statement −

Python programming language provides following types of loops to handle

looping requirements.
 Sr.No
. Loop Type & Description

1 while loop

Repeats a statement or group of statements while a given

condition is TRUE. It tests the condition before executing
the
loop body.

for
2 loop

Executes a sequence of statements multiple times and

abbreviates the code that manages the loop variable.

nested
3 loops
You can use one or more loop inside any another while, for
or
do..while loop.

Loop Control Statements

Loop control statements change execution from its normal sequence. When
execution leaves a scope, all automatic objects that were created in that scope
are destroyed.

Python supports the following control statements. Click the following links to
check their detail.

Sr.No
. Control Statement & Description

1 break statement

Terminates the loop statement and transfers execution to

the statement immediately following the loop.
2
 Causes the loop to skip the remainder of its body and
immediately retest its condition prior to reiterating.

3 pass statement

The pass statement in Python is used when a statement is

required syntactically but you do not want any command
or code to execute.

It has the ability to iterate over the items of any sequence, such as a list or a string.

Syntax

for iterating_var in sequence:

statements(s)

If a sequence contains an expression list, it is evaluated first. Then, the first item in
the sequence is assigned to the iterating variable iterating_var. Next, the
statements block is executed. Each item in the list is assigned to iterating_var, and
the statement(s) block is executed until the entire sequence is exhausted.

Flow Diagram
Example

#!/usr/bin/python

for letter in 'Python': # First Example

print 'Current Letter :', letter

fruits = ['banana', 'apple', 'mango']

for fruit in fruits: # Second Example

print 'Current fruit :', fruit

print "Good bye!"

When the above code is executed, it produces the following result −

Current Letter : P

Current Letter : y

Current Letter : t
 Experiment No 4
Aim: Study and Install IDE of Arduino and different types of Arduino

Objectives: Student should get the knowledge of Arduino IDE and different
types of Arduino Board

Outcomes: Student will be get knowledge of Arduino IDE and different types
of Arduino Board

Arduino:

Arduino is a prototype platform (open-source) based on an easy-to-use

hardware and software. It consists of a circuit board, which can be programed
(referred to as a microcontroller) and a ready-made software called Arduino
IDE (Integrated Development Environment), which is used to write and upload
the computer code to the physical board.

Arduino provides a standard form factor that breaks the functions of the micro-
controller into a more accessible package.

Arduino is a prototype platform (open-source) based on an easy-to-use

hardware and software. It consists of a circuit board, which can be programed
(referred to as a microcontroller) and a ready-made software called Arduino
IDE (Integrated Development Environment), which is used to write and upload
the computer code to the physical board.

The key features are −

Arduino boards are able to read analog or digital input signals from different
sensors and turn it into an output such as activating a motor, turning LED
on/off, connect to the cloud and many other actions.

You can control your board functions by sending a set of instructions to the
microcontroller on the board via Arduino IDE (referred to as uploading
software).

Unlike most previous programmable circuit boards, Arduino does not need
an extra piece of hardware (called a programmer) in order to load a new
code onto the board. You can simply use a USB cable.
 Additionally, the Arduino IDE uses a simplified version of C++, making it
easier to learn to program.

Finally, Arduino provides a standard form factor that breaks the functions of
the micro-controller into a more accessible package.

Download the Arduino Software (IDE)

Get the latest version from the arduino.cc web site. You can choose between
the Installer (.exe) and the Zip packages. We suggest you use the first one
that installs directly everything you need to use the Arduino Software (IDE),
including the drivers. With the Zip package you need to install the drivers
manually. The Zip file is also useful if you want to create a portable
installation.
When the download finishes, proceed with the installation and please allow
the driver installation process when you get a warning from the operating
system.

Choose the components to install

This is the latest revision of the basic Arduino USB board. It
connects to the computer with a standard USB cable and contains
everything else you need to program and use the board.

2.Arduino NG REV-C

Revision C of the Arduino NG does not have a built-in LED on pin 13

- instead you'll see two small unused solder pads near the labels
"GND" and "13".

Arduino Bluetooth

The Arduino BT is a microcontroller board originally was based on

the ATmega168, but now is supplied with the 328, and the Bluegiga
WT11 bluetooth module. It supports wireless serial communication
over bluetooth.

Arduino Mega

The original Arduino Mega has an ATmega1280 and an FTDI USB-

to-serial chip.

Arduino NANO

The Arduino Nano 3.0 has an ATmega328 and a two-layer PCB. The
power LED moved to the top of the board.
 Experiment No 5
Aim: Write program using Arduino IDE for Blink LED

Objectives: Student should get the knowledge of Arduino Board and different
types of LED

Outcomes: Student will be Write program using Arduino IDE for Blink LED

Hardware Requirements:

1x Breadboard
1x Arduino Uno R3
1x RGB LED
1x 330Ω Resistor
2x Jumper
Wires Blinking the
RGB LED
With a simple modification of the breadboard, we could attach the LED to an
output pin of the Arduino. Move the red jumper wire from the Arduino 5V
connector to D13, as shown below:

Now load the 'Blink' example sketch from Lesson 1. You will notice that both
the built-in 'L' LED and the external LED should now blink.
 1. /*
2. Blink
3. Turns on an LED on for one second, then off for one second, repeatedly.
4.
5. This example code is in the public domain.
6. */
7.
8. // Pin 13 has an LED connected on most Arduino boards.
9. // give it a name:
10. int led = 13;
11.
12. // the setup routine runs once when you press reset:
13. void setup() {
14. // initialize the digital pin as an output.
15. pinMode(led, OUTPUT);
16. }
17.
18. // the loop routine runs over and over again forever:
19. void loop() {
20. digitalWrite(led, HIGH); // turn the LED on (HIGH is the voltage level)
21. delay(1000); // wait for a second
22. digitalWrite(led, LOW); // turn the LED off by making the voltage LOW
23. delay(1000); // wait for a second
24. }

Lets try using a different pin of the Arduino – say D7. Move the red jumper lead
from pin D13 to pin D7 and modify the following line near the top of the sketch:

1. int led = 13;

so that it reads:

1. int led = 7;

Upload the modified sketch to your Arduino board and the LED should still
be blinking, but this time using pin D7.
 Experiment No 6
Aim: Write Program for RGB LED using Arduino.

Objectives: Student should get the knowledge of Arduino IDE and RGB Led

Outcomes: Student will be developed programs using Arduino IDE and

Arduino Board for RGB Led

Hardware Requirements:

1x Breadboard
1x Arduino Uno R3
1x LED
1x 330Ω Resistor
2x Jumper
Wires Blinking the
LED
With a simple modification of the breadboard, we could attach the LED to an
output pin of the Arduino. Move the red jumper wire from the Arduino 5V
connector to D13, as shown below:

Now load the 'Blink' example sketch from Lesson 1. You will notice that both
the built-in 'L' LED and the external LED should now blink.
The following test sketch will cycle through the colors red, green, blue,
yellow, purple, and aqua. These colors being some of the standard Internet
colors.

1. /*
2. Adafruit Arduino - Lesson 3. RGB LED
3. */
4.
5. int redPin = 11;
6. int greenPin = 10;
7. int bluePin = 9;
8.
9. //uncomment this line if using a Common Anode LED
10. //#define COMMON_ANODE
11.
12. void setup()
13. {
14. pinMode(redPin, OUTPUT);
15. pinMode(greenPin, OUTPUT);
16. pinMode(bluePin, OUTPUT);
17. }
18.
19. void loop()
20. {
21. setColor(255, 0, 0); // red
22. delay(1000);
23. setColor(0, 255, 0); // green
24. delay(1000);
25. setColor(0, 0, 255); // blue
26. delay(1000);
27. setColor(255, 255, 0); // yellow
28. delay(1000);
29. setColor(80, 0, 80); // purple
30. delay(1000);
31. setColor(0, 255, 255); // aqua
32. delay(1000);
33. }
34.
35. void setColor(int red, int green, int blue)
36. {
37. #ifdef COMMON_ANODE
38. red = 255 - red;
39. green = 255 - green;
40. blue = 255 - blue;
41. #endif
42. analogWrite(redPin, red);
43. analogWrite(greenPin, green);
44. analogWrite(bluePin, blue);
45. }

The sketch starts by specifying which pins are going to be used for each of the colors:
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1. int redPin = 11;
2. int greenPin = 10;
3. int bluePin = 9;

The next step is to write the 'setup' function. As we have learnt in earlier
lessons, the setup function runs just once after the Arduino has reset. In this
case, all it has to do is define the three pins we are using as being outputs.

1. void setup()
2. {
3. pinMode(redPin, OUTPUT);
4. pinMode(greenPin, OUTPUT);
5. pinMode(bluePin, OUTPUT);
6. }

Before we take a look at the 'loop' function, lets look at the last function in
the sketch.

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1. void setColor(int red, int green, int blue)

2. {
3. analogWrite(redPin, red);
4. analogWrite(greenPin, green);
5. analogWrite(bluePin, blue);
6. }

This function takes three arguments, one for the brightness of the red,
green and blue LEDs. In each case the number will be in the range 0 to 255,
where 0 means off and 255 means maximum brightness. The function then
calls 'analogWrite' to set the brightness of each LED.
If you look at the 'loop' function you can see that we are setting the amount
of red, green and blue light that we want to display and then pausing for a
second before moving on to the next color.

1. void loop()
2. {
3. setColor(255, 0, 0); // red
4. delay(1000);
5. setColor(0, 255, 0); // green
6. delay(1000);
7. setColor(0, 0, 255); // blue
8. delay(1000);
9. setColor(255, 255, 0);// yellow
10. delay(1000);
 Experiment No 7
Aim: Study the Temperature sensor and Write Program foe monitor
temperature using Arduino.

Objectives: Student should get the knowledge of Temperature Sensor

Outcomes: Student will be developed programs using Arduino IDE and

Arduino Board for Temperature Sensor

Connecting to a Temperature Sensor

These sensors have little chips in them and while they're not that delicate, they do
need to be handled properly. Be careful of static electricity when handling them
and make sure the power supply is connected up correctly and is between 2.7 and
5.5V DC - so don't try to use a 9V battery!

They come in a "TO-92" package which means the chip is housed in a plastic hemi-
cylinder with three legs. The legs can be bent easily to allow the sensor to be
plugged into a breadboard. You can also solder to the pins to connect long wires.
If you need to waterproof the sensor, you can see below for an Instructable for
how to make an excellent case.
Reading the Analog Temperature Data
Unlike the FSR or photocell sensors we have looked at, the TMP36 and friends
doesn't act like a resistor. Because of that, there is really only one way to read the
temperature value from the sensor, and that is plugging the output pin directly
into an Analog (ADC) input.
Remember that you can use anywhere between 2.7V and 5.5V as the power
supply. For this example I'm showing it with a 5V supply but note that you can
use this with a 3.3v supply just as easily. No matter what supply you use, the
analog voltage reading will range from about 0V (ground) to about 1.75V.
If you're using a 5V Arduino, and connecting the sensor directly into an
Analog pin, you can use these formulas to turn the 10-bit analog reading into a
temperature:
Voltage at pin in milliVolts = (reading from ADC) * (5000/1024)
This formula converts the number 0-1023 from the ADC into 0-5000mV (= 5V)
If you're using a 3.3V Arduino, you'll want to use this:
Voltage at pin in milliVolts = (reading from ADC) * (3300/1024)
This formula converts the number 0-1023 from the ADC into 0-3300mV (= 3.3V)
Then, to convert millivolts into temperature, use this formula:
Centigrade temperature = [(analog voltage in mV) - 500] / 10
Simple Thermometer

This example code for Arduino shows a quick way to create a temperature
sensor, it simply prints to the serial port what the current temperature is in
both Celsius and Fahrenheit.
 1. //TMP36 Pin Variables
2. int sensorPin = 0; //the analog pin the TMP36's Vout (sense) pin is connected to
3. //the resolution is 10 mV / degree centigrade with a
4. //500 mV offset to allow for negative temperatures
5.
6. /*
7. * setup() - this function runs once when you turn your Arduino on
8. * We initialize the serial connection with the computer
9. */
10. void setup()
11. {
12. Serial.begin(9600); //Start the serial connection with the computer
13. //to view the result open the serial monitor
14. }
15.
16. void loop() // run over and over again
17. {
18. //getting the voltage reading from the temperature sensor
19. int reading = analogRead(sensorPin);
20.
21. // converting that reading to voltage, for 3.3v arduino use 3.3
22. float voltage = reading * 5.0;
23. voltage /= 1024.0;
24.
25. // print out the voltage
26. Serial.print(voltage); Serial.println(" volts");
27.
28. // now print out the temperature
29. float temperatureC = (voltage - 0.5) * 100 ; //converting from 10 mv per degree
wit 500 mV offset
30. //to degrees ((voltage - 500mV)
times 100)
31. Serial.print(temperatureC); Serial.println(" degrees C");
32.
33. // now convert to Fahrenheit
34. float temperatureF = (temperatureC * 9.0 / 5.0) + 32.0;
35. Serial.print(temperatureF); Serial.println(" degrees F");
36.
37. delay(1000);
38. }
 Experiment No 8
Aim: Study and Implement RFID, NFC using Arduino.

Objectives: Student should get the knowledge of RFID, NFC using Arduino.

Outcomes: Student will be developed programs using Arduino IDE and

Arduino Board for RFID, NFC.

Hardware Requirements:

● 1 x Arduino UNO or 1 x Starter Kit for Raspberry Pi + Raspberry Pi

● 1 x Communication Shield
● 1 x RFID 13.56 MHz / NFC Module for Arduino and Raspberry Pi
● 1 x Mifare tag (card/keyring/sticker)
● 1 x PC
RFID:
RFID system is made up of two parts: a tag or label and a reader. RFID tags or
labels are embedded with a transmitter and a receiver. The RFID component on
the tags
have two parts: a microchip that stores and processes information, and an
antenna to receive and transmit a signal. The tag contains the specific serial
number for one specific object.

To read the information encoded on a tag, a two-way radio transmitter-receiver

called an interrogator or reader emits a signal to the tag using an antenna. The
tag responds
with the information written in its memory bank. The interrogator will then
transmit the read results to an RFID computer program.

How to Interface RFID Reader to Arduino

Lets first wire the whole thing up. You may observe the circuit diagram given
below.
Take note of the following stuffs.

Note 1:- Power supply requirement of RFID Readers vary from product to
product. The RFID reader I used in this tutorial is a 12 Volts one. There are 5 Volts
and 9 Volts versions available in the market.

Note 2:- You may ensure the RFID Reader and RFID Tags are frequency
compatible. Generally they are supposed to be 125Khz. You may ensure this before
purchasing them.
 Experiment No 9
Aim: Study and Implement MQTT Protocol using Arduino.

Objectives: Student should get the knowledge of MQTT Protocol using

Arduino.

Outcomes: Student will be developed programs using Arduino IDE and

Arduino Board for MQTT Protocol

MQTT:

MQ Telemetry Transport (MQTT) is an open source protocol for constrained

devices and low-bandwidth, high-latency networks. It is a publish/subscribe
messaging transport that is extremely lightweight and ideal for connecting small
devices to constrained networks.
MQTT is bandwidth efficient, data agnostic, and has continuous session awareness.
It helps minimize the resource requirements for your IoT device, while also
attempting to ensure reliability and some degree of assurance of delivery with
grades of service.
MQTT targets large networks of small devices that need to be monitored or
controlled from a back-end server on the Internet. It is not designed for device-
to-device transfer. Nor is it designed to “multicast” data to many receivers.
MQTT is extremely simple, offering few control options.

MQTT methods

MQTT defines methods (sometimes referred to as verbs) to indicate the desired

action to be performed on the identified resource. What this resource represents,
whether pre-existing data or data that is generated dynamically, depends on the
implementation of the server. Often, the resource corresponds to a file or the
output of an executable residing on the server.

Connect
Waits for a connection to be established with the server.
Disconnect
Waits for the MQTT client to finish any work it must do, and for the TCP/IP
session to disconnect.
 Experiment No 10
Aim: Study and Configure Raspberry Pi.

Objectives: Student should get the knowledge of Raspberry Pi.

Outcomes: Student will be get knowledge of Raspberry Pi

Raspberry Pi

The Raspberry Pi is a series of small single-board computers developed in the

United Kingdom by the Raspberry Pi Foundationto promote the teaching of basic
computer science in schools and in developing countries.[4][5][6] The original model
became far more popular than anticipated, selling outside of its target market for
uses such as robotics. Peripherals (including keyboards, mice and cases) are not
included with the Raspberry Pi. Some accessories however have been included in
several official and unofficial bundles.

According to the Raspberry Pi Foundation, over 5 million Raspberry Pis have been
sold before February 2015, making it the best-selling British computer.[8] By
November 2016 they had sold 11 million units[9][10], reaching 12.5m in March
2017, making it the third best-selling "general purpose computer" ever.

To get started with Raspberry Pi, you need an operating system. NOOBS (New Out Of Box
Software) is an easy operating system install manager for the Raspberry Pi.

How to get and install NOOBS

DOWNLOAD NOOBS OS FROM

We recommend using an SD card with a minimum capacity of 8GB.

1. GO to the https://www.raspberrypi.org/downloads/

2. Click on NOOBS, then click on the Download ZIP button under ‘NOOBS (offline
and network install)’, and select a folder to save it to.

3. Extract the files from the zip.

FORMAT YOUR SD CARD

It is best to format your SD card before copying the NOOBS files onto it. To do this:

1. Download SD Formatter 4.0 for either Windows or Mac.

2. Follow the instructions to install the software.

3. Insert your SD card into the computer or laptop’s SD card reader and make a note
of the drive letter allocated to it, e.g. G:/

4. In SD Formatter, select the drive letter for your SD card and format it.

DRAG AND DROP NOOBS FILES

1. Once your SD card has been formatted, drag all the files in the extracted NOOBS
folder and drop them onto the SD card drive.

2. The necessary files will then be transferred to your SD card.

3. When this process has finished, safely remove the SD card and insert it into your
Raspberry Pi.

FIRST BOOT

1. Plug in your keyboard, mouse, and monitor cables.

2. Now plug the USB power cable into your Pi.

3. Your Raspberry Pi will boot, and a window will appear with a list of different
operating systems that you can install. We recommend that you use Raspbian – tick
the box next to Raspbian and click on Install.

4. Raspbian will then run through its installation process. Note that this can take a
while.

5. When the install process has completed, the Raspberry Pi configuration menu
(raspi-config) will load. Here you are able to set the time and date for your region,
enable a Raspberry Pi camera board, or even create users. You can exit this menu
by using Tab on your keyboard to move to Finish.

LOGGING IN AND ACCESSING THE GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE

The default login for Raspbian is username pi with the password raspberry. Note that
you will not see any writing appear when you type the password. This is a
security feature in Linux.

To load the graphical user interface, type startx and press Enter.