CHAP 5 :

FUNCTION
Chapter : 5 FUNCTION
• Definitions of function, function ▪ Modular Programming
access and function recall ▪ User defined functions
• Types and prototype of functions ▪ Function elements:
▪ definition
▪ Prototype
▪ function call
Let’s try this…
Write a program that can add, subtract, multiply #include <stdio.h>
and divide two numbers. void main ()
{
int a, b;
printf (“Enter two integers : “);
scanf (“%d %d”,&a,&b);
addresult = a+b;
subresult = a-b;
mulresult = a * b;
divresult = a / b;
printf(“Addition result = %d”, addresult);
printf(“Subtract result = %d”, subresult);
printf(“Multiply result = %d”, mulresult);
printf(“Divide result = %d”, divresult);
}
How function works???
Main program func1()
{
int main () }
{
Call func1
func2()
:
{
Call func2
}
:
Call func3
func3()
{
}
What do you think?
• There are so many functions in
main().
• We can separate the functions (add, subtract, multiply and divide ) into
several functions.
• So, how to divide them ?
What is function?
• Is a program segment that performs specific tasks, made up of C statements

Standard library exit(), scanf(), printf(),

functions clrscr ()
function

User-defined Created by user for

functions specific purposes
4 types of function
1. Receive parameter/argument and Return value
2. Receive parameter/argument and No Return value
3. Not Receive parameter/argument and Return value
4. Not Receive parameter/argument and No Return
Value
Function Receive Not Receive Return Not Return
Parameter Parameter Value (RV) Value (NV)
(RP) (NP)
RPRV x x
RPNV x x
NPRV x x
NPNV x x
Function elements

Function prototype

Function Definition

Function Call
Separate the functions
#include <stdio.h>
void main()
{ int a,b, mulresult, addresult, subresult;
int divresult;
//Input value
//Input value
printf (“Enter two integers : “);
printf (“Enter two integers : “);
scanf (“%d %d”,&a,&b); scanf (“%d %d”,&a,&b);

//Arithmetic operation
addresult = a + b; //Arithmetic operation
subresult = a – b;
addresult = a + b;
mulresult = a * b;
divresult = a / b;
subresult = a – b;
mulresult = a * b;
//Output printing divresult = a / b;
printf(“Addition result = %d”, addresult );
printf(“Subtract result = %d”, subresult );
printf(“Multiply result = %d”, mulresult );
printf(“Divide result = %d”, divresult); //Output printing
printf(“Addition result = %d”, addresult );
} printf(“Subtract result = %d”, subresult );
printf(“Multiply result = %d”, mulresult );
printf(“Divide result = %d”, divresult);
#include <stdio.h> //Arithmetic operation
void Calculate()
int a,b, mulresult, addresult, subresult; {
int divresult; addresult = a + b;
void InputValue(); subresult = a – b;
void Calculate(); Function prototype mulresult = a * b; Function
void PrintResult(); divresult = a / b;} definition
void main() //Output printing
{ void PrintResult()
InputValue(); {
Calculate(); Function call printf(“Addition result = %d”, addresult );
PrintResult(); printf(“Subtract result = %d”, subresult );
} printf(“Multiply result = %d”, mulresult );
printf(“Divide result = %d”, divresult);
//Input value }
void InputValue()
{
printf (“Enter two integers : “);
scanf (“%d %d”,&a,&b);
}
 Function Prototype

Must be It tells the There is no

added to a compiler: need for a
C program • what type of value the prototype if
function returns
before the • number and types of the function
parameters
main • order in which these is called
function, parameters are
expected. after its
– if call that function definition.
before defining it.
 Example: function prototype

Function prototype Parameters Parameter Function name Function return

type type
float RPRV (int a, char b); a&b int & char RPRV float
@
float RPRV (int a, char b);
void RPNV (int a, char b); a&b int & char RPNV void
@
void RPNV (int a, char b);
float NPRV (void); void NA NPRV float
@
float NPRV (void);
void NPNV (void); void NA NPRV void
@
void NPRV (void);
#include <stdio.h>

void addition ( int, int ); Function Prototype

void subtract ( int, int );
void main ( )
{
int a, b;
scanf ( “%d %d”,&a,&b);
addition(a,b);
subtract(a,b);
}

void addition (int a, int b)

{
addresult = a+b;
printf(“Addition result = %d”, addresult);
}

void subtract (int a, int b)

{
subresult = a-b;
printf(“Subtract result= %d”, subresult);
}
 Function Definition

• A function definition has two principal void addition (int a, int b)

{
components: addresult = a+b;
– the first line (including the argument declarations), and printf(“Addition result = %d”, addresult);
– the body of the function. }

• The first line of a function definition contains

– type of the value returned by the function
– the function name, and
– (optionally) a set of arguments, separated by commas and enclosed in
parentheses.
 #include <stdio.h>
void addition ( int, int );
void subtract ( int, int );

void main ()
{
int a, b;
scanf ( “%d %d”,&a,&b);
Parameters /
addition(a,b);
subtract(a,b);
arguments data type
}
a and b are
Function Function parameters /
return type name arguments

void addition (int a, int b)

{
addresult = a+b; Function
printf(“Addition result = %d”, addresult); Definition
}

void subtract (int a, int b)

{
subresult = a-b;
printf(“Subtract result = %d”, subresult);
}
Function Definition (cont.)
void addition (int a, int b) First line

{
addresult = a+b;
printf(“Addition result = %d”, addresult);
}

Body
Function Definition (cont.)
• Format of a function definition
Return-value-type function-name (parameter-list)
{
declarations

statements A return value of type void

} indicates a function
does not return a value.
void addition (int a, int b)
{
addresult = a+b;
printf(“Addition result = %d”, addresult);
}
 Function Definition (cont.)
• Function Definition: argument/parameter
– The arguments are called formal argument
• because they represent the names of data items that are
transferred into the function from the calling portion of the
program.
– There are also known as parameters or formal parameters.
– The identifiers used as formal arguments are “local”
• because they are not recognized outside of the function.
• the names need not to be same as the names of the actual
arguments in the calling portion of the program.
Arguments / Parameters
a and b are
Arguments /
Parameters
void addtion (int a, int b)
{
addresult = a+b;
printf(“Addition result = %d”, addresult);
}
Function Definition (cont.)
• Function Definition: compound
statement/body
– compound statement / function body defines
the action to be taken by the function.
– can contain expression statements, other
compound statements, control statements, and
so on.
– It should include one or more return statements,
in order to return a value to the calling portion of
the program.
Example
Function prototype & definition
#include <stdio.h>

int mod(int, int); /* Function Prototype */

void main()
{
printf("The mod is: %d ", mod(4,5));
}

int mod(int a, int b) /* Function Definition */

{
OUTPUT?
return a % b;
}
The mod is: 4
Example
• Function with definition but without prototype

#include <stdio.h>

int sum(int a, int b) /* Function Definition */

{
return a+b;
}

void main()
{
printf("The sum is: %d ", sum(4,5));
}
OUTPUT?

The mod is: 4

Function calls

• A function can be accessed (i.e., called) by

– specifying function name, followed by a list of arguments enclosed in
parentheses and separated by commas.
• If the function call does not require any arguments
– empty pair of parentheses must follow the name of the function.
• The arguments appearing in the function call are referred to as actual arguments, in contrast
to the formal arguments that appear in the first line of the function definition.
#include <stdio.h>
void addition ( int, int );
void subtract ( int, int ); Find errors:

void main ()
{
int a, b;
printf("Please enter 2 numbers:");
scanf ( “%d %d”,&a,&b);
addition(a,b); a and b are actual
subtract(a,b); Function calls parameters /
}
arguments in
function call
void addition (int c, int d)
{
addresult = c + d;
Function definition
printf(“Addition result = %d”, addresult);
c, d, e and f are
} formal parameters /
arguments in
void subtract (int e, int f) function definition
{
subresult = e - f; Find output if
printf(“Subtract result = %d”, subresult); a=5 and b = 3
}
Function Calls (cont.)

Need 1 variable to
store results from
Return value function
Ex: B=sum(a)
Function call

Not return sum(a)

Function Calls (cont.)

A function can be called by

• the main function

• other functions
• itself (recursion)

In C, functions call can be

• by value
• by reference
Function Calls (cont.)
• 1. Call by value
– Copy of variable passed to function
– If that variable is modified within the function, only the copy has been modified,
the actual variable is not modified
• 2. Call by reference
– Pass the address of a variable (i.e. a pointer) to a function
– The variable pointed to can be modified within that function
Function Calls (cont.)
• Example Call By Value

finval = FuncByValue(finval);

/*The FuncByValue function*/

finval is type
float float FuncByValue(float fval)
to receive the
result of {
fval*fval return fval*fval;
}
Function Calls (cont.)
• Example Call By Reference
FuncByReference(&finref)

• Use & to pass the address of a variable to the function

• Value of the referenced variable passed to the function is modified

after returning from the function.

the function void FuncByReference(float *fvalptr)

access appears by {
*fvalptr = *fvalptr * *fvalptr;
itself since it does
}
not return a value
Program Example
TYPE OF FUNCTION
 Types of function
1. Receive parameter/argument and Return value
2. Receive parameter/argument and Not Return value
3. Not Receive parameter/argument and Return value
4. Not Receive parameter/argument and Not Return Value

Format

function type function_name (parameter_list);

Determine whether Determine whether

function returns a value functions receive a value
1. Receive parameter/argument and Return value
Example:
int function1(int);

returns value receives integer value

float function2(int,int);

returns value receives two integer values

int function3(int,float,int);

returns value receives two integers and a float values

1. Receive parameter/argument and Return value

Prototype: #include <stdio.h>

float calculate_discount(int); float calculate_discount(int);

Call: void main()

{ int quantity;
calculate_discount(kuantiti);
printf(“Enter quantity :”);
scanf(“%d”,&quantity);
Definition: printf(“Discount %d”,calculate_discount(quantity));
}
float calculate_discount(int b)
{ if (b > 1000) float calculate_discount(int quantity)
discount = 0.5; {
else float discount;
if (quantity > 1000)
discount = 0.1;
discount = 0.5;
return discount; else
} discount = 0.1;
return discount;
}
Program Example
2. Receive parameter/argument and Not Return value
Example:
void function1(int);

not return value receives integer value

void function2(int,int);

not return value receives two integer values

void function3(int,float,int);

not return value receives two integers and a float values

2. Receive parameter/argument and Not Return
value
Example 1:

Prototype: #include <stdio.h>

void function1(int);
void function1(int);
Call:
function1(a); void main()
{ int a ;
Definition: printf(“Enter value :”);
scanf(“%d”,&a);
void function1(int a) function1(a);
{ printf(“Value a is %d”,a); } }

void function1(int a)
{ printf(“Value a is %d”,a); }
2. Receive parameter/argument and Not Return
value
Example 2:

Prototype: #include <stdio.h>

void print_discount(int);
void print_discount(int);
void main()
Call: { int quantity;
print_discount(quantity); printf(“Enter quantity : ”);
scanf(“%d”,&quantity);
Definition: print_discount(quantity);
void print_discount(int b) }
{ if (b > 1000) void print_discount(int b)
printf(“Discount = 50%”); { if (b > 1000)
else printf(“Discount = 50%”);
printf(“Discount = 10%”); else
} printf(“Discount = 10%”);
}
Program Example
3. Not Receive parameter/argument and
Return value
3. Not Receive parameter/argument and Return value

Example:
int function1(void);

returns value int not receive value

float function2(void);

returns value float not receive value

int function3(void);

returns value int not receive value

3. Not Receive parameter/argument and
Return value
Example 2:

Prototype: #include <stdio.h>

int print_discount();
int print_discount();
int quantity;

Call: void main()

print_discount(); { printf(“Enter quantity : ”);
scanf(“%d”,&quantity);
Definition: printf(“Discount %d”, print_discount());
int print_discount() }
{ int discount int print_discount()
{ int discount
if (quantity > 1000)
if (quantity > 1000)
discount = 50 discount = 50
else else
discount = 10 discount = 10
return discount; return discount;
} }
Program Example
4. Not Receive parameter/argument and
Not Return value

Example:
void function1(void);

not return value not receive value

void function2(void);

not return value not receive value

4. Not Receive parameter/argument and
Not Return value
Example:

Prototype: #include <stdio.h>

void input();
void input(); //function prototype
Call:
input(); void main()
{
Definition: input(); //function call
}
void input()
{ printf(“Enter input :”); //function definition
scanf(“%d”,&input); void input()
} { printf(“Enter input :”);
scanf(“%d”,&input);
}
Program Example
 Class Exercises

A. Give the function prototype for each of the following:

•Function smallest that takes three integers, x, y, z and returns an integer.
•Function instructions that does not receive any arguments and does not return
a value.
•Function inToFloat that takes an integer argument, number, and returns a
floating-point result.
 Class exercise : Create function definition
Write a program using switch …
case statement for selection area
of shape depends on the character
entered by the user (R-Rectangle, T-
Triangle and C-Circle). Create
function rectangle(), triangle() and • During class define
circle to calculate and display the
area of the shape. Your program able – the first line (including the argument declarations), and
to display user selection (R,T or C) – the body of the function.
and validate wrong input.
You may use the following equation:

area of rectangle = width ×

length
area of triangle = 12 × base ×
height
area of circle = 3.142 × radius
2
 Scope of variable

•Scope determine where the variable will be used.

•Two types of scope: GLOBAL and LOCAL

It’s scope begins at the point of its

declarations and terminates at the end of
GLOBAL variable file.

Example

#include <stdio.h>
Declared before main()
int a,b;
float c;
a, b and c are void main()
global variable {
}
 Scope of variable (cont)

Variable that can be accessed inside the

main() function or the function that
LOCAL variable declares it.

Example

Declares inside
#include <stdio.h>
main() function or any
void getvalue();
other functions
void main()
{ int x; }
x is a local variable to main()
function and z is a local void getvalue()
variable to getvalue() function { int z;
…………
}
 Scope of variable (cont.)
Example 1:
OUTPUT?

#include <stdio.h> Enter value of a and b: 4 5

int a, b; //global variable

void display();

void main()
{ printf(“\nEnter value of a and b : ”);
scanf(“%d %d”,&a,&b);
display();
}

void display()
{
printf(“Value a is % and b is %d”, a,b);
}
 Scope of variable (cont.)
Example 2:

#include <stdio.h>
Output?
int a, b; //global variables
void display();

void main()
{ int c; //local variable
a= 5;
b = 9;
c = 12;
display();
printf(“\nValue c is %d”, c);
}

void display()
{
printf(“\nValue a is %d”,a);
printf(“\nValue b is %d”,b);
printf(“\nValue c is %d”,c);
}
 Scope of variable (cont.)

Example 3:
#include <stdio.h> Output?
void display();

void main()
{ int c; // local variable
a= 5;
b = 9;
c = 12;
display();
printf(“\nValue c is %d”, c);
}
void display()
{ int a, b; //local variables
printf(“\nValue a is %d”,a);
printf(“\nValue b is %d”,b);
}
 Scope of variable (cont.)
Example 4:

#include <stdio.h>
void function1()
void function1(); { int i,j ;
void function2(); i= 3;
int z; j = i;
printf(“\nValue i is %d”,i);
void main() printf(“\nValue j is %d”,j);
{ function1(); }
x = 7;
z = 15; void function2()
function2(); { int x = 4;
} z = j;
printf(“\nValue x is %d”,x);
printf(“\nValue z is %d”,z);
z is a global variable, so it
}
can be used by any function
including main()
What is the output of this program?
#include<stdio.h>
void change1(int);
int change2(int); void change1(int a)
void main() { a=2*a;
{ printf(“Value of a in change1 function:
int a=5; %d\n",a);
int b; }
printf(“Before change1: a=%d\n",a);
change1(a); int change2(int b)
printf(“After change1: a=%d\n",a); { int a;
b=change2(a); a=4;
printf(“After change2: a=%d b=a + b;
b=%d\n",a,b); return (b);
} }
Program Example : Maximum number
Exercise
Write a program using switch …
case statement for selection area
of shape depends on the character
entered by the user (R-Rectangle, T- Output example:
Triangle and C-Circle). Create Enter shape >> T
function rectangle(), triangle() and Your choice : T
circle to calculate and display the Enter value of base : 10
area of the shape. Your program able Enter value of height : 2
to display user selection (R,T or C) Area of triangle : 240
and validate wrong input.
You may use the following equation: Output example:
Enter shape >> k
area of rectangle = width × WRONG INPUT!! ENTER Again
length
area of triangle = 12 × base ×
height
area of circle = 3.142 × radius
2
Exercise

Q1. Develop a program to find a minimum number between

2 integers values.

Q2. Develop a program to find a maximum number between

3 integers values