Course Code and Title: GE104 – PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION

2. The message is a communication that is conveyed by the sender. It could be verbal

Lesson 1: COMMUNICATION (using words and symbols like giving verbal instructions to a stranger on how to travel
in a certain place by land), nonverbal (using body language and gestures like using your
Communication is a noun coming from the verb communicates which means to convey knowledge of or face expression to show anger, fear, anxiety and etc.), written (printed or handwritten
information about or to make known. It also means to transmit information, thought, or feeling so that it like when we write letters to our friends and love ones which are sometimes printed or
is satisfactorily received or understood. The word communicate is from the Latin term communicates, to show more affection and effort utilizes handwritten) and oral (spoken is any
past participle of communicating meaning to impart or participate (Merriam-Webster.com). communication that primarily uses the main speech organs).

Communication is a skill that everybody can learn. It is a way of expressing your feelings, emotions and 3. Channel is a sensory media traveled by the message from one place to another. It is
giving information which is very much essential to our daily life. likely referred to the way or manner of sending the message from the sender to the
receiver. The five senses were considered as a channel: seeing (eyes) is when you see
COMMUNICATION PROCESS a post on Facebook the message traveled through the sense of sight; smelling (nose)
All of us commonly follow a certain process when we do things. Some examples of these when you forgot that you are cooking something but only remembered because of the
are when we cook our food, travel from home to school vice versa, washing dishes or clothes, etc. burnt smell. The message was sent through the sense of smell; hearing (ears) a good
example is when you hear a siren from a fire truck which means there is a fire nearby.
Since you heard the message it only means to say it traveled through the sense of
hearing; sense of taste (mouth) is when you stick out your tongue that indicates the
message of bitter, sour or hot food; and lastly the sense of touch (skin) is when make
people understand message by touching. An example is when you want to encourage
a person by tapping his / her shoulder.

4. Feedback is the response sent by the receiver when the message was received. The
receiver could encode either positive or negative feedback depending on how the
message is perceived or interpreted. Negative feedback is usually gained when the
communication was misinterpreted by the receiver. The wrong choice of words or
manner of delivery is some of the common reasons for earning bad feedbacks.
Meanwhile, positive feedback are the ones most of us desires because it's an indicator
The communication process begins at the sender who is going to conceptualize a message by encoding of successful sending or messages;
them from symbols to words. This message will be delivered by the use of channel and for the receiver to
successfully accept it, this will be decoded from words to symbols . After interpreting the message, the 5. The receiver is the recipient of the message and the source of the feedback. It could
receiver now will encode feedback and send it again using the channel. The sender will finally decode be another person or the same person as the sender; and
the feedback. In between the process, there are instances that there is noise that hinders the
communication process. The sender and receiver must avoid or limit the barriers to communication to 6. Noise is a barrier to the communication process. It is the one capable of hampering
avoid misunderstanding. messages and feedback sent. Flores (2016) stated that there are 3 types of noise. It
could be the first type which is the physical noise or the actual noise. This noise is
THE ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION something we see or hear that distracts or stops us from communicating. An example
Communication also follows a process that involves several elements. of this is when you are in a club where there is loud music, it is deemed difficult to
communicate effectively. That could be the reason why marketers would like to talk to
1. Sender / Speaker / Source is anyone or anything that initiates the communication or their clients in coffee shops because of the ambiance which is conducive to business
sends a message to the Receiver. This could be a news anchor delivering the latest talks. The next type is psychological noise. This type of noise is found inside your mind.
news, an emcee in a graduation ceremony, a billboard found in EDSA, etc. It dwells with our emotions that discourage a communicator to communicate effectively.
When we have problems that bother our minds, we tend to give inappropriate messages The second model is the Shannon-Weaver Model which is developed by Claude Shannon
or responses to others. The third type is the physiological noise. This noise occurs when and Warren Weaver in 1948 (Flores, 2016). It is also known as the telephone model since it
the hindrance is from the inside of the body of either the sender or the receiver like for was from the technology of the telephone and it concentrates on the occurrence of "noise"
example when we have a fever. Even if we try our best to understand and communicate coming from the switchboard.
we find it hard to give good messages or responses towards the other person that we
are talking to. Resembling the technology of the telephone, the sender serves as the information source
then the encoder is the telephone that transmits by converting the messages to signals. The
COMMUNICATION MODELS signals will be sent by the channel. The channel is used in transferring the signal to the
In the previous topics, you learned about the communication process and elements. In this reception. In the case of the telephone, the channel would be the cables where signals would
lesson, you are going to learn different communication models. travel going to the decoder. The decoder would serve as reception that converts the signal to
message and would be received by the receiver or destination of the message. While sending
the message, there is an interference of noise. This explains why there are instances that the
line of a telephone is "choppy" where the two communicators cannot understand each other.
SPEAKER SPEECH AUDIENCE EFFECT Lastly, when the receiver would give feedback on the message sent by the sender.
OCCASION

Aristotle’s Model of Communication

The first model is from the dates back to ancient Greece during the time of Plato around 5
BC. This model is from the famous Greek philosopher Aristotle, called Aristotle’s Model. The
model concentrates on the need of the speaker to adjust their messages considering who the
audience is and what is the occasion to achieve a certain effect. It is composed of the speaker,
speech, occasion, audience, and effect. The speaker should also be cautious aside from the choice
of words and delivery but also knowing the audience of a speech and the current state or occasion
to modify the context of the message. In a seminar, a speaker should know who are the possible
attendees and the occasion so that the concepts that they need to impart will be effectively absorbed by
the listeners.
Osgood-Schramm Model of Communication

Meanwhile, Wilbur Schramm’s model of communication involves two primary models. The
first model was constructed according to the theories of Osgood, it is called the Osgood-
Schramm model. Seen in this model, it concentrates on the interpreter as the encoder and
decoder of the message. Both the sender and receiver are interpreters of the message.
Success and failure of the message sending will be based on the message appreciation of the
interpreter. There are instances that various meanings are extracted by the sender and the
receiver to the message and those are called semantic noise.
 Lesson 2: GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION

(Adopted from Madruino and Martin (2018), “Purposive Communication Using English in
Multilingual Context,” C & E Publishing Inc.)

Communication is a two-way process and to make it effective there are several

principles to be observed.

1. Knowing your purpose in communicating. Are your purpose of communicating is to inform,

to entertain, or to persuade? Whether you have more than one purpose in communicating,
there should be one dominating reason why would you like to communicate.
2. Knowing your audience. Knowing who are your listeners in both speaking and writing is very
essential as it would help you identify what speaking and writing style is appropriate to utilize.
Several considerations are employed. A speaker should check on the age, educational
In the second Schramm model, it is realized that the interpreter is enclosed to the different fields of background, profession, culture, and other salient features of your listeners or readers.
experiences which means that for the message to be successfully sent to the receiver, there must be a 3. Knowing your topic. After knowing the audience, choose the best topic that all of them could
common field of experience between the sender and receiver. This field of experience possibly relate to then utilize numerous communication techniques to easily catch their attention.
comprises prior experiences, principles, morals, cultures and social background. 4. Adjusting your context depending on the communicative situation. Be cautious of the
environment where the communication will be conducted since it will determine how you
would adjust the words that you will use and the content of the message.
5. Working on the feedback given by the audience. Take criticisms constructive since, in the
long run, this will prove beneficial to you as you learn to address them.

All humans can communicate effectively and appropriately through spoken language,
nonverbal actions, and symbols.

Communication is a dynamic process composed of multiple elements and steps: a

sender, encoding, messages, channels, noises, a receiver, decoding, the receiver's response or
feedback. It may be intentional or unintentional and it is always influenced by factors such as
time, topic and circumstances as well as ones cultural background (Japdf, 1998).

Verbal communication is composed of sounds, words, and language which have a direct
White's Stages of Oral Communication relationship with culture.

Non-verbal communication is defined as "those actions and attributes that have socially shared
Finally, the last communication model is developed by Eugene White called White's Stages of
meaning, are intentionally sent or interpreted as intentional, are consciously sent or consciously
Oral Communication. White claims that it is possible to begin at any stage in communication projected in received, and have the potential for feedback from the receiver." (Burgoon, Boller&Woodall, 1988,
the model. In comparison with the other models which commonly show that the sender reflects on the as cited in Jackson, 2014). These two types of communication are learned over time and can be
possible message to be conveyed, however in this model you may start with any stage because it understood in different ways according to culture.
considers that people have a misconception that communication always begins with the stage thinking. It
There is a strong connection between verbal and non-verbal cues to create effective
could also be noticed that the model is circular which means that communication is a never-ending communication since they both share symbols and behaviors learned over time since primary
process with no real beginning and end. The most important concept in this model is the feedback which socialization. Albert Mehrabian affirms that "93% of meaning is conveyed through nonverbal
could only be processed by the sender. Thus, the sender must keep in mind the receiver's verbal and communication channels." (Mehrakian, 1982, as cited in Jackson, 2014). The percentage is
overestimated, but surely non-verbal cues have a fundamental role in communication. According to
nonverbal cues when delivering feedback.
Charles Darwin in his book The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals, facial expressions
 are biologically determined and cannot be taught. Recent researches show that seven facial
expressions are universally displayed, regardless of one's cultural background. These are anger, 1. Establish an effective value system that will pave the way for the development
disgust, happiness, fear, sadness, and surprise. (Ekman, et al., 1987, as cited in Jackson, 2014).
of your integrity as a person. One’s behavior and decision-making style affect, in
What is culture-specific is the meaning and to what extent we show such expressions. For example
"in some cultures, smiles can communicate not understanding but apprehension" (Japdi, 2010). turn, the operations of an organization.

Non-verbal communication plays different functions to convey personal identity, express 2. Provide complete and accurate information. Whether it is needed or not, the data
relationships, replace, emphasize or repeat a statement, help to relay awkward messages, regulate
you provide should always be contextualized and correct.
interactions, displaying emotions and finally it is used in rituals. (Jackson, 2014) This communication
is intentionally used to convey a message and sometimes it is so culturally specific that can create
or reinforce a national stereotype. 3. Disclose vital information adequately and appropriately. Never conceal or hide
information that is necessary for purposes of transparency.
In conclusion, culture plays a fundamental role in communication. Non-verbal communication can
be a cultural barrier as well as verbal communication, and often it may lead to misunderstanding,
especially when people are not familiar with other cultures and contexts. As stated by Japdt (2010) UNETHICAL COMMUNICATION IN THE WORKPLACE
"culture cannot be known without a study of communication and communication can only be Communication shall always have ethical boundaries since it is powerful enough to
understood with an understanding of the culture it supports." (Jandf,2010) break strong ties between people, organizations and businesses. Some examples of unethical
communication in the workplace are:
Lesson 3: ETHIC CODES 1. Coercive- Bullying and threatening people.
2. Destructive—Badmouthing and uttering unacceptable jokes.
ETHIC CODES 3. Deceptive- Restatement and lying.
4. Intrusive-Spying, tapping conversations over the phone or checking Internet use.
Ethic Codes (or Ethical Codes) are moral guidelines that are used to help assist people in making 5. Secretive- Hoarding information and cover-ups
decisions, to tell the difference between ‘right’ and ‘wrong’ and to use this understanding to make 6. Manipulative-exploitative- Acts which attempt to gain compliance or control through
ethical choices. There are 3 levels of ethics: Code of ethics (social issues); Code of conduct (influence to exploitation.
behavior of employees); and Code of practice (professional responsibility).
FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION
COMMUNICATION ETHICS Freedom of Expression is an important human right. This includes the freedom to seek,
Communication ethics emphasizes that morals influence the behavior of an individual, group, receive, and impart information and opinions of any kind in any form. It is used to try to find
or organization thereby affecting their communication (Madrunio& Martin, 2018). It concerns answers
interaction. Because both communication and ethics are tacitly or explicitly inherent in all human and state views. Internationally, it is protected under the Universal Declaration of Human Rights
interactions, everyday life is fraught with intentional and unintentional ethical questions (Oxford and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.
Research Encyclopedias, 2019).
ETHICAL FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION
Observing the proper ethics in communication is essential since it determines the kind of Freedom of Expression shall be balanced against society's need to maintain order,
behavior which is desirable in any communication situation. The code of ethics sets the standards to be protect the general welfare and public morality. There must be boundaries to free expression most
observed by the person which would possibly show what reputation and image the person has. especially when it implicates harm to other people. We should avoid stating hate speech, the public
use of insulting and unpleasant language belittling others, predominantly based on race, ethnicity,
Some examples of unethical communication are: plagiarism (stealing someone else work and gender and/or sexual orientation.
claiming it as yours); selective misquoting (purposefully excluding, damaging or unflattering remarks to
create better image of you or your company); misrepresenting numbers (rising or lessening numbers, CORPORATE COMMUNICATION CODES OF ETHICS
changing figures or removing numerical data); and distorting visuals (making a merchandise appear The code of ethics in an organization is established to ensure that employees imbibe moral values
huge or altering the content of graphs and charts to amplify or cover the differences. being observed to prevent bad reputation amongst employees and companies. Some of these
codes are:
Madrunio & Martin (2018) established the following guidelines for achieving ethical communication:
  Honesty - Professional communicators are honest, precise and sincere in all interactions. different norms regarding the appropriate degree of assertiveness in communicating
This practice boosts the free flow of significant communication. can add to cultural misunderstandings. (DuPraw and Axner, 1997). An example of this
 Confidentiality - Protecting the secrecy and privacy rights of employees and customers is the handshake. Different types of handshakes are preferred in each country.
is the responsibility of professional communicators. Additionally, they must standby
legal
requirements for unveiling data that affect the welfare of others. Country or Type of Handshake
 Credit- Give appropriate recognition to those who you obtain ideas from. Region
 Free Speech—Free speech and free ideas should be supported.
United States Firm handshake
 Courtesy - Sensitivity to cultural values and beliefs are important.

Hence, people shall constantly communicate ethically whether in casual and formal France Soft handshake
conditions to prevent a bad reputation and impression not only for the individual but also for the
Germany A firm handshake, for men, traditionally
organization they are affiliated with.
accompanied by a slight bow

Lesson 4: CULTURAL AND GLOBAL ISSUES AFFECTING COMMUNICATION Japan Handshake with an arm firmly extended,
CULTURAL AND GLOBAL ISSUES AFFECTING COMMUNICATION accompanied by a bow

Culture is socially handed down arts, architectures, beliefs, behavior, ideas, norms, Middle East A handshake and freehand placed on the forearm
languages, signs, symbols, traditions, etc. which is absorbed and imparted in a group with the of the other person
same ethnicity, nationality, religion, etc. It is passed on from generation to another and this
certain culture has numerous sub-cultures. Also, culture would give people an idea of how they
would see the world and interpret life. A variety of cultures, on the other hand, makes Adopted: Varner, I., & Beamer, L. (2011). Intercultural
communication difficult. communication in the global workplace (5th ed.) USA: McGraw-Hill

A different set of cultures have diverse meanings of words, signs, and symbols. The 2. Different Attitudes Toward Conflict
way people communicate is affected by the culture of how they were brought up. Culture could
Different cultures, different attitudes towards conflict. In some cultures conflict is viewed as
also dwell with ethnocentrism (evaluation of other cultures to preconceptions originating in
a positive thing, meanwhile for others conflict should be something to be avoided. Conflicts are
the standards and customs of one's own culture), manners, opinions, and prejudgments.
not usually desirable that's why in the U.S. people are often encouraged to deal with it directly. In
When people belong to opposing cultures communicate, these could become cultural
contrast, many Eastern countries view conflicts as embarrassing or demeaning and should be
communication issues and then eventually be a global issue.
best worked out quietly. Written communication is the favored means to solve them. (DuPraw
CULTURAL COMMUNICATION ISSUES and Axner, 1997)

There are many causes of cultural communication issues. When people engage 3. Different Approaches to Completing Tasks
themselves with the multi-cultural conversation, they tend to encounter the following cultural Each culture has its ways of completing a task but this does not mean that people from any
differences that may result in cultural communication issues: one of these cultural backgrounds are more or less committed to accomplishing the task, or
value relationships more or less; it means they may pursue them differently.
1. Different Communication Styles

How people communicate between and within culture varies widely. Some words and A case in point, Asian and Hispanic cultures tend to attach more value to developing
phrases are used differently in other countries. For example, the meaning of the word “yes” relationships at the start of a shared project and highlighting more on the task completion
varies from “yes”, “maybe”, I’ll consider it”, to “definitely so”. towards the end as compared with European-Americans. European-Americans tend to focus
immediately on the task at hand, and let relationships develop as they work on the task.
Another major aspect of communication style is non-verbal communication.
Non-verbal communication includes not only facial expressions and gestures but also 4. Different Decision-Making Styles
involves seating arrangements, personal distance, and sense of time. Also,
 The roles individuals play in decision-making differ usually from culture to culture. For of all of these factors, it is imperative to be aware of the differences between our culture and the
example, in the U.S., decisions are commonly delegated -- that is, an official hand over rest of the world’s cultures. (Uychoco and Santos, 2018)
accountability for a particular matter to a subordinate. In many Southern European and Latin
American countries, there is a strong value made by groups of people, majority rule is a common Because of the advent of the Internet, the world seems to be shrinking continually.
approach in the U.S.; in Japan agreement is the preferred mode. One can communicate internationally in a matter of seconds, whether one is sending an email,
chatting on social media, or sending a text message. One can read about different cultures, and
5. Different Attitudes Toward Disclosure have access to films, academic papers, and the like from countries around the world, and vice
versa. Given this increasingly shrinking world, one should know the difference between the kind
Keep in mind when you are in dialogue or when you are working with others that in some
of English that we write and speak, and the kind of Englishes that exist outside of the
cultures it is not appropriate, to be frank about emotions, about the reasons behind a conflict or a
Philippines. (Uychoco and Santos, 2018)
misunderstanding, or about personal information. When you are dealing with a conflict, be
mindful that people may differ in what they feel comfortable revealing. Questions that may seem
Lesson 5: THE IMPACT OF GLOBALIZATION ON COMMUNICATION
natural to you -- What was the conflict about? What was your role in the conflict? What was the
sequence of events? The variation among cultures in attitudes toward disclosure is also
something to consider before you conclude that you have an accurate reading of the views,
THE IMPACT OF GLOBALIZATION ON COMMUNICATION
experiences, and goals of the people with whom you are working.
As more people cross borders because of globalization, more language contact
6. Different Approaches to Knowing
happens, making communication more efficient. Your teacher will ask you to read the article,
Notable differences occur among cultural groups when it comes to the ways people come “The Effects of Globalization on Global Communication” by Anam Ahmed.
to know things. European cultures tend to consider information acquired through cognitive
means, such as counting and measuring, more valid than other ways of coming to know things. THE EFFECTS OF GLOBALIZATION ON GLOBAL COMMUNICATION
Compare that to African cultures' preference for affective ways of knowing, including symbolic
By Anam Ahmed (Bizfluent.com, 2018)
imagery and rhythm. Asian cultures' epistemologies tend to emphasize the validity of knowledge
gained through striving toward divine existence. Connecting with people on the other side of the world is now much easier than it was
a few years ago. Satellites, fiber-optic cables, and the internet make it effortless to share
Recent popular works demonstrate that our society is paying more attention to previously
information with those in different time zones and locations. Global communication is directly
overlooked ways of knowing. Indeed, these different approaches to knowing could affect ways
affected by the process of globalization and helps to increase business opportunities, remove
of analyzing a community problem or finding ways to resolve it. Some members of your group
cultural barriers and develop a global village. Both globalization and global communication have
may want to do library research to understand a shared problem better and identify possible
changed the environmental, cultural, political and economic elements of the world.
solutions. Others may prefer to visit places and people who have experienced challenges like
the ones you are facing and get a feeling for what has worked elsewhere. Increased Business Opportunities

Many companies today hire employees that are located in other countries. Using
communication vehicles such as video calling make it simple to converse with colleagues across
GLOBALIZATION
the globe, almost making it feel as if they are in the same room. Technology also makes it easier
Globalization is the process by which people and goods move easily across borders. to connect with suppliers and customers all over the world and to streamline that relationship
Principally, it’s an economic concept – the mixture of marketers, trade, and investments with few through improved ordering, shipment tracking and so on. With this kind of communication
barriers to slow the flow of products and services between the nations. There is also a cultural technology, many businesses can take advantage of opportunities in different countries or cities,
element, as ideas and traditions are traded and embraced. Globalization has brought many improving the economic outlook on a global level.
benefits to many people. But not to everyone. (Gray, 2017)
Thanks to global communications, information itself can be transferred as a valuable
It has affected us in numerous ways. Airfare has become cheaper, and one can travel business asset from one country to another. This has the effect of making everyone's operations
internationally more than one could in the past. Many Filipinos have decided to work or live more modern and efficient, regardless of where they are located.
abroad, with some of them migrating to other countries. The free trade of goods and services all
Fewer Cultural Barriers
over the world has bought multinational companies and foreign investors to our shores. Because
 Many people perceive culture to be the root of communication challenges. When It is indeed a challenge to communicate with a person with cultural diversity because a
people from two different cultures try to exchange information, the way they speak, their body context may differ depending on the person's perception of word meaning concerning their
language or their mannerisms can be interpreted differently by the other person. The way people culture. The culture shapes so much of the way a person interacts with each other, and then
approach problems and how they participate in communities is influenced by culture. when you think about language barriers and vocabulary used by different generations, it is easy
to see where miscommunication can
Globalization has made it possible, for example, for someone in Japan to understand happen.
how someone in the U.S. goes about their day. With television and movies, cultural barriers are
becoming less prevalent. Being able to communicate effectively and frequently with colleagues
or friends across the planet helps people understand each other’s cultures a little better.
Barriers to Local and Global
Communication in Multicultural Setting

Creation of a Global Village Some of the barriers to effective

communication are language, the
You’ve likely heard of the phrase "global village," coined by theorist Marshall medium of communication,
McLuhan. Affected both by globalization and global communication, the global village is created personality and culture. Culture became
when distance and isolation no longer matter because people are connected by technology. a barrier to effective communication
Wide-spread telephone and internet access have been life-changing for many people across the when a person has different language
world, especially those in developing countries. Many are now enrolling in universities across the bearing, and they have a different
world without having to leave their desk chair. Virtual assistant jobs are becoming commonplace, interpretation of such words. Example of
where employees from developing countries work with companies in North America or Europe, which is the "ok sign" done by everyone.
providing administrative support and other business services that can easily be conducted over
the phone or via the internet.

Globalization and global communication have made it easier to see people on the
other side of the world as a neighbor, instead of a stranger from a faraway land. There is so
much knowledge about other countries and cultures available online, that it’s no longer a UK & USA = Ok
complete mystery.
Japan = Money
Lesson 6: LOCAL AND GLOBAL COMMUNICATION IN MULTICULTURAL SETTINGS
LOCAL AND GLOBAL COMMUNICATION IN MULTICULTURAL SETTINGS

According to science, each person is genetically unique. Except for identical twins,
each person has a unique genetic composition. This uniqueness becomes even more
heightened because of individual experiences. Humans are formed by forces other than
genetics. Family background, religious affiliations, educational achievements, socio-cultural
Russia = Zero Brazil = Insult
forces, economic conditions, emotional states, and other factors shape human identities.
Because of this, no two people can ever be the same.

This situation the diversity of people and cultures impacts communication. People
interacting with those coming from unfamiliar cultures may have difficulties in communication.
Most people tend to conclude that miscommunication results from a speaker’s lack of proficiency One gesture has a lot of interpretation. In the US, the ok sign means "ok", while in
in a language. What is not realized is the fact that even with excellent language skills, people Brazil it means an insult when you do the "ok sign". The picture above clearly states the different
may still experience miscommunication. (Madrunio and Martin, 2018) meaning of a hand gesture. It goes to show that when the culture is different from someone else,
misunderstanding will likely to occur. The best way to avoid such things is to learn other‘s culture
and to set an awareness as to how one will react and behave when such situation arises.
 It is also relevant to know and understand the importance of verbal and non-verbal In neutral writing, it does not necessarily formal or informal, and it is incorporated with
communication and how it takes place to the multicultural setting. It is advised to know and non-emotional topics. It is not positive or negative but also delivers facts. Examples:
learn the culture beforehand to avoid misconception. Upon learning the culture, expect
differences. A person with a different culture from you has a different language or may speak at  Reviews
 Articles
different volumes, less or direct in showing emotion or may or may not engage in small talks. Be
 Some letters
wary of how you deliver your words or show your gesture because it may lead to a lot of
 Some essays
misconception. It is important to use formal words to not offend others despite cultural  Technical writing
differences. This is the best way to deal in multicultural setting locally and globally.
In one prominent model, Martin Joos (1961) describes five styles in spoken English:
Varieties and Registers of Spoken and Written Language
1. Frozen: Also referred to as a static register. Printed unchanging language, such as Biblical
Registers are the style of the language spoken and writing that is appropriate for a quotations, often contains archaisms. Examples are the Pledge of Allegiance of the United
certain situation. It could be formal, informal or neutral. States of America and other "static" vocalizations. The wording is the same every time it is
spoken.
In writing discipline, the language registers determine the vocabulary, structure, and
2. Formal: One-way participation; no interruption; technical vocabulary or exact definitions are
some grammar in writing.
important; includes presentations or introductions between strangers.
There are different language registers for different types of writing that everyone uses, 3. Consultative: Two-way participation; background information is provided – prior knowledge is
just as the language everyone spoke. Communication depends on how you communicate with not assumed. "Back-channel behavior" such as "uh-huh", "I see", etc. is common. Interruptions
different people. are allowed. Examples include teacher/student, doctor/patient, expert/apprentice, etc.

Example: 4. Casual: In-group friends and acquaintances; no background information provided; ellipsis and
slang common; interruptions common. This is common among friends in a social setting.
To your brother: What's up? Good thing you came to visit!
5. Intimate: Non-public; intonation more important than wording or grammar; private vocabulary.
To the President: Good morning, Mr. President. Thank you for visiting. Also includes non-verbal messages. This is most common among family members and close
friends.
Formal Language Register
COMMUNICATION ACROSS CULTURES
In academic writing, formal writing is required but said to be the most difficult because
By Carol Kinsey Goman (2011)
it uses formal language and formal structures of grammar. Common examples are essays,
business letters, and reports among others. Communicating across cultures is challenging. Each culture has set rules that its
members take for granted. Few of us are aware of our own cultural biases because cultural
Informal Language Register
imprinting is begun at a very early age. And while some of a culture’s knowledge, rules, beliefs,
This is written in a manner of talking to the closest someone such as friends and values, phobias, and anxieties are taught explicitly, most of the information is absorbed
family. We used informal language in this type of writing because it shows how we know them subconsciously.
very well.
The challenge for multinational communication has never been greater. Worldwide
Informal writing includes: business organizations have discovered that intercultural is a subject of importance-not just
because of increased globalization, but also because their domestic workforce is growing more
 Personal e-mails and more diverse, ethnically and culturally.
 Phone texts
 Short notes We are all individuals, and no two people belonging to the same culture are
 Friendly letters guaranteed to respond in the same way. However, generalizations are valid to the extent that
 Most blogs they provide clues on what you will most likely encounter when dealing with members of a
 Diaries and journals particular culture.

Neutral Language Register HIGH-CONTEXT VS. LOW-CONTEXT

 All international communication is influenced by cultural differences. Even the choice emotional, we are seeking a direct emotional response: “I feel the same way.” If our approach is
of communication medium can have cultural overtones. The determining factor may not be the highly neutral, we want an indirect response: “I agree with your thoughts on this.”
degree of industrialization, but rather whether the country falls into a high-context or low-context
culture. It’s easy for people from neutral cultures to sympathize with the Dutch manager and
his frustration over trying to reason with “That excitable Italian.” After all, an idea either works or
High-context cultures (Mediterranean, Slav, Central European, Latin American, Arab, it doesn’t work, and the way to test the validity of an idea is through trial and observation. That
Asian, and American-Indian) leave much of the message unspecified, to be understood through just makes sense-doesn’t it? Well, not necessary to the Italian who felt the issue was deeply
context, nonverbal cues, and between-the-lines interpretation of what is said. By contrast, low- personal and who viewed any “rational argument” as totally irrelevant!
context cultures (most Germanic and English-speaking countries) expect messages to be
explicit and specific.
When it comes to communication, what's proper and correct in one culture may be
SEQUENTIAL VS. SYNCHRONIC ineffective or even offensive in another. In reality, no culture is right or wrong, better or worse-
just different. In today's global business community, there is no single best approach to
Some cultures think of time sequentially, as a linear commodity to “spend,” “save,” or communicating with one another. The key to cross-cultural success is to develop an
“waste.” Other cultures view time synchronically, as a constant flow to be experienced at the understanding of, and deep respect for, the differences.
moment, and as a force that cannot be contained or controlled.

In sequential cultures (like North America, English, German, Swedish, and Dutch),
businesspeople give full attention to one agenda item after another. Lesson 7: Culturally Appropriate Terms, Expressions, and Images
In synchronic cultures (including South America, southern Europe, and Asia) the flow What is culture?
of time is viewed as a sort of circle, with the past, present, and future all interrelated. This
viewpoint influences how organizations in those cultures approach deadlines, strategic thinking, ‘Culture' is a way of identifying groups of people who share common characteristics
investments, developing talent from within, and the concept of "long-term" planning. such as language, social practices, attitudes, and values. We are all part of a culture. It's our
Orientation to the past, present, and future is another aspect of time in which cultures language or ethnic group, or our community, or even our workplaces (you've probably heard of
differ. Americans believe that the individual can influence the future by personal effort, but since ‘workplace culture'). Many people aren't even aware of their ‘culture' until they meet someone
there are too many variables in the distant future, we favor a short-term view. Synchronistic from a different culture. Then it's easy to point out the differences – the language, hand
cultures’ context is to understand the present and prepare for the future. Any important gestures, way of dressing, way of behaving, etc. Being aware of your own culture opens you to
relationship is a durable bond that goes back and forward in time, and it is often viewed as understanding and being more sensitive to the cultures of others.
grossly disloyal not to favor friends and relatives in business dealings.
What is ‘culturally appropriate’ communication?
AFFECTIVE VS. NEUTRAL
Communicating in a culturally appropriate way means finding a way to communicate
In international business practices, reason and emotion both play a role. Which of effectively that also respects and accepts cultural differences. Communication is a two-way
these dominates depends upon whether we are affective (readily showing emotions) or process, so all parties need to work together to achieve culturally appropriate communication.
emotionally neutral in our approach. Members of neutral cultures do not telegraph their feelings It’s about discovering, recognizing, understanding and working effectively within the influences of
but keep them carefully controlled and subdued. In cultures with high effect, people show their each other’s culture.
feelings plainly by laughing smiling, grimacing, scowling, and sometimes crying shouting or
Some important points
walking out of the room.
1. Be aware of the impact of culture
This doesn’t mean that people in neutral cultures are cold or unfeeling, but in the
course of normal business activities, neutral cultures are more careful to monitor the amount of For example, if someone avoids eye contact with you when speaking,
emotion they display. Emotional reactions were found to be least acceptable in Japan, perhaps that’s the impact of culture – not that they are rude, shy or uninterested.
Indonesia, the U.K., France, the U.S., and Singapore. Acknowledge it, understand it, and ask about it. You will need to learn and adjust to
each other to ensure communication is effective and appropriate.
Reason and emotion are part of all human communication. When expressing
ourselves, we look to others for confirmation of our ideas and feelings. If our approach is highly 2. You are communicating with individuals
 Beware of assumptions. Culture gives useful clues but doesn't assume all 1. The Osgood-Schramm model of communication
people from a certain cultural background share the same beliefs and ways of
behaving. People are individuals and need to be treated as such. Start a conversation 2. The Westley and Maclean model of communication
and find out what the person values and beliefs.
Transactional communication models
3. All cultures are equal
1. Barnlund’s transactional model of communication
The culture you were raised in is probably the one you feel most
2. Dance’s Helical model of communication
comfortable with – you understand the ‘rules’. This does not mean it’s ‘the best’ or ‘the
only’ way people should behave. A ‘different’ culture does not mean a ‘lesser’ one.

4. Speak clearly and concisely Transformational communication is a way of communicating that fosters empathy, integrity,
Speaking doesn't mean speaking slowly (which can seem patronizing). Use responsibility, assertiveness, and leadership1. It is often used by transformational leaders who
your natural pace but sound words out properly. Also, break down information into empower employees to make their own decisions and encourage their share of voice23.
manageable chunks and, if required, use supplementary nonverbal information such Transformational communication uses a horizontal communication approach where everyone
as maps and drawings. works together towards a common goal4. It also involves communicating the planning and
progress of transformation initiatives to key stakeholders and staff5.
5. Check for understanding
Communication Model – communication process starts with the transmission of message y
If you’re having difficulty understanding a message, ask the person to communicator and end with receiver’s feedback.
repeat or clarify it. Similarly, if you don’t think your message has been understood,
check for understanding. Electronic Communication is the communication which uses technology to transmit
information.
6. Be aware of non-verbal communication
Decoding – is the process of converting words to symbols.
Up to two-thirds of the meaning of a message can come from non-verbal
communication such as facial expressions, gestures, posture, tone of voice, etc. Encoding – vice versa of decoding
Always be sensitive to non-verbal communication and how it’s interpreted by other
cultures. Cross-Cultural Communication - deal with the exchange of information between people
belonging to different cultures

Symbolic communication is the exchange of messages that change a priori expectation of

ADDITIONAL events. is a type of communication that involves the use of symbols to convey messages.

8 Major communication models Feedback is the final process of communication process.

Linear models of communication: Utilitarianism – basta keyword mo utilize

1. Aristotle’s model of communication Ethical Freedom of Expression - Freedom of Expression shall be balanced against society's need to
maintain order, protect the general welfare and public morality
2. Laswell’s model of communication
Informative Communication – keywords: facts; information
3. The Shannon-Weaver model of communication
Deontological ethics is concerned with responsibilities or guidelines, while virtue ethics
- Updated version of the Shannon-Weaver communication model
is concerned with ethical personality.
4. Berlo’s S-M-C-R model of communication

Interactive models of communication: