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The document provides information about computers including their components, architecture, types, and history. It discusses how computers work by accepting input, processing data, and producing output. The history is discussed from early mechanical computers to current generations incorporating artificial intelligence. Different types of computers like supercomputers, mainframes, minicomputers, and microcomputers are also outlined.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
16 views13 pages

Osc 1,2

The document provides information about computers including their components, architecture, types, and history. It discusses how computers work by accepting input, processing data, and producing output. The history is discussed from early mechanical computers to current generations incorporating artificial intelligence. Different types of computers like supercomputers, mainframes, minicomputers, and microcomputers are also outlined.

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1.

A Computer is a Programmable Electronic Device that can Store, Retrieve, and Process Data

2.
It is an electronic device that accepts the input (data), processes it under a set of instructions (program)
and produces the desired output (information). It also store and communicate data.
3. Computer system : combination of components designed to process data and store files in a
computer.

4. COMPONENTS OF A COMPUTER SYSTEM


i. HARDWARE
Processors, Memory, Input Devices, Output Devices, Storage
ii. SOFTWARE
System Software, Application Software
iii. DATA & INFORMATION
Data – collection of raw facts,
Information – organized and presented data in meaningful way
iv. USERS / PEOPLE
Person who uses the computer for any purpose such as work, personal or entertainment
v. PROCEDURE
Rules or guidelines that people must follow when using software, hardware and data
5. Architecture of a Computer

Example: : Use Photo-editing program to flip a photo

1. Use mouse to input the instruction (flip the photo) and send it for processing
2. The photo is made of individual pixels (in binary). Computer simply reverses the sequence of bit, so they run from right
to left instead of left to right
3. Output of the process is sent to RAM and viewed in the output device (e.g. monitor screen).
4. In case there is additional instruction to save the new photo, it will be sent to storage device (e.g. hard disk)

6. History of Computers : Zeroth Generation (Mechanical)


o Jacquard Loom (1801
- First stored program - metal cards.
- First computer manufacturing.

o Difference Engine (1822)

- Huge calculator, never finished.

o Analytical Engine (1833)

- Could store numbers


- Powered by steam
- Accurate to six decimal places
- Used punched metal cards for instructions

7. History of Computers : 1st Generation (Vacuum Tube)


o ENIAC (1946)
- Uses digital logic.
- Used to calculate artillery firing table for the US Army.
- Weighed 30 tons, Costed $487,000
- Contained 18,000 vacuum tubes
- Programming the computer involved moving plugs and wires
o UNIVAC (1951)
- The first commercial computer.
- Used in U.S. Census in 1951.
- 46 UNIVAC computers were delivered.

8. History of Computers : 2nd Generation (Transistors)


o High-level programming languages such as early versions of COBOL and FORTRAN
o Faster, generated less heat and less prone to failure.
o Examples:
IBM 7000, Mark III, ATLAS, NCR 304

9. History of Computers : 3rd Generation (Integrated Circuits)


o High-level programming languages such FORTRAN, COBOL, PASCAL and BASIC.
o Smaller size, generated less heat, faster, consumed less power and required less maintenance.
o Examples: IBM-360 series, Honeywell-6000 series, TDC-316

10. History of Computers : 4th Generation (VLSI – Very Large Integrated Circuits)
o Microprocessor-based systems.
o The cheapest among all computer generations.
Improved speed, accuracy and reliability
o Many high-level languages were developed such C/C++ and Java.
o Networking between the systems was developed.
o Examples: IBM 4341, APPLE II

11. History of Computers : 5th Generation (Artificial Intelligence)


o ULSI technology
o Support parallel processing
o Artificial Intelligence & Robotics

Types of computer
1. Supercomputer
- The most powerful type of computer.
- Special high-capacity computers used for high-complexity calculation.
- Designed to make an enormous amounts of calculations at a time.
- Example of use:
a. Military – 3D nuclear simulation
b. Weather – Weather forecasting
c. Gaming – WoW maintains graphics and speed for millions users

2. Mainframe
- Mainframe is used for millions of smaller and simpler calculations and transaction
- transferring data in real time
- It is used for application which has to be available 24/7 with zero downtime.
Example of use:
E-business – Transaction processing & tracking records
Banking – ATM to interact with user and to keep transaction records
Airline – To handle flight reservation
Academic – Manage online information and keeping tracks of books

3. Minicomputer
- It is also known as midrange server.
- A small computer that is intermediate between a microcomputer and a mainframe in size, speed, and
capacity
- Are mainly used as small or mid-range servers operating business, engineering and scientific applications.
- Example of use:
Data management
Manufacturing control process
Controlling laboratory equipment

4. Microcomputer
- A computer with a microprocessor as its CPU.
- Smaller than mainframe and minicomputer in term of size and memory, and lower in speed and processing
capabilities.
- Can be configured to meet specific users’ need.
- Example: desktop, laptop, notebook, tablet and handheld devices.
Introduction to Binary
• Computers only recognize ON and OFF, like a
light switch.
• These switches are represented as binary digits or… bits.
• Computer data are composed only of a series of bits.
• Human count in Base 10 (Decimal).
• Computers count in Base 2 (Binary).
• A bit is one 0 or 1
• A byte is a collection of 8 bits**
Binary Representation
• One bit can be either 0 or 1. Therefore, one bit can represent only two outputs.
• To represent more than two outputs, we need multiple bits. Two bits can represent four outputs
(combinations of 0 and 1) which are: 00, 01, 10,11.
• In general, n bits can represent 2n outputs (combinations of 0 and 1).
• Note that every time we increase the number of bits by 1, we double the number of outputs
(combinations).
“All information inside a digital computer is stored as a collection of binary data”

Human data have to be digitised using appropriate standards.


- Text: need coding using standard codes
- Sound: need sampling with appropriate sampling rate.
- Image: need detailed description of the data, how colour is represented at each data point
- Video: need continuous representation of consecutive frames (images) and proper compression
technique.
• Proprietary formats
- Unique to a product or company
- For example, Microsoft Word, Corel Word Perfect, IBM Lotus Notes
• Standards
Evolve two ways:
- Proprietary formats become de facto standards (e.g., Adobe PostScript, Apple Quick Time)
- Committee is struck to solve a problem (Motion Pictures Experts Group, MPEG)

1 . Alphanumeric Data (Text)


• Three standards for representing letters (alpha) and numbers (numeric).\
i. ASCII
American Standard Code for Information Interchange
ii. Unicode
Universal Code
iii. EBCDIC
Extended Binary-Coded Decimal Interchange Code

I. ASCII Features
Originally: 7-bit code. (27 = 128 codes)

II. Extended ASCII Features


Extended ASCII: 8-bit code. (28 = 256 codes)
The first 128 codes are exactly the same as the original ASCII codes.
Can represent more special characters and Western European characters such as: ė , á, Å, £, ¥, µ,
¼, ±.
III. Unicode
- Extended ASCII is not enough for international use.
- The Unicode is a 16-bit code. (216 = 65,536 codes)
- Unicode was designed to be a superset of ASCII. That is, the first 256 characters in the Unicode
character set correspond exactly to the extended ASCII character set.
2. Sound (audio)
Sound is perceived when a series of air compressions vibrate a membrane in our ear, which sends
signals to our brain.
A stereo system sends an electrical signal to a speaker to produce sound.
This signal is an analog representation of the sound wave. The voltage in the signal varies in direct
proportion to the sound wave.
Digitizing Sound

 To digitise the signal we periodically measure the voltage of the signal and record the appropriate
numeric value. The process is called sampling.
 In general, a sampling rate of around 40,000 times per second is enough to create a high quality
sound reproduction.
3. Image
Our retinas have three types of colour photoreceptor cone cells that respond to different sets of frequencies
correspond to the colours of red, green, and blue.
Colour is often expressed in a computer as an RGB (Red-Green-Blue) value, which is actually three
numbers that indicate the relative contribution of each of these three primary colours.

Digitizing Image – Pixel


• Digitising an image is the act of representing it as a collection of individual dots called pixel.

• The word pixel was derived from the words, "picture element".

• The number of pixels used to represent an image is called the resolution.

• Each pixel is converted to a binary code that represents the colour of the pixel.

Digitizing Image – Color Depth


The amount of data that is used to represent a colour is called the colour depth.

Monochrome 1=white, 0=Black

4. Video
A sequence of consecutive images (frames) of objects photographed in motion by a camera in such rapid
succession as to give the illusion of natural movement.

• Requires massive amounts of data

• Video camera producing full screen 640 x 480 pixel true colour image at 30 frames/sec  27.65 MB of
data/sec

• A video codec (Coder/Decoder) refers to the methods used to compress the size of a movie to allow it to be
played on a computer or over a network.

Video Resolution

• Refers to the number of distinct pixels that could be displayed in each dimension. It is usually quoted as
width × height; for an example: “1280 × 720″, which it is called 720p.

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Summary

• Data must be converted from its native format into form understood by processing device in order to be
processed by the CPU.

• All data represented within a modern computer system as strings of binary digits, or bits.

• Each type of computer data has a specific data format & coding method.

• Character is converted to numbers via coding table.

• Sound is sampled and each sample is represented in binary.

• Image is represented in pixels, resolution and colour depth.

• Video is a sequence of pictures that are recorded and played successively.


1. Integrated Circuits (IC)

• Computer – simple collection of digital switches.

• Computers are build up of Integrated circuits


• Examples: the CPU, bus interface, memory management unit
• Made up of transistors, resisters, capacitors and other electronic components

• Transistors: primary components of ICs

2. Transistors

Implementing Boolean Algebra

- Switches: on/off to represent the 0’s and 1’s of binary digital circuits
- Combined to form logic gates

3. Digital circuits
 Combinatorial logic

- Results of an operation depend only on the present inputs to the operation


- Uses: perform arithmetic, control data movement, compare values for decision making
 Sequential logic

- Results depend on both the inputs to the operation and the result of the previous operation
- Uses: counter

4. Boolean Algebra

Rules that govern constants and variables that can take on 2 values
- True/false; on/off; yes/no; 0/1

Boolean logic

- Rules for handling Boolean constants and variables


- 3 fundamental operations:
AND, OR and NOT
- Truth Table: specifies results for all possible input combinations

5. Logic gate symbols

There are two series of symbols for logic gates:

• The traditional symbols are widely used in industry and education

• The IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission) symbols are rectangles to show the gate function

a. AND gate

An AND gate can have two or more inputs, its output is true if all inputs are true.

b. OR gate

An OR gate can have two or more inputs, its output is true if at least one input is true.

c. NOT gate (inverter)

A NOT gate can only have one input. A NOT gate is also called an inverter.

d. NAND gate (NAND = Not AND)

A NAND gate can have two or more inputs, its output is true if NOT all inputs are true

e. NOR gate (NOR = Not OR)

A NOR gate can have two or more inputs, its output is true if no inputs are true.
f. EX-OR (EXclusive-OR) gate

This is like an OR gate but excluding both inputs being true.


EX-OR gates can only have 2 inputs.

g. EX-NOR (EXclusive-NOR) gate

The output Q is true if inputs A and B are the SAME (both true or both false)

EX-NOR gates can only have 2 inputs.

6. BOOLEAN ALGEBRA TRUTH TABLES

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