Osc 1,2
Osc 1,2
A Computer is a Programmable Electronic Device that can Store, Retrieve, and Process Data
2.
It is an electronic device that accepts the input (data), processes it under a set of instructions (program)
and produces the desired output (information). It also store and communicate data.
3. Computer system : combination of components designed to process data and store files in a
computer.
1. Use mouse to input the instruction (flip the photo) and send it for processing
2. The photo is made of individual pixels (in binary). Computer simply reverses the sequence of bit, so they run from right
to left instead of left to right
3. Output of the process is sent to RAM and viewed in the output device (e.g. monitor screen).
4. In case there is additional instruction to save the new photo, it will be sent to storage device (e.g. hard disk)
10. History of Computers : 4th Generation (VLSI – Very Large Integrated Circuits)
o Microprocessor-based systems.
o The cheapest among all computer generations.
Improved speed, accuracy and reliability
o Many high-level languages were developed such C/C++ and Java.
o Networking between the systems was developed.
o Examples: IBM 4341, APPLE II
Types of computer
1. Supercomputer
- The most powerful type of computer.
- Special high-capacity computers used for high-complexity calculation.
- Designed to make an enormous amounts of calculations at a time.
- Example of use:
a. Military – 3D nuclear simulation
b. Weather – Weather forecasting
c. Gaming – WoW maintains graphics and speed for millions users
2. Mainframe
- Mainframe is used for millions of smaller and simpler calculations and transaction
- transferring data in real time
- It is used for application which has to be available 24/7 with zero downtime.
Example of use:
E-business – Transaction processing & tracking records
Banking – ATM to interact with user and to keep transaction records
Airline – To handle flight reservation
Academic – Manage online information and keeping tracks of books
3. Minicomputer
- It is also known as midrange server.
- A small computer that is intermediate between a microcomputer and a mainframe in size, speed, and
capacity
- Are mainly used as small or mid-range servers operating business, engineering and scientific applications.
- Example of use:
Data management
Manufacturing control process
Controlling laboratory equipment
4. Microcomputer
- A computer with a microprocessor as its CPU.
- Smaller than mainframe and minicomputer in term of size and memory, and lower in speed and processing
capabilities.
- Can be configured to meet specific users’ need.
- Example: desktop, laptop, notebook, tablet and handheld devices.
Introduction to Binary
• Computers only recognize ON and OFF, like a
light switch.
• These switches are represented as binary digits or… bits.
• Computer data are composed only of a series of bits.
• Human count in Base 10 (Decimal).
• Computers count in Base 2 (Binary).
• A bit is one 0 or 1
• A byte is a collection of 8 bits**
Binary Representation
• One bit can be either 0 or 1. Therefore, one bit can represent only two outputs.
• To represent more than two outputs, we need multiple bits. Two bits can represent four outputs
(combinations of 0 and 1) which are: 00, 01, 10,11.
• In general, n bits can represent 2n outputs (combinations of 0 and 1).
• Note that every time we increase the number of bits by 1, we double the number of outputs
(combinations).
“All information inside a digital computer is stored as a collection of binary data”
I. ASCII Features
Originally: 7-bit code. (27 = 128 codes)
To digitise the signal we periodically measure the voltage of the signal and record the appropriate
numeric value. The process is called sampling.
In general, a sampling rate of around 40,000 times per second is enough to create a high quality
sound reproduction.
3. Image
Our retinas have three types of colour photoreceptor cone cells that respond to different sets of frequencies
correspond to the colours of red, green, and blue.
Colour is often expressed in a computer as an RGB (Red-Green-Blue) value, which is actually three
numbers that indicate the relative contribution of each of these three primary colours.
• The word pixel was derived from the words, "picture element".
• Each pixel is converted to a binary code that represents the colour of the pixel.
4. Video
A sequence of consecutive images (frames) of objects photographed in motion by a camera in such rapid
succession as to give the illusion of natural movement.
• Video camera producing full screen 640 x 480 pixel true colour image at 30 frames/sec 27.65 MB of
data/sec
• A video codec (Coder/Decoder) refers to the methods used to compress the size of a movie to allow it to be
played on a computer or over a network.
Video Resolution
• Refers to the number of distinct pixels that could be displayed in each dimension. It is usually quoted as
width × height; for an example: “1280 × 720″, which it is called 720p.
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Summary
• Data must be converted from its native format into form understood by processing device in order to be
processed by the CPU.
• All data represented within a modern computer system as strings of binary digits, or bits.
• Each type of computer data has a specific data format & coding method.
2. Transistors
- Switches: on/off to represent the 0’s and 1’s of binary digital circuits
- Combined to form logic gates
3. Digital circuits
Combinatorial logic
- Results depend on both the inputs to the operation and the result of the previous operation
- Uses: counter
4. Boolean Algebra
Rules that govern constants and variables that can take on 2 values
- True/false; on/off; yes/no; 0/1
Boolean logic
• The IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission) symbols are rectangles to show the gate function
a. AND gate
An AND gate can have two or more inputs, its output is true if all inputs are true.
b. OR gate
An OR gate can have two or more inputs, its output is true if at least one input is true.
A NOT gate can only have one input. A NOT gate is also called an inverter.
A NAND gate can have two or more inputs, its output is true if NOT all inputs are true
A NOR gate can have two or more inputs, its output is true if no inputs are true.
f. EX-OR (EXclusive-OR) gate
The output Q is true if inputs A and B are the SAME (both true or both false)