Name: Em Sreynuth

Summary Lesson for Final Examination

1. Chapter 4: The nature of Quantitative Research

Q1- What is the purpose of conducting quantitative research?
=> The purpose of conducting quantitative research is to understand the
social reality of individuals, groups and cultures as nearly as possible as its
participants feel it or live it. Thus, people and groups are studied in their
natural setting.
Q2- Why mean and standard deviation play an important role in data interpretation?
=> Mean and standard deviation play an important role in data interpretation
because it is used in statistics to measure how far apart individual data points
are from the average or mean.
Q3- Summary
In this lesson, we’ll learn about the factors that relate to quantitative research
but it is a small part one, called descriptive statistics which we will learn about
frequency and descriptive. The result of frequency graphs (Pie-chart, Bar-
chart , and Histogram) and for descriptive we will know about Mean, Mode,
Median, Variance, and Standard Deviation. The relative frequency can be
calculated using the formula F%= f/n*100 which is f = frequency, n= sample
size. In the pie chart, it divides into pieces which is according to the results
numbers of the frequency. After that, we need to interpret the data that we
had from the pie chart which can be conducted in two ways. First, put the size
data from the biggest one to the smallest one and then explain all the data.
For example: “Among the 271 tourists, 72 tourists had visited Presh Vihear
temple which equals 26,57%” in this case segment of Presh Vihear is the
biggest one, and after that explain in the same way to all the left data. The
next graph illustrates (histogram) the Gender (Count Age by Gender) which
also uses the same method or formula to calculate the data. And also
interpret the data as well as the pie chart, for example the histogram shows
that among the tourists 271 people for 149 tourists are men and 47 men have
the ages between 21 - 25, which equals 33,10%.
In SPSS, put all the data in the right column and place them where they
belong to. After that, the frequency table and pie chart will be conducted and
we can use it as results to put in slideshows or a report.

2. Chapter 5: Measurement Scale and Questionnaire Design

 Q1- What is the purpose of designing measurement scale and questionnaire design
for your research?
=> For my research, the purpose of designing measurement scales is to
quantify data variables in statistics. These measurement scales are four in
number, namely; nominal scale, ordinal scale, interval scale, and ratio scale.
The purpose of questionnaire design is to collect data from the target
audience. As it is known as a bunch of questions which we, the students,
conduct as a tool to gather the answers we need for the research.
Q2- Why measurement scales play an important role in your questionnaire design?
=> The reason measurement scales play an important role in questionnaire
design is because it helps us, the examiner, get the specific answers we
need. Furthermore, it helps the respondents be more able to give a certain
response and quantify what they think and how they feel about things.
Q3- Summary
For the Research Framework, we need to have Questionnaire items and
Measurement scale. The measurement scale can be 1-3-5-7-9 (4-8-10), but for the
most common measurement scale that researchers always use in social science
researching are 5 and 7. Scale is an ordered series of response options, presented
verbally or numerically from which the respondents select to indicate their level of
feeling about the measured attribute. There are four types of scale which are nominal
scale, ordinal scale, interval scale and ratio scale.
Nominal scale indicates categorizing into groups or classes. For example: gender,
religion, race, color, occupation etc,.
An ordinal is one in which data may be ordered in some way high to low or least to
most. For example, a researcher might rank-order student scores on a biology test
from high to low.
The interval scale indicates rank and distance from an arbitrary zero measured in unit
intervals. For example, temperature, examination scores, Likert scale etc,.
The ratio scale indicates rank and distance from a natural zero. For example, height,
monthly consumption, annual budget etc,.
There are two types of scale, Comparative Scales and Non-comparative Scales. In
Comparative scales, it has Paired Comparison, Rank Order and Constant Sum. For
Non-comparative Scales, it has Continuous Rating Scales and Itemized Rating
Scales: Likert Semantic Differential and Stapel.

3. Chapter 6: Sampling Design

Q1- What is the purpose of designing sampling techniques for your research?
 => The purpose of designing sampling techniques for the research is to allow
researchers to infer information about a population based on results from a
subset of the population, without having to investigate every individual.
Q2- Why sample size plays an important role in your sampling design?
=> The reason sample size plays an important role in my sampling design is
because the size of the sample can affect the result of the research whether it
can be good or bad.
Q3- Summary
=> Preparing for sampling Design is so important in researching. Asking
yourself who is the target respondent and how many respondents you want?
Sampling represents the comments and feedback which is evaluated on the research
study. Sampling Design refers to the process of selecting the individuals who will
participate in a research study. Before choosing the sampling we need to know what
is a Population? A population is defined as all subjects (human or otherwise) that ate
being studied (Bluman, 2014). For sample, sample is a group of subjects selected
from population (Bluman, 2014 & Fraenkel & Wallen, 2003). For example: there are a
hundred oranges and an orange has been chosen; for the hundred oranges are the
population and that one orange is the sample. Choosing the sampling can be made
in two ways: Random Sampling Methods and Nonrandom Sampling Methods.
Known-Population (Yamane, 1973) and Unknown-Population (Bowerman et al, 2017)
can use these both sampling.
Random Sampling:
● For Random Sample, every sample of size n has an equal chance of
selection.
● Systematic sampling is a type of probability sampling method in which sample
members from a larger population are selected according to a random
starting point but with a fixed, periodic interval.
● In stratified sampling, researchers divide subjects into subgroups called strata
based on characteristics that they share(e.g., race, gender, educational
attainment).
Nonrandom Sampling:
● Convenience sampling is nonprobability sampling in which researchers use
any readily available individuals as participants.
● Purposive sampling refers to the specific purpose of the research,
investigators use personal judgement to select a sample.
● Quota sampling purposive sampling in which relevant characteristics are used
to stratify the sample.
 ● Snowball sampling refers to one respondent is selected for a study (e.g.,
during the interviewing of a group of principals, they recommend others who
also should be interviewed because they are particularly knowledgeable
about the subject of the research).

4. Sample of Presentation
Q1- What is the lesson learning from the sample presentation?
=> The lesson learning from the sample presentation is: there are five
chapters for making an accurate and impressive research presentation, and
each chapter is followed by its step which for one chapter may have from 3 to
7 steps:
● Chapter 1: Introduction
○ Background and Motivation
○ Problem Statements
○ Research Objectives
○ Research Scopes and Limitation
○ Research Contributions
○ Research Structures
● Chapter 2: Literature Review
○ Theoretical Background
○ Hypothesis Development
○ Conceptual Model
● Chapter 3: Methodology
○ Research Design
○ Sampling Design and Study Sites
○ Sample Sizes
○ Measurement Scales
○ Data Collection
○ Time Frames
● Chapter 4: Data Analysis and Results
○ Characteristics of Respondents
○ Descriptive Statistics
○ Factor Analysis and Reliability Test
○ Standardized Residual
○ Correlation Matrix
○ Regression Analysis
○ CFA & SEM
 ● Chapter 5: Discussion and Conclusion
○ Discussion
○ Conclusion

Q2- Why this study conduct ALM? And what is the differences between ALM and
Regression analysis?
=> This study conducts ALM because it has a continuous relationship. The
differences between ALM and Regression analysis: ALM is not a type of
model, but more like a group of models that use data augmentation
techniques (i.e., feature engineering), Regression is a statistical method to
establish the relationship between sets of variables to make predictions of the
dependent variable with the help of independent variables. On the other hand,
Q3- What is the difference between Regression and SEM?
=> The difference between Regression and SEM is that regression is a
statistical technique that relates a dependent variable to one or more
independent (explanatory) variables. A regression model is able to
show whether changes observed in the dependent variable are
associated with changes in one or more of the explanatory variables.
Whereas, SEM or Structural equation modelling is a set of statistical
techniques used to measure and analyze the relationships of observed
and latent variables. Similar but more powerful than regression
analyses, it examines linear causal relationships among variables,
while simultaneously accounting for measurement error.

Q4- Individually, describe your research process? Why do you fail to complete your
project?
=> Research Process
● First, choose topic or question for researching
● Evaluate the Literature
● Create Hypotheses
● The Research Design
● Describe Population
● Data Collection
● Data Analysis
=> What my group failed to complete in time was data (Amos, SEM)
and the reason we failed to complete it was because we took a long
time to install it and after we succeeded with install, we still had a hard
time getting the right result even though we followed the lecture video.