Borneo Journal of Social Science & Humanities

DOI: https://doi.org/10.35370/bjssh.2020.2.1-08
e-ISSN: 2682-8235
© 2018, UCTS Publisher.
Submitted: 18 May 2020 Accepted: 2 June 2020 Published: 30 June 2020

Adherence with the Processes of Time Management in Construction

Project Delivery in Nigeria

Suleiman Shehu*1, Abdullahi Nafiu Zadawa2, Abdullahi Yusuf Waziri3, Rabiu Shehu4
1,2,3
Department of Quantity Surveying,
4
Department of Building Technology,
Faculty of Environmental Technology,
Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University Bauchi, Nigeria
*Corresponding Author: [email protected]

Abstract

The management of time is a necessity of life. Project time management includes the processes
required to manage the timely completion of the project. However, in the construction sector
such as in Nigeria, poor delivery of project especially completion within schedule has remained
an issue, despite established processes of time management. The crux of this study is to
investigate adherence with the processes of time management in construction project delivery
in Nigeria and the objectives are: to assess the level of adherence with the processes of time
management, and to determine the effect of adherence with the processes of time management
on construction project timely completion. The study was conducted in Gombe State, Nigeria.
Stratified random sampling technique was used to administer 88 questionnaires to
professionals such as: the Architects, Builders, Quantity surveyors, Engineers and Project
managers who were personnel working for the client, consultants and contractors in various
projects locations in the study area. The data collected was analyzed with SPSS software using
weighted mean score, one sample t-test and regression. Findings revealed that the most adhered
processes of time management are: monitoring and controlling the project schedule, estimating
resource requirement for activities and developing schedule of the project. Adherence with the
processes of time management will lead to 15.4% caused effect increase on timely completion
of project. As such, it is recommended that construction stakeholders should collaborate and
adhered strictly with all the established processes of time management as a guide in order to
ensure successful completion of construction project within schedule in Nigeria.

Keywords: Adherence, Construction Project Delivery, Processes, Time management

Introduction

The management of time is a necessity of life. In the construction industry stakeholders are
unanimous that time along with cost and quality are the major deliverables upon which project
are said to be a success or failure. Project management is the application of knowledge, skills,
tools, and techniques to project activities to meet the project requirements and is accomplished
through the appropriate application and integration of the project management processes
identified for the project (Project management institute [PMI], 2013). The project management
process begins with identification of the user requirement, project constraints, resource needs,
and establishment of realistic objectives to meet the strategic goals (Federal Transit

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 Borneo Journal of Social Science & Humanities
DOI: https://doi.org/10.35370/bjssh.2020.2.1-08
e-ISSN: 2682-8235
© 2018, UCTS Publisher.
Submitted: 18 May 2020 Accepted: 2 June 2020 Published: 30 June 2020

Administration [FTA], 2012). Hence, Project Management Processes: are set of interrelated
actions and activities performed to achieve a pre-specified product, system, result, or service
(FTA, 2012). Each process is characterized by its inputs, the tools, and techniques that can be
applied and the resulting outputs (PMI, 2013). In addition, the Project management processes
are grouped into five categories: initiating, planning, executing, monitoring and controlling,
and closing group (PMI, 2013). Basically, they are used throughout the life cycle of a project.
Construction has been facing numerous issues and one of them is time management issues
which have caused delayed completion of a project (Chin & Abdulhamid, 2015). Lack of time
management can and probably will result in failure of a project PMI (2017). A research
conducted by the Chartered Institute of Building (CIOB) in 2008 has indicated that the quality
of time-management on construction projects is generally poor (Chin & Abdulhamid, 2015).
However, in the construction sector such as in Nigeria, poor delivery of project
especially completion within schedule has remained an issue causing disharmony among
construction stakeholders despite the existence of established processes of time management.
Although, Hussain (2014) in his studies reviewed the main tools and techniques that are used
in implementing the processes of time management. However, none of the studies reviewed
within and outside Nigeria has deliberated on the level of adherence with the processes of time
management. Therefore, this study is a solution oriented towards adhering with established
processes that will influence construction project and reduced delay. As such, this study filled
the gap by investigating adherence with processes of time management in construction project
delivery in Nigeria and the objectives are: to assess the level of adherence with the processes
of time management and ranked in order of importance, and to determine the effect of
adherence with the processes of time management on construction project timely completion.

Literature Review

The Concept of Project Time Management

Time management is basically a set of principles, practices, skills, tools and system that helps
one to use one’s time to accomplish what one wants. Project time management includes the
processes required to manage the timely completion of the project (PMI, 2013). In addition,
the better time is managed the more efficient a project will be, assuming all others processes
remain the same PMI (2017). The project management institute has done a great deal in
clarifying the processes required in project time management. According to PMI (2013), there
are seven (7) project time management processes, which include: (a) Plan Schedule
Management (b) Define Activities (c) Sequence Activities (d) Estimate Activity Resources (e)
Estimate Activity Durations (f) Develop Schedule (g) Control Schedule. The processes of time
management also include all the necessary inputs, tools and techniques, outputs and activities
involved Hussain (2014), (PMI, 2013), and Passenheim (2009). Table 1 depict an elaborate
processes involved in project time management.

Table 1: An Elaborate Processes of Project Time Management

Factors Activities Involve
1. Plan Schedule ▪ The process of establishing the policies, procedures, and documentation for
Management planning, developing, managing, executing, and controlling the project
schedule.

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 Borneo Journal of Social Science & Humanities
DOI: https://doi.org/10.35370/bjssh.2020.2.1-08
e-ISSN: 2682-8235
© 2018, UCTS Publisher.
Submitted: 18 May 2020 Accepted: 2 June 2020 Published: 30 June 2020

2. Define Activities ▪ The process of identifying and documenting the specific actions to be
performed to produce the project deliverables.
3. Sequence Activities ▪ The process of identifying and documenting relationships among the project
activities.
4. Estimate Activity ▪ The process of estimating the type and quantities of material, human
Resources resources, equipment, or supplies required to perform each activity.
5. Estimate Activity ▪ The process of estimating the number of work periods needed to complete
Durations individual activities with the estimated resources.
6. Develop Schedule ▪ The process of analyzing activity sequences, durations, resource
requirements, and schedule constraints to create the project schedule model
for project execution and monitoring and controlling.
7. Control Schedule ▪ The process of monitoring the status of the project to update the project
schedule and manage changes to the schedule baseline.
Source: Adapted Hussain (2014), (PMI, 2013), and Passenheim (2009)

The Concept of Construction Project Delivery

Construction deliverables are the ultimate aim of any project and they formed the benchmark
upon which the success or failure of a project are appraised by stakeholders in the construction
sector. Chan and Kumaraswamy (2002) state that timely completion of construction projects
within anticipated cost and to the level of quality standards settled by the owner is an index of
successful project delivery. Ibironke and Elamah (2011) on their part opined that, client when
engaging professionals for the purpose of procuring a building or other infrastructure are
primarily concerned about quality, time and cost. In addition, Ibrahim (2020) and Hao, Shen,
Neelamkavil and Thomas (2008) reports that more than a third of major clients are dissatisfied
with contractors’ performance in keeping to the quoted price and to time, resolving defects,
and delivering a final product of the required quality. Abdulkadir, Muhammad, Gidado and
Nuruddeen (2017) in their studies of cost and time overrun of building projects in Nigeria, also
reported poor time performance rate of (21-40) % of projects executed. In addition, John,
Abdullateef and Abdulganiyu (2015), in their studies of time and cost relationship of private
building projects in Abuja, Nigeria report an average time overrun of 34% project duration.
According to Murithi, Makokha and Otieno (2017), timely project completion is the projected
completion time as in the contract for the construction of the project.

Theoretical Framework
Time management is not actually managing time per se, but how one manages his own
behaviour and activities in relation to time. As such this study was guided by the theories of
management and behaviour.
Management theories were concerned with the formal relations among organization’s
departments, tasks and processes and the promotion of greater efficiency and productivity
among workers (Kwok, 2014). In addition, these theories which include bureaucratic,
administrative and scientific management all emerged around the same period around the late
1890s to early 1990s (Kwok, 2014). This study adopts the administrative and scientific
management theories as against the bureaucratic which is a rigid approach to management.
According to Kwok (2014), Administrative management is more concerned with how an
organization is run and the distinction of basic managerial functions. Henri Fayol (1841–1925),
a French industrialist, was the first person to group management functions that today are

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 Borneo Journal of Social Science & Humanities
DOI: https://doi.org/10.35370/bjssh.2020.2.1-08
e-ISSN: 2682-8235
© 2018, UCTS Publisher.
Submitted: 18 May 2020 Accepted: 2 June 2020 Published: 30 June 2020

summarized as planning, organizing, leading, coordinating, controlling and staffing. According

to Kwok (2014), the scientific management theory focused primarily on production,
management, organization, technology and science and is probably the most well-known
among the traditional theories, and comprises of four basic objectives, as follows: (i) The
development of a science for each element of a man’s work to replace the old rule-of thumb
methods (ii) The scientific selection, training and development of workers instead of allowing
them to choose their own tasks and train themselves as best they could (iii) The development
of a spirit of hearty cooperation between workers and management to ensure that work could
be carried out in accordance with scientifically devised procedures and (iv) The division of
work between workers and the management in almost equal shares, each group taking over the
work for which it is best fitted instead of the former condition in which responsibility largely
rested with the workers. Kwok (2014), state that, major contributors to scientific management
theories are: Frederick Winslow Taylor (1856-1915), Henry Gantt (1861-1919), Frank
Gilbreths (1868–1924) etc.
According to Kwok (2014), the behavioural theories which emerged in 1920’s stress
the importance of group dynamics, complex human motivations and the manager’s leadership
style. The theory also emphasizes on the employee’s social and economic needs and the
influence of the organization’s social setting on the quantity and quality of work produced, and
its focuses on two competencies- communication and teamwork. Kwok (2014), list Elton Mayo
(1880–1949), Abraham Maslow (1908-1970), Douglas McGregor (1906-1964), Frederick
Herzberg (1923-2000), David McClelland (1917–1998) etc. as major contributors to
behavioural theories.
As adapted for this study, both the management and behavioural theories has stressed
the importance of adhering with certain principles, processes and practices that will ensure
effective and efficient project operation with the resultant success in project delivery. The
management and behavioural theory are in consonance with Ugwu and Attah (2016) they
identified economic policy, political consideration, management style and motivation of
workers as relevant in construction management. As such, to ensure successful construction
project delivery there is need for a holistic approach in terms of managing ourselves towards
time “Behavioural” and managing construction activities “administratively and scientifically”.

Conceptual Framework
Figure 1 presents the conceptual framework for the study. It has two major components. Which
are: The Independent Variable (IV) - Adherence with the processes of time management and
Dependent Variable DV) - Construction project delivery. The frame work postulates that the
“IV” will ensure effective and efficient project operation which will directly affects the “DV”
i.e. timely completion of construction project. However, this relationship is not immune to
external factors which may affect its smooth operation.

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 Borneo Journal of Social Science & Humanities
DOI: https://doi.org/10.35370/bjssh.2020.2.1-08
e-ISSN: 2682-8235
© 2018, UCTS Publisher.
Submitted: 18 May 2020 Accepted: 2 June 2020 Published: 30 June 2020

Independent Variable (IV) Dependent Variable (DV)

Adherence with the Processes of Construction Project Delivery

Time Management ▪ Timely completion

Figure 1: Conceptual Framework of the Study

Source: Author

Methodology

This study adopted a quantitative research approach, using questionnaire as an instrument for
data collection. Literature review was carried out to obtained information on the processes of
time management and construction project delivery which were presented in the questionnaire.
The questionnaire seeks to gather information regarding the level of adherence with processes
of time management in construction project delivery in Nigeria. A 6-point likert scale (1-6) of
non-adherence to adherence was used to give participants more equal freedom as well as to
avoid the use of “medium/neutral” which might be subjective for this type of study. Also, Low:
1-30%, Medium: 31-60% and High: 61-100% was used to remark the respondents’ level of
agreement. Stratified random sampling technique was adopted to understand the perception of
88 professionals such as: The Architects, Builders, Quantity surveyors, Engineers, Project
managers working as personnel for the client, consultant and contractors involved in handling
construction projects in Federal University Kashere (FUK= 30 No.), Federal College of
Education Technical (FCET=23 No.) and other firms of consultants and contractors (35 No.)
all situated in Gombe state, North Eastern Nigeria. The questionnaire attains 70% response rate
equivalent to 62 number correctly completed and returned. The participants were surveyed
regarding their level of adherence or willingness to adhere with the processes of time
management. The data obtained was analyzed using statistical package for social science (SPSS)
software using descriptive statistics, Mean scores and t-test to establish the level of importance
of the sample factors and ranked according to their importance index. Regression was used to
determine the factors effects on timely completion of construction project. The factors with the
highest mean scores values are considered the most adhered processes of time management in
construction project delivery in Nigeria.

Results and Findings

Table 2, shows that a total of 88 questionnaires were distributed of which 62 questionnaires

were retrieved which represent 70.45% response rate which was used for data analysis of the
study. This excellent response rate above average was achieved as a result of the face-to-face
method of questionnaire administration used, simplicity of language and distributing the
questionnaires to the right respondents. The result further revealed that, 26 questionnaires were
either spoiled or not returned representing 29.55%. This response rate for this type of survey is
higher than other studies carried out in the construction industry. Such as: Abdulkadir et al.
(2017) 56% response rate; Ayodeji, Eseohe, Opeyemi, Ebenezer, Amusan and Abisola (2017)
64% response rate; Olawale and Sun (2010) 44% response rate and Amade, Ubani, Omajeh
and Njoku, (2015) recorded 61% response rate.
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 Borneo Journal of Social Science & Humanities
DOI: https://doi.org/10.35370/bjssh.2020.2.1-08
e-ISSN: 2682-8235
© 2018, UCTS Publisher.
Submitted: 18 May 2020 Accepted: 2 June 2020 Published: 30 June 2020

Table 2: Questionnaire Response Rate

Respondents Distribution (No) Distribution (%) Returned (No) Returned (%)
FCET 23 26.1 18 78.3
FUK 30 34.1 26 86.7
Firms 35 39.8 18 51.4
Total 88 100 62
Source: Author
“Response rate= No. of questionnaires returned ÷ No. of questionnaires distributed x 100”

Reliability and Validity Test

The use of Cronbach's α, allows negative construct to be detected and positive to be accepted
ranging from a scale of 0 to 1.0 (Ogwueleka, 2011 cited in Inuwa, 2014). The minimum
acceptable value for Cronbach’s alpha is ranges from 0.5 to 0.6 (Inuwa, 2014). In addition, ˂
0.5 indicates Poor reliability; 0.5-0.7 sufficient reliability and ˃ 0.7 indicates good reliability.
Therefore, Cronbach’s α scale is used to measure the study questionnaire construct consistency
(reliability) and level of random error emanating thereof.
Validity test was conducted on the research questionnaire through the panel of four
professional judges with relevant years of working experience in construction project, with two
academicians and two construction field experts. The observations and remarks made, has
contributed immensely towards ensuring the questionnaire is valid enough to get the necessary
data from the study respondents.
Table 3, the Cronbach’s α measure recorded for this study revealed that the reliability
of the questionnaires’ constructs are very high, 0.88 exceeding the cut off score of 0.70, which
is the standard used by most researchers for high efficiency. This indicates that the
questionnaires are highly reliable (consistent) as well as free from random error.

Table 3: Cronbach's α and Reliability Status

S/N Factor category No. of Items Cronbach’s α Status
1 Processes of time management 7 0.88 Good
Source: Author

Table 4, presents the background information of the respondents. Findings revealed that
majority of the respondents 61.3% have Degree/HND; 30.6% have Masters/PGD; as such
virtually all the respondents have the requisite academic qualification. Hence, their assessment
is valid. On the area of specialization, virtually all the relevant professions were adequately
represented with Engineering and Quantity surveying having 22.6% each, Architecture 19.4%,
Building 14.4%, while Project management and other relevant professionals account for 21%.
On the years of working experience, all the respondents have the requisite years of experience
in the construction industry with 37.10% having 6-10years, 25.80% having 11-15years while
12.9% have more than 15years working experience. As such by virtue of experience, the
respondents’ are competent enough to have participated in the survey and therefore, has
ensured high reliability of the results. On the category of working organization, 39% are
working for the client; 29% for the consultants and 32% works for the contractors. As such, all
the major players in a typical construction project are equally represented which has reduced
biasness of any sort. On the extension of time, all the participants have experienced delay with
41.94% reporting 1-6months, 37.10% 6-12months delayed and 11.29% reported more than

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 Borneo Journal of Social Science & Humanities
DOI: https://doi.org/10.35370/bjssh.2020.2.1-08
e-ISSN: 2682-8235
© 2018, UCTS Publisher.
Submitted: 18 May 2020 Accepted: 2 June 2020 Published: 30 June 2020

18months delayed in project completion time. As such, time overrun is still a major issue
affecting construction projects delivery in Nigeria.

Table 4: Background Information of the Respondents

Characteristics Frequency (No) Percentage (%)
Area of specialization
Architecture 12 19.4
Engineering 14 22.6
Quantity surveying 14 22.6
Building 9 14.4
Project Management/others 13 21%
Total 62 100
Highest qualification obtained
NCE / ND 2 3.2
Degree/HND 38 61.3
Masters/PGD 19 30.6
PhD 3 4.8
Total 62 100
Years of working experience
0-5 years 15 24.2
6-10 years 23 37.1
11-15 years 16 25.8
More than 15 years 8 12.9
Total 62 100
Category of working organization
Client 24 38.7
Consultant 18 29
Contractors 20 32.3
Total 62 100
Experienced time overrun
Yes 62 100
Total 62 100
Length of time extension
0 months 1 1.6
1-6 months 26 41.9
6-12 months 23 37.1
12-18 months 5 8.1
more than 18 months 7 11.3
Total 62 100
Source: Author

Table 5, is the representation of the respondents’ ratings on the level of adherence with
the processes of time management in percentages. The study reveals that 84.81% of the
respondents claimed to be adhering or willing to adhere with the processes of time management
as against 15.19% who are unwilling to adhere with the processes. The results further revealed
that, virtually all the seven factors constituting the processes of time management have a high
score of more than 70% rate in terms of agreement by the respondents.

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 Borneo Journal of Social Science & Humanities
DOI:
e-ISSN: 2682-8235
© 2018, UCTS Publisher.
Submitted: 18 May 2020 Accepted: 2 June 2020 Published: 30 June 2020

Table 5: Respondents levels of Adherence with the Processes of Time Management

Non-Adherence (%) Adherence (%)
Total Remark
Processes of time management
1 2 3 Sum 4 5 6 Sum
Plan schedule management 4.8 14.5 19.3 25.8 32.3 22.6 80.7 100 High
Define activities to be undertaken 1.6 3.2 11.3 16.1 38.7 32.3 12.9 83.9 100 High
Sequencing of activities 9.3 13.1 22.4 25.8 33.9 17.9 77.6 100 High
Estimating resource requirement for activities 6.5 3.2 9.7 29.0 38.7 22.6 90.3 100 High
Estimating duration of activities 6.5 11.3 17.8 27.3 32.3 22.6 82.2 100 High
Developing schedule for the project 1.6 1.6 6.5 9.7 25.8 51.6 12.9 90.3 100 High
Monitoring and controlling schedule 1.6 9.7 11.3 29.0 32.3 27.4 88.7 100 high
Total 15.19 84.81 100
-Never Adhere =1, Very Rarely =2, Rarely =3, Occasionally =4, Frequently =5, Very Frequently = 6
- Remark “Level of Agreement”: Low: 1-30%, Medium: 31-60% and for High: 61-100%
Source: Author

Table 6, is a representation of the mean scores and rankings on the processes of time management. Findings revealed that, Monitoring and
controlling schedule of the project, with (Mean 4.74 & Standard Deviation “SD” 1.023) was ranked “first”. Estimating resource requirement for
activities, with (Mean 4.68 & SD 1.023) was ranked “second”. Developing schedule for the project, with (Mean 4.63 & SD 0.92) was ranked
“third”. Estimating duration of activities, with (Mean 4.53 & SD 1.155) was ranked “fourth”. Plan schedule management, with (Mean 4.53 & SD
1.141) was ranked “fifth”. Sequencing of activities, with (Mean 4.35 & SD 1.243) was ranked “sixth” and Define activities to be undertaken,
with (Mean 4.35 & SD 1.057) was the least important and was ranked “seventh”. An independent samples t-test was also used to generate the t-
value and the p-value (significance) in order to ascertain the degree of discrepancies with respect to each variable in the responses of respondents.
Using a test value of 4.00, the one sample t-test statistics was carried out in order to investigate the significance attached to the level of adherence
with the processes of time management by the respondents. Findings revealed that at p<0.05, all the 7 factors constituting the processes of time
management shows significant importance as all their p-values are less than the recommended 0.05 value.

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 Borneo Journal of Social Science & Humanities
DOI:
e-ISSN: 2682-8235
© 2018, UCTS Publisher.
Submitted: 18 May 2020 Accepted: 2 June 2020 Published: 30 June 2020

Table 6: Mean Scores and Ranking on the Processes of Time Management

Factors Mean Std. Dev. Rank T Mean diff Sig
(test value=4)
▪ Monitoring and controlling 4.74 1.023 1 5.71 0.74 .000
schedule
▪ Estimating resource 4.68 1.068 2 5.15 0.63 .000
requirement for activities
▪ Developing schedule for the 4.63 0.962 3 5.00 0.68 .000
project
▪ Estimating duration of activities 4.53 1.155 4 3.67 0.53 .001
▪ Plan schedule management 4.53 1.141 5 3.63 0.53 .001
▪ Sequencing of activities 4.35 1.243 6 2.64 0.35 .010
▪ Define activities to be 4.35 1.057 7 2.25 0.35 .028
undertaken
Grand mean = 4.54
Source: Author

Table 7, is the regression model summary of the independent variable i.e. processes of
time management. It shows R-Value of 0.423 and R-Square value of 0.179 which explains
17.9% of the variance (0.179 x 100%). The implication of this model is that adherence with
the processes of time management alone accounts for only 17.9% while other factors not
covered in this study will account for the remaining variables.
Table 7: Regression Model Summary
Model R R Square Adjusted R Square Std. Error of the Estimate
1 .423 0.179 0.072 1.04183
Source: Author

Table 8, is the regression coefficient of the independent variable i.e. processes of time
management and dependent variable i.e. construction project timely completion. Findings
revealed that a unit increase in the level of adherence with the processes of time management
will lead to 15.4% cause effect increase in timely completion of construction projects i.e.
having a β (Beta) of 0.154 and t = 1.207, even though is not significant.

Table 8: Regression Coefficientsa

Standardized
Unstandardized Coefficients
Model Coefficients t Sig.
B Std. Error Beta
(Constant) 4.339 0.76 5.708 0.000
Processes of time
0.028 0.023 0.154 1.207 0.232
management
a. Dependent Variable: Construction project delivery (Timely Completion)
Source: Author

Discussion of Results

Data analysis and questionnaire responses from the respondents revealed that 84.81% of the
respondents are adhering or willing to adhere while 15.19% were unwilling or not adhering

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 Borneo Journal of Social Science & Humanities
DOI:
e-ISSN: 2682-8235
© 2018, UCTS Publisher.
Submitted: 18 May 2020 Accepted: 2 June 2020 Published: 30 June 2020

with the processes of time management. 79% of the respondents experienced delay of 1-
12months in project completion time.
However, monitoring and controlling schedule of the project; estimating resource
requirement for activities and developing schedule for the project were the three most adhered
processes of time management. In this study monitoring and controlling schedule of a project
was ranked as the foremost adhered process of time management. The essential of monitoring
and controlling project schedule has been echoed by PMI (2013), reporting that controlling
schedule is the process of monitoring the status of project activities to update project progress
and manage changes to the schedule baseline to achieve the plan, and the key benefit of this
process is that it provides the means to recognize deviation from the plan and take corrective
and preventive actions and thus minimize risk. Also, Murithi et al. (2017), in their studies of
time management in Kenya, also echoed the importance of effective monitoring of project.
Estimating resource requirement for activities was ranked as the second most adhered
processes of time management in this study. The importance of determining the quality and
quantity of various resources required to complete project on schedule has been echoed by PMI
(2013) by reporting that, Estimate activity resources is the process of estimating the type and
quantities of material, human resources, equipment, or supplies required to perform each
activity. They further state that the key benefit of this process is that it identifies the type,
quantity, and characteristics of resources required to complete the activity which allows more
accurate cost and duration estimates. Mgeleka (2015) and Hussain (2014), also stressed the
importance of effective resource requirement in their various studies respectively. Developing
schedule for the project was ranked as the third most adhered processes of time management.
PMI (2013) states that the key benefit of this process is that by entering schedule activities,
durations, resources, resource availabilities, and logical relationships into the scheduling tool,
it generates a schedule model with planned dates for completing project activities. The findings
on the importance of developing schedule was in consonance with Sunke (2009), in his studies,
assert that project schedule is not just a valuable instrument in communication and coordination
of processes. It also serves both the planning of project activities and a related resource
assignment to each activity considering some measure of performance as well as the planning
of external activities.
The implication of these results is that adherence with the processes of time
management most especially monitoring and controlling the project schedule, estimating
resource requirement for the project activities and developing schedule of the project, with a
combine mean scores of 14.05 equivalents to 44.17% overall total will lead to 15.4% caused
effect increase on timely completion of construction project in Gombe state, Nigeria.

Conclusion and Recommendation

Timely delivery of construction project should be the business of every construction

stakeholders - client, consultants and contractors per se. investigating the level of adherence
with the processes of time management and its effect on timely completion of construction
project is the crux of this study. Adherence with the processes of time management most
especially monitoring and controlling project schedule, estimating resource requirement for
activities and developing schedule of the project are crucial for effective construction project

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 Borneo Journal of Social Science & Humanities
DOI:
e-ISSN: 2682-8235
© 2018, UCTS Publisher.
Submitted: 18 May 2020 Accepted: 2 June 2020 Published: 30 June 2020

delivery. As such, the higher the level adherence with the processes of time management the
more the possibility of completing construction project within schedule provided there is less
interference from external influence. Based on the findings of this study, it is recommended
that construction stakeholders should collaborate and adhered strictly with all the established
processes of time management in order to ensure successful completion of construction project
within schedule in Nigeria.

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