SRI KRISHNA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

T.R.S Campus, Sri Krishna Nagar, Tiruttani Road

ARAKKONAM

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS

ENGINEERING

EE3611 – POWER SYSTEM LABORATORY

RECORD NOTE
NAME : …………………………………………………………

REG.NO : …………………………………………………………

YEAR : …....………………………………………………..…
SEMESTER : ………………………………………………
 SYLLABUS

EE3611 POWER SYSTEM LABORATORY

.OBJECTIVES:
 To provide better understanding of power system analysis through digital simulation.

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
1. Computation and modelling ofTransmission Line
2. Formation of Bus Admittance and Impedance Matrices
3. Power Flow Analysis using Gauss-Seidel Method
4. Power Flow Analysis using Newton Raphson Method
5. Symmetric and unsymmetrical fault analysis
6. Transient stability analysis of SMIB System
7. Economic Dispatch in Power Systems
8. Load – Frequency Dynamics of Single- Area and Two-Area Power Systems
9. State estimation: Weighted least square estimation
10. Performance analysis of impedance relay.
11. Testing of CT, PT, and Insulator string.
12. Relay Coordination in Radial Feeder Protection Scheme.

TOTAL:45 PERIODS

OUTCOMES:
 Ability to understand power system planning and operational studies.
 Ability to acquire knowledge on Formation of Bus Admittance and Impedance
Matrices and Solution of Networks.
 Ability to analyze the power flow using GS and NR method
 Ability to find Symmetric and Unsymmetrical fault
 Ability to understand the economic dispatch.
 Ability to analyze the electromagnetic transients.
 INDEX

NAME OF THE PAGE MARKS

S.NO. DATE SIGNATURE
EXPERIMENT NO. OBTAINED

Computation of Parameters and

1
Modelling of Transmission Lines
Formation of Bus Admittance
2 and Impedance Matrices and
Solution of Networks
Load Flow Analysis - I: Solution
of load flow and related
3
problems using Gauss- Seidel
Method
Load Flow Analysis - II:
Solution of load flow and related
4
problems using Newton-
Raphson Method

5 Fault Analysis

Transient and Small Signal

6 Stability Analysis: Single-
Machine Infinite Bus System

Transient Stability Analysis of

7
Multi machine Power Systems

Load – Frequency Dynamics of

8 Single- Area and Two-Area
Power Systems
Economic Dispatch in Power
Systems
9
10 Performance analysis of impedance
relay.

11 Testing of CT, PT, and Insulator

string.

12 Relay Coordination in Radial

Feeder Protection Scheme.
 1. COMPUTATION OF PARAMETERS AND MODELLING OF
TRANSMISSION LINES

Exp No:
Date :

AIM:
(i) To determine the line parameters L and C per phase per kilometer of a three phase single
and double circuit transmission lines for different conductor arrangements.
(ii) To understand modeling and performance of medium lines.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
 Personal computer
 MATLAB software

THEORY:
Transmission line has four parameters – resistance, inductance, capacitance and
conductance. The inductance and capacitance are due to the effect of magnetic and electric fields
around the conductor. The resistance of the conductor is best determined from the manufacture’s
data, the inductances and capacitances can be evaluated using the formula.

INDUCTANCE:
The general formula:
L = 0.2 ln (Dm / Ds) H/m
Where,
Dm = geometric mean distance (GMD)
Ds = geometric mean radius (GMR)

I. Single phase 2 wire system

GMD = D Where D is Distance between two Conductors in ‘m’
GMR =Ds= re-1/4 = r . Where, r = radius of conductor
L = 0.2 ln (D /Ds) H/m

1
II. Three phase – symmetrical spacing

GMD = D Where D is Distance between two Conductors in ‘m’

GMR = re-1/4 = r. Where, r = radius of conductor
L = 0.2 ln (D /Ds) milli H/Km .

III. Three phase – Asymmetrical Transposed

GMD = geometric mean of the three distance of the symmetrically place conductors
=3√ DAB DBC CA .
GMR = re-1/4 = r.
Where, r = radius of conductors

IV. Composite conductor lines

The inductance of composite conductor X., is given by

Lx = 0.2 ln (GMD/GMR) milli H/Km.

2
where,

GMD = mn (Daa Dab)…….(Dna…….Dnm)

GMRX = n2 (Daa Dab…….Dan )…….

(DnaDnb…….Dnn) where, r= r e(-1/ 4)
n= No. of Strands of conductor x.
m=No of Strands of conductor y.

V. GMR for Bundle Conductors:

The GMR of bundle conductor is normally calculated

GMR for two sub conductor c = (Ds * d)1/2
GMR for three sub conductor Dsb =(D s * d2)1/3
GMR for four sub conductor Dsb = 1.09 (D s * d3)1/4
where, Ds is the GMR of each sub conductor and
d is bundle spacing.

VI. Three phase – Double circuit transposed:

The inductance per phase in milli henries per km is

L = 0.2 ln (GMD / GMRL) mH/km
where, GMRL is equivalent geometric mean radius and is given by
GMRL = (DSADSBDSC)1/3
where,
DSADSB and DSC are GMR of each phase group and given by
3
 DSA = 4(Ds b Da1a2)2 = [Ds b Da1a2]1/2

DSB = 4(Ds b Db1b2)2 = [Dsb Db1b2]1/2

DSC = 4(Dsb Dc1c2 )2 = [Dsb Dc1c2]1/2

where,

Dsb =GMR of bundle conductor if conductor a1, a2….. are bundle conductor.
Dsb = ra1’= rb1= ra’2 = rb’2 = rc’2 if a1, a2……. are bundle conductor
GMD is the equivalent GMD per phase” & is given by
GMD = [DAB * DBC * DCA]1/3

where,

DAB, DBC&DCA are GMD between each phase group A-B, B-C, C-A which are
given by
DAB = [Da1b1 * Da1b2 * Da2b1 * Da2b2]1/4
DBC = [Db1c1 * Db1c2 * Db2c1 * Db2c2]1/4
DCA = [Dc1a1 * Dc2a1 * Dc2a1 * Dc2a2]1/4

CAPACITANCE:

A general formula for evaluating capacitance per phase in micro farad per km of a
transmission line is given by
C = 0.0556/ ln (GMD/GMR) F/km

I. Single phase 2 wire system:

C = 0.0556/ ln (D/r) F/km

4
Where, D is Distance between two Conductors in ‘m’.

5
 r = radius of conductor.

II. Three phase – Asymmetrical Transposed

C = 0.0556/ ln (GMD/r) F/km

III. GMR for Bundle Conductors:

C= (2𝜋εo )/ln(GMD/rb) F/m

Where, d= bundle spacing;

rb = √𝒓 ∗ 𝒅 for two subconductor bundle

rb = 𝟑√𝒓 ∗ 𝒅𝟐 for three sub conductor bundle.

MEDIUM LINE MODELLING:

The lines above 80km and below 250km in length are termed as medium length lines.for medium
length lines half of shunt capacitance may be considered to be lumped with each end of line.
Total shunt admittance is Y= (g+jc)*l

IL=Ir+(Y/2)Vr
Vs= Vr+Z*IL
6
 Is=IL+(Y/2)Vs Is=(Y*(1+(YZ/4))*Vr)+(1+
(YZ/2))*Ir)
Therefore
A= (1+(YZ/2)) B= Z
C= Y*(1+(YZ/4)) D=(1+(YZ/2))

For Symentrical two port network π model A=D. and AD-BC=1.

PROCEDURE:

Step 1: Open the Matlab & click, File -> New -> M.File
Step 2: Enter the source code
Step 3: Save the file with .m extension
Step 4: Run the file
Step 5: Run the program, enter the input and verify the output.

EXCERCISE:

1. A three phase transposed line composed of one ACSR, 1, 43,00 cmil, 47/7 Bobolink conductor
per phase with flat horizontal spacing of 11 m between phases a and b and between phases b and c.
The conductors have a diameter of 3.625 cm and a GMR of 1.439 cm. The line is to be replaced by
a three-conductor bundle of ACSR 477,000 cmil, 26/7 Hawk conductors having the same cross
sectional area of aluminum as the single conductor line. The conductors have a diameter of 2.1793
cm and a GMR of 0.8839 cm. The new line will also flat horizontal configuration, but it is to be
operated at a higher voltage and therefore phase spacing is increased to 14m as measured from the
centre of the bundles. The spacing between the conductors in the bundle is 45 cm. Determine
(a) The inductance and capacitance per phase per kilometer of the above two lines.
(b) Verify the result using the MATLAB program.

MANUAL CALCULATION:

7
PROGRAM:
clc;
clear all;
cndr=input('Enter 1 for Bobolink and 2 for Hawk: ');
if(cndr==1)
ab=input('Enter the value for ab: ');
bc=input('Enter the value for bc: ');
ca=input ('Enter the value for ca: ');
ds=input('Enter the value for gmr in m: ');
d=input ('Enter the value for diameter in m: ');
dm=(ab*bc*ca)^(1/3);
l=(2*10^(-7))*log(dm/ds);
r=d/2;
c=(2*pi*8.854*10^(-12))/(log(dm/r));
l
c
else
ab=input('Enter the value for ab: ');
bc=input('Enter the value for bc: ');
ca=input('Enter the value for ca: ');
ds=input('Enter the value for gmr in cm: ');
db=input('Enter the value for bundled conductor distance cm: ');
d=input('Enter the value of diameter in cm: ');
dm=(ab*bc*ca)^(1/3);
deq=((ds*db*db)^(1/3))/100;
L=(2*10^(-7))*log(dm/deq);
r=d/2;
req=((r*db*db)^(1/3))/100;
C=(2*pi*8.854*10^(-12))/(log(dm/req));
L
C
end
8
OUTPUT:

Enter 1 for Bobolink and 2 for Hawk: 1

Enter the value for ab: 11
Enter the value for bc: 11
Enter the value for ca: 22
Enter the value for gmr in m: 0.01439
Enter the value for diameter in m: 0.018125
l=
1.3740e-06
c=
7.5869e-12
Enter 1 for Bobolink and 2 for Hawk: 2
Enter the value for ab: 14
Enter the value for bc: 14
Enter the value for ca: 28
Enter the value for gmr in cm: 0.8839
Enter the value for bundled conductor distance cm: 45
Enter the value of diameter in cm: 2.1793
L=
9.9573e-07
C=
1.1333e-11

2. A three phase overhead line 200 km long R=0.16 ohm/km and conductor diameter of 2 cm with
spacing 4, 5, 6 m transposed. Find A, B, C, D constants, sending end voltage, current, power factor
and power when the line is delivering full load of 50 MW at 132 KV, 0.8 pf lagging, transmission
efficiency, receiving end voltage and regulation.

MANUAL CALCULATION:

9
PROGRAM:

clc;
clear all;
ab=input('Enter the value of ab: ');
bc=input('Enter the value of bc: ');
ca=input('Enter the value of ca: ');
pr=input('Enter the receiving end power in MW: ');
vr=input('Enter the receiving end voltage in KV: ');
pfr=input('Enter the receiving end power factor: ');
l=input('Enter the length of the line in Km: ');
r=input('Enter the resistance/ph/km: ');
f=input('Enter the frequency: ');
d=input('Enter the diameter in m: ');
rad=d/2;
newrad=(0.778*rad);
deq=(ab*bc*ca)^(1/3);
L=2*10^(-7)*log(deq/newrad);
C=(2*pi*8.854*10^(-12))/log(deq/rad);
XL=2*pi*f*L*l*1000;
rnew=r*l;
Z=rnew+1i*(XL);
Y=1i*(2*pi*f*C*l*1000);
A=1+((Y*Z)/2);
D=A;
B=Z;
C=Y*(1+(Y*Z)/4);
vrph=(vr*10^3)/1.732;
irold=(pr*10^6)/(1.732*vr*10^3*0.8);
k=sin(acos(pfr));
ir=irold*(pfr-(j*k));
vs=((A*vrph)+(B*ir));
is=((C*vrph)+(D*ir));
angle(vs);
angle(is);
10
f=angle(vs);
u=angle(is);
pfs=cos(f-u);
eff=((pr*10^6)/(3*abs(vs)*abs(is)*pfs))*100;
reg=(((abs(vs)/abs(A))-abs(vs))/abs(vs))*100;
Y
Z
L
C
rnew
A
B
C
D
abs(vs)
abs(is)
angle(vs)*180/pi
angle(is)*180/pi
pfs
eff
reg

OUTPUT:
Enter the value of ab: 4
Enter the value of bc: 5
Enter the value of ca: 6
Enter the receiving end power in MW: 50
Enter the receiving end voltage in KV: 132
Enter the receiving end power factor: 0.8
Enter the length of the line in Km: 200
Enter the resistance/ph/km: 0.16
Enter the frequency: 50
Enter the diameter in m: 0.02
Y = 0 +5.6369e-004i
Z = 32.0000 +81.0786i
11
L = 1.2904e-006
C = -2.5419e-006 +5.5725e-004i
rnew = 32
A = 0.9771 + 0.0090i
B =32.0000 +81.0786i
C = -2.5419e-006 +5.5725e-004i
D = 0.9771 + 0.0090i
Abs(Vs) = 9.5679e+004
Abs(is)= 244.2078
Angle(vs) = 7.9120
Ang(is) = -28.3157
pfs = 0.8067
eff = 88.4248
reg = 2.3342

RESULT:

Thus i) Line parameters L and C per phase per kilometer of a three phase single and
double circuit transmission lines for different conductor arrangements were determined and
verified with results obtained from MATLAB program.
ii) The given medium transmission line is modeled and compared with line parameters
values obtained using MATLAB program for validity.

12
 2. FORMATION OF BUS ADMITTANCE AND IMPEDANCE
MATRICES AND SOLUTION OF NETWORKS
Ex. No:
DATE:
2a) FROMULATION OF ADMITTANCE MATRIX BY
ANALYTICAL METHOD

AIM:
To form the Admittance matrix by analytical method, using MATLAB software package.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
 Personal computer
 MATLAB software

THEORY:
In order to solve load flow equations, we have to obtain the node voltage equations. Since
the nodal solution is based upon kirchhoff’s current law, impedances are converted to admittances.
i.e.., yij = 1 / zij
Primitive Impedance [z] and admittance [y] matrix have dimension n x n, where n is the
number of buses in the system.
For a particular element, in the bus incidence matrix [A] the corresponding starting node is
marked as 1, ending node is marked as -1 and all other elements are marked as 0. It is the matrix
consists of 1, -1 and 0.

FORMULAS USED:
Ybus = [A]T [y] [A]
yij = 1 / zij

ALGORITHM:
To form Primitive Impedance Matrix [z]:
1) Read the number of buses and number of elements
2) Read the elements and store in the diagonal of primitive impedance matrix
3) Thus the primitive impedance matrix is formed
4) By inverting the primitive impedance matrix, admittance matrix is formed.

13
To form Bus Incidence Matrix [A]:
1) The size of the matrix is n x n, where n- number of the bus in the system.
2) Starting node is marked as 1, ending node is marked as -1 and all the elements in the row
correspond to the particular element is marked as 0.
3) Thus the Bus Incidence matrix is formed.

To form Ybus:
1)
The Ybus matrix is formed by multiplying [A]T and primitive admittance matrix and
bus incidence matrix. Ybus = [A]T [y] [A]
2)
Thus the admittance matrix is formed.

PROCEDURE:

Step 1: Open the Matlab & click, File -> New -> M.File
Step 2: Enter the source code
Step 3: Save the file with .m extension
Step 4: Run the file
Step 5: Run the program, enter the input and verify the output.

EXERCISE:

1. The parameters of 4 bus system are as follows:

Bus code Line impedance (p.u) Line charging admittance (p.u)

1–2 0.2 + j0.8 j0.02

2–3 0.3 + j0.9 j0.03
2–4 0.25 + j1.0 j0.04
3–4 0.2 + j0.8 j0.02
1–3 0.1 + j0.4 j0.01

Draw the network and find bus admittance matrix using suitable software.

MANUAL CALCULATION:

14
PROGRAM:

% Program to form Admittance And Impedance Bus Formation....

clear all;
clc;
display('----------Ybus formation code--------');
nbranch=input('Enter the number of branches in system: ');
display('Enter line data: ');
for n=1:1:nbranch
fb=input('Enter from bus: ');
tb=input('Enter to bus: ');
r=input('Enter value of resistance: ');
x=input('Enter value of reactance: ');
B=input('Enter the value of line charging admittance(b/2): ');
z=r+i*x;
y=1./z;
Ldata(n,:)=[fb tb r x B y];
end
fb=Ldata(:,1);
tb=Ldata(:,2);
r=Ldata(:,3);
x=Ldata(:,4);
b=Ldata(:,5);
y=Ldata(:,6);
b=i*b;
15
nbus=max(max(fb),max(tb));
Y=zeros(nbus,nbus);
for k=1:nbus
bs=input('Enter the bus at which ground reactor is linked: ');
x0=input('Enter value of ground reactor: ');
if x0~=0
y0=1./(i*x0);
else
y0=0;
end
Yreact(k,:)=[bs y0];
end
bs=Yreact(:,1);
y0=Yreact(:,2);
% off diagonal element
for k=1:nbranch
Y(fb(k),tb(k))=Y(fb(k),tb(k))-y(k);
Y(tb(k),fb(k))=Y(fb(k),tb(k));
end
% diagonal element
for m=1:nbus
for n=1:nbranch
if fb(n)==m
Y(m,m)=Y(m,m)+y(n)+b(n);
elseif tb(n)==m
Y(m,m)=Y(m,m)+y(n)+b(n);
end
end
end
for k=1:nbus Y(k,k)=Y(k,k)
+y0(k);
end
Yb=Y

16
OUTPUT 1:

----------Ybus formation code--------

Enter the number of branches in system: 4
Enter line data
Enter from bus: 1
Enter to bus: 2
Enter value of resistance: 0
Enter value of reactance: 0.2
Enter the value of line charging admittance(b/2): 0
Enter from bus: 2
Enter to bus: 3
Enter value of resistance: 0
Enter value of reactance: 0.1
Enter the value of line charging admittance(b/2): 0
Enter from bus: 1
Enter to bus: 3
Enter value of resistance: 0
Enter value of reactance: 0.3
Enter the value of line charging admittance(b/2): 0
Enter from bus: 3
Enter to bus: 4
Enter value of resistance: 0
Enter value of reactance: 0.4
Enter the value of line charging admittance(b/2): 0
Enter the bus at which ground reactor is linked: 1
Enter value of ground reactor: 0.6
Enter the bus at which ground reactor is linked: 3
Enter value of ground reactor: 0.8
Enter the bus at which ground reactor is linked: 0
Enter value of ground reactor: 0
Enter the bus at which ground reactor is linked: 0
Enter value of ground reactor: 0

17
Yb =
0 -10.0000i 0 + 5.0000i 0 + 3.3333i 0
0 + 5.0000i 0 -16.2500i 0 +10.0000i 0
0 + 3.3333i 0 +10.0000i 0 -15.8333i 0 + 2.5000i
0 0 0 + 2.5000i 0 - 2.5000i

2. Determine Y-bus matrix using suitable software for the data given below:

Bus Resistance in Reactance in

From To p.u p.u
1 2 0 0.2
2 3 0 0.1
1 3 0 0.3
3 4 0 0.4
0 1 0 0.6
0 3 0 0.8

MANUAL CALCULATION:

OUTPUT 2:

----------Ybus formation code--------

Enter the number of branches in system: 5
Enter line data
Enter from bus: 1
Enter to bus: 2
Enter value of resistance: 0.2
Enter value of reactance: 0.8
Enter the value of line charging admittance(b/2): 0.02
Enter from bus: 2

18
Enter to bus: 3
Enter value of resistance: 0.3
Enter value of reactance: 0.9
Enter the value of line charging admittance(b/2): 0.03
Enter from bus: 2
Enter to bus: 4
Enter value of resistance: 0.25
Enter value of reactance: 1
Enter the value of line charging admittance(b/2): 0.04
Enter from bus: 3
Enter to bus: 4
Enter value of resistance: 0.2
Enter value of reactance: 0.8
Enter the value of line charging admittance(b/2): 0.02
Enter from bus: 1
Enter to bus: 3
Enter value of resistance: 0.1
Enter value of reactance: 0.4
Enter the value of line charging admittance(b/2): 0.01
Enter the bus at which ground reactor is linked: 0
Enter value of ground reactor: 0
Enter the bus at which ground reactor is linked: 0
Enter value of ground reactor: 0
Enter the bus at which ground reactor is linked: 0
Enter value of ground reactor: 0
Enter the bus at which ground reactor is linked: 0
Enter value of ground reactor: 0

Yb =
0.8824 - 3.4994i -0.2941 + 1.1765i -0.5882 + 2.3529i 0
-0.2941 + 1.1765i 0.8627 - 3.0276i -0.3333 + 1.0000i -0.2353 + 0.9412i
-0.5882 + 2.3529i -0.3333 + 1.0000i 1.2157 - 4.4694i -0.2941 + 1.1765i
0 -0.2353 + 0.9412i -0.2941 + 1.1765i 0.5294 - 2.0576i

19
 2b) FROMULATION OF ADMITTANCE MATRIX BY
DIRECT INSPECTION METHOD

3. Determine Y-bus matrix by direct inspection method using suitable software for the data given
below:

Bus Resistance in Reactance in

From To p.u p.u
1 3 0.01 0.03
1 2 0.02 0.04
2 3 0.0125 0.025

MANUAL CALCULATION:

PROGRAM:

n=input('Enter the number of buses: ');

x=input('Enter the number of elements: ');
a=0;
z=0;
for e=1:x
e
i=input('Enter the starting node: ');
j=input('Enter the ending node: ');
z(e,e)=input('Enter the impedance value: ');
if i ~= 0
a(e,i)=1;
end
if j ~= 0
a(e,j)=-1;

20
 end
end
y=inv(z);
ybus=a' * y * a

OUTPUT 3:

Enter the number of buses: 3

Enter the number of elements: 3
e= 1
Enter the starting node: 1
Enter the ending node: 2
Enter the impedance value: 0.02+0.04j
e= 2
Enter the starting node: 2
Enter the ending node: 3
Enter the impedance value: 0.0125+0.025j
e= 3
Enter the starting node: 3
Enter the ending node: 1
Enter the impedance value: 0.01+0.03j

ybus =
20.0000 -50.0000i -10.0000 +20.0000i -10.0000 +30.0000i
-10.0000 +20.0000i 26.0000 -52.0000i -16.0000 +32.0000i
-10.0000 +30.0000i -16.0000 +32.0000i 26.0000 -62.0000i

4. Determine Y-bus matrix by direct inspection method using suitable software for the data given
below:

Bus Resistance in Reactance in

From To p.u p.u
1 2 0.05 0.15
1 3 0.1 0.3
1 4 0.2 0.4
2 4 0.1 0.3
3 4 0.05 0.15

21
MANUAL CALCULATION:

OUTPUT 4:
Enter the number of buses: 4
Enter the number of elements: 5
e= 1
Enter the starting node: 1
Enter the ending node: 2
Enter the impedance value: 0.05+0.15j
e= 2
Enter the starting node: 1
Enter the ending node: 3
Enter the impedance value: 0.1+0.3j
e= 3
Enter the starting node: 1
Enter the ending node: 4
Enter the impedance value: 0.2+0.4j
e= 4
Enter the starting node: 2
Enter the ending node: 4
Enter the impedance value: 0.1+0.3j
e= 5
Enter the starting node: 3
Enter the ending node: 4
Enter the impedance value: 0.05+0.15j

22
ybus =
4.0000 -11.0000i -2.0000 + 6.0000i -1.0000 + 3.0000i -1.0000 + 2.0000i
-2.0000 + 6.0000i 3.0000 - 9.0000i 0 -1.0000 + 3.0000i
-1.0000 + 3.0000i 0 3.0000 - 9.0000i -2.0000 + 6.0000i
-1.0000 + 2.0000i -1.0000 + 3.0000i -2.0000 + 6.0000i 4.0000 -11.0000i

2c) FORMATION OF Z-BUS BY THE INSPECTION METHOD

AIM:
To develop a program to obtain bus impedance matrix Z-bus of the given power system.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
 Personal computer
 MATLAB software

THEORY:
Z-bus matrix is an important matrix used in different kinds of power system study such as
short circuit study, load flow study etc.
In short circuit analysis the generator uses transformer impedance must be taken into
account. In quality analysis the two-short element are neglected by forming the z-bus matrix which
is used to compute the voltage distribution factor. This can be largely obtained by reversing the y-
bus formed by resection method or by analytical method.
Taking inverse of the y-bus for large system in time conditioning managing modification in the
system requires whole process to be repeated to voltage changes in the system. In such cases z-bus
computed to z-bus solving algorithm.

ALGORITHM:

Step 1: Read the values such as number of lines, number of buses and line data, generator data and
transformer data.
Step 2: Initialize y-bus matrix y-bus[i] [j] =complex.
Step 3: Compute y-bus matrix by considering only line data.
Step 4: Modifies the y-bus matrix by adding the transformer and the generator admittance to the
respected diagonal elements for y-bus matrix.
23
Step 5: Compute the z-bus matrix by the modified y-bus matrix.
Step 6: Check the iteration by multiplying modified y-bus matrix to z-bus and check whether the
resulting matrix is a unit matrix or not.
Step 7: Print the z-bus matrix.

PROCEDURE:

Step 1: Open the Matlab & click, File -> New -> M.File
Step 2: Enter the source code
Step 3: Save the file with .m extension
Step 4: Run the file
Step 5: Run the program, enter the input and verify the output.

EXERCISE:

5. Determine the Zbus for a 3 bus system as shown in the figure, where the impedances are shown
and the values are in per unit.

MANUAL CALCULATION:

24
PROGRAM:
clc;
clear all;
close all;
%From To R X Lineidentification
%Bus Bus p.u p.u link=1 branch=0
linedata=[0 1 0 0.2 0;
2 0 0 0.4 0;
1 2 0 0.8 1;
1 3 0 0.4 0;
2 3 0 0.4 1];
nl=linedata(:,1);
nr=linedata(:,2);
R=linedata(:,3);
X=linedata(:,4);
ll=linedata(:,5);
nbr=length(nl);
nbus=max(max(nl),max(nr));
ZB=R+j*X;
Zbus=zeros(nbus,nbus);
%Rule – 1
for l=1:nbr
if nl(l)==0|nr(l)==0
if nl(l)==0
K=nr(l);
elseif nr(l)==0
K=nl(l);
end
Zbus(K,K)=ZB(l);
end
end
%Rule – 2
for J=1:nbr
if nl(J)>0 & nr(J)>0
if ll(J)==0
25
 Zbus(:,nr(J))=Zbus(:,nl(J));
Zbus(nr(J),:)=Zbus(nl(J),:);
Zbus(nr(J),nr(J))=Zbus(nr(J),nr(J))+ZB(J);
end
end
end
%Rule – 3
for J=1:nbr
if nl(J)>0 & nr(J)>0
if ll(J)==1
delta_Z=Zbus(:,nr(J))-Zbus(:,nl(J)); Zll=ZB(J)+Zbus(nr(J),nr(J))
+Zbus(nl(J),nl(J))-2*Zbus(nr(J),nl(J));
p=[delta_Z*(-delta_Z)']/Zll;
Zbus=Zbus-p;
end
end
end
Zbus

OUTPUT 5:
Zbus =
0 + 0.1600i 0 + 0.0800i 0 + 0.1200i
0 + 0.0800i 0 + 0.2400i 0 + 0.1600i
0 + 0.1200i 0 + 0.1600i 0 + 0.3400i

6. Determine the Zbus for a 3 bus system as shown in the figure, where the impedances are shown
and the values are in per unit.

26
MANUAL CALCULATION:

PROGRAM:
clc;
clear all;
close all;
linedata=[0 1 0 1.0 0;
2 0 0 1.25 0;
1 3 0 0.1 0;
3 2 0 0.2 1;
1 2 0 0.1 1];
nl=linedata(:,1);
nr=linedata(:,2);
R=linedata(:,3);
X=linedata(:,4);
ll=linedata(:,5);
nbr=length(nl);
nbus=max(max(nl),max(nr));
ZB=R+j*X;
Zbus=zeros(nbus,nbus);
for l=1:nbr
if nl(l)==0|nr(l)==0
if nl(l)==0
K=nr(l);
elseif nr(l)==0
K=nl(l);
end
Zbus(K,K)=ZB(l);
end
end
27
for J=1:nbr
if nl(J)>0 & nr(J)>0
if ll(J)==0
Zbus(:,nr(J))=Zbus(:,nl(J));
Zbus(nr(J),:)=Zbus(nl(J),:);
Zbus(nr(J),nr(J))=Zbus(nr(J),nr(J))+ZB(J);
end
end
end
for J=1:nbr
if nl(J)>0 & nr(J)>0
if ll(J)==1
delta_Z=Zbus(:,nr(J))-Zbus(:,nl(J)); Zll=ZB(J)+Zbus(nr(J),nr(J))
+Zbus(nl(J),nl(J))-2*Zbus(nr(J),nl(J));
p=[delta_Z*(-delta_Z)']/Zll;
Zbus=Zbus-p;
end
end
end
Zbus

OUTPUT:
Zbus =
0 + 0.5699i 0 + 0.5376i 0 + 0.5591i
0 + 0.5376i 0 + 0.5780i 0 + 0.5511i
0 + 0.5591i 0 + 0.5511i 0 + 0.6231i

RESULT:
Thus the formation of admittance bus matrix and impedance bus matrix is done
and analyzed successfully.

28
 3. LOAD FLOW ANALYSIS – I : SOLUTION OF LOAD FLOW AND
RELATED PROBLEMS USING GAUSS-SEIDEL METHOD

Expt No:
Date :

AIM:
To understand, in particular, the mathematical formulation of power flow model in
complex form and a simple method of solving power flow problems of small sized system using
Gauss-Seidel iterative algorithm.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
 Personal computer
 ETAP software

THEORY:
The GAUSS – SEIDEL method is an iterative algorithm for solving a set of non-linear load
flow equations. Consider a typical power system shown in figure. Transmission lines are
represented by their equivalent π models where impedances have been converted to per unit
Admittances on a common MVA base.
The GAUSS – SEIDEL method is an iterative algorithm for solving a set of non-linear load
Flow equations.

PROCEDURE:

1. Open new project in ETAP software.

2. Click edit and draw the required power system diagram.

29
 3. Enter the specification for each element in the power system by double clicking on the
elements in the diagram.
4. Save the file.
5. Select the Load Flow Analysis option.
6. Select the Gauss-seidel method.
7. Execute the file by selecting run Load Flow Analysis option.
8. View the results by selecting option Report manager.

EXERCISE:

1. The figure shows the single line diagram of a simple 3 bus power system with generator at bus
1. The magnitude at bus 1 is adjusted to 1.05 pu. The scheduled load at buses 2 and 3 are marked
on the diagram. Line impedance is marked in pu. The base value is 100 KVA. The charging
susceptances are neglected. Determine the phasor values of the voltage at the load. Verify the
result using simulation software.

MANUAL CALCULATION:

30
ETAP SIMULINK MODEL:

REPORT:

RESULT:
Thus the Load flow solution for the given problem was solved using Gauss-Seidal
method and verified using ETAP software.

31
 4. LOAD FLOW ANALYSIS – II: SOLUTION OF LOAD FLOW AND
RELATED PROBLEMS USING NEWTON RAPHSON METHOD
Expt.No :
Date :

AIM:
To determine the power flow analysis using Newton – Raphson method.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
 Personal computer
 ETAP software

THEORY:
The Newton Raphson method of load flow analysis is an iterative method which
approximates the set of non-linear simultaneous equations to a set of linear simultaneous equations
using Taylor’s series expansion and the terms are limited to first order approximation.
The load flow equations for Newton Raphson method are non-linear equations in terms of
real and imaginary part of bus voltages.

where, ep = Real part of Vp

fp = Imaginary part of Vp
Gpq, Bpq = Conductance and Susceptance of admittance Ypq respectively.

PROCEDURE:

1. Open new project in ETAP software.

2. Click edit and draw the required power system diagram.

32
 3. Enter the specification for each element in the power system by double clicking on the
elements in the diagram.
4. Save the file.
5. Select the Load Flow Analysis option.
6. Select the Newton-Raphson method.
7. Execute the file by selecting run Load Flow Analysis option.
8. View the results by selecting option Report manager.

EXERCISE:
1. Figure shows the one line diagram of a simple three-bus power system with generators at buses
1 and 3. The magnitude of voltage at bus 1 is adjusted to 1.05 pu. Voltage magnitude at bus 3 is
fixed at 1.04 pu with a real power generation of 200 MW. A load consisting of 400 MW and 250
Mvar is taken from bus 2. Line impedances are marked in per unit on a 100 MVA base and the line
charging susceptances are neglected. Obtain the power flow solution by the Newton-Raphson
method including line flows and line losses. Verify the results using available program.

MANUAL CALCULATION:

33
ETAP SIMULINK MODEL:

REPORT:

RESULT:
Thus the power flow for the given problem was solved using Newton Raphson method and
verified using ETAP software.

34
 5. FAULT ANALYSIS
Expt. No :
Date :

AIM:
To become familiar with modeling and analysis of power systems under faulted condition
and to compute the fault level, post-fault voltages and currents for different types of faults,
both symmetric and unsymmetric when lines are untransposed and transposed.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
 Personal computer
 ETAP software

THEORY:

A) Symmetrical

Fault: Three phase fault:

From the thevenin’s equivalent

circuit
Vth

Fault current If

Z th

= Where Vth = Thevenin’s Voltage

Z th = Thevenin’s Impedance

B) Unsymmetrical

Fault: Single line to ground

fault
Fault current If = Ia = 3Ia1

35
Line to line fault:

Fault current If = Ia1(a2 – a )

Double Line to ground fault:

Fault current If =3 Ia0

Fault MVA = 3 * If * Vpu

Where, Ia1, Ia2 and Ia0 are positive, negative and zero phase sequence currents
Z1 , Z2 and Zo are positive, negative and zero phase sequence impedances

PROCEDURE:
1. Open new project in ETAP software.
2. Click edit and draw the required power system diagram.
3. Enter the specification for each element in the power system by double clicking on the
elements in the diagram.
4. Save the file.
5. Select the Fault Analysis option.
6. Select the Fault type.
7. Execute the file by selecting run Fault Analysis option.
8. View the results by selecting option Report manager.

36
EXERCISE:
1. Determine the fault current and MVA at faulted bus for a line to ground (solid) fault at bus 4
as shown in diagram. Find the fault current and analyze the report using ETAP software.

G1, G2: 100MVA, 11KV, X+ = X- = Xd’’ = 15%; X0 = 5%; Xn =

6% T1, T2: 100MVA, 11KV/220KV; Xleak = 9%
L1, L2: X+ = X- = 10%; X0 = 10% on a base of 100 MVA.
(i) Three phase to ground fault
(ii) Line to ground fault
(iii) Line to line fault
(iv) Double line to ground fault.

MANUAL CALCULATION:

37
ETAB SIMULATION MODEL:

OUTPUT REPORT:

(i) Three phase to ground fault

38
(ii) Line to ground fault

(iii) Line to line fault

39
 (iv) Double line to ground fault

2. The one-line diagram of a simple power system is shown in Figure. The neutral of each
generator is grounded through a current-limiting reactor of 0.25/3 per unit on a 100 MVA
base. The system data expressed in per unit on a common 100 MVA base is tabulated
below. The generators are running on no-load at their rated voltage and rated frequency with
their emfs in phase. Determine the fault current for the following faults.
a)
A balanced three-phase fault at bus 3 through a fault impedance Zf = j0.1 per unit.
b)
A single line-to-ground fault at bus 3 through a fault impedance Zf = j0.1 per unit.
c)
A line-to-line fault at bus 3 through a fault impedance Zf = j0.1 per unit.
d)
A double line-to-ground fault at bus 3 through a fault impedance Zf = j0.1 per unit.
Item Base MVA Voltage Rating X1 X2 X0
G1 100 20 kV 0.15 0.15 0.05
G2 100 20 kV 0.15 0.15 0.05
T1 100 20/220 kV 0.10 0.10 0.10
T2 100 20/220 kV 0.10 0.10 0.10
L12 100 220 kV 0.125 0.125 0.30
L13 100 220 kV 0.15 0.15 0.35
L23 100 220 kV 0.25 0.25 0.7125

40
MANUAL CALCULATION:

41
ETAP SIMULATION MODEL:

OUTPUT REPORT:

a)
A balanced three-phase fault at bus 3 through a fault impedance Zf = j0.1 per unit.

42
b)
A single line-to-ground fault at bus 3 through a fault impedance Zf = j0.1 per unit.

c)
A line-to-line fault at bus 3 through a fault impedance Zf = j0.1 per unit.

43
 d)
A double line-to-ground fault at bus 3 through a fault impedance Zf = j0.1 per unit.

RESULT:
Modeling and analysis of power systems under faulted condition was studied. Fault level,
post-fault voltages and currents for different types of faults, for the given network under symmetric
and unsymmetrical conditions were computed and verified using ETAP Software.

44
 6. TRANSIENT AND SMALL SIGNAL STABILITY ANALYSIS –
SINGLE MACHINE INFINITE BUS SYSTEM

Expt No:
Date :

AIM:
To become familiar with various aspects of the transient and small signal stability analysis
of Single-Machine-Infinite Bus (SMIB) system and to analyse the transient conditions in a power
system.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
 Personal computer
 ETAP software

THEORY:

Stability: Stability problem is concerned with the behavior of power system when it is subjected to
disturbance and is classified into small signal stability problem if the disturbances are small and
transient stability problem when the disturbances are large.

Transient stability: When a power system is under steady state, the load plus transmission loss
equals to the generation in the system. The generating units run a synchronous speed and system
frequency, voltage, current and power flows are steady. When a large disturbance such as three
phase fault, loss of load, loss of generation etc., occurs the power balance is upset and the
generating units rotors experience either acceleration or deceleration. The system may come back
to a steady state condition maintaining synchronism or it may break into subsystems or one or
more machines may pull out of synchronism.

Small signal stability: When a power system is under steady state, normal operating condition,
the system may be subjected to small disturbances such as variation in load and generation,
change in field voltage, change in mechanical toque etc., The nature of system response to small
disturbance depends on the operating conditions, the transmission system strength, types of
controllers etc. Instability that may result from small disturbance may be of two forms,
(i) Steady increase in rotor angle due to lack of synchronizing torque.

45
 (ii) Rotor oscillations of increasing magnitude due to lack of sufficient damping torque.
Power Equation is given as
𝐸′∗𝑉 *sinδ
Pe =
12

𝐸′∗𝑉
Pmax = 𝑋12

Therefore Pe=Pmax sinδ

Sending end voltage equation is given as E’ = Vg+j*Xd’
Ia Where Xd’ is direct axis transient reactance.
Vg is generator terminal voltage.
Ia is Pre Fault Steady state generator current.
Swing Equation is given as (H/(πfo))* (d2δ/dt2) = Pm-Pe in pu.

Where δ is power angle in Electrical radians.

H is Inertia constant in MJ/Mva.
Pm is Mechanical power developed in Kw.
Pe is electrical powe generated in Kw.

POWER ANGLE CURVE:

Now consider, the dynamic behaviour of a one machine system connected to infinite bus system
Substitute power equation in swing equation, we get
(H/(πfo))* (d2δ/dt2) = Pm-Pmax sin δ
Let us consider small disturbances in power angle as ∆δ from initial point δo, then
δ =δ o+Δδ
Substituting ‘δ’ gives
(H/(πfo))* (d2δ/dt2) +(H/(πfo))* (d2 ∆δ/dt2) = Pm-Pmax sin δ - Pmax cos δo* ∆δ
At intial operating state

46
(H/(πfo))* (d2δ0/dt2)= Pm-Pmax sin δo

47
 For incremental changes in power angle
(H/(πfo))* (d2 ∆δ/dt2) + Pmax cos δo* ∆δ =0
Where Pmax cos δo is slope of power angle curve defined as synchronizing coefficient ‘Ps’ .
Ps = (dP/d δ) at δ0= Pmax cos δo
Now (H/(πfo))* (d2 ∆δ/dt2) + Ps * ∆δ =0 by solution of this second order
equation depends upon the roots of characteristic equation
S2 = (-
πfo/H)*Ps When Ps is negative then system is
unstable.
Ps is positive then system is marginally stable.

FORMULAE:
Then ωn= √πfo
𝐻 ∗ 𝑃𝑠 =natural frequency
δmax =180-δo
πfo
And damping ratio =ς=(D/2)* √ where D is damping coefficient.
𝐻∗𝑃𝑠

Frequency deviation fd= ωd/2π

Where ωd =damping frequency = ωn*√1 −

ς2 Change in power angle equation is given by
Δδ= ((Δδo*𝑒−ςωnt) * sin (ωdt+ θ))/ ( √1 − ς2) where θ =cos−1 ς
And power angle equation is given by

δ= δo+(( Δδo*𝑒−ςωnt) * sin(ωdt+ θ))/( √1 − ς2)

And time constant is T=1/( ωn* ς)
When three phase fault occurs at the sending end of the line then after clearing the fault
Power equation Pe =Pmaxsinδ
Critical Clearing Angle ’ δcr’:

Cosδcr=((Pm/Pmax)*( δmax- δo))+Cos δmax

Critical Clearing Time:

(𝜹𝒄−𝜹𝒐)
T cr=√
𝝅∗𝒇𝒐𝑷𝒎

lly, when the fault occurs at point F at the middle of the line then
48
-after fault is cleared

49
 Pm(max - o ) + P3maxcosmax - P2maxcoso
Coscr =
P3max - P2max

Critical Clearing Time:

(𝜹𝒄−𝜹𝒐)
T cr=√
𝝅∗𝒇𝒐𝑷𝒎

PROCEDURE:
1. Open new project in ETAP software.
2. Click edit and draw the required power system diagram.
3. Enter the specification for each element in the power system by double clicking on the
elements in the diagram.
4. Save the file.
5. Select the Transient stability analysis option.
6. Execute the file by selecting run Transient stability analysis option.
7. View the results by selecting option Report manager.

EXERCISE:

1. A 50Hz synchronous generator having inertia constant H = 5 MJ/MVA and a direct axis
transient reactance Xd1 = 0.3 per unit is connected to an infinite bus through a purely
reactive circuit as shown in figure. Reactances are marked on the diagram on a common
system base. The generator is delivering real power P e = 0.8 per unit and Qe = 0.074 per
unit to the infinite bus at a voltage of V = 1 per unit.

a) A temporary three-phase fault occurs at the sending end of the line at point F. When
the fault is cleared, both lines are intact. Determine the critical clearing angle and the
critical fault clearing time.
b) Verify the result using MATLAB program and or using ETAP.

50
MANUAL CALCULATION:

PROGRAM:

E=input('Enter the value of E:');

V=input('Enter the value of V:');
H=input('Enter the value of H:');
X=input('Enter the value of X:');
Pm=input('Enter the value of Pm:');
D=input('Enter the value of D:');
fo=input('Enter the value of fo:');
Pmax=E*V/X,do=asin(Pm/Pmax)
Ps=Pmax*cos(do)
wn=sqrt(pi*50*Ps/H)
Z=D/2*sqrt(pi*50/(H*Ps))
wd=wn*sqrt(1-Z^2),fd=wd/(2*pi)
tau=1/(Z*wn)
th=acos(Z)
Ddo=10*pi/180;
t=0:.01:3;
Dd=Ddo/sqrt(1-Z^2)*exp(-Z*wn*t).*sin(wd*t+th);
d=(do+Dd)*180/pi;
Dw=-wn*Ddo/sqrt(1-Z^2)*exp(-Z*wn*t).*sin(wd*t+th);
f=fo+Dw/(2*pi);
subplot(2,1,1),plot(t,d),grid
xlabel('t sec'),ylabel('deltadegree')
subplot(2,1,2),plot(t,f),grid
xlabel('t sec'),ylabel('frequency HZ')
subplot(111)

51
DATA INPUT:

Enter the value of E:1.35

Enter the value of V:1.0
Enter the value of H:9.94
Enter the value of X:0.65
Enter the value of Pm:0.6
Enter the value of D:0.138
Enter the value of fo:50
Pmax = 2.0769
Do = 0.2931
Ps =1.9884
wn =5.6055
Z =0.1945
wd =5.4984
fd =0.8751
tau =0.9171
th =1.3750

OUTPUT:

RESULT:

Transient and small signal stability analysis of Single-Machine-Infinite Bus (SMIB) system
was studied and simulated using ETAP and MATLAB simulation software.

52
 7. TRANSIENT AND SMALL SIGNAL STABILITY ANALYSIS –
MULTI MACHINE INFINITE BUS SYSTEM
Expt No:
Date :

AIM:
To become familiar with various aspects of the transient and small signal stability analysis
of Single-Machine-Infinite Bus (SMIB) system and to analyse the transient conditions in a power
system.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
 Personal computer
 ETAP software

THEORY:

Stability: Stability problem is concerned with the behavior of power system when it is subjected to
disturbance and is classified into small signal stability problem if the disturbances are small and
transient stability problem when the disturbances are large.

Transient stability: When a power system is under steady state, the load plus transmission loss
equals to the generation in the system. The generating units run a synchronous speed and system
frequency, voltage, current and power flows are steady. When a large disturbance such as three
phase fault, loss of load, loss of generation etc., occurs the power balance is upset and the
generating units rotors experience either acceleration or deceleration. The system may come back
to a steady state condition maintaining synchronism or it may break into subsystems or one or
more machines may pull out of synchronism.

Small signal stability: When a power system is under steady state, normal operating condition,
the system may be subjected to small disturbances such as variation in load and generation,
change in field voltage, change in mechanical toque etc., The nature of system response to small
disturbance depends on the operating conditions, the transmission system strength, types of
controllers etc. Instability that may result from small disturbance may be of two forms,
(i) Steady increase in rotor angle due to lack of synchronising torque.

53
 (ii) Rotor oscillations of increasing magnitude due to lack of sufficient damping torque.
Power Equation is given as
𝐸′∗𝑉 *sinδ
Pe =
12

𝐸′∗𝑉
Pmax = 𝑋12

Therefore Pe=Pmax sinδ

Sending end voltage equation is given as E’ = Vg+j*Xd’
Ia Where Xd’ is direct axis transient reactance.
Vg is generator terminal voltage.
Ia is Pre Fault Steady state generator current.
Swing Equation is given as (H/(πfo))* (d2δ/dt2) = Pm-Pe in pu.

Where δ is power angle in Electrical radians.

H is Inertia constant in MJ/Mva.
Pm is Mechanical power developed in Kw.
Pe is electrical powe generated in Kw.

Power angle curve:

Now consider, the dynamic behaviour of a one machine system connected to infinite bus system
Substitute power equation in swing equation, we get
(H/(πfo))* (d2δ/dt2) = Pm-Pmax sin δ
Let us consider small disturbances in power angle as ∆δ from initial point δo, then
δ =δ o+Δδ
Substituting ‘δ’ gives
(H/(πfo))* (d2δ/dt2) +(H/(πfo))* (d2 ∆δ/dt2) = Pm-Pmax sin δ - Pmax cos δo* ∆δ
At intial operating state

54
(H/(πfo))* (d2δ0/dt2)= Pm-Pmax sin δo

55
 For incremental changes in power angle
(H/(πfo))* (d2 ∆δ/dt2) + Pmax cos δo* ∆δ =0
Where Pmax cos δo is slope of power angle curve defined as synchronizing coefficient ‘Ps’ .
Ps = (dP/d δ) at δ0= Pmax cos δo
Now (H/(πfo))* (d2 ∆δ/dt2) + Ps * ∆δ =0 by solution of this second order
equation depends upon the roots of characteristic equation
S2 = (-
πfo/H)*Ps When Ps is negative then system is
unstable.
Ps is positive then system is marginally stable.

FORMULAE:
Then ωn= √πfo
𝐻 ∗ 𝑃𝑠 =natural frequency
δmax =180-δo
πfo
And damping ratio =ς=(D/2)* √ where D is damping coefficient.
𝐻∗𝑃𝑠

Frequency deviation fd= ωd/2π

Where ωd =damping frequency = ωn*√1 −

ς2 Change in power angle equation is given by
Δδ= ((Δδo*𝑒−ςωnt) * sin (ωdt+ θ))/ ( √1 − ς2) where θ =cos−1 ς
And power angle equation is given by

δ= δo+(( Δδo*𝑒−ςωnt) * sin(ωdt+ θ))/( √1 − ς2)

And time constant is T=1/( ωn* ς)
When three phase fault occurs at the sending end of the line then after clearing the fault
Power equation Pe =Pmaxsinδ
Critical Clearing Angle ’ δcr’:

Cosδcr=((Pm/Pmax)*( δmax- δo))+Cos δmax

Critical Clearing Time:

(𝜹𝒄−𝜹𝒐)
T cr=√
𝝅∗𝒇𝒐𝑷𝒎

lly, when the fault occurs at point F at the middle of the line then
56
-after fault is cleared

57
 Pm(max - o ) + P3maxcosmax - P2maxcoso
Coscr =
P3max - P2max

Critical Clearing Time:

(𝜹𝒄−𝜹𝒐)
T cr=√
𝝅∗𝒇𝒐𝑷𝒎

PROCEDURE:
1. Open new project in ETAP software.
2. Click edit and draw the required power system diagram.
3. Enter the specification for each element in the power system by double clicking on the
elements in the diagram.
4. Save the file.
5. Select the Transient stability analysis option.
6. Execute the file by selecting run Transient stability analysis option.
7. View the results by selecting option Report manager.

EXERCISE:
1. Draw a single line diagram of the power system consisting of two generators connected to
bus1. Through a transformers and transmission line it is supplied to the multi-machine
system. Apply a three phase fault at bus3 in a power system of the multi machine system
and analyse the transient condition in the multi-machine system.

MANUAL CALCULATION:

58
ETAP SIMULATION MODEL:

OUTPUT REPORT:

59
60
RESULT:
Transient and small signal stability analysis of multi Machine-Infinite Bus (SMIB) system
was studied and simulated using ETAP and\or MATLAB simulation software.

61
 8. LOAD – FREQUENCY DYNAMICS OF SINGLE- AREA AND TWO-
AREA POWER SYSTEMS
Expt No:
Date :

A) LOAD – FREQUENCY DYNAMICS OF SINGLE- AREA POWER SYSTEMS

AIM:
To become familiar with modeling and analysis of the frequency and tie-line flow
dynamics of a power system without and with load frequency controllers (LFC) and to design
better controllers for getting better responses.

THEORY:
Active power control is one of the important control actions to be performed to be normal
operation of the system to match the system generation with the continuously changing system
load in order to maintain the constancy of system frequency to a fine tolerance level. This is one of
the foremost requirements in proving quality power supply. A change in system load causes a
change in the speed of all rotating masses (Turbine – generator rotor systems) of the system
leading to change in system frequency. The speed change form synchronous speed initiates the
governor control (primary control) action result in the entire participating generator – turbine units
taking up the change in load, stabilizing system frequency. Restoration of frequency to nominal
value requires secondary control action which adjusts the load - reference set points of selected
(regulating) generator – turbine units. The primary objectives of automatic generation control
(AGC) are to regulate system frequency to the set nominal value and also to regulate the net
interchange of each area to the scheduled value by adjusting the outputs of the regulating units.
This function is referred to as load – frequency control (LFC).

PROCEDURE:
1. Enter the command window of the MATLAB.
2. Create a new Model by selecting File - New – Model
3. Pick up the blocks from the SIMULINK library browser and form a block diagram.
4. After forming the block diagram, save the block diagram.
5. Double click the scope and view the result.

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EXERCISE:
1. An isolated power station has the following parameters
Turbine time constant T = 0.5sec
Governor time constant g = 0.2sec
Generator inertia constant H = 5sec
Governor speed regulation = R per unit
The load varies by 0.8 percent for a 1 percent change in frequency, i.e., D = 0.8
The governor speed regulation is set to R = 0.05 per unit. The turbine rated output is 250MW at
nominal frequency of 60Hz. A sudden load change of 50MW ( PL = 0.2 per unit) occurs.
Find the steady state frequency deviation in Hz.
Construct the SIMULINK block diagram and obtain the frequency deviation step response.

MANUAL CALCULATION:

SIMULATION BLOCK DIAGRAM

LOAD FREQUENCY CONTROL BLOCK DIAGRAM OF AN ISOLATED POWER
SYSTEM - WITHOUT INTEGRATOR

63
MODEL SIMULATION OUTPUT - WITHOUT INTEGRATOR

2. An isolated power station has the following parameters

Turbine time constant T = 0.5sec
Governor time constant g = 0.2sec
Generator inertia constant H = 5sec
Governor speed regulation = R per unit
The load varies by 0.8 percent for a 1 percent change in frequency, i.e., D = 0.8
The governor speed regulation is set to R = 0.05 per unit. The turbine rated output is 250MW at
nominal frequency of 60Hz. A sudden load change of 50MW (PL = 0.2 per unit) occurs.
The LFC system is equipped with the secondary integral control loop for AGC. Set the integral
controller gain to K1 = 7.
Find the steady state frequency deviation in Hz.
Construct the SIMULINK block diagram and obtain the frequency deviation step response.

MANUAL CALCULATION:

64
SIMULATION BLOCK DIAGRAM
LOAD FREQUENCY CONTROL BLOCK DIAGRAM OF AN ISOLATED POWER
SYSTEM - WITH INTEGRATOR

MODEL SIMULATION OUTPUT - WITH INTEGRATOR

65
 B) LOAD – FREQUENCY DYNAMICS OF TWO - AREA POWER SYSTEMS

AIM:
To become familiar with modeling and analysis of the frequency and tie-line flow
dynamics of a two area power system without and with load frequency controllers (LFC) and to
design better controllers for getting better responses.

THEORY:
Active power control is one of the important control actions to be performed for the normal
operation of the system to match the system generation with the continuously changing system
load in order to maintain the constancy of system frequency to a fine tolerance level. This is one of
the foremost requirements in proving quality power supply. A change in system load cases a
change in the speed of all rotating masses (Turbine – generator rotor systems) of the system
leading to change in system frequency. The speed change form synchronous speed initiates the
governor control (primary control) action result in all the participating generator – turbine units
taking up the change in load, stabilizing system frequency. Restoration of frequency to nominal
value requires secondary control action which adjusts the load - reference set points of selected
(regulating) generator – turbine units. The primary objectives of automatic generation control
(AGC) are to regulate system frequency to the set nominal value and also to regulate the net
interchange of each area to the scheduled value by adjusting the outputs of the regulating units.
This function is referred to as load – frequency control (LFC).

PROCEDURE:
1. Enter the command window of the MATLAB.
2. Create a new Model by selecting File - New – Model
3. Pick up the blocks from the SIMULINK library browser and form a block diagram.
4. After forming the block diagram, save the block diagram.
5. Double click the scope and view the result.

EXERCISE:
3. A two area system connected by a tie line has the following parameters on a 1000MVA
common base

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Area 1 2
Speed Regulation R1=0.05 R2=0.0625
Frequency –sens.load coeff. D1=0.6 D2=0.9
Inertia Constant H1=5 H2=4
Base Power 1000MVA 1000MVA
Governor Time Constant g1 = 0.2sec g2 = 0.3sec
Turbine Time Constant T1 =0.5sec T2 =0.6sec

The units are operating in parallel at the nominal frequency of 60Hz. The synchronizing power
coefficient is computed from the initial operating condition and is given to be P s = 2.0 p.u. A load
change of 187.5 MW occurs in area1.
(a) Determine the new steady state frequency and the change in the tie-line flow.
(b) Construct the SIMULINK block diagram and obtain the frequency deviation response for
the condition in part (a).

MANUAL CALCULATION:

67
SIMULATION BLOCK DIAGRAM
LOAD FREQUENCY CONTROL BLOCK DIAGRAM OF TWO AREA POWER SYSTEM
- WITHOUT ACEs

MODEL SIMULATION OUTPUT - TWO AREA POWER SYSTEM FREQUENCY

DEVIATION STEP RESPONSE WITHOUT ACEs
Area 1
Area 2

68
MODEL SIMULATION OUTPUT - TWO AREA POWER SYSTEM POWER
DEVIATION STEP RESPONSE WITHOUT ACEs
Area 1
Area 2

EXERCISE:
4. A two area system connected by a tie line has the following parameters on a 1000MVA
common base.
Area 1 2
Speed Regulation R1=0.05 R2=0.0625
Frequency –sens.load coeff. D1=0.6 D2=0.9
Inertia Constant H1=5 H2=4
Base Power 1000MVA 1000MVA
Governor Time Constant g1 = 0.2sec g2 = 0.3sec
Turbine Time Constant T1 =0.5sec T2 =0.6sec
Gain constant KI1 = 0.3 KI2 = 0.3
The units are operating in parallel at the nominal frequency of 60Hz. The synchronizing power
coefficient is computed from the initial operating condition and is given to be P s = 2.0 p.u. A load
change of 187.5 MW occurs in area1.
(a) Determine the new steady state frequency and the change in the tie-line flow.
(b) Construct the SIMULINK model for the two – area system with the inclusion of the ACEs,
and obtain the frequency deviation response and power response for each area.
69
MANUAL CALCULATION:

SIMULATION BLOCK DIAGRAM

LOAD FREQUENCY CONTROL BLOCK DIAGRAM OF TWO AREA POWER SYSTEM
- WITH ACEs

70
MODEL SIMULATION OUTPUT - TWO AREA POWER SYSTEM FREQUENCY
DEVIATION STEP RESPONSE WITH ACEs

MODEL SIMULATION OUTPUT - TWO AREA POWER SYSTEM POWER

DEVIATION STEP RESPONSE WITH ACEs

71
RESULT:
Modeling and analysis of the frequency and tie-line flow dynamics of a two area power
system without and with load frequency controllers (LFC) was studied and responses are simulated
using simulation software.

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 9. ECONOMIC DISPATCH IN POWER SYSTEMS

ECONOMIC LOAD DISPATCH NEGLECTING LOSSES

EX.NO :
DATE :

AIM:
To obtain the solution for Economic dispatch by Lambda-iteration method with the help of
MATLAB program.

SOFTWARE REQUIRED:
MATLAB software package

ALGORITHM:

STEP 1: Assign initial estimated value for λ.

STEP 2: Compute Pgi corresponding to (IC) I= λ from the following equation
Pgi=ai+bi(Ic)i+ci(Ic)ˆ2
STEP 3: Compute Σ Pgi: n=no. of units
STEP 4: Check the relationship N Σ Pgi=Pd I=1
(a) If the simulation is less than demand then assign a new value λ new= λold+Δ λ
(b) If the simulation is greater than demand then assign a new value λ new= λold-Δ λ
STEP 5: Print the corresponding units generation for Pg=Pd.

PROCEDURE:

Step 1: Open the Matlab & click, File -> New -> M.File
Step 2: Enter the source code
Step 3: Save the file with .m extension
Step 4: Run the file
Step 5: Run the program, enter the input and verify the output.

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PROBLEM 1:
The fuel-cost functions for three thermal plants in $/h are given by
C1= 500+5.3P1+0.004P12
C2= 400+5.5P2+0.006P22
C3= 200+5.8P3+0.009P32
Where P1, P2, and P3 are in MW. The total load is 800 MW. Neglecting line losses and
generator limits, find the optimal dispatch and the total cost in $/h. Write and execute a
MATLAB program and also verify the output with the manual calculation results.

PROBLEM 2:
Find the optimal dispatch total cost for the plants.
C1= 500+5.3P1+0.004P12
C2= 400+5.5P2+0.006P22
C3= 200+5.8P3+0.009P32
When the total load is 975 MW with the following generator limits in MW.
200 ≤ P1 ≤ 450;
150 ≤ P2 ≤ 350;
100 ≤ P3 ≤ 225;
Take = 6. Write and execute a MATLAB program and also verify the output with the manual
calculation results.

PROGRAM:
clc;
clear all;
pd=input('Enter the demand of power in mw: ');
O=input('With limit enter 1 else enter 0: ');
n=input(' Enter the no buses: ');
for i=1:n
disp('Enter the cost fun: ');
disp(i);
a(i)=input('Coefficient of a: ');
b(i)=input('Coefficient of b: ');
c(i)=input('Coefficient of c: ');
if(O==1)
pmax(i)=input('PMAX: ');
74
pmin(i)=input('PMIN: ');
else
end
end
s=0;
s1=0;
for i=1:n s=s+
(b(i)/(2*c(i)));
s1=s1+(1/(2*c(i)));
end
if(O==1)
lam=input('Enter the value of lambda: ');
else
lam=(pd+s)/(s1);
end
for k=1:50
for i=1:n
pg(i)=(lam-b(i))/(2*c(i));
if(O==1)
if(pg(i)>pmax(i))
pg(i)=pmax(i);
elseif(pg(i)<pmin(i))
pg(i)=pmin(i);
else
end
end
end
ptot=0;
for i=1:n
ptot=ptot+pg(i);
end
del_p=pd-ptot;
if(del_p==0)
break;
else
75
del_lambda=(del_p)/s1;
lam=lam+del_lambda;
end
%disp('pg in mw and lam');
totalcost=0;
%disp('The total cost is');
for i=1:n
F(i)=a(i)+(b(i)*pg(i))+(c(i)*pg(i)*pg(i));
F(i);
totalcost=totalcost+F(i);
end
end
pg
lam
totalcost

OUTPUT 1: ECONOMIC DISPATCH NEGLECTING LOSSES AND NO GENERATOR

LIMITS
Enter the demand of power in mw: 800
With limit enter 1 else enter 0: 0
Enter the no buses: 3
Enter the cost fun: 1
Coefficient of a: 500
Coefficient of b: 5.3
Coefficient of c: .004
Enter the cost fun: 2
Coefficient of a: 400
Coefficient of b: 5.5
Coefficient of c: .006
Enter the cost fun: 3
Coefficient of a: 200
Coefficient of b: 5.8
Coefficient of c: .009
pg =
400.0000 250.0000 150.0000
76
lam =
8.5000
totalcost =
6.6825e+003

OUTPUT 2: ECONOMIC DISPATCH NEGLECTING LOSSES AND INCLUDING

GENERATOR LIMITS
Enter the demand of power in mw: 975
With limit enter 1 else enter 0: 1
Enter the no buses: 3
Enter the cost fun: 1
Coefficient of a: 500
Coefficient of b: 5.3
Coefficient of c: .004
PMAX: 450
PMIN: 200
Enter the cost fun: 2
Coefficient of a: 400
Coefficient of b: 5.5
Coefficient of c: .006
PMAX: 350
PMIN: 150
Enter the cost fun: 3
Coefficient of a: 200
Coefficient of b: 5.8
Coefficient of c: .009
PMAX: 225
PMIN: 100
Enter the value of lambda: 6
pg =
450.0000 325.0000 200.0000
lam =
9.4000
totalcost =
8.2362e+003
77
RESULT:
Thus a solution for economic load dispatch in power system is developed by using
MATLAB Program.

78
79